TH AI{ATOMY

AIND ACTIOI.{

oF TH HORS
Lows D. Luard

4 f,

-F

;=a--

='

DOVR PUBLICAIOI.{S, INC.

Minola, Nw York

Bibliogrphicl Not
ation ote

Vrmont, in
in lak and

epaate fuli-

Library of ongrss Catalging-in-Publiation

Dta

Luad, Lows Dalia.

Th anatomy ard ation of the horse / I.owes D. Luard.

P.m.

originally pulishd: Woodstok, Vt. : Countrynan Pess, 1936.

Inludes ibliographial rfrenes nd index.

IsBN 0-486.42980_6

(pk.)

1. Horss. 2. Hoss-Aatomy. 3. Aratomy, Atisti' 4. Horses in art. 5

Ation in rt. I. Tit].
sF279.L7 2003
636'

l'0B91-d21

2003046196

Manufatued in th Unitd Stats of Ameria

Dover Publiations, In., 31 ast 2nd Stet' inola. N.Y. t1501

Prfae
Shou]d an artist learn anatomy? is a question sti]'l unleided.
The Greek sulptors, we are told, aquired their knowlelge
of the onstrution of the botly merely through the daily observation of naketl athletes; whereas Leonardo la Vini and
Diirer, artists with a strong sientifi bent, stufieil anatomy.
But anatomial study is sientifi, and siene, in the opinion
of a ertain shool of thought, has nothing to tlo with art.
Diffiult questions these, for artists get results aknowledged
by real judges as true rt, b method's strang opposite. Does
not the least sientifi of artists or poets transmute and em.
boly in his art or poetry a mass of pratial knowledge aquired in ilaily living? Cannot thn knowledg deliberately
aquired e simila transmuted?
While it is for you, reader, to deide if anatomy will hlp
or hurt you as an artist, I offer you this refletion that, whereas any ignorane may be repaired by well-direted study, there
is no proess, I know of, y whih partiular knowledge an be
lisarild at will.

The plates in this ook are based uPon drawings made in

the lisseting thatre and th musum of the Frnh Government Veterinary Shool at Alfort, near Paris, where I ras
given evry faility for stuly.
In London, I have een ]lowel y the ourtesy of Si
Freilerik Hobilay to ome for h and adyie to the Royal
Yeterinary College; anl I have partiula to thank Mr. C.
W. ottaway for his kinlness. IIe not only put his knowlelge
at my lisposal, but fountl time to read n.y proofs and' sav me
vn

viii

Prefae

from those errors whih a layman is so rtain of ommitting.

My thanks are a]so due to the Royal olleg of Vetrinary
Surgeons for allowing me to make a liber] use of the books
in their librarv.

Contents
PRFA
I. TH FRAM
II. ATION AND MIIANIS
III. TII SLToN
rv. TtI MUsLs
v. PROPORTIONS

I
J
50
84'

vr. MovMNT

88

VII. ART

VIII. GLOSSARY
IX.

P8 vIL

NoTEs oN TIIE TxT

BIBLIOGRAPIIY
INDx

95

t0+
116

Lt7

Illustrations
Coloured Pltso
L2
1. Bones anl Musles of the Heal and Nek
22
2. Lowet Layer of the Musles of the Body
50
5. Uppr Layer of the Musles of the Body
4.0
4. Bones and Musles of the Shoulder Blale and Arm
58
the
Shoulder
to
Bil
Attahment
of
the
5. Musular
69
6. Bones anl uscles of the Fore Leg
70
7. Bones and usles of the Thigh: outside views
76
Thigh:
and
th
insile
bakviers
and
Musles
of
Bones
8.
82
9. Bons and Musles of the Hind Les
98
10. Musles f the Chest anl Nek
11. Diagram of the Musles of the Fore and Hind Limbs 108
oNot: Th plats have ben reprodued in blak and whit in their original
loations, and in a full-olor insrt tween Pags 42 and 4'

o(lplt.l

so.otn /.y

fr,

lrsorl

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aI Patel|

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xihld
ortilogt
ulno

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f]b*

stlfl../oiil

ole lon rt

ribio r shi

0(t, or
f!be. dol(it

./

l'to(L-l!inI

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r (pn c

trnt

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id t!, t
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5do1td
8o

Th Skelton
For learness' sake the Skeleton is shown with orrly one

for leg and. on hind leg' Distributl through th book are

illustrations of bones and ioints drawn from various points
of viw, rhih the reader shoull omPare with this Plate.
The Nek
Axis and Atlas
The Skull
The

ones

Pasterns

pg6

Th Thoax
The Right Hok: front view
The Luma Vrtebr and
the Pelvis fom aove
Tlr Skull: font view

7
7
21
27
28

55
5

Radius pge58
59
Tlne Tibia and Fiula
Tlne Hip and Shoulder Joints 4'5
++
Lft Hok: inside view
+4.
Left Kee: outside view

The Ulna and

-r-y Plrotogaphs of a Foal's

Kee

46

The Fo arrd Hind Legs

Plte |7,p. 108

hapter I. The Fram

As the only purpose of an artisti anatomy is to help the
artist in the oservation of form, it an neglet the intriaies
of nerves, veins, arteries and many other organs to onern
itself a]most exlusively rith the ons and musles-one

might say the superfiial musls, if it were not that oasionally musles that ar ompletely hidten shoull be stuliel,
beause an und'erstanding of their ation leals to the better
understaniling of the ation of the musles that shor.
Thus limited, the study of what we may all the mehanial anatomy of the horse is omparatively simple, the more
so that a horse an do so few things. outry from some read.er
at this aspersion on a noble animal!
The horse els inleetl in trotting, galloping, jumping,
pung weights anil arng load.s; a true title to nobility, for
suh powers serve the onveniene and pleasure of man. Its
strength and endurane are prodigious. It an lift itself with
the alletl weight of a riiler over a jo-P and reover safely on
lanling, and even .when mountd an gallop lown a fr
running d.eer.
But to ahiev suh amazing feats it needs to e made
rther rigid. onsequently though it goes forward so brilliantly it goes bakwards molrately, lies down anil gets up
arrkwadly, and generally has to make several lumsy efforts
before it an roll over on its bak. And this nessary rigiility
of its backbone and other parts limits the variety of its possible attitudes, and redues its soPe as a subjt for the
tlraughtsman. Think of the entling antl twisting powers of
a

at.

Tht.

Th Fram

Bones

Let us begin our study by looking at the bones, and ty to see

what is required of the musles to make them at. Bones and
mus]es are, of ourse' inter-

.Yf .t
r!. l
:ii.j'

depenilnt, the ones deiling

as it.were the points of attah.

ment of the mus].es and the

diretions in whih they are to

fu.
. Pull; being mouldeil their
'*';l .,;td turn
by the requirements
'##t4," the

of

musles, *ith twists and

l-.. ^L.
l.. - 'l
^_.] knos,
^^-.^1^
hannels
anil
that the
musles may get their required purhase and e abl to do
their.work rithout interfeng with eah othe.
Look first at that essentiat prinle in the onstrution of
Il quatlrupetls, the differene in the way in whih th botlv is
suported by the fore and hind legs.
Support of
gs is though the
the Body
f the femur being
in front the bodv
is slung, being supportel
from th underside of
the shoulder lade b
musles and tendons at.

taheil to the ribs

(see

skelton, Frontispiee,
and Pl. 5, p. 58).

Suh differenes in

onstrution are alapted

to the speial duties of
the for antl hind quarters. Thus the foe of the hind lgs, the hief engines of
propulsion, is transmitted T'rithout loss through the diret
thrust of bone on bone, and the fore lgs are ale to take up
withorrt shok the momntum of horse and rider alighting

The

Fram

Another notable liffrne of struture is in the feet. The

for legs have hoofs rhih are larger anl rounder than those
of the hinl feet, being ilesigned. to arry more
weight, for they have to suport the eight of
the eal and nek in alilition to their share of
the weight of the boily; and. the hinil fet are
narrower and more pointil, th tter to grip
the ground when galloping and iumping' The
front feet too have a rider stane.l
Despite the liffrences, there is a orrespondene betwen th fore antl hinil lgs both
in onstrution anl in ation (see skelton,
Frontispiee, and. Pl. 11, p. 108). The shouldr
blale, rhih transmits the propulsion of th
fore limb to the ody, slopes forwards and Pi| FooI

send simila to the pastern anl hoof, the hintl lg dire,

.knee'.2 But the knee
.dd."d joint, the
the for legs .ith
rSee Chap. ' p. 104.

^Ir

lPrope the arpus=wist. The familiar trm .knee' is not fortunte, as the

ioint really orresponds to th humn wist.

Support of
the Bo

Th Fet

CorrspondFore
and Hind

nce of

Limbs

4,

Th Fram

makes no differen in ordinary paes et.ween the propulsive

ation of the fore leg and that of the hind leg, as it is mintaind
unent; it is in th advanement of the fore leg that the us of the
Limbs knee omes in, to lift the foot lear of the ground to prevent
tripping, and to raise it well out of th way as when jumping.
In a quiet pae suh as the ralk, the fore and hind legs behave very simila, serving muh like the spok of a wheel. It
is only in violent moYements suh as galloping antl jumping
that their diffrenes of ation really ome out and the pur.
pose of their diffrenes of struture beomes lar.
often in books of artisti anatomy little or no attempt is
made to stuly the effet of the ation and interplay of the fifferent Parts' the musles being mer mappl as {lexors and
etensors, that is, musles that lose a joint or pull it opn.
Suh lassifiations, neessary as thy are, should be supplmentd rrith some eplanation of the moYements rsulting
from the ation of musles when working in ombination.
Anil this an best be don, I think, by trying to work out how
som partiular ation is ffeted.
,:ltion of
Lt us think then not of how a horse shoots his foot bak]VIuscls wards as in kilting, but of how from the resistane of the

Corrspondenc oJ Fore
nd Hind

.(..l
|,
etter .feel' of the fores and
/ /
stresss whih reate th se'/ /
uene of shapes and rhythm' .. /
that the artist njoys. Let us approach the study of the musles
as an inventor's problem of how best to operate the given
levers, the bones, so as to supply the rquired momntum to the

Th

Fram

of
boily. Stuly the skelton and bfor you look at the diagrams ction
of te musles ask yourself what musles you woull lesign, Muscls
and you T',ill' I am sure, und.erstand. etter nature's solution of
the prolem.
But before stulying the musles, whih are reserveil for
another hapter, let us ontinue our genral survey of the
skeleton (se the Frontispiee).
Look at the vertbral olumn and for the moment that Th
part of it from the hips to the hest whih forms the bak. The |/rtbrI
vertebr] olumn, whih Column
runs from the healto the
tip of the tail, is omposed
of a sries of ones onneted by joints, rhih
Yary enormou in their
onstrution and their
fleibility, the neck bones
bing teeply emeilletl
one in the other, with
b]l - and - soket joints,

whreas the tail bons are really not soketed into ah other at all. This gives suh
flebility to the tail that a horse an s.w.ish
it up and down, sideways or round' and
round rith absolute fredom; and the leep
ball anl soketing of the nek bones a]lows for the pu of
strong musls wiihout any danger of lisloation. In the akbone the vertebre ar firmly onneted' without muh play,
so that it may a firm though not riil olumn.
The hors's power of arrying wight ilepentls upon this
firm knitti,,g o} the bones of the ak, to whih the slight
ahing of i1 ontributes. The bakbone runs up to the
pelvis o. a point in the mitlte of the hest where the

.,ek p.ope ens. Anl the height of the withrs,

so

Th Fram

Th haateristic of the shape of a horse,

is, we se' not directl
vertebrl due to the bakone, but to the long
proesses whih stand up
Column from it.
The variation in the proesses on the liffrent vertere
is
very striking. They are, of ourse, modified to suit
their
duties. The long Proesses that form the withers serve
to
support th nek and head, and are raked bakwards
the
bette to resist this pu-l.l. on the loins the upright
Proesss are

shorter and-lunter (it is the only omfortable

plae to sit on a
bare-akel.do-'k:y, with its knife-edged bakbone),
and e
inlind slightly forward: and the tr-ansvers
are
very strongly developedl into broad flat lades, Prosses
for the attahment of strong musles (se i-llustation,
P. 33).Where
pelvis is attahed, a setion of th akorie
is atually sd,
for the vrtebr are we]ded into a solid mass, alled
th sacrum' and the sarum, making a unit with the pels,
transmits
to the borly.
ty flexible in all diretions. It moves
ds to a ertain height, but not very

intothesoketotit,.,"iffi ;::T."J''":#;"'":tH:l:?
their transverse Proesses hek the laterJ movement.
The

two points of its geatest flexibity are ner

the hest antl just
behind the head. There the skir is supported
by the
one on rhih it has an up-and-dorn ilovement
^t1..
onJy, the

Th

Fram

atlas eing able to rotate uPon the axis bone through aout Th Ncch
three-quarters of a irle. The flangs on the atlas, necessarily
strongly levelopeil for th attahment of the strong musles
that support the ha[, are very
C,vica|
notieale in the living animal, #
Vrtera
being inleel the only bone the
forms of whih show on the surfa etween the heatl anl the
hest.
Th Skull
In the skull itself a striking
tIas -.haractristi is the enormous

of the jaw anl maxilla

to give the molar teeth .leP
lepth

seure sokets, anl the markd'

ridges of one on the sile of
tls turned s fr s possible
the fae for the attahment of onth
zis; seen;from und.rnth
the strong Masstr musles that
work it. In a [eal horse, or one that is ly''g dou.n, the heal
looks a].most too large and too heavy to e liftel. It is, however,
lighter than it looks, for the sku ontains immense hollow
hames. the sinuss. rhih ommuniate rith the nasal
avlty.
The horse has eighten ribs on eah sile, of whih the
strongest are at the hest where they are attahel firmly to
the breast one, the first
eight ris reeiving the
insertions of the brar{hes
of the big Serratus musle (59b) upon whih the
weight of the boily is
arrid from the shoulder
blale. Towards tlre quar.
are thinner and more
and
ters the ribs are inlinel bakwards
moile, allowing play to the lungs and other interna] organs.

The Ribs

8
Th
Shoulder
BIds

Th Frame

A hors has no oar bones, as we have, lreause they would

not serve him. our shou]der blales ar on our flat bak and
our ollar bones keep our arms aPart that we may the better
use them. A horse is flattened laterally and his shoulder
blales, whih lie along his hest, move freely forwards and
bakwards at every stride. If you will look at his skeleton
from in front (see illustration, p. 27), you will see that his
hst is boat-shaped, so that his shoulder blatle in moving forward. omes nearer to and brings his foot nearer to th entral
line of his motion.
There are nrany onstrutions and adaptations of shape in
the bones, on whih I have not touhed, to whih referene
wi]l e made later rrhen treating of the musles and thir
ation.

And now lt us turn from th sklton to the musles that

rrk it.

Chaptr II. Ation and Mhanis

I suggested that the best 'ay for the read.er to und'erstanil the
nrusles and. their ation rould e to study the bones, and try
to invent some of th required musles for himself. A iliffiult
task, for a horse, like any living thing, is of an intriay beyond the most ingenious mahine evr inventeil by man.
an inded has only surpasseil the anima]s in speel and
Power by limiting eah mahine to som spial purpose, and he has been antiated in a his inven/
tions y nature-at least it is diffiult to think of
anything that h has done the prirripl of whih
is not embolied in some rature. There is
the eel that stuns rith an eletria] disharge:
reatures in the darkness of the dep sea
that light thei way rith head
lamps like a ar: the little Indiarr
fish that an shoot at a distane-:=
;J
F,
Iet the
ne lnseS
insets IraT
that rluflutoI 51
si feet
of
z7
:
?o,
of water,
te overheatl rvith a jet
tt k^,
7
,1

as the natur]ist shoots hum- \

nring irds: there is a fish too
that has a rod and line with
hooks, with whih he grappls and stroke-hauls llis prey:
in the eye thre is a musl that hanges the diretion of
its pull by working through a ring as its pulley: the ird's
wirrg is bth plane and propeller; anl the aroplane that
does not lift its wheels and arriage wears .trousers', to
break th air resistane, as the eagle wears feathers on his
legs: and th horse's leg, when on the ground, works like
9

10

Ation and Mhanis

the spoke qf 3 Trrhgg]-]hih brings us bak to our sub.

jt.

utomtic
Support

In our study of the musles ]et us bgin with the legs, as we

ditl in stulying the ones. When a horse is standing still, as
in stable, he remains planted firmly on both his fore legs for
a long time without altering his position, ut is ontinuIly

shifting th weight of his quarters from one hinl lg to the

other. The rason for this is that his forehanlis entir.'Pported by inelasti' tissues, whereas his quarters are supported
partly by musular fore, so that he is ompellel frequently to
hange his position to rest his musles. If a horse d'oes not
stand planteil equally on both fre feet, but ases one of them,
it is a sure sign that he has sme soreness or inflammation in
the limb.
The weight of the fore part of the boly is supported from
th undersid of the shouller blale by the great Serratus
r.rnelasti'. The wod must not e tken litelly, s it is applil for onvniene of
eplnation to tissues that, though not truly ielasti, ah a poi.nt at whih they
not furth extensile.

Ation and

Mhanis

Thorais musle (59b), the eight branhs of rhih are

tahd to th first eight ribs (se Pls. 2, 5 and 11).
The miilille branhs of
the mus]e ar intrspersed.
rvith inlasti fires whih,
w.hen the musleis relaxed,

1.t

at.

support the body without

any fatigu to the horse.

The weight of thebody puing on the shoulde blale

tnds to flex, to lose, th
joint at A (Pl. 11, P. 108), so hre a]so thre is an arrangement
of inelasti tissue to keep the joint from losing. The Bieps
Brahii musle (47), whih is attahed to the shouliler blale at
one nd. and, passing ovr the humerus, is attahed to the
radius at the other, ould do this work and often does, for it is
the extensor of the joint, but it would beome ehaustel if it
had to support the horse all the time, and so it is relieved. of
this tluty by the inlasti tissue whih forms part of it.
The only possibility no.w of the horse ollapsing is if his
knee, C, were to buk]e forward, so another inelasti string
is inserted at a Point on the annon bon belor the knee. A
strong tend,inous band, found in the ternal Radia] xtensor
(55), it is attahed at its upper end to the Bieps musle (47),
so that it is drarn th tighter, the more the ]atter tightns.
In Pl. 11 the onstrution is ilepited diagrammaticlly rith
oloured lines, the Bieps gren, the trna] Ralia] xten.
sor mauYe, whih make it lear, I think, that the ord to
belor the knee is not only usefu] for the PurPose rhih has
been desriel, ut is ind.ispensable in violent movements
suh as lanling over a j'.P. For then the greater the pull of
the boly uPon the shouldr blale the greater the tension of
this od anl the more firmly the kne is losd against any
possibity of bukling over.

utorntic
Support

Plt

1.

Bons and Musles of th Head and Nek

the nms oif muscles re the numbers oif the other plts in u-,fuch th musls pp|.
T,he plts t.n thih the mtlscls re best shouln re numberd in hulr tp.l

|The umbers printd

Nnbers
andColours

Numbers

and Colours
of th xfusls

1' Blue rbiculr muscl of the mouth,

2. Red Leutor of th uppr lip nd nostril.
5. auve Leutor o1f the uppr lip.
4' Green Zgomtitts'
5. Red Deprssor oif th loer lip'
6. auve Bucintor.
7. Yellow Msseter.
8. Yellow Ltrl dtltor o1f the nose'
9' Green Superior Diltor o.;f the nos.
10. Yellow Trnsurse Diltor o1f the nose.

11. Buff Ceruicl Ligment'P|' 2.

19. Yellow Strno-cephlicus. |' 2, 5, L0.
15' Blue Longus olli (1first to seuenth cruil

14. Green

u r t br ) tt chmnt s'
IntertrruuersIes colli (secondto
s eue nth c e rui I urt ebrr) .

of thz Musles

lD.
17.
18.
19.
21.
25.
24.

P|' 2, 5, 10'
Retus pitis.P|,2.
T,rpzitls, cruil prt, P|.5,4, ,
Splnfus. Pl. ' 10'

auve mohyoideus,

Yellow
Blue
Yllow
Red

Complerus.Pl.2.

lVlauve Postrtor bliqu of th hed.Pl,.2.

