Educational MANAGEMENT & Supervision NOTES

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Supervision

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is a process by which one worker is given responsibility by the organization to work with another
worker(s) in order to meet certain organizational, professional and personal objectives which
together promote the best outcomes for service users

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The process of dealing with or controlling things or people

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Management is the process of reaching organizational goals by working with and

through people and other organizational resources.

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Management has the following 3

characteristics:
It is a process or series of continuing and related activities.

2.

It involves and concentrates on reaching organizational goals.

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1.

3.
It reaches these goals by working with and through people and other organizational
resources.

MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS:
The 4 basic management functions that make up the management process are described in the
following sections:
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1.

PLANNING

2.

ORGANIZING

3.

INFLUENCING

4.

CONTROLLING.

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Educational MANAGEMENT & Supervision NOTES

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PLANNING: Planning involves choosing tasks that must be performed to attain

organizational goals, outlining how the tasks must be performed, and indicating when they should be
performed.

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ORGANIZING:

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Planning activity focuses on attaining goals. Managers outline exactly what organizations should do
to be successful. Planning is concerned with the success of the organization in the short term as well
as in the long term.

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Organizing can be thought of as assigning the tasks developed in the planning stages, to various
individuals or groups within the organization. Organizing is to create a mechanism to put plans into
action.

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People within the organization are given work assignments that contribute to the companys goals.
Tasks are organized so that the output of each individual contributes to the success of departments,
which, in turn, contributes to the success of divisions, which ultimately contributes to the success of
the organization.

INFLUENCING:
Influencing is also referred to as motivating, leading or directing. Influencing can be defined as
guiding the activities of organization members in he direction that helps the organization move
towards the fulfillment of the goals.

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Educational MANAGEMENT & Supervision NOTES

The purpose of influencing is to increase productivity. Human-oriented work situations usually
generate higher levels of production over the long term than do task oriented work situations
because people find the latter type distasteful.

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CONTROLLING:

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Controlling is the following roles played

by the manager:
Gather information that measures performance

2.

Compare present performance to pre established performance norms.

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1.

3.
Determine the next action plan and modifications for meeting the desired performance
parameters.

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Controlling is an ongoing process.

Basis

Administration
Meaning

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Management

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Management is an art of getting things done through others by directing their

efforts towards achievement of pre-determined goals.
It is concerned with formulation of broad objectives, plans & policies.

Nature
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Educational MANAGEMENT & Supervision NOTES

Management is an executing function.
Administration is a decision-making function.

Management decides who should as it & how should he dot it.

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Process

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Administration decides what is to be done & when it is to be done.

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Function

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Management is a doing function because managers get work done under their supervision.

Skills

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Technical and Human skills

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Administration is a thinking function because plans & policies are determined under it.

Conceptual and Human skills

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Level

Middle & lower level function

Top level function
On the Basis of Usage: -

Basis
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Educational MANAGEMENT & Supervision NOTES

Management
Administration

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Applicability
It is applicable to business concerns i.e. profit-making organization.

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It is applicable to non-business concerns i.e. clubs, schools, hospitals etc.

Influence

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The management decisions are influenced by the values, opinions, beliefs & decisions of the
managers.

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The administration is influenced by public opinion, govt. policies, religious organizations, customs
etc.
Status

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Management constitutes the employees of the organization who are paid remuneration (in the form
of salaries & wages).

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Administration represents owners of the enterprise who earn return on their capital invested &
profits in the form of dividend.

Leadership is setting a new direction or vision for a group that they follow, ie: a
leader is the spearhead for that new direction

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Management controls or directs people/resources in a group according to principles

or values that have already been established.

Management is...
Coping with complexity

Leadership is....
Coping with and promoting change

Planning and Budgeting

Setting a Direction

Organizing and Staffing

Aligning People

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Educational MANAGEMENT & Supervision NOTES

Controlling and Problem Solving

Meaningful Action

Planning: Predetermining a course of action

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Effective Action

Motivating and Inspiring People

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Organizing: Placing people into a structure to accomplish objectives

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Leading: Influencing people to take effective action in the implementation of the plan

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Controlling: Assuring that performance conforms to plan

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The directors and managers who have the power and responsibility to make decisions and oversee
an enterprise.

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