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DNV RP-F113
Deep and Ultra-deepwater Pipelines Conference
27 - 28 September 2011, Novotel Paris Les Halles
Ian Nash
Introduction
R
Requirements
i
t ffor pipeline
i li iinspection:
ti
what,
h t when
h and
dh
how
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Water depths are beyond diver limits and all activity (IMR) is remote
All
inspection,
maintenance
and
6C } CP, Flow
Assurance, Materials
Waters are typically
cold
approx 4C-
Pi li
Pipelines
tend
d not to b
be protected
db
by a concrete coating
i
} Damage
D
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BASELINE SURVEY
The ongoing assessment of inspection findings will involve comparison of data
with that recorded during previous inspection campaigns.
This will allow trends to be extrapolated and judgments made regarding the
urgency of remedial action.
This process necessarily commences with the acquisition of the measurement of
internally and externally taken values at the commencement of pipeline service,
known as a Baseline Survey.
On completion
l
off the
h installation
ll
off the
h d
deepwater Pipelines,
l
an as-built
b l survey
will be undertaken by the Installation Contractor to ensure that the
construction is fit for service. Similarly the Subsea Commissioning Team will
undertake
d t k surveys tto establish
t bli h correctt functionality
f
ti
lit and
d initial
i iti l iintegrity
t
it off th
the
system.
Together
g
the As-Built and Commissioning
g surveys
y will fform the Baseline Survey
y
against which future inspection will be measured.
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INSPECTION METHODS
Location
Method
Technique
Magnetic Flux
Defects
Spanning/Burial
Ultrasonic
Pigging
Visual
Calliper
Internal
P
Permanent
Monitoring
Geometry (XYZ)
Corrosion
Probe/Spool
Sand Probe
Visual
Corrosion
Dents
Gouges
leak
CP Failure
Geometry XYZ
Inspection
Burial
ROV
Acoustic
C i D
Coating
Damage
Hydrate
CP Probe
Weld S
Scanner
Tomography
Scanning
Side Scan
External
Movement
Buckle
Vibration
Visual
AUV
G
Geometry
t (XYZ)
Sidescan
Permanent
Monitoring
Deep and Ultra-deepwater Pipelines Conference
27 - 28 September 2011, Novotel Paris Les Halles
Ian Nash
Cracking
Fatigue
Vibration
Strain
Internal
Crracking
Pro
otection
In
ntegrity
Vibration
Buckle
B
Mo
ovement
Hydrate
H
Coating
C
Damage
CP
PFailure
Erosion
leak
Gouges
G
Technique
Dents
D
Method
Co
orrosion
Location
Spaanning/
Buriial/Scour
Defect
MagneticFlux
Ultrasonic
Visual
Pigging
Calliper
Geometry
(XYZ)
Corrosion
Permanent
Probe
Monitoring
SandProbe
Visual
Acoustic
CPProbe
ROV
WeldScanner
Tomography
External
AUV
Permanent
Monitoring
SideScan
Visual
Acoustic
Sidescan
Vibration
Strain
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Assess
Inspection
History
Failure Mode
Susceptibility
to Threat
Likelihood of
Failure
Consequence
of Failure
b) Identify threats
c) Data gathering
d) Data quality review
e) Estimate probability off ffailure (PoF)
Risk Factor
Risk
OK?
Mitigation
Measure to
reduce
susceptibility
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Targeted Inspections
Design
Dossier
Code
Requirements
Defect Type1
Defect
selected
Defect Type 3
Defect Type 4
Review
design
Review
previous
inspections
Defect Type 5
Inspection R
Records
Defect Type 2
Defect Type 6
Prepare &
Perform
Targeted
I
Inspection
i
Determine
most likely
location
Record
Results
No
Defect
observed?
Yes
Assess Defect &
Determine Correction
Stop
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Large DPII vessels with high-end ROV spreads would no longer be required for
simple inspection.