Geen nterior bliqu of th hed.
Mstoido-Humerlts. P|, 5, +, 5, 10,
5,1. Red
59a. auve Srrtus Ceruicis. P|' 2, ) \ 5,
bdrctor of th er.

rternI ddutor

92' B\le
920. Blue

oif th

er'

Common mtcle o1f th er.

Dprssor oif th er'
Leutor o1the er'

Fcil uin.
Jugulr utn, P|. 2, 5' 70'

omon mIsl

o the or 90
o

rugo

to

LvoLor or

t. ddUtor

or th or 90

or

90
|or af the

of th F-row

90

r|iot roDezius l80

\\tng of llos

Lvotor o Uppr
Lip ond Nostl 2
\Uprior DiloLa|

or

nterior oblLle of Lhe od 24

Postriar ltque o t|| rlod

Lvotor of U|'Der Llp

.a5|rs DiloLcr or the Nos

irtrol Dilo1or

NlosIorda.001elo|1s 1
8

rno'hoi1 !5b
|trossetr

8utno|or 6 |iol eio 92

Zgomorius

^4osr

DDrssor of tlle Lower tr

Drsso o( th or 90
o

Htnrolis }4

j Splnils l9
l l//. lV. y r

VcrI

on\pleus 2l

Pos

7/.

lugulor Vin 92

trio

ob/ue

-:

23

Cervtol
Llgomnt

9rcrna-phal|5

].

In|e||ronsvrsolcs ol]1 l 4
]V-Vl| ervloI Vrtb

/lsr eeth

nt. bllqu

olti rt/l

,'8rs..of
(h /!ou|]

o |l|e

|'io)o,'

od

?4

Rcfus

opi|is l7
S/ror; J.-etr.r;n

Srro (os

Lottgtts

ollt iJ

l.-

|.Vll rviol y|lbro.

Ation and

Mehanis

t5

The automati support of the hose's weight is ompletel utomntic

at the fetlok, D, by the Suspensory Ligament (69) and at the Support
Pastern joints, anl F, by the tendons of the Perforans (61)
and Peforatus (60) muscles ,ith their hek ligaments.

The Suspensory Ligament (69) a broad elasti ord attahed at the bak of the knee and annon bone, very visible
towards the lorer end of th annon one; it divides just
above the fetlok into two branhes rhih are inserted on the
sesamoid bones, a and passing forrard on eah side of th
joint to the front of th first phalanx, to join the tendon of
the Common Digital tensor (54): see Pl. 6' P.62.
This arrangement serves two purPoses. It supprts the fetlok
automatially, and by its prolongtion to the front Prevents the
Pasterns from knukling over forward's, muh as the ti string
below the knee prevents the knee fom bukling forward.
To test the priniple of the automati suPPort of the horse
y his fore legs, I made a rough model with bits of rood and
string like this, and found that a weight, W,
rePresenting th down-ward pull of the boly,
attahed as depited, was supported by *y
gimrak onstrution. So th musular effort
demanded of th front legs when at rest is
apparently no grater than the sm]l musular
adjustments \e ourslves make, whn standing,
to kep the jointed olumn of our legs upright
und.er our ody.

The hinl leg,

notied in Chaptr I, orgenerl

harater and relation of the ones; anl the
orresponden is lose, for it is prodil with an
inelasti string, the Peron@us Tertius (82), whih
onnets the femur with the annon bone, muh
as the Bieps Brahii onnets the shoulder blale with the
Radius. Yet the hinl quarters are not automatiall supported
as '

respond.s very closely to the fore leg in the

L4.

utomtic
Support

ction of
Fore Lg

Atin and Mhanis

r-ithout effort on th part of the muscles, sine the artiulation

of the femur ith the plvis fa.lls too far forward in relation
to the foot.
Perhaps this is a usefu]. provision for safety, for it keps the
horse .on his toes', like a goo1 gamesplayer. A horse planted
on a].l four feet rvould be very slow at getting offth mark.
Turn now to the leg's ation.l At eah stril the leg is made
y musular ontration into a rigiil spoke, whih rotates

about a point on the

shoulder blade as its
al, and as a rigid
spoke it ats until th
bod'y has ad.vaned. so
far that the 1g has
passed' the vertial
position. Then, as it
an no longer serY as
a support, the hors
Spoh-lik ction of the for lgs
uses it for propulsion
by etenling the joints. Anil in this ation of the legs the
ine1asti tissues play a vry important Part.
Let us fol].ow in more letail the ation of the fore leg.
At eah stride the leg is put forward rith the joints ex.
tended, and touhes th ground first with the elasti frog at
the bak of the foot. As the weight sttles on to the leg,
the pasterns yilil elastially, anl the Bieps (4.7) and the
Trieps (1), that extend'ed the leg, relax, letting the joints
at A anl B (Pl. 11, P. 108) lose quietly until the boily is
suppotel by the inlasti tissues whih re have een disussing. \hen the horse is stanling at ease anl th pull of his
weight is merly diretly d'ownward.s, th inelasti tissues support him unhelped; but when he is in ation, the leg ned's to
b braed, so the long heail of the Trieps musle (51a) that
rSe ChaP. .' p. 104.

Ation and

hanis

75

joins the und.er edge of th shoulle blale to the point of the ction of
elbow.(olecranon) ontrats, pulling against the inelasti tie For Leg

Bons of the

l fore leg

tn ctton

of the Bips (4.7), thus making the triangl ABS asolutely

rigil, while, belorr, the tensos straighten th kne and
pastern joints. Formed thus
into a rigitl spokefrom shouller
blale to foot, for, as eplained,
the knee is indiretly aetl,
the leg is rotated about a point
on the upper half of the shoul,"r,rr"'.
dr lade by th foowing
musles: the Rhomboid (39),
the Serratus Cerviis (59),the
Anterior and Posterior Deep
Petora]s (37 ar,rd 58), and the
Latissimus Dorsi (35). Depited
diagrammatially, the ation
of these musles is seen to be
tangentil (see lso Pl. , P. 5s).
The pinipl of automati suPport is applieil ]so in the
arriage of th shoulder. Strands of the Drso-sapular

16

Ation and Mhanis

Support of ligament arising on th withers are inserteil on the undersid

the For of th shouller blale; and on its utside the tenlinous milll
Limb part of the Trapezius (18) is attahed to the spine of the
shoulder blale. Together they an support th whole fore
limb rhen th foot is off th ground, thus rlieving the
musles.
Th Dorso-sapular ligamnts mingle at their insertion
und'er the shoulder blade with the Serratus Thorais (9b),,
and the .pivot point' of the shoulder blale ours near their
juntion.
.Point', .pivot', .rotate' must not b takn litrally; they
are figures of speeh, usful for disussion and illustration.
The .point' upon the shoulder blade, on whih the leg is
Sliding of pivotel, is not fieil upon the boly, for th whole shoulder
th Shouldr an slile slightly bakwards and forwards. Drawn forward
rhen th foot takes the ground, th shouller blale has moved
bak by th enl of the strid. Thus the boily has not only been
advaned y the spoke-like ation of th leg anl the extension of the leg and shouldr joints, but has rept forwarl in
relation to th shoulder blale during the stride, whih rsults
in an adtlitiona] advane of the otly in relation to the foot and
the ground over rhih the horse is travelling.
After the stride, as th sPent leg is oming foward, the
shoulder blail is d'ra.wn forward. again along the hest. Thus
boly anil leg a-lternately reep forward. on eah other, adding
length to the stride, and inreasing the horse,s sped.'
When the botly of the horse has ad'vaned so far that the
lg has passed th vertia.l, and the .pivot point, on the shoulder blaile is in front of the foot, the leg is no longr of use for
supPort. Immdiatly, the joints at A and B are extenlel b1'
the etensor musls and the body propelll forrards. T
efft tlris the Long heatl of the Trieps (51) is relaxed. This
fres th shoullr blade, whih is thn etended on th
rSee Chap.

I.' p. 110.

Atin and

Mhanis

L7

humrus by the Bieps Brahii musle (47), and ]so frees the ttension of
elbow joint, rrhih is then extended by the ontration of th the For Leg
External and Intrna] heals of the Trips (51b anl 51) antl
the Anoneus (59). The Long head of the Trieps annot do
this work, for if used to etend the elborr it woull neessarily
pull th shou]iler blade ak and Prevent the desired extension f the shoulder joint y th Bips; -wheras the xternal
Tricps

Ionx Hod

,\
I

\':'''-

/l

6t.cL

and Internal heads of the Trieps, and the Anoneus, being

attahed to the humrus only, extentl the ]borr joint at
B, without interfering with the freedom of the shouldr

b]ad.

on the ling horse th Long head of the Trieps (51a) is zhtion of

very notieable as a soft bag-like mass, that hangs over the Trips
elbow joint, when the leg is at rest. When the horse is moving
it tightens and is Seen as a firm smooth surfae. The working
of this musle may easily b rathed at a quiet walking pae,
and thn it ri be ntiil that the musle slakens and beomes soft and ag-like again bfore the leg is liftl, as soon-'
that is, as it has passd the vrtial; whih is a onfirmation of
the anatomial planation of its ation given above. I had

18

Ation and Mhanis

rtensio of often observed its moment of relaxation, and was puzded on

Leg the point until I kner the reason.
Suh lesriptions of musles anil their ation are neessarily
rathr summary. For in the simplest movement innumerale
musles ome into play. But one th general priniple of the
motion of a lirnb is gaspel, the ation and effet of many of
the less dominant musles should' be suffiiently lear from

th Fore

Lction of
Hind Leg

the plates.
At the end of a stride, ,when the leg has attainel its full extension, the foot is lifteil, th kne elbor anil shouller joints
are flexed anl the leg anl shoullr are brought forward to.
gether for the net stride, the musle that d.oes most of this
.work being the astoido-Humralis (54.) whih is attahed to
the humerus and' the fasia whih oYer the shoultler lade
and arm.
As th limb alvanes the shouliler and elbow joints are ex.
tended, anl the knee and ftlok joints straightenel, projeting the foot forrards,l ready to take the grounil again and to
xeute the net strile.
The ation of the hinl lg resembles that of the fore leg in
that it bens y serving as a ril spoke and ends by the ex.
tension of the joints.
As the foot touhes the ground the elastiity of the hoof
anl th play of the pasterns relieve the lim of shok, and
musles suh as the Vasti (79) on the tp of the femur ve
.way gradually, aowing the weight of the ody to sttle
gently on to the support of the leg.
The braing of the hintt leg is very similar to that of the
fore leg. Th fore leg, you rmmbr, is loked into a rigid
spoke by the ontration of the Trieps, etween the shoulder
blale and elbow, pulling against the inelasti tissues of the
rMaey and Pags ve liams of severl positions of the legs oth in suPPort

ad suspension in the diffeent paes, plotting the ouse though r'hih th diffent

joints tavel. ny of these diagams a reprodued

xteri of the Horse'

in Goubeau and Barir's

Ation and

Mhanis

19

Bieps Brahii (see p. 1). In the hinil. leg the rigil mass is ction of
formed of the femur, tiia anl metatarsus, the triangle ABII Hind Leg
(Pl. 11' p. 108),by the ontration of the Vasti on the stifle
joint, and the Gastronemii (80a) et.ween the fmur and'
hok, .which pu against the inelasti string of the Peronreus
Tertius (82).
Thus loked into a ritl spoke, the hinil leg is turned. uPon
the kno of the femur by the action of the idille Glutus
(68) antl the mass of musles that form the rump.
As soon as the leg is past the point of support, the hip,
stifle anl hok joints at H, A antl B are xtended and the
horse thrown forward y their thrust. Most of the musles on
the quarters help in this etnsion (see Pls. 8 antl 9). on the
front of the leg the Rtus Femoris (79), the xterna] anil
Internl Vasti (79D, 79) extend the femur on the tiia
the tibia on the femur, eause the foot is th fixed point
-not
from rhih a]l the ones get thei rsistane for propeng the
botly. They are Powerful muscles rhih orrespond to the
strong musles on the top of your o.wn thigh. Behind the leg,
the musles which form the rumP help to extend this anl the
other joints by pulling th leg bak with tremend.ous Power:
the Bieps Fmoris (70)' th Semimemranosus (72), te
Smitendinosus (71), the Addutor (76), and the Glutrus
musles (68 anl 69). How geat the mass of these musles is
may be sen y looking at a hors from behind, as r.ll as
from the side.'The sketh overleaf is from a.Trait du Nord'
lraught horse, a rossred Frenh antl Belan stallion.
Simultaneou with the extension of hip anil stifle joints,
the hok joint is etended y the Gastronemii (80), whih
pu on the Tenilo Ahis (80b). But th Gastronemii, the
alf musles, whih ar relatively muh less developed than in
man' are not strong enough to do the .work of etending the
hok by themselves' or to take up the strain often thrown
tSe Chap. I., p. 110.

20

Ation and hanis

ction of uPon them, and. so they ar helpel by an ingenious ontrivHind Lg ane of parIlel tendons, the Peroneus Tertius (89) anl the
Superfiial Ditar Flexor (86), rhih ompel the power
appliel to the one joint to at uPon the othr.
In Pl. 11 (p. 1O8)these tendons are rePresentel diagrammati.
a]ly. They join the hok to the femur on the uPPr side of th
tiia, and the annon bone (Metatarsus) to th fmur on its
under side. Bing inextensible and working in parallel thy
ompel these two joints, stifle antl hok, A and B, to open and

(a
lose together, and the musu]ar fore of th quarters, exerted
lire on th stifl, is indire eerted equally on the hok.
Thus th powrful xtension of the stifle by the Vasti musles

Atin and

Mhanis

2I

tnds th hok through the pull of the femur n the Tentlo

Ahillis (80D)' anl the extension of the hok by th ontration of the Gastronmii (80a) ontributes to the extension of
the stiflie by th puJ'l f the tibia on the Peroneus Tertius (89).
It is this simultaneous etension of both joints that makes the
ation of th quarters so effetiy.r
Belor the kn antl hok the legs ar ratially only bones
and strings.
on the front of the legs the mehanisrn is vry simple, the
tendons of the ommon (54, 84.) and Lateral (55, 85) xtensors
puing th pasterns forward's into the
position in whih the foot is at the right
inlination to take the ground.
At th bak of the legs the mehanism
is nore intriate and mor intersting,
rith the three strings whih suPPort th
weight of the oly and hlp in its propulsion. They are th Suspensory Ligamnt (69, 89) and th Perforatus (60,
86) anlPerforans (61, 87) tndons.
The ftlok joint differs frm the other joints in that it is
.ovrextend.ed.'
whn supporting the weight of the horse, the
pasterns inlining forwards in front of the lirre of the annon
bone' Anil the rnor imprtant duties of the Perforatus and
Prforans tend.ons are to support the fetlok joint and pasterns,
and to straighten them in th at of galloing anl jumping.
Their true flexing ation of lifting the foot ours only when
the foot is offthe ground.
Genorally spaking, th Suspensory Ligament, Perforatus
nd Perforans suPPort the first, seond and thirl phalanges,
rsptivly.
Let us first onsider the ation of th tendons as suPPorts to
th fetlok and pastrns.
lSe Chap. I.' p. 111.

ction of
Hind Lg

Fetlochad
Pstrns

uer.
ettnsion

Bch
Tendons

Plte

2. Lowr Laver

of th Musls of the Bdv

|The nurnbrs printed er the nmes o1f muscles re th numbers oif th other pl.ates in tahich th muscls ppear.
Th plts in hich the muscles r bst shou' re numbered in heuier typ".f
Nultrs

Numbers

and.Colours

ad,Colours
of Mushs

11. Buff
19. Yellow
15D' auve
17. Yllow
90. Blue
20. Yellow
91. Red
99. Red
95. Mauv
95a. auve
95D. Red
96. Yllow
97. Red
27. P';ed
50. Geen

of

CrvicI Ligmert.Pl, 7.
Sterno-Cephlius. Pl. 1' ' 10.
omo-hoid.. Pl. t, \ 5, t0.

Rcttts Cpitis'P|. |'

Lonsimus Cpitis.
Longissimus tlntis.
Complezus.Pl.l.
Multifi Cruicis.
Posterior oblique of th hed.Pl. |.
Srrtus Posterior.Pl, 5.
EztnIIntercost.P|.5,

TransursIis Costrurn'
Longissitnus Dorsi. P1.8.
Spinalis Dorst.
EilernI obliqu ofthe z4'bdmen.P|, 5, 7'
8, 9, 10. It is ut to show th Intenal

oblique, 0D.
rnternl obliqu of th bdomez. Pl. 8.
59. Green Rhomboideus.Pl.S,+, 5.
55. Yellow zt'ntior SuperftciI Pectorl.P|. 5, 5,|0,
57, Green ntior Dp Pectorl.P|. +' 5, 10.

0D.

Blue

58. Red
9a. auve
59D. Mauve
41. Ble
.12.

Red

Posterior Dep PetorI.PI.5,4,5,10.

Serrtus Ceruicis,P|. |'5'4,,5.
Srrtus Thorcis. P|' , 4' 5, 77 .
Suprspints. Pl..l.

lspintus. Pl.,|..

il

Mu,sIs

4. Green
47. Green
49. Blue
1 -1
'.,]. |Yeltow
|b.I

Teres Minor. Pl. 4..

Biceps Brchii. Pl. 4.' 6, t0,

t|.

Brchilis ruictls.P|.5, 4,6' |0.

Ticeps Brchii' P|. 6,

+,

6.

55. auve Egtrnl Rdil Eztnsor (Ertnsor

Carpi Rdil,.s). Pl. 5, +' 6,10,11..
4. Geen CommonDigitIEtettsor.PI.5.J.',|0'1.I.
55. Yellow Ltral DigitI Eztelnsor. Pl. 5,4,' 6, |0.
59. Blue ErternI Flegor of th Metrpus
(Ezteror crpi Ulnris). Pl. 5' 4.,,Io'
6.$D. Yellow Ilius. Pl. 7,8.
68a. Mauve Middle Glutrus(Gl' Mdius).P|'7' 17.
71 . Gn 9emitendinosus. Pl. 5' 7,8' 9, t|,
72. B|ue Smimembrnosus.P|. 2' 7, 8,9' |7.
79a. Red Rtus Fernorls. Pl. x'7'E,9, t|.
79D. Yellow Eztrnl vstus.L. 5' 7,8, 9' 1 1.
80a. Blue Gstrocnemtus. Pl. 3' 7,8'g| 7|.
81. Red Soleus.Pl.517r9,ll.
84. Geen ntrior or Long Digital Egtertsor.

PI.5,7,9, ll.
Yellow Ltrl DigitI Ertensor' Pl. 5,7, g.
87. lVlauve Deep Digitl Fleror (Prns).
Pl. 5, 7 , g, ll.
92b, Blue rugulr vtn.P|. 7,5,10.
92d. Blue Erternl Thorcic in.P|.5.
85.

