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Author Note
Graduate Student
University of Florida, Gainesville
Correspondence kota1991@ufl.edu
UFID 2914-3535
Abstract
Energy from the sun is clean and nearly inexhaustible. The most promising
way to harvest solar energy are the photovoltaics. They can directly convert the
solar energy into electricity. In the field of solar photo voltaic cells, crystalline silicon
is most widely commercialized. The problem is their performance and efficiency are
limited and also cost of manufacturing is high. Dye sensitized, Quantum Dot Solar
Cells are one of the key emerging solar cells and can be manufactured at low
temperatures which promises low costs. But the power conversion efficiency is
comparatively very less with respect to the commercial Silicon based PV cells. In the
recent past, Perovskite Solar Cells are the latest and one of the most promising solar
cells developed. Though the perovskite materials are known for many years, the
very first solar cell was developed in 2009 with an efficiency of 3.8%. It was the first
time in the history that a PV cells were made at such a low cost and can still be
efficient. Now, the efficiency has increased five folds and has gone more than 21%.
Here, in this paper we discuss the various advancements in the perovskites and
review the milestone work that had happened in the field since 2009.
Keywords: Photovoltaics, Perovskites, Cutting Edge, Renewable Energy Systems.
History
Though the Perovskites are known for years, it was in 2009 that they were
first introduced into a Solar Cell, which was based on a dye-sensitized solar cell. The
power conversion efficiency achieved was 3.8%. Initially, the cell was only stable for
a few minutes as a liquid corrosive electrolyte was used. Later on the by 2011, the
power conversion efficiency was improved to 6.5% using the same dye-synthesized
concept. In 2012, a breakthrough came from the University of Oxford by Henry
Snaith and Mike Lee when it was realized that the perovskite can be made stable if
contacted with solid-state hole transporter. By the end of 2013, there were number
of developments in both planar and sensitized architectures. Burschka et al.
achieved an efficiency of 15% by two step solution processing. And by 2014 even
higher efficiency rates were achieved by Yang Yang at the University of California,
Los Angeles. A reverse-scan efficiency of 19.3% has been claimed by Yang Yang. By
December 2015, researchers at cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne(EPFL)
Lausanne, Switzerland has set a new record with an efficiency of 21.0%.
Fig. 1. Comparative graph showing the growth of Perovskite Solar Cells, Image
from Scienceblogs.com
Efficiency Limits:
Bandgaps in the perovskites are tunable and can be optimized for the solar
spectrum. These cells are able to achieve the Shockley Queisser radio efficiency
limit which is about 31%, for a perovskite bandgap of 1.55 eV. For perovskite solar
where
and
characteristics of the perovskite solar cells. Defect levels, effective mass, variable
densities, effective mass and defect levels of various perovskite materials were
tried to calculate. Also various studies were made to find the device mechanism
based on simulations to analyze the ideal efficiency.
are a lot of applications in for the semitransparent applications such as using them
in the Windows, Cladding of the Buildings, Sky lights. The thickness of the
perovskite decides the transparency of the cell. In semitransparent cells, a thin
metal layer is often used as the transparent electrode. The transparency and the
conductivity of the electrode were improved by experimenting different
configurations. One the types of the electrodes use Silver Nanowire which has a
peak transmittance of 77% at 800 nm thickness.
the device before and after AgNWs deposition. a,b) Copyright 2015, Elsevier.
c.d) Copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry
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