Reduction in equipment complexity, vessel size and crew size would also result in
i
improved
d safety,
f t reliability,
li bilit and
d llower environmental
i
t l iimpact.
t
In the future AUVs would become field resident, residing in the subsea field for
periods of months. The end state of Vessel Independent Operations will achieve
f h reductions
further
d
in cost while
h l improving performance
f
and
d safety.
f
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Phase 3
Phase 1
Failure rrate
Phase 2
Time
17
*The
Th
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Inspection Planning
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TypeofInspection
ConsstAsBuiltSurvey
BaselineSurvvey
B
Phase1
""EarlyFailure
e"
Years
Phase21)
"RandomFailure"
Phase33)
"WearOutFailure"
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
IntelligentPig
VisualincludingCP
andSideScan
TowedAcousticSide
ScanSonar 2)
TargetedSpecial
Targeted
Special
Events
1) Reduction in annual inspection applies to remote subsea pipelines only 2) Acoustic side scan sonar is not always cost effective especially in
deepwater or where there are strong currents. An ROV survey with reduced scope could be considered 3) the third phase may not occur within
j
lifetimes, i.e. the Phase 2 (plateau phase) extends for several decades with well designed,
g
operated and maintained facilities.
normal project
Deep and Ultra-deepwater Pipelines Conference
27 - 28 September 2011, Novotel Paris Les Halles
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Pipeline Maintenance
Preventive maintenance
Because of the high cost and potential delays associated with intervention,
preventive maintenance should be eliminated at the design stage, wherever
possible.
ibl
Routine maintenance
Routine maintenance tasks are required
q
where the elimination off specific
p f
intervention is uneconomic or technically problematic. Normally such
maintenance would be undertaken during repair activity, or combined with
planned inspection
p
p
campaigns.
p g
Corrective Maintenance
Intervention to rectify breakdown or degradation (Corrective Maintenance) is
referred to as Repair
Repair .
Normally Subsea Facilities shall possess sufficient reliability to ensure availability
throughout the field life.
Subsea equipment that is susceptible to failure should be designed to minimize
the effort/cost required for replacement of the failed assembly.
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Defects
Installation
Tension failure
Station Keeping
Coating
Geohazards
Slope Stability
Route Features
Rock Outcrops,
Outcrops Cement Soil,
Soil
Shell and Coral Banks.
Pockmarks
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Damage
(Corrosion
and
coating):
g)
Lost & Damaged weight coating
Damaged corrosion coating
Lost & Damaged insulation coating
Anode Damage:
g
Lost anode
Disconnected anode
Weight
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Defects
Sabotage
Military
y Action
Environmantal
Wind, Waves and Currents
Scour
Seabed Morphodynamics
p
y
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Geohazards
Earthquakes
Seismic Fault movement
Submarine Landslides
Mass Gravity Flows
Turbidity Currents
Sub-marine Volcanoes
Liquefaction
Tsunamis
Route Features
Rock Outcrops,
p , Cement Soil,, Shell and Coral
Banks.
Shallow Gas and Seepage of Gas and Fluids
Pockmarks
Mud Diapirs
p and Mud Volcanoes
Slope Instability
Mass Movements
27
The effect of damage that could occur during the operational phase of the pipeline(s) are
summarized as follows:
Damage to pipeline geometry and/or pipe wall:
Rupture.
Internal Corrosion.
External Corrosion.
Corrosion
Pinhole Leak.
Gouges, Grooves and Notches.
Cracks and Fracture Propagation.
Dents and Buckles.
Buckles
Overstressing or Excessive Bending.
Fatigue Damage.
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Coating
Damage
(Corrosion
and
coating):
Lost & Damaged weight coating
Damaged corrosion coating
Lost & Damaged insulation coating
Anode Damage:
Lost anode
Disconnected anode
Over consumption
Anode pasivity
Hydrate Formation:
Pinhole Leak.