Pa:ttor b!lqltt
:' L| leod 2

Iol55|DiU5
t1ontis 20

Logrssrmus opltis 2a

(opleus 2l
tvltddlc Glutoeus 68o

5||ol(]s P!5trio 2Jo

ervioI U3met l l

Lo:'l t.stos Dor.,t 27

5errtus evjus J9o

f rosv rso ! ts

Aholordus J2

os|rurn 2

spil1o]is Dorsi 27

llIocIs 64

i. no l

Irlt'rc;to/s| 25b

Rl((ui

(irt' l7

mo'atrJ

Jt

l5L>

o V

92

epho/ios
Ul(ilidU5

rvls )2

/lI DeeD Prorol 7-

79o

StprosDttlatus 4

smitndin
osus ?

tt)(tosptnt)tis 42
Bicps Brhti

il|

/l
!t't'obliqL

47./
ltl

5UDe/,(joj Plorol 35
cres |\tlla 4

P'rochilis

49

5rro

!s.sto
rer nol
Rodiol
tensor

(.otnlo Dlpt(o/ F-nsor 54

Dp Fl 'ar

Prforons

t]5

]9

'y'l 92d

(ti

|rnol Flcor
o

Thorols

[/ ri(Ds

!iiu
o( A,Ja':,
Pc5t r 1c r
L]i'|] Ptro,

horoi)

5m;tmro

DlFil

lCr
Costronmius 80o
lLertlgI Votus

79b

5o/us

Log DiriL/ tnral 4

5,;

llrtrrr;or

8 /

Dp Fleot
Pforons 87

Lo!roi DiEitol
r.Xrc,.o|

osus

72

|v|rootpus 59

L|erol

B5

Ation and

hanis

23

The Suspensory Ligament running down the bak of the The Bk

annon bone is tliviled into two branhs whih are inserted Tendo
on the sesamoid ones, and, as the sesamoid ons are attahed
by ligaments to the seond anl hiefiy the first phalanx, the
Suspensory Ligament is in effet attahel to the Pasterns;
the sesamoids, rhih might be .lled the Patee of th fetlok
joint, helping it to slip bakwards and forrard.s over the joint.
The Suspnsory Ligamnt is an lasti ord, purely automati in ation. It servs as a spring, helping to support the
ftlok joint; its hief luty is aPParently to eliminate abrupt.
ness and shok in th ation of the fetlok and pasterns.
The Perforatus and Perforans tnd.ons, bing ontrolld
by musles, are not automati in ation, lik the Suspensory
Ligament, unti.l they reah thir limit of extnsion, when
their hek strings support them instead of the musles.
The hek string of th Perforatus is strong in both fore
anl hind leg; that of the Perforans is reak and, somtimes
eYn non-existent in the hinl leg.
Thus the horse has for his support all the three strings
whih are at th bak of the leg.
Nor let us study their ation as proPulsive agents.
The Suspnsory Ligament hs, for its autornati elasti.
ity is always attempting to pull the pasterns bak. If in the
leg of a dead hors the Prforatus and Perforans tend.ons are
ut and the pasterns overextnd'ed, pued well forward, and
let go, the Suspensory Ligament rill pu thm ak into line
rith the annon bone, but no farther.
The Superfii] Flexor (the Prforatus) differs notably in
the fore anl hinl legs, for musular as it is in the fore leg, it is
harlly more than a tendon in the hind lg; even in th for
leg it is very reak in ompaison w.ith the Deep Digitt F]exor
(the Perforans).
It .was stated preously that these tend.ons were limited in
their movement by hek strings; to be aurate, in th hinl

24
Tlrc Bh
Trnd'or

Ation and Mhanrs

leg the Perforatus tendon is attahel dire to the hok. The

attahment, however, .llows the tendon, whih forms a sort
of ap over th tuber alis, to slip to and fro. When the
pasterns give under pressure, it slips down to its limit, and the
fetlok is then automatially supported from its attahment
n the hok. When the hok is flexed, the Perforatus tendon
is tightenetl by the moYement of the tuber alis, and the foot,
if off the ground, is bnt akwards. But the pull is not very
strong, for the foot an always b overextended, in whatevr
position th limb is, as may tested on the leg of a deal horse
and seen in instantaneous photographs.
The Perforatus' indeed, exerts very little propulsiv Powr
in omparison with the Perforans.
The Perforans is the prinipal agent in the ation of the pasterns. A very powrful musle in both fore and hinllegs, it pulls
th pastrns bak from the overextend.ed position with suh
nrgy that it fts the fetlok and leg with great effet.
Its ation is very effetive in adding to length of stride and
leap, beause it takes place when the oly is already on the
move from the tension of other joints. Everyone must have
notied in gymnastis how effetive a very slight push is in helping smeon who is vaulting to lear the vaulting horse. In a
musular moYment little ontributions of fre add enormously to the resulting ation. When a horse raiss his forehanl into the air, he loes not only extend his shouller, elbow,
anl fetlok joints, but alls to this the ontration of the big
Serratus musle, whih lifts his body in relation to the shoulder
blale, whih is itself rising through the ation of the joints.
Distant transmission of Power maks for ativity. It maks
larg lf musles unneessary, and. avoids the putting of
wight low down on the leg, hih is dstrutive of agility.
Dr and hare a.lso have these parallel strings, but not logs or
ats. In deer, rhih jump so wond.erfully, the legs are notie.
ably light, mre ones with strings to work the joints. Light

Ation and

hanis

25.
The Bch
Tendons

thn the body whih theypropel,

re in varying dgrees a hek
to its advan. Put simpl, do

you put on heavy boots when

you jump

When a lrors is lying d.own

the ation of th strings is very

the length of the stride. In th hind leg there is, of ourse, no

sliding movment, sin the had of the femur is soketed into
the plvis. There is, however, a slight swing of the pelvis and
saum whih gives a similar rsult. Forward at the moment

Suling of th
PeIuis

Later I yrill rfer t the eonomi] way in whih suh

movments ar effeted.

Ftlo|t nd
Psterns

26

Ation and Mhanis

.lso all to the smoothnss of the ation in general. xtendd

in a straight line with the lg when the foot takes the ground,
thy give way, they .ovrextend', as the weight of the body
omes on to thm, and rover themselves after the leg has
passeil th vertial position. By shortening anl lengthening in
this.way, they keep the hors's oly nearly at the same level
tloughout the stiil. If you will put a ruth or room
hanlle undr your armPit you will rea]ize very learly the
advantage of their mehanism. When the foot of th ruth is
put on the ground in front of you its top is lowered, rising as
you advane' ti]l it reahs the vertial position, when it lifts
your armpit very awkwardly, dropping again as you leave it
hinl you. By the play of the pastern, this rising and falling
motion is avoideil in the hors's leg, and its boly travels
narly on a lvel, the ation gaining in speed and' onomy of
effot. You may see a thoroughbred's supple pastern bent at
right angles to the J.eg, paralll with the ground,l the ergot
at times even atu].ly touhing it.
The Foot
Another interesting letail of the ation is th sudden vray in
whih the foot is liftl at the nl of the stride, so harateristi of a thoroughbred, that thre may be no risk of its strik.
ing an irregularity of the ground, as th leg is slung forward.
The rork is not left to the Prforans musle (61), as musular
ontration might not e rapid enough, ut is performeil by
the elastiity of the tendons and the Infeor Sesamoid ligamnts, whih, eing strethed when the footis d.own, flik the
foot up instantano', as soon as it is free of the ground.
This priniple of the flik is usel again in the astragalus, the
.wheel' of the hok joint, whih is not quite regulr in its
movemnt, so that rhn the joint is in ation the pull of the
musles is pent up for a moment anil is released ith a sudden
flip, like the movment of the blale of a penknife, that atlds
aeleration to th thrust of the leg.

Ftlok nd
Psterns

lSe Chap. f' p. 112.

Ation and

ehanis

27

Before leang the legs let me refer to another arrange. Clrnce

ment. It is important that the foot of the lifted leg, rhen of the Foot
being brought forward., shoull not ollide rith the other leg
that is upon the ground.
In the for leg this learane is effeted y the movement of
the shouller blale rather than that of the leg. In a well-made
hors the foreleg shull benl a]most straight at the knee, for
if the foot thrors outward.s eaggeatedly, this .lishing'
"e.
su-lts in .lvaste of energy
anil loss of speed. Owing
to the hest being shaped
]ike the Prow of a oat,
the shoulder blade as it

slips forward turns its

front elge inwards, whih

throws the elor and foot
outwards so that the foot
advances quite lear of the
other leg. Another onsequene of this move-

ment of the shoulder

lade is that rrhen the leg is

extended the foot is brought

under th middle line of

the boily, .whih

maks

Bon3r thorz dif the hors:1front

uieta
for spd and asy ation.
11 the hind leg this learan is ffeted' y the shap of the
hok joint, in whih the .whel' of the joint(the astragalus) is
set slightly outwards, so that the foot is arried oit*u.ils
as it omes forward. This utrard turn of the strasa]us is

28

Ation and Mehanis

Clrc outward throw of th fmur, the tiia and hok ar inlined

of the Foot tolr.ard.s the millle line of the body, .,hih might ause the
foot, as the leg ad'vanes, to strike the other leg whih is on
the ground, if it las not itself swung
outwards from th hok by the setting

Spirl
Progrssion

of the astragalus.
In for 1g anl hind leg alike the foot,
-when it is eing etended to begin the
stride, is brought on to or near to the
mildl line of the body: partiularly so
in a thoroughbrel, for this Prevents yawing of the boly, making for speed and
eonomy of effort in progrssion. In a
vry fast gul]oP the footmarks may lie
.as
if male by the spokes
u,7" in a true line
of a whel without a felloe'.
Anima1 progression is spirl. There is
L lrok, front the forward. movnrent, the rise and fall,
uteu.,' f. instd uiu'l
and the lateral osillation of the body, as
on p. 44.
it is supported alternatly y the right
and left legs. For rapid progression th rising anl falling
motion and the latral yawing shoulil be redued to the least
possible minimum as it is in a raehorse. Th rising and falling
motion is redud by the play of the pasterns and other elastiities; and th sileways osillation by bringing the feet as nearly
as possible und'r the entre line of th oly. Duks w]k so
notoriously badly eause their legs ar short and set on so far
apart that they annot put their feet well und'er their bo[ies,
and so must wadlle their bodies right anl lft oYer their
feet.

Tlrc Let us lave the legs anl turn to the bakbon.

vrtbrl It is knitteil together with innumerable musls both
Column underneath anl on the uPPer side, the latter of whih
in a well-fed horse build up the shap of the ak. The

Ation and

hanis

29

moYement of thes musles is not pereptibl in them- 1-he

selves, though oasionally strings shorru. rnomentarily on the vrtbrl
loins.
Column
The ribs are onneted by shets of musles rrhih onsolidat the boily. Though they do not show as inlividual
musles the ffet of their ation is very notieable in the
hanges they ause in the position and visiility of th
ribs.

The verter of the nek, like those of the ak, ar interonneted y an intriat we of musles (see Pl. 1), whih
mak of the ervil olumn a sort of stiffish hawser, aS an
be seen in the living animal .when th rrek is strongly
bent. Th stion of the nk is in genral oval, narrower
on the top and thikr toward's the underside, with the
strong astoido.Humral (54) musles whih attah it to the
trunk.
The shape of the bak is built up by the Lorrgissimus Dorsi
(27), the longest musle of th body, whih, running from the
hips to the nk, fis the angle betwen the upright Proesses
of th spine and th sideiay Prosses of the loins and tops of
the ribs. When in a gallop the spine is fleed to bring the hind
legswell foru'ad al th beginning of a strid, th Longissinrtts
Dorsi, by its powrful etnsin of the spine, adds to th propulsion of the hind limb.
When loking at the skleton w-e notied that the shape of Cruicl
th withers is made by the enormous bony Proesss that sup- Ligamnt
port the nek and had. From them thre run to the nek not
only musles, but th Crvil Ligament (11) : see Pl. 1, p. 1.2.
Formed. of elasti tissue, and divided into strands, whih
run to the diffrnt ervia] vertera and to the base of the
sku, it undrtaks th work of supporting the head and
nek. In the girffe it is enormously developed, aS rnay b x.
pted, and taks its purhase the whole way do'wn the ra.
tur's spine!

Plt

J,

Upper Laer of th Musles of th Bod

muscls re th numhrs of the other plts in hich the muscles ppr

The plts in tphih the mttscles re bst shon re nmbered in heuter t1,p.f

|Th numbrs printd

Nnbers
andCohus
of the Musclzs

er

the nms

o1f

12. Yellow Sterno-Cephlius.P\ .7'2,

|0.

'

Nnbers
ndColours
of th Muscls

54. Green Common Dtgitl Ertensor (Ertensor

pedis).P|.2,4,'6,70'1l.
lD. Mauve omo-hoid.us.|.2,70,
Pl.
10.
neh,
5,
Lterl
Digitl Eztensor (Er' Digiti
of
the
55,
Yllow
mttscle
Culneous
16a. Green
18a. Blue Trpezius,Ceruilprt.P|.|,+,5,
Quinti).Pl.2?4,'q70'
59. Blue EzternIFlzoroiftheMetrpus
18D. Blue Trpezius,DorsIprt.P|.+,5.
(Ulnris Lterlis),P|.4'6,1o.
19. Yellow Splenius.Pl. 1' 10.
]Vlauve
Tnsor;fscirltr'PI.7'8'7|.
66.
25a. auve Serrtusposterior.Pl.2.
67. Blue SupeciI Glrus, Pl. 7, 8.
95D. Rd Ertrnl rntercostls,P|.2.
70. Red Bicpsfmorl.s. Pl. 7, 8' 9,'11.
99. Buff bdominI Tunic.
50. Green Ertrrllbliquofthebdomn. 7L. Green Semitendinosr.Pl' 2,7,8,9,t|'
79. B.ed Rtus1femorls. Pl.2,7,8,9,||.
P|.2,7'8,10'
79D. Yellow rternl stus (v. Ltrlis). Pl. 2,
59. Green Rhomboidus.P|' 27 4,,5.
7,8,g,||,
35. Green Ltissiml1sDorsi.P|.4,,5,10.
80a.
Blu
Gstronemius.P|'2,7)8)g,7L.
1,4.,5'70.
Mstoido-Humerlis'l'.
5,l. Red
55. Yellow nteriorSuprfictIPtorI.P|.2, 81. Red SoI.PI,217,9177.
84. Gren nterior or Long Digitl Ertnsor
5, t0.
(Eztr.pedis).P|'2'7,9,t|.
DepPtorl'P|,2,4,5,7o'
58. Red Posterior
LtrlDigitlEltensor.P|.2,7,9.
85.
Yellow
59' uve SerrtttsCerutcis'P\,7,2,+,5.
87. auve DpDigitlFleor(Prns).
59b. Mauve SerrtusThorcis,Pl.2,4.,5,L7.
P|' 2,7,9' 71.
40. Mauv DItoid.P|.4.
Blue
rugulr
vein,P|.7,2, 10.
99D.
49. Blue BrchiIis z4rttictls.P|.2,+'6,|o.
92d.
B|le.
Ertrnl
Thorcic vin'P|.2.
1. Yllow Triceps Brchii.P|,z, +,6.
55. Mauve EternI Rdil Egtensor (rtr. Crpi
Rdilis). P|. 2, 4, 6, 70, | 7'

SPlentus

i 9

Rhonboidus 2
Srrotus Cerris J9o

sup!'oI 6lU|ous 6|
rceziu5
Dorsol, I 8b

|5

mo-oideus

SmiLndtnosut
7I

Jugulol Vin

92

s|rna-p|1lius

l2

U(ooeous l'lusl l6o

r5

ostoido.Hurnrlis

toscio of

th Thigh

nt super|iol Pctarol 5
Brol1iolis

| olique
4

trn| Rodiol tr

Fl
Perforons 6l

Vin'9 2rl
Serrotus

Pa5trio Dp P.toral

J8

ommoo Digitol x.esor 54

trol Fleor 59
Di'itol

X|r

horois 39b

of donn 0o

l
\l/
l
l

Abdoi11oI

ft ?9

55

Rctusl /
emorls 79

Gostronllus B0c

lus

E,t.hoi

ydslus /9

Deep Fieor
Prforons B1

nt Digl xt|nsor

84

Ltero1

Dlfl

F,itI

Ation and

Mhanis

51,

Without suh automati suppt

a horse ould harlly keep

its head up. usles, whih suffre for oasionally tossing anl

Ceruicl
Li6ment

raising the head and nk, woull quikly beome exhausted if

asked to support them uninterruptlly. Everyone knows in
his own Person how quikly the human nek gets tired, short
as it is, when it is heltl in a horizontal position.
It is vry notieable how a tid horse, espeially on draw- S-i" of the
ing a load, swings its lread from side to sid. The reason for Hed,
the movemnt is, I think, as follows.
There runs along eah sid of the nek a long broal musle,
the Mastoido-tlumeral' (34), whih is attahed to the shoulder
}t

to

i,- ll u a Ii ?|

Ift

Ig

doun

laile and humerus at one rrd and to the mastoid pro.

ess of the head and the top of the nk at the other (se
Pl. 5). When a horse is walking, this musle dra,s for.w.ard
the shouliler lal and leg that is liftd from th ground. To

do this it pulls uPon the head, which tends to enl the nek to
the side. Simultanously, as the fore leg on the other side of
the horse is in ation, the Rhomboideus (32) and Ceal part
of the Serratus (59.), attahed to the shouliler lade, ar pulling the nek in the opposite diretion. Working thus on oPposite sides of the nk thy ounterba]ane on another. The
Serratus ertainly is pulling muh more energetially than the
astoido-HumerJ'is, but, as its five stand's are inserted to the
lower cervial vertebre, it is pulling at the base of the nek,
r-hile the astoido-Ilumralis, ttrrough its attahment to the

32
Stozng of the

Ation and Mhanis

pulling at its xtremity. The gain in leverage througlr

Had this longer purhase omPnsates the latter for its weakr
ation and allows its influene on the nek to ounterbalane
s_kull] is

that of its opponent.

It must not be supposed that these are the only musles in.
volved. Musular ation is so intriate that the iarger move.
ments a]one n be disussed. The Splenius (19), the Longis.
simus Capiti and At]antis (20) antl oth musles that etentl
and end the nk join in as required.
This balaning of musular ation in the nek ours aPParntly only when a horse is fresh; rrhen he is tired he swings
his had sideways at eah strid t spar his musles' It is in
priniple rhat we do on a iyle when w are tireil. We
throw our weight siileways at ah stroke that the impetus
of the body may give a thrust to the pedal and redue
the demand upon the musles. The horse, by flinging his

nek and head away from the shoulder that is working,

similarly saves himself effort. If you rill wath a horse
losely you will see that this fling is exatly timed to the effort
of the leg.

lVloucment
of tlrc Pelois

This mutual hlp of the shoulder blales is an instane of

the eonomy of effort whih ours in the ation of musles all
over the boly.
In the pelvis thre is a similar mutua]. atiorr betwerr the
right anl left siles. When the right leg, for instane, is at
work on the ground and the left lg is lifted, w Se the left
half of th pels swing forward' This ation, whih ailds to
the forrard reah ofthe stride, and is takn by th left leg for
its own need's, helps the ation of the other leg. By pullirrg
forward the left side of the pelvis, it swings the right sid of it
bakrards; or, to put it more aurately, th true turning point
of the movment of the plvis is the heail of the right i"*...,
whih is supportd through the thrust of the lg antl foot
against the ground, and the plvis, turning uPon it as its ful.

Ation and

hanis

55

rum' ad.vanes its point of attahment to the bakbone, that Moocment

of the Peluis
is, the body in general.
The swinging movement taks plae in the ]umbar vertebra. The pelvis is srung forward by the Lonssimus Dorsi
(97) anl other musles; the Longis.
simus Dorsi -lso stadying the vertebrr of the bak, and Preventing
wrenhing in the oupling of th
pels with th lumar vertbra.
The swing of the pelvis is similar
to th ation of rowing. The water,
r,vhih is the fulrum to the blad of
the oar, orrespond's to the head of
the femur; the rowlok, the resistane point on the oat, orresponds
to the point of attahment of the
pels to the backbone; and the pu1l
of the oarsman orrespond.s to the
pull of the musles that advane the
Plvis
left side of the pels, rhih is the
handle of the oar.
Another instane of the riproal
help of the parts of the body is

in this

ation. The Intern] antl Etern-l oblique Reiprocl

mus]s of the Ablomen (30, 0b), whih help to pull the tion of
point of th pels forrard .whn the leg is up, suPport th Muscles
sen

boly from the plvis when the lg is on the ground. ontrating for the former PurPose they ar taut, and so rady to take
up the weight of th oly as the strile bgins. The ontrac-

tion and relaation of thse musles at eah stride is very

notieable.
The mor on studies the muscles, the mor on sees not
onJ.y how they hlp eah other, but how the musles and
movements involved in one at prepare for the net at. And

64

Ation and Mhanis

Reiprocl th more one wathes their ation for enjoyment's sake, the
ction of moe one beomes aware of the design that rsults from th
Muscles interplay and ontrast of slak and taut and from .the variety
whih is podueil by the alternate ation and repose of the
musles''

#.l

Rht and

ls d,rnfrom

raedfore legs:

se

p.49.

Chaptr III. The Skeleton

The bons are Yery important beause they explain the mus.
les. ven where their foms do not diretly affet the surface,
their influene is felt in the lie anil shape of the musles.
Diagams in a book an give no eal ilea of thei shaps in
the round. That an only be seen in the skeleton. At th
Natur] History Musum at South Kensington thee are
several skeletons of horses on view.
Draw some ones or, btte still, model them; their forms
are very interesting. It will eplain the pur-

pose of their twists and hannels, and the

strutural thrust anl pull of on part of the
skeleton against another rill beome lea to
you, as the strains in a builtling are to an
arhitet, so that rhat h sees is not deal
stone but a living organism.
In the living horse the surfae forms of the
head fo]low th s}rapes of the ones of the
,r:
skull very losely. It is only under the nose
and lips, and the large Masseter musle of
the jaw, that its shapes are entirely hidden.
The Supraorbital rilge over the eye, the
Zygomati ridge on the heek to 'hih the
Masseter musle is attahed, and the shape of
Skull,ithI.r
the profil are Yry important landmarks in
Cartilges
th onstution of the skull; and a thing it
is useful to notie is the position of the orifi of the ear, fo
it is very fiffrult to plae the ear orretly in drawing a horse,
owing to its mobility.

il}

,?
cc

Th ShuII

56

The

Nostrils

Th Sklton

The shape of the nostrils is made partly by th hooks of

artilage on whih they are supportel. The tip of one of these

hooks is seen in the attahed sketh of a hors
, 'whose nose was torn in a
fight. The arti]ages rre
so attacheil that the
move very freely.
The asene of teeth
in a setion of the jaw
alleil the .Bars' is ver;r
onvenient for ri<lling
a horse. the more so that
it ours opposite the orner of the mouth. This gap a]so affets
the expression of the fa.
The rla
The .hing', the onlyle, of the jawbone has a vry long
bearing siderays, allowing a latera.l moYement of the jaw in
mastiation. This silerays moYement is oftn notieale
when a horse yawns.
From the underside the bones of the lo.wer jaw anl the
deep left betreen them rre sen very listintly. The lower
jaw ones are surprisingly narro\, the molars only just overlapping the inner elges of the molars in the uPPer jaw, whih
fafitates the sideways grinfing moYement.
When a hors is eating, the oronoid proess of th lower
jaw anb seen moving in the hollow just aove the eye.
Th Neh
The two top bones of the nek, the atlas and as, tliffer
markedly in onformation from the other fiv (see Pl. 1' P. |2,
and p. 7, Chap. I). Th balaned mobility of the head results
from the movements of thes two bones in ombination; the
skull being hung from the atlas bone, on rhih it has only an
up-anl-lown movement, the atlas one being pivoted on the
ais one, on rhih it an onl rotate. The allotment of these
two movemnts to different bones ves mobility without loss

Th

Sklton

37

of strength, whih would result if one bone hal to undertake T|z Neh
both movments.
Th other five bones of the nek, being onneted by bil
and sokt joints, hav a movement on eah other rhih is

Yulning

fre in all diretions; but this freeilom is limited in sope from

mehanial neessity; else the nek, whih may e d.esribed
as a limb rith eight artiulations, would be wobbly like a
hain, and unale to arry the hal seurely, or support the
pu of the musls whih oPerate the shoultler lale anl

l"g.
When a horse is tng to reach far ak, perhaps to mouth
his hinl foot, his nk forms a strained urve, only free at its
tremities. Th freest artiulation is that of th seventh eryia] vertebra with th first vrtra of the thorax, whih
permits the asy lowering of the nek as in grazing.
of the bones of th nk th only part that is visil in the Prominen
Living anima.]. is the rilge of the atlas on just behinil the of tls
hal. So prominnt is it that the hollo.w below it when the one
heal is sharply turned' makes a poket of shadow.

.hassis' of the horse, to The Ribs nd

The ribs anil akbone form the
uS a motor manufaturer's term, anil they resemble it in Bchbone
firmness and lastiity. A hassis must be not only strong but

58
h Ribs nd
Bckbone

apable of supporting muh torsion, if it is to stand up to its

work.
Th form of the hors,s thora and ris, its .barrel', is worth
studying, as the shape of the horse's xtrior follows them
very losly, and th movements of the shoulder blade are
affetd by the form of the hest, whih is very like the Pro\r
of

Th
Withrs

Th Peluis

Th Lgs

Th Skelton

boat (se . 27).

The prosss rhih form the rrithrs rise so high in a

hors that its shouldr blales never show abov the line of the
ak, as thy d in a dog anl still more in a at. But horses are
omparativi stiff and inapable of rouhing (se Frontis.
piee).
Th pits f the pelvis shorr very distintly in the live
hrs, nd still more notieably in a ow: the haunh (the
iliurn), 'rhih is th most notieable, anl the buttok (the
is}rium). Frm ur point of ew th pelvi g,.dl" anl the
sarum may be onsidered to be a solid
mass, from whih many powerful musles
aris.
In bone constrution a horse's legs are
simpler than ar the lims of man and
many other animJ.s with their seyeraf

fingers and toes. They are formed of

.rhat is

pratially a series of single ones.

And th simplifiation of the ones simplifies the musular mehanism.
The
The Ula and Ralius' seParate bones
Forrm
in the human arm, are welded into one
in the horse. the ulna being redued
merly to th low (the oleranon). Hene the horse has no
Po.wr f rtating his arm, whih simplifies the musular on.
strutirr blr the lbor jint.
Th Tibi In th hind leg, instad of two omplete bones below
ttre stifT, suh as re have below the knee, the horse has

Th

Skelton

39

a strongly developel tibia with a very rudimentary fiula Th Tibi

attahed.

In fore and hind lgs alike, the annon bones, whih orrespond to the bones of the bak of our hand and instep, are
singl ones with two rudimenTita
tary bones, the splint bons,
I
attahed to the ak of them.
Columns of support, they are
dense, hard, strong and almost
ylindrial, thos of th fore leg
ing the stronger. Th splint r.
ones are rudimentarY seond
and" fourth fingers.
The annon bones are suP- Ju1an
ported at th fetlok joint upon
the thre phalanges of the pastrn, whih orrspond to our
Richt Lq ' Fron| vtew
fingr ones, to e a1 to tlr
bones of our third finser' ',\s t}r
for leg arries more wight than the hind leg, its pastern
bnes are shorter and thikr.
Finally, w rah the hoof, another apparatus lsignel to
red'u shok, with its onstrution of horny onia] she and

The Cnnon
Bones

Th Psterns

Th

oof

elasti pads and ushions.

At many plaes on the living horse the bones of the leg isible Bon
approah the surfae. The spine of the shoulder blal an be Forms
deteted, and often the outlin of the shoulder blaile at the
toP.
At the .point of the shoulder' (the sapulo-humral artiulation) the tuberosity of the humerus is very notieable, as is

th elbow (the oleranon) at the nxt artiulation. on the

insil of th forearm between the flexr arrd. extnsor musdes, the one lies lse unde th skin, showing very sharply
on the inside of the kneel inded th bones of the atu] krr.

Plt 4. Bones and Musles of the Shoulder

Blade and Arm
muscles ,r th numbers o1f the othr plates in lahich the muscl.es pper,
The pltes in lphich th muscls re best shotpn re numbrd in huir tp".1

|Th numbers printed

er

the nms

o1f

Nnbers

Ntznbers
ndColours
of tlt Muscls

nd,Colours
of thn MusIes

16. Gren Culneous mtlscle of th nech,P|, 7 ,

5,10.
18a. Blue Trpezitts, Crutlprt.PI, |,5, .
18D. Blu Trpzitls, DorsI prt.P|.5,5.
52. Gteen Rhomboidet.P|' 2, 5, .
5. Geen Ltissimus Dorsf. Pl. 5,5,70.
5.l. Rd Mstoido-Irumrlis.PI. 1,5) 5, |0,
57. Green rtrior Deep Pctorl.Pl.21 5, to.
58. Red Posterior Dep PctorI. PI' 2,5,
, 10.
Srrttts Ceruicis.P|.

7,2,5,5.
59a. auv
9D. Mauve Serrtus Thoris'P\,2,5,5, 1|.
40. Mauve Deltoid.Pl.,
41. Blue Suprspintus.Pl. 2'
49. Red Infrspintus' Pl.2, 10.
45. Green Trs Mtnor. Pl.9.
4.}. Yllow Sspulrts.
4. Red Teres Mjor. Pl. 10.
46. Mauve Coro-BrhiIis.Pl. |0,
47. Green Bicps brchii (Corco-rdllis)'

Pl.2r6rt0rl1.

48. Mauve Cpsulris.

49. Blue Brchilis t1ictts.P|.2'5,6,t0.
0. Mauve Tnsor fsi ntibrchii. Pl. 6' 10.

51a. Yellow Triceps brchii, long hed. P|. 2, 5,

6.

51D. Yllow Triceps brhii, rternal hed. P|. 2,

51 6, tL.
51. Yellow Triceps brchit, tnternl hd, P\, 6,

nconetts. Pl..l.' 6.
2. Red
5. Mauve ternl RdiI Etensor (rtr' Crpt
Rdilis) . P|. 21 5, 6, |0, 17 '
4. Gen Common Digitl Ertensor (t. pdl|s).

Pt,

\5,6,10, tr.

5. Yellow Lterl Eztensor (Ezt. Digiti Quinti).

Pr.215,6, L0.
obltqu Ertnsor o1f the Metcrpus,
56. Red
PI.6.
rnternl
rdil1flzor (Fr' rpi
7. Yellow
rdilis).P1', 6.
58. Green Middl Flz,zor o1f the Mtcrpus (Fr'
crpt ulnris). Pl. 6.
Erternl Flror o1f the Mtcrpus
59. Blue
(t. rpi ulnris)'PI' 2',5,6, 70.
9upecil DtgitI Flezor (Pertus).
60. Red
Pl. 6, 8, 11.
61. Mauv Dep Digitl Fl.zor (Perns).
PI.6, 11.

^n|[|

|ol l)|:l' l't torll

Susopulolts

ln{rqspotus 42

44

5rrot05

Rhomboideus

crviis 39o

Trs ojor 45

srrotus rvijs 9o

nd llorois 39h

Tres ojor 45

fropezis
Lr|o| |o

Susopu1orts 44

rapz1!5

Thoracis lB

|os|oido-

Umerolis )4
Slpros\inotus

Bips 47
su r0 s ]

otus

D|tod 40

r|Ds 5l

oroo-Brohiails 16

\!

Insr Fiioe

ntirohti 5a

5uprosir;otti

/ (op'

s,ntu5l. j

1-'

4l\

BrohioIis

rriep5
xt. od 5l

j.

Deltoid 40

|ernoI Rodiol 5
X|esar

XLernol

flexor

59

ommon Digl
tnsar 54

Bips

trohioIis 49
Lotrol
tsor

Etrnol Rodiol xtr. 53

hod 5l

ob'iqU
|ngo| 56

Fleor

a,oo

II

Lote.ol Digitol

tr 55
Deep Flor

|iiddl /

tlero,

, 4;',1

Jd

BiDs 47

ot.oo-8rch1olis 46
Tres ajor 45

od Lotissimus Dorsi 3J
]ttol Flo 5

F^|e.ar

rrIoroIs

s0prl

Dig1

Fleor or
Perforotus

ternoI
Rodiol Extensor 53

0toeous
4usl | 6o

t9- j

Dep Dig

Brohiolis 46

|rcnol Fleor

59

\,r

1e\

ensor tosio
nirohii 5a

Trieps lnternol

F Prorons 6l

ommon DiiLol tensor 54

tli

s2

t. Heod 5lb

4l

\.

lterol hod 5|

rieps

4"

Biepi 47

.iep' 5Io

Antibro(hii 50

Dltojd 40

omoo Dllitol
tensor 54

rior DD
Pe.torol J6
Brohill

Tesor osioe

os| 52

49

)UD5

ri.ps
'
LonE lteod
Slo

Tres ||lar 4
lfo

Bircs 4l

\. l.(:

Bl(ps

47

Brohiolis

^|icus

49

The

Skeleton

4r
b ountd on a thin-skinnd visible Bon

the arpal bones, an a.].most

horse. Below the kne the 1g is only bone and tendns.
on the hind leg, the point that nxt aftr the haunh
attrats attention is the tohanter of the fmur, whih an
be seen 'working under

Forms

the flesh.
At the stifle the form of
the big head of the femur
rith the knee-ap is very

distint, also the top of

th tibia, espeially on the

inside of the leg.

on the

insile of the
tibia, as on the inside of
the radius, where the
musles do not over the
bone, its shape and hardness are very edent; until
at th hok anl thene to the foot the leg is nly bone and
tendons. The two skethes of the inside of the right hind
leg illustrate hor the bone forms show in ation.
As our ey runs do.wn the legs thre small ones on ah Th
ath our attention; on the fore l the pisiform bone ehinl Ssmoir]s
the knee and the two sesamoid bons at the fetlok; on the
hinl leg the kne-ap (the patella) on the front of th stifle,
and the two sesamoils. They all help the w.ork of the tndons
by giving them mor leverage through deflting, like pullys,
th dirtion of their pull from its parallelism rith the line of

th leg.

Artiulations or joints are terms whih inlule all unins of

bons or artilages, mobile or rigid, but fo our
urpose we
need only stuly those that notieably mve.
The motor effiieny of the skeleton ilepends uPon th
ombination of rigidity antl elastiity, for eyen the harlest

rticul,.
tions

4^2
rticultior

v.ritjr
o.f

Joints

Th Sklton

bones ned to be Proteted against shok. It is not unommon

for a raehorse when galloping to split a pastern bone if his
foot hits a storre. Thus th skleton is omposl of parts that
are .ind'iarubbery', the artilages; of parts that are somewhat
elasti, suh as the breast bone (the sternum), wih is partly
artilaginous; as well as of bones that ar hard. In the hok
joint, the thrust of hard bon on hard bone is relievel y its
being mad.e up of severa] bones tightly ound together by
strong ligaments; they form a mass rigiil for all pratial pur.
Poses' but not rigid as a single unit of bone is, and eessive
shok is avertd, ause th omponent bones must undrgo
a omPression before the fore eerted on the hok (alaneum)
is transmitted to the annon one.
It is very interesting to bsrve the variety of onstrution
in the joints of a hose,s leg rhih ad.apts them to different

mehani] dutis, so that, at any moment' whatever th

strain to whih th leg is subjeted, there is always a speialist
prepared to deal with it.
Thus, only one joint in eah leg has freedom of movement
in all d'iretions, the other joints eing pratially limited to

hintl leg the free-moving joint is the oxa-femora] artiulation,

whih orrespnds to our hip joint; so similar inled are the
hip joints of man and horse that you may see a horse standing
with one hintl foot rossd. over the other, muh aS a man
oftn stands.

olor Plats and

Corresponding Kys

Pltr
.The

1.

numbers printd
,I.h

Bons and Musles of th Head and Nek

the nms oif mllsls r the numbers of th othr plrltes in Luhich th musls Pp|,
plts t'n ,hih the muscles re bst shou-,n re numbrd in huir tp.l

Numbers
nd Colours
of th Muscles

Numbrs

nd Co]urs

oJ th l|[uscls

1.

Blue

2. Red
5. auve
4' Gren
5. Red
6. auve

Orbiulr musle

o1f

th moulh,

Leutor th upper lip ndnostril.

Leutor of the uppr lip.
Zgomticus.
Depressor oif th loer lip'
Bucilttor,
7. Yellor Msster.

8. Yellol Lterl diltor of th nose.

9' Gren Superior D[ltor oJthnose.
10. Yellolv Trnsurs Diltor o1th nos,
11. Buff Cruicl Ligment'P|'2.
12' Yellow Strno-cephlicus. P|. 51 L0.
15. B]ue Longusolli(firsttosunthceruicl
uertbrr) tthm nts.

14. Geen rntrtrnsuersls colli (scondto

sunth eruicl urtbrr)

'

auve mohyoids,P|. 2,5)10'

7. Yllow Rtus cpitis. P|' 2.
18a. Blue T,rpezitts,cruiclprt,P|.5,,+, 5,
19. Yellow Splnius. Pl. 5' 10.
21. Red Complrus. P|. 2,
25' auve Posterior blique of th hed.Pl.2.
24. Green nterior bliqu of the head.
54. Red Mstoido-Humerlis.P)'.5, +,5) 10.
59a. Mauve Srrtus Ceruicis.Pl,2)51+, ,
15D.
1

92.
92b.

Blue
B}ue

Fcial uin.
rugulr uin,P|.2?,10.

ommo n1|)sl|:
of the or 90

o th

or

90

Lev|or oI Lor 90

of |he or 90
^bduto
Lrr blu or Lh l1eod 14

arrugoLor
of |l1e Yero\!

Wng of

Lvotor of Uppr
Lip ond Nostl 7
Sup(jor Dilo|or

t|os

vior ropzius l8a

Splens l1

Pastriar obl|(]|1 o|.r/le Heod 23

Itv|ar a Upp| L|p

Ir0n5crse oilotor or th

llos l0
ff|ostol da-

x'e rc

lugulof v,

92 b

i l

L|'erol DIlo|o| 8

oo.hoid l5ls
|vlosstr

Btno|or

z|Eon|i.Us

/1osI

Dre550r

af

th Lower

Llp

Dprssor of the ar 9o

Foio| ein 9]

urnrolis 34

; spliU5 l9

(c|v vr|
' lll, lv' v
omplXus 7l
Pos

trio

ob,;gu 2]

5lIo. .'P/lo,l(

'

|ntrtronsers|cs o1}t I4
I'VIl rvto| Vrrebra

'rl2

lttlsor eth

S.
Anl.. ltgu
or .h ||ad

(oltlrlt rth

RIls op'| l7
5rrro(us
Cc

Lotlgus ollt

5 o ]e 8'

3io

J ,-

l.l| (rvt| Ytl rcbr

(Faing Pag 12)

ommo mutclc

or.I| o. 90

. A.!du|o|

or th. ot 90

|vtttv o| | l 90

of

Lo|

90

ctrcor ropzius l8o

Splnius l9

Wing of tlos

LYotot of Upper

Lip ond Nostril

|||

^du|or
terior oblique or th Heod 24

orrugotor
of the ebrcw

iar oliqu o( the od

S;tpcriol Diloaor 9
|'votor or Uppr Lip

|svelse Dilo(or orlhe Nos

'0

|v|osto1do-ume

rclIs

34

Lo|Iol

mo-hoid |5h

Foio| vei 97

Mosr- llumerolis 74

Zgoorius 4
Deprssor or

oister

Lowet Lip

ja

Deressor of he ot

; splei|ls l9
\ Il|, |v, V (r.

Vrl.'

onlplxus 7I
Postrio

obliqu 23

slro-Pholl(u5

,2

rvrcol
Li8omnt
|n|r|ronsrsoles ollt I 4
lV.V l| er al V r|cb roe

/vr;
lnisor rth

Vein 92

{"j J.L\ /

/ostoido

HueroIis

t. obliqu

o( the Heod 24
oin Tcth

Rtu' opi||s l7
5rrotus

Colll l
"1 tongus
l-vll eIv)ol v|.ebro
-

(Faing Page \2)

5lrou1J r.8

ior,r,-'

Pltr 2. Lwr Laer of the usls of the Bodv

|Th numbrs printd er tha nmes o1f muscles r th numbrs qf th other pltes in hih th muscles pper
Th plts in hih th muscls r bst shon r numberd in heuier tpe,]
Nunbes

Nu.rnbers

ndColours

and Colours
of th MusIzs

1. Buff
19. Yellow
15D. Mauv
17. Yellow
90. Blue
90. Yellor,rr
91. Red
29. Red
2. Mauv
25a. Mauve
25b. P.ed
96. Yllow
97. Red
27, Rd,
50a. Green
1

50D.

Blue

2. Gteen
5. Yellow
57. Green
58. Red
59a. auve
9&. Mauve
41

. Blue

49.

Red

of th MusI.es

CruicI Ligament,Pl' |'

Strno-CphIicus. PI. 7' 5'

t0.

omo-hoid. Pl. |,2, 5, |0'

Rtus Cpitts'P|, |.

Longissimus Cpit.
Longissimus tlntis.

Complus,|,7.

Multdus Cruicis.
Posterior obliqu, of the hd.P.l'' |.
Serrtus Postrtor,Pl' 5.
ErtrnIIrnrost.P|.5.
TrnsllrsIis Costrum.
Longissimus Dorsi. Pl. 8.
Spinlis Dorci,

Erternl

bligu" ofth bdomen.P|. 5, 7,

8, 9, 10. It is ut to show th Intnal

Oblique,50D.

th bdomen. Pl. 8.
Rhombotd,us'Pl, 3, 4, 5'
ntrtar Supcil Pectorl.PI, ' 5'|0.

rntrnl blique of

nteior Dep PctorI.PL,4,5,10.

Postrtor Dep PectorI.P|.5,4,5,10.