Leak
Lost & Damaged insulation coating
Incorrect operation
Weight
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Damage Category
Dry Buckle
Wet Buckle
Loss of Coating
Hydrate
Localized Damage,
No Leak
Operation
Pinhole Leak
Seismic Fault/Submarine Landslips
Liquefaction/Scour
Rupture
p
Earthquakes/Slope Stability
Localized Damage,
Minor Leak
R t
Rupture,
L
Local
l
Rupture, Extensive Length
Extensive Damage, No
Leak
Deep and Ultra-deepwater Pipelines Conference
27 - 28 September 2011, Novotel Paris Les Halles
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Rupture
Internal/External Corrosion
29
Hydrate formation.
Localised damage (i.e. dent or pinhole leak).
Local Rupture.
Rupture over extensive pipeline length.
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This Recommended Practice (RP) is intended to provide criteria and guidelines for the qualification of
fittings and systems used for pipeline subsea repair and/or modifications and tie-ins.
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Intervention Zones
Based on this preliminary information, the route has been divided into five different
intervention requirement zones.
1) Shallow Water Zone (0 to 150m WD)
2) Continental Slope Zone (150m to 2500m WD)
3) Deep Water Section (2500m to 3500m WD)
e ote Sea
Seamount
ou t Sect
Section
o (300
(300m to 3000
3000m WD))
4)) Remote
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Sh lf
Shelf
4
3
Abyssal
Plain
Slope
Qualhat
Seamou
nt
Rise
Abyssal
Plain
North Murray
Ridge
Dalrymple
Trough
South Murray
Ridge
Rise
Abyssal
Plain
Slope
34
Anchoring (3.23%)
Trawling (0.12%)
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6.00E-03
3.00E-03
Most likely
location for
Intervention is the
deepest
p
water
5.00E-03
2.50E-03
4.00E-03
2.00E-03
1 50E 03
1.50E-03
3.00E-03
1.00E-03
2.00E-03
5.00E-04
1.00E-03
Rise
Abyssal
Plain
Qualhat
Seamou
nt
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Abys
sal
Plain
North
Murray
Ridge
Dalrym
ple
Trough
South
Murray
Ridge
Sl
o
p
e
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
Abyssal
Plain
R
is
e
Sl
o
p
e
Shelf
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Repair Scenario
Repair Type
Dry Buckle
Rupture
Internal Corrosion
Clamp or Spool
External Corrosion
Clamp or Spool
Coating Damage
Pinhole leak
Clamp
Dents, Gouges,
g
Grooves, Notches
Clamp
p and /or External p
protection
Clamp
Hydrate Blockage
Hydrate removal
Anode replacement
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Purpose
Platform from which to operate ROVs and conduct repair operations.
Working platform in the event that an extensive section of damaged
pipeline has to be relaid/replaced.
Flooding/Dewatering/Drying Various purposes including:
Spread
Pressure equalisation prior to cutting (flooding).
Coupling for intelligent pigging (flooding).
Removal of water (dewatering).
Drying prior to returning to service to minimise water content and
risk of hydrates.
Seabed Dredging/Levelling
Exposure of the pipeline, if locally trenched or buried, to allow for survey
Equipment
and/or repair operations.
Pipeline Lifting
f
Frames
Elevation off pipeline off
ff the seabed in the vicinity off any repair, for
f the
purpose of improving access for repair equipment and operations.
Subsea Measurement Tool
Performance of measurements between pipeline ends for accurate spool
piece and connector assembly
assembly.
Pipeline Cutting Tool
Cutting of pipeline (and coatings) to allow removal of any damaged
sections.
Deep and Ultra-deepwater Pipelines Conference
27 - 28 September 2011, Novotel Paris Les Halles
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Purpose
Removal of external pipeline coatings in the vicinity of any section that has
been cut (by the Pipeline Cutting Tool). Required in the event that the Pipeline
R
Recovery
T
Tooll grips
i the
h pipeline
i li on iits externall steell surface.
f
Removal of external longitudinal weld seam (SAW linepipe) to prevent
interference on connector seal.