Srrtus Cruicis.P],, 7,5,4' 5.
Srrtus Thorcis. P|. 5, 4,' 5, |7'
Suprspintr. Pl. .l.

In1rspin. Pl.,l..

4. Gren
47. Gteen
49. Blue

Ters Minor. Pl. 4..

Bieps Brchii. Pl. 4.' 6, 10, L|.

Brchilis lxitls, PI. 5, 4, 6,

Triceps Brchii. P|.

11f.}Yr"*
c rD.)

1'0.

5, +, 6.

5. ]Vlauve EternI RdiI Etnsor (Ertnsor

Crpi Rh). Pl. 5, +,6, 70,71.
54. Green Common Digttl Ertensor,PI.5,4,6,70, L |.
55. Yellow LterI Digttl Ertensor. Pl' 5, 4'' 6, |0.
59. Blue
Etrnl Flezor of th Metcrpl,ts
(Eztensor crpt Ulnris). Pl. 5, +,6'|0.
6'lD. Yellow Ilius. Pl. 7,8.
68a. Mauve Midd'le Glutrus (Gl' Mditts). P|. 7, 8, 7 7 .
71. Gren Smitendtno.srzs' Pl. , 7, 8, 9, 1'7,
72. B}e Semimembrnoss. Pl. 2,7,8,9' 77.
79a. Red
Recttls Fmorls. Pl. 6' 7' 8, g, L|.
79D. Yllow EzternI vsttts'PI.5'7,8, 9, 11.
80. Blu
Gstronemiw. Pl. 5' 7,8'g,77,
81. Red
Solus. P|. 5, 7 , g, Lt .
84. Geen ntrior or Long DigitI zterlsor.
P|, , 7 , 9, 77.
85. Yellow Ltrl Digitl Eztensor' P|. 5, 7, g.
87. Mauve Deep Digitl Flezor (Perns)'
Pl. 3,7 , g, 71.
92D. Blu
ruguJr vein.P|, |,5, |0.
92d. Blue
Ezternl Thorctc vein' P|' 5.

Postr.tt Obhtttt.
[ |h t|cod 2

foil|sl.tl0s
Atlontis 20

Lo8lrsrmus op|tig z0
otnp|s 2l

ryi(ol L|gomt

fu|dd| Glutous 68o

5rolus Po5i'ior 25o

[o:ilissrmus Dorsr

27

Srrtus rvios 9o
rr05ve150li5

Rfioridus J2

ostarum 26

|l<us 64b

97
u,rilidos

ewl<ts 22
79o

.4l!t' D Pc(tofo,

saoro'pfiats

Semitend,n
osus

ilrfrosrts 42
B;(s

io.bli

,'7

l
rtl. obllqu

t 50.,iil Ptolol J5

1s ro

Tcrs !tnor 1

Btoialis 49

(ofi$n

tro l

Lrrips

rrot us

Thatois

Pc'triat

do;

L\.. toro,

Rodiol

.n!or 5J

D!g|.ol xtesor 54

o!.

Vitt 92d

(rtl- hoi)

-l
!r,r.'oirJ;qr"

5emimbroosus
72

oil'.iollln

J'cl

0b

Costnemius 8oo
E|erll vo5i0s

7tb

Solus 8l

l.g oig't/ F-tsa1 84

D:p Fior

orlMto(o.pus 59
Ldtr0l

Dipitol Ftrsr l5

(Faing Page 22)

7 I

Prforos 87

tot.oi Dl8t(0l

f ',...or

85

Plt

J.

|Th numbrs printd

Upper Lar f th Musles of th Bod

er

the n.'ms o;f muscles re th numbers of the other pltes in hich the muscks pper,

The pltes in ulhich the musles re best shon re numbred in heuier tp'f

Nutnbers
arldColurs
of e Muscks

19. Yellow Strno-CephItcus. PI .L, 2, Io,

15D.

16.
18a.
18D.

Mauve mo-hyoideus.|, 2, |0,

Green Cu!neous muscl ofthe nech,Pl. 5, Lo.
Blue Trpezius, Ceruiclprt.P|' |,4.,5.
Blue Trpezls, Dorsl part.P|. +,5.

19. Yellow Splnius. Pl. 1, 10.

25a. Nlauve Serrtus posterior.Pl. 2.
25b. \ed, lternI rntrostls,|, 2,

99. Buff bdominI Tuni,

50a. Grn Eilrrtal bliqu of thr bdom.
PI.2,7 r8, to.
59. Green Rhornboideus.Pl. 2, 4', 5.
55. Geen Ltissim|$ Dorsi. Pl. +,5,1o,
5.!. Rd

Mstoido-HumerIis,Pl. t,4., , L0,

SuperJictl Ptorl, P|. 2,
nterior
Yllow
5.

5, t0.
Dep PetorI.PI.2,4., ,70,
Posterior
58. Red
|, 2, 4., 5.
Ceruicis'P\,
9a' auv Serrtus
2, 4, 5, ||.
Thorcis.P|'
59b. Mauv Serrtus

40. Mauv DItoid.P|.4.

49. Blue Brchilts z(rxiclrs. Pl. 2,+' 6,70.
1. Yellow Trieps Brchii.Pl. 2, +, 6.
55. auve Egternl Rdil Ertensor (,rtr. Crpi
Rdilis). P|. 2, 4, , 70' 7 7.

Nters
ndColours
oJth Muscls

4. Green Common Digitl Ertensor (Ertnsor

pedis). Pl. 2, 4,, 6, 70, Ll .
cc. Yellow Lterl Digttl Ertnsor (Ertr. Dlgiti
9. Blue

Quintt). P|.

66. Mauve Tnsor 1fscir

67. Blue
70. Red

21 4.'

, |0.

Eztrnl Fleor oif th Metcrpus

(Ulnris Latrlis) , P|' 2, +' , |0.

ltr. PL.

, 8, 1|
8.

SupciI Glutrus. Pl. 7,

Bicepsfemorrb. Pl. 7, 8, 9, .11.

71. Grn Semttendinosr,. Pl' 2, 7' 8' 9, ||.

Retus ifemor*. Pl. 22 7, 8, 9, ||.

Yellow Erternl vsttls (v' Laterlis). PI, 2,

79. Red
79b.

80. Blue
81. Red
8,1..

7r8r9rlt.

Gstronmius. P|. 2,
Soleus. Pl, 2, 7 , g, 17 .

) 8,

g, 7L.

Gren nterior or Long Digitl Ertensor

(Egtr, pdis). P|. 2, 7, 9, 7|,

Yllow Ltrl DigttI Ertensor. P|. 2, 7 , 9 '

87. Mauve Dp DigitI Flgor (Prns)'
PL.2,7 )9, L7.
92b. Blu
rugulr vein'P|. 7' 2, |0.
Ertrnl Thorctc in. PI. 2'
92d. Blu.
85.

sjeDiUs ,9
Rhomboideus JZ

Serrctus Ceriis 39o

,/

sup|frl

5l

TriPs Bro'hii

ropeziUs

erviol |8o

67

5r.ot05 Postrio. 25o

Lotissim0s

Dosi 3J

Defiod 40

Glltols

nsor Foscioc Latoc 66

x.eol

ono-oidli I5

smildiosU5

lugulor Yein 92
Strno:epholius

I2

utoous |vlusle |6o

p5

Fmoris I0
|v|stoido.Humrolis 4
Fosio of,
th hig

nt, sperr!ioI Pe.orol

Brdhiolis
ternol Rodiol tr
ommon DigiLo| tnsar 54

t. obligu of bdomen 30o

Vin'j2d
Postrior Deep Peitorol
to

ternol Flxor 59
ro| Digita|

Etr

Gos0onemrus 80o

Serrdtus
Thoro<is 39b

Tui
55

29

nt. Digl. x{nsor

84

Lotrdl DiPl tr

It

(Faing Page 30)

Plt 4. Bones and Musls of th Shoulder

Blad and Arm

er the nms oif muscles re the numbers of the other plts in hich the musles pper.
The pltes in uhich the muscles r best shouln re numberd in heuier t9.pe'f

|Th numbers printd

Nwters

Nnbers

andColours
of t} Muscls

and.Colours
of tJt Musc|s

16a. Gren Cuhanotls muscl

5,l0'

18.
180.
59.
55.

Blue
Blue
Gren
Gree
5.1. Red
57. Green
58. Red

59a. Mauv
9D. Mauv
40. Mauve
41. Blue
49. Red
45. Green
44. Yellow
,fr6. Red
46. auve
47. Green

oif

thenech,P|.

1,

Posteior Deep PctorI, P|,2,5,

5,10.
.

Deltoid.Pl.5.

9uprspintus.P|.2.
Iaspirtttls. PI. 2' | 0.
Tres Minor.

6.

Trpezius, Cerutcl prt.Pl. 7,5, ,

Trpezls, Dorsl prt. P|, 5, 5.
Rhomboideus. PI. 2, 5' 6.
Ltisimus Dorsi. PL. 5, 5' |0.
Mstoido-Irumerlis. PI. 1, 5, 5, 10,
rterior Dep Pectorl, P|. 2, 6, to,

Serrtus Cruic. P|. 7, 2, 5, 5'

Serrttls Thoris, P|. 2,5, 5' 77

51a. Yellow Ticeps brchii, long hd. P|, 2,

Pl' 2.

Sscpdris.
Trs Mjor. Pl. 10.
C oro- Br chiali s. P|, | 0,
Btps brchti (Coro-rdllis).
Pl. 2,6,10r 11.
48. Mauve Capsulis.
.l9. Blue BrchiIis nttbus.P|.2'5,6,|o,

51D.

51.
52.
5.
54.

Yellow Triceps brchit, etrnl hed. P|. 2,

5r6,t7'
Yellow Triceps brchii, internI hed, P|. 6.
Red nconeus. Pl.,!' 6.
Muve ErternI RdiI Etensor (Eltr. Crpi
RadiIis).P|.2,5, , |0' t|.
Geen Common Digitl Ertnsor (t. pedis).

PL.2,5) 6,70, Ll.

55. Yellow Ltrl Ertensor (Ett. Digiti Quinrl).

Rd

Pl.215r6,lo.

oJf the MetcrPus.

PI.6.
57. Yellow rnternl rdiIiflxor (Fz' crpi
rdiIis).I.6.
58. Green Midd'I Fleror oJf the Metcrpus (Fl.
crpi ulnaris). Pl. 6.
59. Blue Ertrnal Flgor of th Mtacrptls
(Et. crpi ulnris)' PI, 2, 5' 6, 70.
SuprltcilDigitlxleor(Per)'
Red
60.
Pl. 6, 8, 11.
61. auv DeepDigitIFlor(Perns),
PI,6, 11.

6.

bltqu Egtnsor

^nterio.

DrD Ptorc|

j?
ln{.ospotus 42

Sup.ospi^o.u\ 4l

Subs<opttllrts

Srtolus rviis 39o

|opzi!s

rviol

Rllo|t|old|s

44

Teres ojor 45

l8i

5rrottls
arvtts 39
Thorots 9b

Serrotus
rvius
19o

Iopez|!s

Thorois l8b

Itlosto!do-

Jl

Tres |t1ojor 45

susopulor|'

Humerolis 34

Coroo-BrohiaIis

Sulrcslinoaat 4l

Tnsor Faiio
An|irc(l|ii 50

rlps 5lo

8i5 47

Ptorol 3

5lo

sPanotus

Brchiolis

r..ps J!o
lntrnol hod 5l

resor Fos<io
tibrohii 50

4.

ternol Rodial 53

ernol
Flor

terol Rodiol t.r' 53

ommon Digital rcnsat 54

onmon Digl.

tnsor 51

ollque
ltensor 56

8rohiolis

F Pt(orons 6l

Lotrol
lnsor

obliqu
'|enso| 56

'tenol
FIor 59

|ft|eol Fleor

55

Llerol Digitol

46

Dep Fle'o| 6I

(Faing Page 40)

l6s

o.Brolliolis
Tres ojor 45

]J

ln|ernol Flor 57

Dep Di8.
F^leot

rr|oros

ircps

47

Bips 47
Brohiolis A|1ti!5 49

'I

ri:,i!:6

uIonous

49

od Lotiss;Us Do,si

Antibrohii 50

Trieps Iotrnol
had 5l

Btohio|is 49

cooo Digitol
8's

Jlb
Tensor

ieps 47

xtensar

tnsor 54

rips
Ext. Hod

ers rV1inor

47

io. Dp

Long hod

lnfro

46

supraspio|!5

5us

r.ieps.

D|toid 40

rccs

5ujr9spiorus 4l
psuIoIis

supro5i
notus 4l

Brohiolis 49

44

trol

Rodio| tensor 5f

60

Middle

lrcoI )

46

Pltr

J.

Musular Attahmnt of th Shouldr to th Body

ppr.
|The numbers printd er the nmes oif muschs ,re th numbrs of the other pl,tes in hich th muscles
in
heauier
tyPe.)
ar
numberd
best
shouln
muscles
r
The plts in which th
Nwlbcrs
and.Cohurs
of th Muscls

16. Green Culnowof thench, Pl.3' 10.

18. Blu Trpzius,CeruiIprt.PI. 7,5,+,
18D. Blue Trapzitls, DorsI prt,P|, 6, 4,.
32. Gen Rhomboid.us'P|. 2,5,4,.
55. Gren Ltissimus Dorsi. Pl. 3,4.' 10.
.$. Red Mastoido-Hulnerlis.Pl, 1,5,+, t0.
55. Yellow nterior SuperJtil PectorI,P|' 2,
5,10.

Nwnbrs

nd'Colurs
of th Musc|rs

36. Blue Postrior Super1icialPeorI.P|.6,70.

37. Geen nterior Deep Petorl.P|' 2' +, to'
58. Red Postrior Deep Pectorl. PI. 2' 5, 4, |o.
39a. Mauve Srrtus Ceruicis,P|. 1'2'5,4.
39D. Mauv Serrtus Thoris. P|. 2,5' 4,, t| ,

horbordrrs 32

Trap1ius ertial l8o

.ntar

rvicus 39o
lvlostoido-lumerolis

touz|as oorso, l8b

34

outsld of

L(z Shouldr

Srrotus etviis 39o

Atrior De Ptorol
fu|t. suprfiiol Pt'orol

Srrotus
Thorois

35_

roDcz|ls
Most'oldo.Humemlis

34

Rhomboideus 2
Poste|ior

rropziu|

+=
I!1ostoIdo- Huerc|is

/Dep

Ptorl

----

J8

l|o..o|do- t1ro,,s14
od Anlt|of & Post'lor

slprFiol Ptoro|

jol l8o

I,

.Serrotus Crylis 9

At SFcrfio| Petorol 15
Pos.e|r s.|prrlo| P<toro| )6

Aa|c|r sup|rnl Petorol

Post.lor Dp
Pe<|o|o| B

SrrotDs rhorois J9

(Faing Page 58)

|de of
Rrght Shouldr

j5

36

ceiol lo

Pltr 6. Bons and Musles of th Fore Lg

|The numbers printd er the nmes o1f musIes re the numbers of the othr pltes t hich the muscles ppear
.lte
pltes in hih the rnusles re bst shotan r urnbered i heui'er t.p",7
Ners

nd Colours

of th Msles

6. Blue
Posterior Superfictl Peorl. P|. 5, 70'
47. Green Bips brhii (Corco-rd:il)'
PL,2,4,10r 71.
Blue
Brchilis ntit'P|. \' 4' 10.
Mauve Tnsor ifsi antibrchii. Pl. 4' 1 0.

111'lv"tto* Trieps brhii. P|. 2,

51b.)

5, 4.

51. Yellow Triceps Brchzi (Intnal had). Pl 4.

nconus.P|,4, I|.
52. Rd
55. Mauve rternl Rdil Eztnsor (Ezt. crpi
rdilis).P|' 2,5,4\ |o, ||.
4' Green Comnlon DigitI Eztensor (Et. pedis).
PL.215'4.' 10' tl.
55. Yllow Lrtl digitI gtensor (. Dlgiti
Qutnti) . Pl. 2, 5, 4., L0 .

'

Nzunbers
and.Colours
of th Musls

6.

Rd

58.

Green Middl Flezor

bliqu Eztensor oif the Mtcrpus

(bdutor pollicis). PI' 4.
57' Yellow rnternl RdiI Flor (Fl, Carpi

rdllis\,P|.4.

59.

Blu

60.

Red

oif the

Mtcrptts

(F. crpi ulnris).PI' 4.

Egtrnl Flror o1f th Metcrpus
(Ulnris lterIis). P|. 2, 5, +, 70.
SuprJtciI dlgitI Fleor (Pertus)

nd chek ligament. PI. 4,, 71 .

61. Mauv Dep Digitl tr'lzor (Perns) nd
heh ligmnt, PI. 4, t| ,
62. Blue Suspnsor1r Ligmnt. Pl. 11.
67. Yellow rnternl Rdil Flezor (Ft. crpi

rdilis\'P|.4.

tInol
Rodrcl

49;
.is

Tlicps 5|
sor osto

,4noUs

Flx.Prforons

53

6l

Postenot Sperfi<iol

Plotol ]6

F Prforons 6l

5lo

-{:-

5'

'

/,

ttidd|

Digl

flercr 58

Fleor
P-rforons

Rodiol
lnsor

Btohto| 49

47

6I

rtrnol

sor Fosioe

Ati|ochii 50

8is

5J

omon

59

tensor 54

oliqu

rlenso.56

Oblique

Rodiol

ommo Digiol
xtnsor 54

Lotrol Ditol

lr.

Lotercl,
Digi.ol (ensor

55

of

F|or S8

Ligoment 62

Fl.
Prfor
otus

F|xor 6I

60

Digt.ol
tnsor 55

to|

Flot

,tol
rt50 5J

ternol

oligue
xtmsor

- Rodiol 5-l

rtso.

56

Fleor 59

5uspso1,

obliqu r.ensor J6

lttnol
Flxot s7

Prforctus 60

xtsor 55

Perforotus

5Usnso.y

6,

Ligomnl 6Z

susPn5o'},

tedior 55

Flr

Petforctus

x.enso-lat\

Common

Di8'.l

srp.

Ligoment 62

ommon Digitol

^-.

Dep Flor

rtrol

srp-

Ligomn. 62

5usesor

57

rtnsor 53

D Digl'

tsor

s49

Perforcns 6l

Loterol,
rtnsor
55
tniddl

tnso.5
.erol

|ntenol Flor

D,Sitol

ommon
tensol

lntInol

F|ol 57

6O

rtsor

'.

5+

Perforotus60

(d

//

\.:,-,
Bok

Outride

(Faing Pag 62)

\__

ln'id

Pltr 7. Bons and Musles of the Thigh : outsid views

th musIs tlpPar,
o1f rntlscles re th nurnbers of the othr plts in hich
|Th nubrs prirxed er the nmes
type']
in
huier
Th pltes in hih the musIes r best shon r numbered

Nulrers

ndCohurs

of thz MusIes

50a. Gen Eltrnl bliqu o1f th bdomen.

PL.2,5,8, to.
48b. Mauve Cpsulris.P|, 8'
64. Yellow Ilio-psos.Pl' 8,
64D. Yellow ictls. Pl.2' 8.
66. auve Trorfstr ltr,Pl. 5, 8) 7L.
67. Blue Superft,iI Glutrus. Pl. ' 8.
68a. Mauve Middle Gluttls. Pl. 9,8, 11.
68D. Yellw Pirrmis.Pl' 8.
69. Green Dp Glrus. Pl. 8.
70. Red Biceps Fmoris. Pl. 5, 8, 9, 11.
71' Gren Smttndino'srrs. Pl. % 57 8,9, L| '
72. B|ue Semimembrnoss. Pl. 879,17.
76. auve ddutor Femoris. Pl. 8,9.
77' Pted' Qttdrttls Femorts,P|,8,
Gmelli'PI' 8'
78'

Numbers

nd Colours
of t} Mllscks

79. Red Rectlls Fmorls' Pl. 2,5,8' 9, ||.

79b. Yellor EflrnI sttls (/. ItrIis). PL. 2,5 ,
E,9r 11.
80a. Blu Gstrocnemis. Pl. 2,5,8,g)77.
80D. Btue Tedo htllts. Pl. 1 1.
81' Red SoIus.P|.2,5,g) ||.
82. Red Prontls Tertius. Pl. 8' 9' 11.
84. Green nterior or Long DigitI Extnsor
(Et. pdis). |. 21 5, g, I |.
8. Yllow Lterl Digitl Ertensor.P|, 2, 5'g.
86. Reil SuperfrciI Digital Fleor (Prtus)'
Pl. 8, 9, 11.
Digital Flgor (Prans).
Dp
Mauve
87.
PI.215r9) lr.
88. Yellow Poplttus, Pl. 8' 9.

sutf;ficiol

|. ol.

of th Abdamn.

iddle

67

hliddlc

6lutoeUs 68o

xt. oblique

bieps.Fm.70 ond

of Adomen 30o

5eitediosus 7l
Copsulotis 18b
ensor
Fos(ioc
Loto

D..>

Glutouj

66

//

s7A

48b

Dp

,'

78
,s(hium

Glutous

Fm.77o

t Vostus
79

66

68o
s 68b

tdiotus 7l

opsUloris

69

Semt
memD/onosus
72

Glur. 67

Gemlli

t.
Fm.

Tfx"
lotoe

Supr.

Middle

tus Fem. 79o

GIU.ous 7

Re(tus
Fmoris 79o

76

.eol

. Perfototus 86

Vostus 79b

B.p5

Fmoris 70

edo

LonE Dtgiaol
tnsor 84

thills 80b

cessor Tendon

or Bicps 70

6ostlo(neiUs

8ieps

teroj
vos|us 79

ddutor 7
Bieps Fem.70

Prooe us
ertius 82

D'l.
'84x('

l
Lo|roI

6ornmius 80o

FIr. Peros

Et.. 85

87

t' 1'.
.l\

'i

F|c' erforotus 86

tdiosls

Sml'memoosus
72

od Lang

80

Portion
of 5em,-

F. Pr(ortus 86'
Bieps 70 onl
Smltdinosus 7 l

outsid or Lerr hi8h

(Faing Page 70)

Pl,te

8.

Bones and Musls of th Thigh : insid

and bak views

th numbers of th othr plts in hich th muscles pPr.

|The numbers printed r th nmes oif mcles re
shouln re numberd in heuier tpe.]
best
re
muscles
The pltes in tl.,hich the

Nlgters
andColours
of e Muscls

Ners

rld Co|urs
of th Musbs

27. Rd Longissimus Dorsi.PI,2.

50a. Gren Etrnl bliqu of the bdomn.
0D.

1.
48D.

65.

P',L..215r 7,1,0.

Blue

rnternl obliqueoif

Red

Rectus bdminis.
7'
Psos fuIinor.

the bdomn,

PI.9.

Mauve Cpsulris.Pl.

Rd

Yellow IIio.Psos.P|. 7.
64. Yellow Psos Mqor.
6.lD. Yellow Ilictls,Pl.2' 7.
65. Red Qudrtus lumborum, ttchment.
66. Mauve Tnsorifsci ltr.Pl' 5, 7' 7|,
67. Blu Superfiil Gluttls.P|. 5' 7.
68. Mauve Middl. Glutus (G. Medfus). Pl' 9'
6,}.

68D. Yellow

7,

Ll.

Pirrmis.P|.

7.

69. Geen Deep Glutlts.Pl,7.

70. Red BiepsFemons.Pl. 5,7'9'7,|'.
71. Green Semttendinoss. Pl. 2),7,9)|t.,
72' BJlu Semirnembrnoss' Pl. 2'7,9,||.

75. Mav Srtorius.P|. 9.

74. Yellow Grcilis'P|. 9.
75. Red Pctineus.
76. Mauve z7ddutor Femorts. Pl.7' 9.
77. \ed' Qudrtus Fmoris,P|.7.
77b, Ye||ow bturtor Erternus.
77. NIav Obturtor rnternus.
78. Red GmelIi,P|.7.
79. P.ed' Rectus Fmoris'P|' 2,5,7 , g, 77.
79D. Yellow Ezternl sttls (. Lterlis). Pl. 2,

5r7r9,lt,

79. Geen rnternl sttls (v. Mdtl). Pl.

9.

80' Blue Gstranemius.P|'2,5;7,9,77.

89. Rd Peronrus Tertius.PL,7,g, |7.
84. Gren Long DigitI Ednsor,P|.2,5'7
7 ) 9.
85. Yellow Lterl Digttl Erterlsor.|, 2, 5,'9,||.
86. Red Pertus. (Sup. DigitIFr.),P|. 7,9,
71.

88. Yllow Popliteus. Pl.8,9.

92D. Blue rugulr in'

lnternoI oliqu
of th bdomn

l|rnol

rsor
Fosioe
Loloe

l.ogi5simus

ob|' of Abdomc 30o

SrildiosUs

66

Tensor Fosrce

t obl of
th bdotnen

68o

llious 4b

Gtelli
tum

t!|1ddl

o5.uld.is

6lutous 68o

us 64h

48

Psoss

Dp

Fem.79

79o

Mrddle
Gl0Lorus

sUr.

Glut.67

osus 72

Psoos 61o

tor F,

69

68
o

suprrltol
Glut.oeos 7

Fem,79o

opsuIoris

tetnol

Vostus 79b

rt. obl
Ad

us

48

Abd-

llior(

m.79o

lnternol 79c

It

Vostus 79b
R..
79o

EU

t.

trnol Vos|us
79b
Popliteus 88,

Snilendin6sus

Peronous rel
ond Long
DlEito| tensot

Gto<ilis74
6ostroneiu!

Fm.76 &

Semiemhronosui

Addr, Fem

70

72

Fe

Go

Sortorius-73

vos|gs 79

Yostts 79

Fem.77o

1t t!1"'"1! r,
.", ;:f,;,*

64

Perforotus 86
Gost

84

Semimemron.

ot. xr.

Rtus

69

Fl

Retus

63

ond

79o

Voscus 79

Sei.

memDroosu5

rl

Tendon of

lnrcrnol

74

Front Yiew of Feut ond Pelvis

Insid of Thigh

(Faing Pag 76)

Bok of Femut

Bot, of Thigh

Plt

9.

Bones and Muslesf the Hind Lg

|The numbers printed

r the nmes o1f mttscles r th numbrs of the other plts in ulhih the nntscles ppr.
The plts in tahih the muscles r best shon re numbered in heuier t.p".f

Ntms

Nwnbers

and Colaurs

of th MusIs

70.
71.
72.
75.
74.
76.
79a.

Red

Gen

Bips Fmorz.s. Pl.

Semitndinoslzs. Pl.

5,7,8,

nd, Co|urs
of t} Mrls

tt,

2,5,7,8,|t.

B|ue Semirnembr,noss. Pl. 2,7,8,7|.

Mauve Srtorius.P|. 8.
Yellow Grcilis.P|. 8.
uve ddrctor Femois. Pl. 7,8.
Red Rtus Fmoris.PI.2,5'7'8,|7.
79D. Yellorv Egternal sttts (. Iater.P|, 2, 5'

7r8, ll.
79. Geen rntrrtl vsttls (v, medialis). Pl.
80a. Blue Gastrocnmls. Pl. 9' 5,7 8, 77.

81.

Red

Soleus.P|,2',7,||'

'

8.

82. Rd Peronus Teius.PI.7 8' 7|.

'
85. Yellow ntrior Tibil Eztnsor.
84, Gren nterior or Long Digital Eztnsor
(Ert. pedis). PI. 2, 5, 7 , t7 .
85. Yllow Ltrl Digttl Ertnsor. P|' 2' 5, 7.
86. Red 9upcil Digitl Fleror (Prtus
or Plntris).P|. 7 8, |t.
'
87. Mauve Dep Digxl Flezor (Perans)
nd
chech ligment. Pl. 2,5, 7 , |L,
87. Mauve Long Digitl Flexor (prt of 87),
88. Yellow Popliteus.Pl. 8.
89. Blue Suspnsor1rLigamnt, Pl. 11.

..
vog .^'
IID

Gosrom|Us 80d

Lo|.Crol

DiEI .r. s

R( tU5

8Oo

Etct nol

iosus.7

Solus

76 ond

Vostus 79b

semitd-.

smiem.

-oP

l !!t

8l

ips 70

GoslrocmrU5

80o
PCfonous

fertius

gnd LoE

88
tnsor 05

\_la

n.erio.

rtbl 83

7 I

Pr(or.
'otus 86

. Prforclus

74
osus

trioI

|edinosus

79

s.m

Gostreius'

Yostus

Prforos

LonE

83

87

Brcps 70

ft.

i.

Lo.ra'

Digl lt.

lntnoI

8t

rbiol 83

Per-

'ons

87

i(
!
r.

7o od

Prooous Trtlus 82

Semi- I
7I od|
tus 86 )
|rzlls l

Aorrcr Tiio| 83

88

ibio|
Loterol tnsot
At. or Long Extr.8t|

xlsol

85

Sussor
Ligomnt 89

Long Digl- :rr".8,l

Dig|' tr.84

Perdorotus 86

Pr|otons 07

Prfoions 87

(Faing Page 82)

Plte 10. Musls of the Chest and {ek

|Th numbers printd fter th nmes oif musls re the numbrs oif the othr plts in thich the muscls pPer.
Th plates in hich the musles re bst shon re numbered i heuir tpe.f
Nubers

Nltrs

ad Colours
of th Muscls

19. Yellow Sterno-cephlicus.P|. 1, 2, 5.

75, B|ue StrnoThjrro.H1.oideus'
15D. Mauve omo-Hoideus.P|. t,2.
16a. Green Cutneous muscle o1f the nch.P|.5.
19. Yellow Splcnius.PI. 1, 5.
50. Green Eernl obliqu ofthe l1bdomen.
Pr.215r7rg.
55. Green Ltissilns Dorsi' Pl. 5,4.,6.
,l. Rd Mstoido-Humerlis.P|'1,5,+,5,
55. Yellow ntrior Supetl Peorl, P|, 2,
5, .

56. Blue Postrior SupcilPectorl' Pl. 5, 6.

57. Gen ntrior Dep Ptorl.PL.2,4,5,
58. Rd Posterior Dep Petorl.Pl' 2,5,4,,5.
41. Blue Suprspinatus.P|.2,4,.
49. Red Infraspintus.P|'2, +.

and, Colaus
of th Muscles

.l5. Red Teres Mjor. Pl.,|..

46. auve Corco-brhiIis.P|. 4.
47. Gteen Bicps brchii.PI. 2' 4' 6' 77.
49' Blue Brchilis nti.PI,2,5'4,6.
0. auve Tensor1fsci ntibrchii.Pl. 4.' 6.
51. Yellow Trieps Brchii.P|' 2) 5, 4' 6, 77.
55. Mauve EzternI Rdil gtnsor (E*, rpt
rdiIis). Pl'. 2, 5'

+,

||'

4. Geen Common Digitl Eztensor (zt, pedis).

P|.2,5,+,,1'|.
55, Yellow Ltral Digitl Ertnsor (Et' digiti
quinti).PI. 5' +'.
9. Blue Egtrnal Fleor o1f the Mtcrpus
(Ezt. crpi ulnris). P|. 2, 5 ? 4., 6,
Blue
99D.
rugulr vin.P|.7,2,5,

Bieps 47

omo.Hoidus

rol Fosio
A|ibtochii 50

sro.hl/|o.|oidus

ntr. Deep

Pe|orcl 37

s ojo 45

Brochiolis 46

5r'no.Pholi(U' l

utoneoUs

ortl|}\lek l6d

lloous us.l
or th Ne(t..]L6o

'xtl o|iqu

o|

/!losrordo-

umer0'1s
Tricps Bro<hii 5l
An|IIo. s!peIriol

Petorol 35

-.

B'ohIolll n.ius

l'aol

Rodiol 53
tsor

Pos.|r suP||lial
PGlorol .]6

.rrol
Flor 59
ilo, rt.ror 5J

trnol Rodtol 5
tnso

ammon Dil
tensor 54

(Faing Page 98)

Supeiol
Porol 36

Posterior
DeeD Ptool J8

dome 30o

Plt 11. Diagram of the Musles

of the Fore and Hind Limbs
|The numbrs printd fter th nmes o1f musles re th numbers o1f the
other pltsin hichthe mtlscls pper. The plts inhih th muscles
re best shou. r numbered in heuier tPe")
Nwnbers
Colours

and,

of t} MusIs

59D. Mauve Serrttls Thorcis.P|. 2, 5, 4, 5.

47. Green Bteps brchii,Pl. 2, 4, 6, |o.

51a. Yllow Trieps, long head.Pl. 2, 5, 4., 6.
5 1b. Yellow Trieps, zternal hed. P|. 2, 5' +, 6' |0.
52. Red nonus. Pl.,l.' 6.
55. lVlauve Etrnl Rdil Erterzsor (Ezt. rpirdiIis). PI. 2' 5,
6, 10.

+,

54. Gee Common DiI Ezteror (Ert. pedis).PI.2,5,4,'6' L0.

60. Red Super1ficiI DiI Fleror (Pertus) d chch ligment,
PI.4,6.
61. Mauve Deep Digitl Flezor (Perans) nd hech ligamnt. Pl. +' 6.
62. Blue Susplorjr Ligment.Pl,6.
66. Mauve Tensor fsir ltr. P|. 5, 7, 8.
68. Mauve Mid Gluttls.P|. 2,7, 8.
70' Red Bicps Frnon.s. Pl. 5, 7 , 9, 7|.
71. Ge Smitndinostls.Pl, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9.
79. Blue Senimembrnosrzs. Pl. 2,7,E,9.
79a. Rd Rctus Fmon. Pl. 2,5,7,8,9.
79D. Yellow Eflern'l vsttts (Y. ltrIis). Pl. 2, 5, 7 8, g.
'
80a. Blue Gstronm'Pl'2,5,7,8,g.
80D.
"* Ble *&] z4hillis, see Gstrmius (8o) p.77 .

il;

}Tendo

81. Red Solus.PI.2,5'7'g.

89. Red Peronrus Tefi, Pl. 7' 8' 9.
84. Geen Long DigitI Eztrtsor.P|.2.
86. Red SuprficiIDilFhzor(Pertus). Pl. 7'8,9.
87. auve Dep Digital Fltor (Peral). PL. 2, 5' 7 g.
'
89. Blue Susplor Ligmnt.P|.9.

l.!dl. Gl!|ou' 680

Shouldt.blode

Hlp ioinr

srrctu5
Thoros

'.

'9

.. neps,

LonB hod

.'

5lo

tcno| ...

dumrus.

vostu' 79

Bips 17..

ticpl

furnol hod 5I o
futconus'.
52
.

|olronon\

ndo Ahillis.
Gos?.ror|ivs
Solus 8l, Flcol
Prfolozus 86

Dp Flor

-Prforons
Prforotus 60
ond h<k

87

'.

PrcnoUs

LiEonI

Trtius 8I

.. Porons 6l

Co 8o.

- .

'.. ....

"

sor 51

.'Prforons

ond heck

LlEom2t

. Susp.ntorf
Liromnt

omod Digi.ol

62

Ssooid
Bo

8o

( Pholonx

t,.

I --.
ll

ond hk

Ligomt 87

.ssoo,d

(U.)

PoJa.rns<

'..

"".//

iodI.g

(Faing Page l08)

Th

Skelton

43

It is intresting to notie that, though they are oth soket BIl nd

nd bll joints, there is a tlistint differene in the way in Socket
hih they are artiulated. As th skeths show, the sokt f oints
of the hip joint is deep, espeiay torards the front of the
l, enlosing a large portion of the had of the femur; in the
shouller joint, the up on th end of the shouller blade (the

Front
View

L Hip Joint
Nght Shoulder foint
roint
Glenoid avi is very small. These differnes of onstru-

tion are adapted to the pnipal duties of the hind antl fore

legs, the former making for firmness of attahment, the latter

for great freedom of movemnt.
one joint rith universal movment plad high on the leg is
suffiient to allorry the leg to swing forwards, ak.wardsand outward's from the odywith a thefreeilom that it needs,asrhn
a horse is glloping on a urYe' rhi]e the rstrition of moYe.
ment of the other joints gives the leg rigiility and strength.

4,4,

Hies

Th Sklton

Below the ba].l and sokt joints we getPowefulstraightfoward artiulations, the lbor and knee, stifle anl hok, the
knee and hok being shock absorbers with
their layers of severa.l ones, though
other.wise un]ike eah other (see Pl. 6'
ftllr
,t't
Isl
p. 62; ntl Pl. 9, p. 89; also the astra.
galus on P. 28). In the hok the om.
ponent bones are tieil into an inseparable
mass; in the knee they are knit so that
they an oPen. For the knee (the arpus)
is a joint made for the easy lifting of the
fore leg, to prevent stumbling and for
leaing obstales as in jumping. The fleion of the joint is so fre, from its being
made with layers of bones whih even s]ide
a little uPon eah other, that a horse an
flik his hest with his hoof to lislolge a fly
IJt 'HocL
fnsid Vtl
that is teasing him. This onstrution of,
the knee noreoYer fai]itates the ation
of th tendons that run aross its surfae; for, when the
knee is ent, it offers them only slight
hanges of firetion from th faets of
one layer of one to those of the next,
instead of a harsh hange of diretion as
a single-jointel hinge woull lo. When a

.Ih

Knee

horse falls, this opening of thebones makes

the injury to the knee often vry severe.
The skethes on p. 46 were made from
-ray photographs of the kne of a foal,
taken from th inside. The proportion of
th bones and thir shape liffer onsider-

Itt ..n
ably from those of a mature horse, but
otsid Vlzl
the priniple of moYemnt is the same.
Th opening takes plae rrst betwn the Railius anil the

,he

Kne

46

Th Skeleton

uPPe laye of arpalbones, later the hing movement etvgeen

the upper and lower layrs of arpals eomes very large.

From X-r photorPhs of afoal's lft hne tahnfrom th blsid. Cr, c2, 5 : Crpl bones; MC : Mettapa; MC:Clun bolu; MC2, MC4:SPIht bos;
P : Prm bon ; R : Rdhls.

A notieable point is how,

as soon as the knee ends, the

Pisiform bone desrts th Radius and rmains in the middle

of the joint. Ra]ly the upper layer of arpal bones is the
entral platform of the knee on whih turn first the Radius

Th

Sklton

47

and later the lor row of arpa.ls, whih pratially fom a The Knee
kno at the top ofthe annon on.
As th stifle and hok, the big propulsive hinges of the Union of
quine motor, ae linked together and rv.ork in unison (see Pl. Hoh nd'
1 1' p. 108), all the trmendous
Power of the quarters is trans. Stifl
ritted to th long lever of the hok, throwing tremendous
strain uPon the joint. To diret this fore the double whel of
th astraglus is deeply embedded in grooves t the ase of the
tibia. This is a joint for the diret trallsmission of thrust. It is
no joint for sideway strain, having no sideway play. Of that it
must be relivd, as it is, by the play of the head of th fmur
in its soket above, and belor by th elastiity of the Pastern
joints and hoof.
In th Pasterns we find automati springs, real spring Sprulqs
shakies, so well designed that ne foot an support the full
r.ight f the ody, taking th irregularities of the ground. as
they ome. Firmly tied by ligaments against lateral displaement, thir artiulation with the annon bone and eah
other is neessarily shallo.w; they would break if one bone
as inserted in another, as in tlre hk. The pasterns have
a Yry long swing to and fro. They an e fleed bak at
right angles to th annon orre, antl, supported y the tendons, an be extnded forwads, .vetended', not only
into the position they oupy when a horse is standing at
rest, but at times atually at right angles to the annon
bon.

The more on looks at the oily the more one

sees

}row intrdependent the parts are, saving ah other and

omplmenting ah othr mehanially, omplmenting
eah other lso in beauty and design, hard parts and soft,
iong antl short, square and round, in ontrast and repeti.
r].on.

The attahed impessions of fore leg and hinil leg were

rapidly drawn from a horse pulling very hard. They shon'

,+8

Th Sklton

Fore nd lea that the impression prolued uPon the eye was that
Hind Lrgs the fore of the musles was direted to the joints.