Machining of the end face of the pipeline to prevent interference on connector
seal.
Tool connected to the end of the cut pipeline to allow recovery to surface.
Designed to allow the pipeline be dewatered and isolated prior to recovery.
Permanent clamp installed around the pipeline in the vicinity of minor damage
(i.e. dent) for the purpose of ensuring the structural integrity of the pipeline
without the need for cutting out and replacing an entire section of pipe.
Connector assembly and modular system used for the installation and
connection of a new section of pipeline.
New section of pipeline used to replace area of damage.
Accidental ingress of moisture into the pipeline can cause formation of a
hydrate
y
p
plug.
g Hydrate
y
removal is p
possible byy various p
passive methods but mayy
ultimately require a deepwater hot-tap operation at actual location of the
hydrate where the spread taps a hole into the pipeline and injects hydrate
removal chemicals.
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Split
(i..e.
Repair Clamp
Sleeve))
Intellige
ent Pigging Eq
quipment
Hydrate
e Removal Sp
pread
Pipeline
e Recovery T
Tool
(with d/w
w capability)
Connec
ction System a
and
Spoolpiec
ce
d Dredging / Levelling
Seabed
Equipm
ment
Coating
g Removal Too
ol
Weld Be
ead Removal Tool
Pipe Cu
utting Tool
Metrolog
gy Unit
ROV Su
upport Vessel
Pipelay Vessel
Dry
Local
Buckle
(recoverable)
Dry Local Buckle (nonrecoverable)
Dry Propagating Buckle
(non-recoverable)
Local Wet Buckle (non(non
recoverable)
Hydrate plug
Localised damage, no
leak
Localised damage with
leak
Rupture, local
Rupture,
extensive
length
Flooding/Dewatering / Drying
Spread (Onshore)
Pipe Lifting Device (i.e.
H-frame
es)
44
Oil States / BP
SIRCOS
Oceaneering
Subsea 7
Repair Clubs
DW RUPE
DW RUPE
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Up to 3500m
EPRSCapabilityinTermsofMEIDPRequirements
Oil States
OilStates
Saipem
Oceaneering
210%
200%
190%
180%
170%
PercenttageofRequirements
160%
150%
140%
130%
120%
110%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
WaterDepth
(m)
ConnectorSize WallThickness
(in)
(mm)
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SeabedSlope
(deg)
SeabedSoil PipelineCoating
Concrete
Strength(kPa)
(mm)
Coating(mm)
<600m
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Risk Based methods have been established for determining Inspection regimes (DnV
RP116)
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Damage scenarios during installations and operation pose differing levels of risk.
The most significant potential damage scenarios during the installation phase are
damage (i.e.
(i e buckles) are a direct extension of techniques used for similar events in
shallow water, and currently exists with installation contractors and specialist
equipment suppliers.
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Several potential damage scenarios exist during the operational phase. The most
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Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank South Asia Gas Enterprise PVT Ltd. for giving permission to
publish aspects of this work, and the team in Peritus, for their continued hard work.
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References
23-24,
I Nash & P Roberts DUDPC 2011, Case Study: MEIDP Installation, intervention and
Repair,
p , Sept
p 27-28
Peritus International, 18001.01-REP-IIDP-Y-0014 MEIDP, Emergency Pipeline Repair
Systems, Aug 2011
Peritus International, 18001.01-REP-IIDP-Y-0007 MEIDP Quantified Risk
Assessment Update, Dec 2010
Dan McLeod, Emerging Capabilities for Autonomous Inspection Repair and
Maintenance, OCEANS 2010 (ART)
DNV RP-F116 Integrity Management of Submarine Pipeline Systems
DNV RP-F113 Subsea Pipeline Repair
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