/{/
tL
t\

&

In'raring,n":":;r:::"":::::,::;,ytheSquareness

of the point of the shoulder, the angles of the knee and the
sweng of the extensor musles.
The sketh of the hinl leg, if you ri]l .read'' it arefully,
shows the Yasti musles (79) on the top and both sides of the
femur onentrating on the kne-ap, the Bieps (70) sweng
rith the effort, and the line mad by the Tenlo Ahil]is (80b)
running to the hok. It is notieable, too, how squarely the
foot is turned down, so that the toe ligs into the ground.
When a hors is pulling really hard he lorrers his forehand
in ordr to put his hinl legs into the position in whih they
get their thrust most diretly into the line of the resistane. In
fat, the hors lies down to it, as a man does when pulling in a
tug-of.war. To lo this he flexes his fore leg at elbow and knee
joints, using his etensor musles to keep his knee from losing
altogether,whih aounts for theiraentuation in the sketh.
As his flexors are pulling the foot ak, one sees that in violent

Th

Sklton

,{.9

efforts the musls on both sids of the leg are in ation at

one' whih braes th leg and supports the bone against the
sYere strain that it is undergoing. The wheeler of a art rho
.lie down' to it,
has th weight of the shafts on him dare not
s a leader an with only traes upon him.
In the seond sketh, of right and left fore legs seen from
ehind, it is again ntieale lrow th bone frms are em.

\.
Lft fore leg pulling

sen

fron bhind

Right

fore lg pulling

seen

from

behind

phasized at the elbow and knee, and the foot is putting its toe
into the ground. Se also the drawing of knes on p. 34.
Whih observations sho.w how muh the skeleton, lridden
as it is, influenes th superfiial appearane of the body.

Fr l

Hid Legs

Chapter IY. Th Musles

.Musles

are highly speialized organs that hav the property

of ontrating when stimulated. Striated musles', the kind
of musles rith whih we are onernd., .at upon th bones,
ovr the grater part of the skeleton and play an important
part in determining th form of the animal.'1
Thus the voie of siene, Sisson, Th ntom of the
Domestic nim,
The musles are attahed to the bones either diretly, or
inliretly through the artilages, ligaments or fasia. In the
plates th aras of attachment markel upon the bones often
represent only part of the attahment of a musle whilr
through fasia or aponeurosis applies its force to a muh larger
ara of the bone or bones onerned'.
Th musls annot push the bones sine they only work
by ontration; so that rhen we push something our ation is
th result of pulling on the part of the musles.
In the notes on the musles, their ation is lesribed. as xtenling or fleing a joint, or they are said to ad.dut, abdut,
or rotate a lim inwards or outwards. While suh terms onveniently exPress the ation of a musle, it should e rmem.
berel that the musle whih flexes a joint is also used. to on.
trol its extension, just as one whih extends it is usel to on.
trol its flexion. For instane, when you jump, yu employ th
big musles in th top of your thigh to straightn, to xtend,
your knee joint, and your alf musles to extend your ankle
joint; and when you land, the sam musls hek the flexion
rAs many people seem not to know it, let me mention that musles ae th fleslr,

or

meat'

5o

Th Musles

of your knee and ankle, and let you dorn gralually without vrit of
shok. Your ieps, with hih you lift a weight in your Musculr
hand, a.].so ontrols the deliay with whih you put it dorn tion
again. The Addutors of a lim are as often used to ontrol its
outward. swing as atually to pu it inwarls. Indeeil, the interplay of musles eyen in a simple moYement is very intriate;
whih is why a hi]tl takes some time before it an o.ordinate
its movements, and why we find it diffiult to learn new ombinations of movements as in games.
Musles are as vaied as the bones they serve, thik, thin,
flat, round, long, short. In some th ontration makes no
hange of shape notiable enough to onn the draughtsman, in others th hange is very striking, as in the human
bieps, as very shoolboy knors. Does the boy exist who has
not lenhel his fist and bent his arm hoping that his bips
rill beome an errormous ball f iron?
Musls vary as muh in their speed of ation as in thei
strength, those with a long purchase starting a movement
more easily than an those rith a short lverage, though the
lattr make up in spel what they lak in initiative. To extend
the femu on the plvis, as in kiking, the muscles of the
rouP, Bieps femoris (70), Semimembranosus (72), and
others, start the movement easily, for their pull is eerted at
som distane from the frrlrum' tlrtl hip joilrt; ut tlr Middl
Glutreus (68a), with its pull on h short leverag of t}re
great trohanter, adds a rapidity to the moYement of the fmur
of whih the others ar inapable. A similar priniple is employl by a man swinging an axe, who holds it near th blade
to Start the swing, and runs his hand down the haft to adl
speed to the finish of the stroke.
A pint of interest is th diffrene of ation in a musle
that onnets one one to the next, and of a musle that, ignoring the next bone, Passs to a bone beyond. The Brahi]is
(49), for instan, whih arises on the humerus and is inserted.

52

varit

Th Musls

of on the radius, an only flex the elbow joint;

rihi]e its nigh-

Muscular bour the Bieps Brahii (47), whih arises from the shouller
,4ction blade and passing by the humerus is also inserted on the
radius, an flex the elow joint if the shoullr is fixed, an
xtend the shouller joint if the elbow is fietl, or arry out
both funtions simultaneously.
The f]ow of musu]ar ation is

lea i]lustrated on the

nek of a ralking horse y the Serratus Cerviis (39).
Wath whn the foot takes the grounl anl you rill see, as

the shoulder blale turns' the different strands of the musle

stand. out in turn upon th nek, like a series of fingers, benning.with the strand vrhih is nearest to the shouldr until
they are all taut; se the illustration on p. 51.
The ation of a muscle, however rapid, however instantaneous it appears, neessari.ly develops and diminishes gradu.
ay, as is notieably shown in a slowel-dorn rlm in the inematograph. This resndo anl diminuendo movment takes
plae not only in the ation of an inlidual musle, but a]so
in the way in whih musles follow and omine rith eah
ther's ations. And when the resenilo and diminuendo is
rhhmi it gives us plasure through our yes and .we all it
graeful.

Dcscription
In th desriptive lists, that follow, th musles are numof the red for onveniene of rferne; and the numbrs aPPear
Muscles on the plates rith the name of the musle. Sometimes for
.want of spae
on the plate the name of a musle is abbrated.

A musle and its areas of orirr or insertion on the bones

bear th same olour on every plate in whih they appar, and
in the list this olour is noted against the musle. The readr

is waned, however, that in looking up ertain of the plate

referenes he may find only the area of attahment of th
musle to th one, and not the musle itself; of ertain uninrPortant musles onl the attahment is given.

Th Musls

The names of the musles are given as far as possible in Dsription

nglish. usles have a great variety of nams in different of the
text-books, so muh so that if the read'er studies the subjet Muscls
further he rill find, to his great inonveniene, that different
authors use different names rithout mentioning the alternative names at all!

The desription of the musles is deliberately simplified.

oftn only the prinip.l attahment or insertion is given, and

orrly the prinipl funtions mentioned. For simpliity's sake
tlre Ligaments, a very interesting part of the mehanism of
the joints, are harlly mentioned. Lik othr parts of th boly
the musles are so intriat in struture, sharing their neighours, attahments and duties, eYen at times ating in ontraditory ways, that a full lesription woulil plunge the rader
into the Irlaze of thnial terms that is a-lled a tet-ook.

The ation of most of the musles of the hail and fae is

iar from the plate without muh planation (se Pl. 1,
.t2),
)

Those of whih the ontration shows most ar the ig

Msstr rnusIs, whih as a hors munhes tighten int<l
idges that radiate like the ribs of a fan. and the Buccintor.

,I,|

Hd
rtd F

54

Th Musles

The Head whih forms th hek just behind the mouth, opposite the
nd Fc teth.
Though the musles that move the nos, ears and eyelids
are hardly ever notieale in themselvs, their influene on
xpression is great.
A horse pinhes his nostri]s and lays bak his ars to sho.w
tmper; blors through his nostri]s when alarmed; and opens
thm like trumpets .when xitd or

glloping, for he d.oes not breath

through his mouth. florse raes are
run r.ith losed lips, as men's raes
are run with open ons' IIe oPens

his mouth when he nighs.

A hors gts muh information
thrugh his nose, for the long hairs
with thir sensitive roots ar true
feelers and he misss thm if they
are ut short, as they are somtimes, to .mak him look
smartert.
In his book, The ntom of rprssion, Sir harles Bell
states that the musles rhih in the lion lift the lips off the
anin teth, in the horse Pass to the nose. Th lion and the
other felines an oPen the jaw right bak to seize and hew
their prey, whiJe the hors an only open his mouth mod.erately; whih must make it most unomfortabl when he
yawns' but makes his mouth th better ontainer to holl a
quantity of fodler whi.le he hews it.

Th Nlusles

Desriptiv List f Musls

|Th plts in hih th muscls r best shousn r nurnbrd
i heuier tP".7
1. rbiulr of the Mouth (rbiulris orrs). Blue. Pl. 1.
The sphinter of the mouth whih loses the lips.

2, Lutor of the [Jppr Lip nl Nostril (L. nsi labili.

Retl. Pl. 1.
It lifts the upper lip and dilats the
nostril.
3. Lotor of th Upper Lip (L. I,bii
superioris proprius). auve. Pl. 1.
Working on eah side of the fae thes
musles met on th top of th nose,
and ating together lift the upper lip,
and an atully turn it insid out' as
may be sen from tim to tim. Ating
sepaately, they pulJ. it sileways.
4. Z1rgomtius. Green. Pl. 1.
A thin ribbon whih pulls ak the orner of th mouth.

5. Depressor

Pl.

of the Loer Lip (D, labii infrioris).

Rel.

1.

It pulls the lowr lip bakwards and downwards.

6. Buccinfor. Mauve' Pl. 1.

This musle lies long the mouth. It is a]led the .TrumPtr' eause it tenses the sides of the mouth; it assists
in pushing the food between the teeth in mastiation.
7. Msseter. Yeow. Pl. 1.
From the zygomati arh and the rest to the lower jaw.
This musle loses the jaw when working in unison rith
its fellor on ihe other side of the head, r pus it side.ways as in mastiatiorr, when ating alone. It makes the

56

Th Musls
shap of the lower elge of the jar. Its fan.shaped rbres
shor very distintly when a horse is munhing.

8. Ltr| Diltor of the Nose (Caninus muscl. Yellow.

Pl.

1.

It dilates the nostril.

9. Suprior Di|tor of the.Aosz. Green. Pl.
It helps to enlarge the nasal cavity.

1.

t0. Trnsors Dilator of th.Aose. Yellow. Pl. 1.

Lis under the ommon tendon of the Levator of the
Upper Lip (5).

tt.

Cruic| Li1mnt (Ligrnntum Nuh. Buff. Pls. 1, 9.

It is an arrangement of elasti tissu to suPPort

the
reight of the nek. It is mposed of t.wo Parts, the funiular part, whih arising from the rithers is insertd int
the ocipital proturane of the skull, and the lamlla
part, whih arising from th funiular part as well as
from the rithers is inserted into th 2nd to the 6th r.
vial vertera.

|2. Sterno.Cphlicus (Sterno-Mndibu|ari. Yellor. Pls. 1,

2' , t0.
From the artilage of the strnum to the angle of the
lower jaw.
Ation: Flexes the head and nek.

t3. Longus Colli. Blu. Pl. 1.

It runs from th atlas bone a-long the underside of the
nek to th 6th vertebra of the thorax, binding the ver.
tbrre to eah other.

|4. IntertrnstsersIes colli. Green, lear and shaleil. Pl. 1.

Attah the ervial vrtebrre to eah other, the lear and
shald areas of musle interonneting resPetively.
!5,. Strno.Tttro-Hoid,eus. Blue. Pl. 10.

Th

Musls

57

75b. mo-Hoideus. Mauve. Pls. 1, 2,5, t0.

These are two musles, arising on the ariniform artilage
of the sternum anl th susapular fasia respetively,
to be insrted on the hyoid bone, btween the jaw bones;

the thyroid branh of 75a is inserted on the larynx'

They shor in the throat, etween the tro branhes of

the sterno-ephali musle (12).

16. Cutnous musI (Panniulus Crnosus).
It adheres losely to th skin on ertain parts of the bdy,
the fae, nek, arm and abdomen. It is th twithing
musle that dislolges insts.
76' utnous of th Nh. Greerr. Pls. 5, 10.
It arises in the sternum and the tvro parts diverge over
th strno.phali musle to join the mastoido-humeralis, where it is gralually lost.
I6b. utnous of th bdomn.
It overs a large part of the abdomen and flank.
17. Rtus Cpitis ('lntius Mjor,) Yellow. P7s, I,2.
From the 3rd, 4.th and 5th ervial vertebrre to the
oipital bone. Ation: F]exes or inlines the head.
78a' Trpezius Ceruil p,rt. Blue. Pls. 1, 5, +, 5.
I8b, Trpzius Dorsl or Thori prt. Blue. P|s.5,4,5,
From the ervial ligament and the rithers to the spine
of th shoulder blale, wher it is divided into two parts.
Ation: The ervial part d.raws the shouller blade for.wards and upwarls; the
dors] part dra's it upwards and
bak.wards. Ating together they lift the sapula.
The tnd.inous fires that form the mitllle part of this
muscle suPPort th shouller lade and fore limb when
the leg is off the gounl just as the tendinous fibres of
the Serratus Thorais support the fore parts of the ody
from the shoulder lade when the leg is on the ground
(see p. 10).

Pltr 5. Musular Attahment of the Shoulder to the Bodv

|The numbrs printd er the nrnes of muscles re th umbrs o1f the other pltes in tohich the mtlsIes ppe'r.
The pltes in hich th musles are best shouln r nmbered in heuier trpe.1
Nwrers

adCo|urs
of tfu Musls

16a. Geen Cutanouso1fthenh. Pl' 5' 10.

18a. Blue Trpzitls, CeruiI prt.Pl. 7,5, 4,.
18D. Blue Trpezius,Dorslprt.Pl.5'4.
39. Gren Rhomboidrus.P|, 2'5,4.
. Green Ltissimus Dorsi. Pl. 5,+, |0.
5,l. Red Mstoido-HumerIis.P|.1,5,4,,|0.
55. Yellorr ntrior Superficil Pctorl.PL 2,
5,10.

Nrs

tld, Col,ours

of t) MusIes

36. Blu Posterior Super1icial PetorI'P|.6, 10.

57. Green nIerior Deep Pectorl.P|. 2,4., !o,
38. Red Postrior DepPctorI.P|'2,3,4.,10.
59a. auve Serrtus Crutc.Pl. I,2'5,4,.
59D. auve Serrtus Thors, P|. 2' 5, 4, |7.

ropziu9 ervil lBo

Srrotus Cryius J9o

ostoido.|

uerolis

sr||o|us ervrc|s

34

9o./

Outside of
Lft Shouider

r/-

srlotuj

Anrcrior Dp P|orol
At. 5Uerfiio/ Petool

J5-

rhorois

zrus ervtol l8o

ostotdo-omero|is

34

Rhomoidus J2.

Postetior De Pctoroi f8

Dorsoi

|^olto|do' urolts 34
od Antrr & PosLerr
Superfiiol Petool 35 36

to(

Dorsl 3

Srrotus Cervtts 9o

ostoldo- Humrolis

.5errotus Crviis 39o

nt Spr[tlol Ptoro, 5*-_

Postrlor sUpr,(iol PLar| 6
s Thorois 9b
^nt(rr

s'pr|l Ptoro/ J5

Post.ior D
ctoro| 3B

lnstd of

Rrght 5hou/dr

Rhomotdes J2

Th

usls

59

Yellow. Pls. 1, 5, t.
From the 2nl, 5ril anl 4th thorai spines and th r.
vial ligamnt to th skull, atlas, and 5rd, 4th and 5th

19, Splniu.s.

ervia] vrtbrre.

Ation: To pull th head and nek to th sitle; or ating

togethr to raise th hal and nek.

2, Longissirntls cpitis t tl,ntis, Blue, Yellow. 1,.2.
From the 1st and 9nil thorai verterre to th base of
th skull and wing of the atlas, respetively.
Ation: To etend the had and nek, or ating singly to
benlthe head and nek.
They sho.w at mments f strain'
21, Complezs. Red. PI.2; attachments. Pl.1.
From 2nd,, \rd and 4th thorai spines, the 1st

thorai vrtebrre and th ervial vertbrr

to 6th

to

the

oipital bone.
Ation: Strong extnsors of the heal and nek. Acting
on one side only, inline the heal and nek to th siil.
22. Multdus Ceraicis (Trrars Spinous muscle of the
ne. Retl. Pl.2.
From the artiular Proesses of th last five eral vertebrr to the spins of the preeding er] vertebrr.
Ation: It binds th nek tosethr and' extends it or
flexes it.
2, Postrior oblique of th Hd. Mauve. Pls. 1, 2.
A short thik nrusle whih onnts th atlas and axis
bones. It is hilden und.er the Mastid-Humera]is
musle (54).
Ation: Rotats th atlas and }rad on the axisorholds
axis still on th atlas.
24..

ntrior blique of the Hd' Gren. Pl. 1.

It joins the atlas one to the skull. xtends the skull, or
flees it laterally. It lso is hilden.

60

Th Musls

25, Srrtus Posterior (S. rspirtorirzs). auve. Pls. 9, 5.

Helps in epiration.
25b. ztrnl Intrcostls. Red. Pls. 9, 5.
Join the ribs to eah other.
26. Trnsurslis Costrum (Ilio-costal). Yellow. Pl. 2.
It lis longsitle the Longissimus Dorsi from th lumbar
region to the th, 6th anil 7th rvil vertebrr. It
hels to onnet th bak, ribs, et.
Ation: xtends the spine, or flexes it sileways anl helps
in inspiration.

27. Longissimus Dorsi. Rel. Pls. 9, 8 inluding th

27. Spinlis. Rd. P]'.2.
The longest musle in the oily, eten.ling fronr the sarum and ilium to the ].ast four ervia] vertra; th
idlle Glutreus (68) gains Power from being attahd to
its aponeurosis. It lies upon uPPer surfaes of the ris
against the spines of the bakbon and forms th shap
of the bak.
Ation: It is a very Powerful etensor of the bak anil
loins, aiding in all movements of the hind quarters,
suh as ,kiking, puing, jumping, rearing. Ating
on one side of the body only it flxes the spine sid.
ways.
28.

Multifi Dorsi. Hidden.

It runs from the sarum to th nek. hidden bv the
Lngissimus Dorsi (27). It is omposed of bundles

whih slope upwards and forwards, joining the proesses

of the verterre together. It extends th spin.

29. The bdominlTunic. Buff. P]. 10.

It is a sheet of elasti tissue rhiph helps the musles to
support the abdomn. rts upper layer ovrs th xternal oliqu of the Abdomen (0).

Th

Musls

61.

50, EternI oblique of the ,Lbdomn. Gren. Pls. 2, )71 8,

10.

Its origins ar the last fourten ribs, the lumo.ilorsa]

fasia and. the tuber or. Its broad aPoneurosis, the fibres
of whih blend dth those of the Interna.l oblique, oYers
the ablomen, and joins, at th linea ala, the aponeurosis
of th same musles of the other side of the boly; with
the Internal obJ.ique, the Rtus adominis and Ablomina] Tuni it supports the abd.omen.
Ation: It omprsses the abdonrn antl the internal
organs. Ating singly it enls the body sideways; ating
together thse musls arh the bak.
50b. Internl blique of th bdomn. Blue. PJ.s. 2, 8.
It lies und.erneeth the prling musle. From the tuber
o it sprads like a fan to e inserted into the last fou

ribs anl to mi its fires with those of the trnal

oblique.
Its ation is sirrrilar to that of th xtern] oblique.

I.

Rectus bdomtnis. Hiilden. Attahmnt Rd. Pl. 8.

This musle, whih arises on th breast bon arrd. tlre adjaent ribs, is onnted to the puis.
Ation: It helps to arry the weight of the abd.omerr,

with the ternal (50) and Intrnal (0b) oblique

musle anl the Alomina] Tuni (29).

Ation: Simiiar to that of th above rnuslsl arh:s th
loins.

32. Rhomboidts (Ceruilis .nd Thoraali, Green. Pls. 2,

,4',5.
From the Ligamentum nuhae, and the spines of the
9nd to 7th thorai vrtebrre, to the underside of the
artiJage of the shoulder blade.
Ation: It dra.ws the sapula upward,s and forrards, or
an raise the nek.

Plt

6.

Bones and Musles of the F'ore Leg

|The numbers printd er the nams oif musls r the numbers o1f the other pltes in hih th muscles ppr,
.l
plts in hich the rnusles re bst shotan re numberd in heui'er trp".f
Nuters

Nurnbers

and Colours
o1f

ond,

the Muscls

56. Blue Postrtor SuprJiial Pectorl.P|.5, 70.

47. Green Bieps brahii (Corco-rdialis).
PL.2,4, lO,7l.
49. Blue BrhtIts ntius'P|.2,,4,|0,
. 50. Mauve Tnsor1fscia ntibrchii.P|' 4, 10.
n1
!.
]. |Yellow Trteps brchii' P|. 2, 5,
c to.l
61

+.

1. Yellow Tricps Brachz(Internal head). Pl.l.

2. Red nconeus.P|.4,L|.
55. auve Externl Rdil Eztensor (Ert, crpi
54. Green

rlis).P|'2,5,+'t0,7|.

Common Digitl Eztensor

PL 215, +, LO, lt.

(Ert.

pedis),

55. Yellow Lrtl digitI Eteruor (Ezt. Ihgiti

Qutnli). Pl. 2, 5, 4., !0.

Colours

of tfu Muschs

56. Red

bliqu Eztensor

o1f

the

Mtcrpus

(brctor pollicis). P|' 4,

57. Yellow Internl RdiI Flezor (Fz' Crpi

58. Geen
59. Blue

rdilis).PI.4.

Midd'Ie Flezor

o1f the Metcrpus

(Fr, rpi ulnris).P|' 4,.
Ertrnl Fleror o1f th Metarpus

(Uln,rts lterlis), PL. 2, 5, +, 10.

Suprlicil dlgital Fletor (Per tus)

nd heck ligment.Pl. 4,, 1| '
61. auv Deep Dtgitl F'lezor (Perr) nd

60. Red

hek ligrnrtt.PI. +' |7.

62. Ble
Su,spnsorjr Ligmnt. Pl. 1 1.
67. Yellow rntrnl Rdil Flegor (Fz. crpi
rdilis).P|' 4.

t'o\t I r tt

otleus

Rodtol

l Prforons 6l

P(orol

| \t!l)r
t

| t'tt

rtips5lo

I I'crfototls 6l

5l

Bis

p Dig'
47

ternol
introl

Brohtolts 49

iol
F|

Rodio

Rod

Bie'

5o

57

ommon

omon

tensor 54

(esor

ol4u

obliqu
ietlsor 56

tensor 56

lique

ommon

J5

vl

su5pe5ory

Lont
LO

o1on

tso.

Ligomnt 62

,o,''
49

lnlernol

lnternol flor

57

\\'".r'iol,'

\,

t.nol
Rodi ol

Dep F|eor
Perforons 6l

xtsor 5]

S8

tral

56

ten'o.55

Yffi-

tsor
s

59

62

Perforous
60

Suspensory

PeIror|0s
60

Ourside

lto, x(ensor 55
sU5es,

Ligmt.62

srp.

Ligomct 67
Prforot'us 60

t\

('

oliqu Etnsor 56

Flor 57

t(

tlor

58

|ifu|.7)o.lique

FIeor

(e

omon DiEitol

Midd] Flor

tddle,/

ternol Rodiol
tso 5J

;
5Uspen50.

ssl |

xtsot

Perforos 6a

Dj8itol E(ensor

.t;

tsor \,l', |

JJ

Lorrol Digirol
xtsor 55

Ditol

Lolerol,

txtr

tenso

Lotero/ \ I l.it,o.t.

Fleor 6l

rnsor 54

Lolerol DtBtrol

1,.,.,

tirchii 50

i .,.-

Deef o;gl

trol
Rodiol
rsor

lrnol

^1,:i

-i

LoLrol'

d|e
Flxor

ltsor 56

Rodiol

xt6r o1
or 59

.t,

ensor Fosioe

Fle
59

r
5-l

xte

ii::'l

lnlerol

Flexor
P.erforons

F|e
PrforoLus60

ommon
Dig itol
x tenso r

54

The Musls

65

i5. Ltissimus Dorsi. Green. Pls. 5, 4.,5,I0.

From the lumbo-dorsa-l fasia to the tuberle on th und.rside of the humerus. It overlaps the edge of the sapula.
Ation: It is a powerful agent in the ation of the frorrt
leg. Pulling the humerus upwards and bakrard's, or
equally pulling the body forwards. It also tends to flex the
shoulder jint'

1+.

Mstoido-hmralis (or Brhio-cphIius). Red. Pls.

115, +r 5r I0.
From the .lltoid tuberosity and the fasia overing the
shoulder and humrus, to th skull (the mastiil and
nuhal rest), the wing of the atlas bone, and th 2nd,
5rd and 4th ervia] vertera.
Ation: When the head and nek are fied it pulls th
for limb forward.s, extending the shoulder joint; whn
the limb is fixd, it tends the hatl and nek or inlirrs
them. It also helps to extend th elbow through its pull
uPon the strong fasia from the deltoid tuberosity to the
oute fae of th elow.

nterior Supeil Pectorl (or Ptorlis

desandens).

5,5,10.
From the prow of the sternum, to the humerus and
Yellor. P1s. 2,

fasia of the arm. These musles forrn the very harateristi bosom-like form of the hest.
Ation: To aildut and adyane the limb.

56. P o s t er io r S up rfrci l P c t or l (or P c t or li s t r l s u r s us).

Blue. Pls. 5, 6, 10.
From the vntr.l elge of the sternum to the humrus,
with th preiling musle.
Ation: Adduts th limb.
7. nterior Dep Petorl (Sterno prtespulris). Green.
Pls. 9, +,5, lO.
Siil of the strnum and first four ribs to the fasia of the
Supraspinatus (41).

64,

Th Musls

Ation: To addut the limb, and pull it bakrards;

qual.ly to pull the boily forwards when the leg is fixed.

38. Postrior Dp Ptoral (Ptorlis sndens). Reil.

Pls. 9, 51+,5,, lO.
From the strnum, the fourth to nint}r ribs, and adominal tuni, to the tuberosity on the underside of the
humerus and tendn of th orao-brahia]is.
Ation: To aililut th limb, arrd pull it bakwarls;
qual.iy to pull th body forwards.

39. SrrtusCensicis. Mauve. Pls. 1, 2,3,+,5.

From the undersile of the s}rouller blale to the last four
or five err.ial vrterre.
59b. Serrtus Thorzs. Mauv. Pls. 9, ) 4.,5,It.
From the first eight or nin ribs to th undersil of the
shoulder blad.
Ation: Th rvial part draws th top of th sapula
frwards; th thorai part pulls it down,wards. Ating
togther they raise the body in relation to the should'er
blale, and whn at rest form a sort of sling supporting
the ody (see p. 11).
40. Deltoid. auve. Pls. 5, 4.
From th spine and the dors] angle of the sapula and a
tendinous insrtion on its spine, to the deltoid tuberosity on the humerus.
Atin: It flxes the shoulder joint, and abduts the
humerus. Whn the fore leg is raised its tnsion produs
a hannel aross the form of th shoulder.

4t. Suprspintus. Blu. PLs' 2,4.

Fills th hollow on the shoulder blade, in front of th
spine. It is inserted on the inner and. outer side of th
top of the humerus.

Ation: xtends the joint and stadies

and shok-see Subsapularis (44).

it

against strain

Th
+2.

usls

65

Ispintls. Red. PIs. 2, 4.

Fills the hollow behind the spine of the shouldr blad,
and has a double insertion on the outer tubrosity of the
humerus.
Ation: Abduts and rotats th humerus. The ation of
this musl is opposel by that of the Subsapularis; ,hn
rvorking simultaneously they bra the joint. See Subsapularis (4.4).

Minor. Gren. Pls.2,4.

Its origin runs along the posterior elge of the Infra-

+. Teres

spinatus, and it is insertd on a knob just above tlr deltoid tubrosity of th humerus.
Ation: Fles, rotates and aduts the humrus.
++.

Subspullrz. Yllow. Pl.

+.

oupies most of th underside of the shouliler lad,

and is inserted on the intrior tuberosity of th humerus.
Ation: It adduts the humrus-se Infraspinatus (49).
The shouliler blade is artiulatd with the humerus irr a
shallow a]l anl soket joint and is braed as well as
rotated and flexed by th musls on ah sid of it.
There is a gener] b]ane of opposition btu.een the

Infraspinatus (42) and Supraspinatus (41) on one sid and

the Subsapularis (44) on the other.
45. Tres

Mjor. Red. Pls. 4,I0.

From the dors] angl of th shoulder blad to the tuerle n th inner side of the humerus, in ommon 'ith
the Latissimus Dorsi (55).
Ation: Fles the shouldr joint, and adduts t}r
humerus.
46. Coro-brhilis. Mauve. Pls. 4, 10.

From th oraoid Pross on the underside of

the
shoulder blad to the intrior surfae of the humerus.
Atin: Alluts th arm, and flexes the shouldr joint.

66

The usls

47. Bieps Br,chii (Coro.Rdili. Green. PIs. 2,

4,

6,,

10,11.

From the oraoid proess of the shoulder blale, it runs

ilown in front of the humerus, riding on the ridges on

the front of the humerus, whih keep it in plae.

It is insertel into the tuberosity of the rad.ius. A stout
tndinous band passes from it to the xternal Radial
tnsor (55).
Ation: To flex the elbow joint; or etend. the shoulder

joint; or

it

braes the joints-see

a ilesription of its

ation, PP. 11, 1'+,|5.

48. Cpsulris Brachji. Mauy. Pl. +.
From the glenoiil avity on the underside of the shouldr b]ad to the posterior of the humerus. It is vey
sma].l anl hiiltlen, and dos not affet the surfae forms.
48b, Cpsulris Femois. auve. Pls. 7, 8.
It loes not affet the surfae forms.

The Capsularis

musles prevent the apsules from getting pinheil in

th shoultler and. hip joints resptiYrlJ*.
49. Br.hilis ntictls. Blue. Pls. 2, 52 4' 6' t0.
It rises from the spiral grooYe on the humerus, and passing the lorrer enl of the bieps is inserted. on the inner
tuberosity of the radius.
Ation: It flees th lbor joint and rotates the radius.
50. Tpror Fsciae ntibrrchii. Mauv. Pls. 4, 6' 10.
It lies on the underside of the should.er blad, arising
from the posterior border of th should.er blale and the
tendon of the Latissimus Dorsi (35)' and is insertd on
the bak of the elbow anl the fasia of the forearm.
Ation: It etend.s the elbow.
5|. Trieps Brahii, Yellow, is divild into thre parts :

|ta. Lon5 Hed(Caput Lon7urn). YeIo'. Pls.9, 3)+,6,|I.

Tlre long heal taks its ris from the dorsal angle and

Th

Musls

67

the posterior edge of the shoulder blade, to e inserted

on the oleranon.

|b' ztrnI Hed (C'put LterIe). Yeow. P|s.2,3, 4,

6, 11.

The etrna] head takes its origin on the rough line on

the outsid of the humerus aove t}re dltoid tuberle,
and is inserted on the top of the oleranon rith the long
head.

i\,

Intern'I Hed(Cput mediI\. Ye]Iow. Pls. 4, 6.

The interna] had arises on the insile of the middl of

the humerus, and is inserted on the inner side of the

olranon.
Ation: They a]l three extend' the elbow joint. See also,
for their speial ations, pp. t6, t7 .
52. nconuus. Rel. Pls.4,6, 11.
It is overed by the tieps. It riss on th Postrior Part
of the humerus, and is inserted. on the oleranon elow
the trieps.

Ation: A weak suPorter of the last two musles and

..

a]so ats as a apsularis.

ttrnI RdiI Eztensor (zteror crpi radiIis).

Mauve. Pls. 9, 3, +r 6, 10, !t.
From the etensor ondyle of the humerus and the fasia
overlying the brahia]is. Its tendon runs d'own the front
of th radius and is attahed to the tuerosity on the
front of the annon bone (large metaarpal bone).
Ation: It is the most owerful tnsor of the knee
joint, or it an flex the elbor joint. This musle rives
the tendon from the ieps. See Bieps (4.7) and p. 11 for
its ation.

5*' Common Di7itl rteror of th For Le5 (rt, Ped).

Green. PIs.2,,4.,6) trO' 11.
This musle takes its orins on the humrus just below

68

Th Musls
the preeding musl' on the radius and ulna, anl the
ligament of the elbow joint. Its long tendon, whih
rosses th kne outside the preous musle, slopes
aross the annon on to be inserted in the front of the
thiril phlanx, whih is hililen in the hoof.
Ation: It etends the digits and the knee, anl an help
to flex the lbow. rn atin, it stands out sharply.

55.

Lterl DigitI rtor (rtnsor Digiti Quinti).

Yellow. Pls. 9, ' 4) 61 L0.

Its origin is on th radius, the humrus and the eternal
]ateral ligament of the elbow joint. Its tendon, whih
Passes down the outsid of the knee, slopes forward
below it, to b insrted on the front of th first phalanx.
Ation: It etends the <ligit and the kne joint.
56. oblique ttnsor of the Metcrpus (bdutor Polli)'
Red. Pls. 4,6.
Its origin is on the etrna]' side of the radius, under the
two preeding musles. Just above the knee it passes over
the tendon of the Extrna] Railia] musle (53), to e inserted on the insile of the knee on th seond mtaarpal
bone.
Ation: It etends the knee, and rotates th leg out.
ward,s.

7. Internl

Rdil Flzor (Fr. Crpi Rdi|is). Yellow.

PIs.4,6.
originates from the lo.wer nd of th insile of the
humerus, and is inserted just below the knee on the
seond metaarpal one.

Ation: It flexes the knee, or ].ternativ an

xtend.

the elbow joints.

58. Middle

Fleror of the Metrpus (Fz. Crpi Ulnris).

Green. Pls. 4,6.

Its origins are on th inside of the humerus, just belor

Th

usls

69

the preeding musle, and on the olranon, and its tenlon is inserted on the pisiform bone.
Ation: To flx th knee, or a].ternatively to extend the
elbow joint.

Flror of th Metcarpus (Ulnris Latrlis).

Blue. Pls' 9, ,4'' 6, t0,
Its origin is on the lower outside edge f the humerus; it
has an insertion on the pisiform one, and. a ontinuation of it runs in a goove on that bone, to be inserted on
the eternal splint bone (the fourth metaarpI).
Ation: It flees the knee and extends the lbow.

59. rtrnI

60, Superfiil Digitl Flezor (or Perfor). Rl. Pls. 4, 6,

11.

.Suprfiia.l' bause of its tendon, whih

a]lel
forms the ak of the leg below the knee, for the musle
itself is hitltlen by the terna] Flexor (9), the iddle
Flexor (58) antl the Interna-l Fleor (57).
It arises from the lowr edge of the insitle of the humeus, and is joinetl by a firous and, whih arising from
the lower part of th bak of the radius fuses ith its
tend.on. Its tndon then passs down the bak of the knee
and annon bon. Tor'ards the bottom of the anrron
bon, on a level with the sesamoid bns, the tendon
forms a ring, through rhih the tndon of th Deep
Fleor (61) passes. Hne its other name' .Pforatus'.
The tendon now diles into tro parts, whih PaSS on
eah side of the first phalan' to e insertd on the
seond phalan, just above the oronet'
Ation: It flexes the iligits, anil the knee joints, or an
help to extend the elbow joint. See p. 23 for the ation
of the fibrous banil whih ats as hek tendon.

It is

6I' Dep Di5itI Fletor (or Perfor^) of the For Leg'

auve. Pls. 4,6, 11.
It has t}re same origin on the humerus as th preling
musle, also an origin in the ulna and on the radius.

Plt 7. Bons and Musls of the Thigh : outsid views

in hich th musIs pPIr.
|Th nuntbrs printed r the nmes o1f muscls r th numbrs o1f th other plts
The plts in tllhich th mtlsIs r best shon r numbered in huir typ']
Numbers

Nutnbers

ndColours
of th Musls

nd.Colurs

of th Musc|es

50, Geen Ertrnl oblique of

P'1,.2,5) 9,10.

48b. ]Vlauve Cpsulris.PL' 8'

th bdomn.

64. Yellow Ilio-psos.Pl' 8.

64D. Yellow Ilitls, P].2' 8.
66. auve Tnsor1fsci lt.P|, 57 8? |1..
67. Blue Supil Glutzus. Pl. 5, B.
68a. Mauve Middle Glutztls. Pl. 9,8' 11.
68D. Yllow Pirrmis'P|, 8.
69. Geen Dp Glutrus. Pl. 8.
70. Red Biceps Fmorts. Pl. 5, 8, 9, 11.
71. Green Smitndinoss. Pl. 2,5, 8,9, 17.
72. B|le Smimembrnosrzs. Pl. 2,8,9, LL.
76. auve ddu.tor Femoris' Pl. 8,9.
77. P..ed Qu.drtus Fmoris'PI.8.
Gmlli'P|' B.
78,

79. P.:ed RettsFemorls. Pl. 2,5,8,9'I|.

79D. Yellow Ertrnl vsttls (v' lterlis).P|.2'5'

Blue
80D. Blue
81. Red
89. Red

8,91 11.

Gstrocnemius'P|,2,)8,g,11.
Tndo chillis. Pl. 11.
Soleus,Pl. 2,5)9r77.
Peronrus Tertius. Pl. 8, 9, 11'
84. Geen nterior or Long DigitI Ertensor

80a.

(Et, pedis). PL. 2,

51

g, 7 I.

8' Yellow Ltrl DigitI Ertensor'Pl, 2, 5, g'

86. Red Superfictl Digitl Fleror (Pertus).
Pl. 8, 9, 11.
87. auve Dep Digitl Flzor (Perns).
Pr. 2,5, 9, ll .
88. Yellow Poplitus. Pl.8' 9.

t' Qbl
bdoe.

Sqarfll

sUpriol

o the

Glutos

Glutoeus 67

oo

tddl lutqut

6I

6|!

/0

-.6"\

e0ln
osus

t. oblique
of bdol 30o
opsuloris 48

Dep-}

Tesor

Fosio
L0toe

obl

^|||||!|
o( b,!l 30o

Tensor A

\(o,;o" toi'

7 i

supr.

Glut

iddl
Glutors 680

C/utoeus

Gefrlli

,/

Dep
6|u|oUs
69

/Bips
Qlodrotus

nsor

Foscioe

(.

LOIOe

5emttndiosUs

7l

RtUs

Bieps Fem 70 od
Seitendiosus 7 I
mem|o|\osus
/
11

sm imDronosus

66

0|J(|

5ml

66

|t|lt|Jl

luLoe|1s

,/

Glutous

Fem.77o

yo5tU'
79b

G|utous 67
R(U5

Deep

70

78

'ddutor 76

79o

moris 79o

Retus Fem.79o

trnol
Yostus
rtio
of SitdiosU5
P

xterol

F. Prforotus 86

ostus

8i5

Femoris 70

Tendo hilles 80b

Long Dtgilol
tnsor 84

Aessor Tendo

of Bips 70

6osLroemius
80

8ips
ter
Vosts 79

ddu|or 7 6
i.ps Fm' 70

Pronoeus

Trtius 82
oo Lang
Dil' t.

84

8t

Loterol DtB
|r, 85

erfor ons

Semimboosus

\\

6o/onemius 80o

F|c, Per(orats 86

outsid or Lft hilh

(Dorso| hod of
Bie5 od semi(.
diosus ore rovd)

The

usls

The tendon ornmon to all its three

7t

heals passs the

bak of the knee and annon bone; towards the midille
of the ]atter it is joinil by a .heck ligament'. Lower it
Passes through the ring in the preeiling musle, hene
its nam of Fleor Prforans, and is inserted p.ithin the
hoof on the undersile of the third phalanx, the offin
bon.
In the ving horse it is very rarely possible to see the
division bet.wen the Superfiia] anil Dep Flexr tendons. Th musle of th Deep Flxor, whih is not
buried like the Superfiial Flxor, shows above the knee
bet.ween the Lateral xtensor (5) and the xtern]
Flexor (59) musles.
Ation: To fle the ligits and the knee: it an a.lternatively help to etend the lbow joint.
For the ation of the hek tend.on see p. 23.

62. Th Suspnsory Ligmnt (Introsstls medius) of the

Fore Leg. B1ue. Pls. 6, 11.
It has some rnusular fires and is etremely elasti,
though it is almost entirely tendinous. In the fore
leg it taks its origin at the bak of th knee and at the
top of th annon bne, diling into two strand.s whih
are insrted on th sesamoid bones of the fetlok. The
tend.on gives off a band on eah sile of th fetlok, whih
join the tendon of the ommon ligitai extensor.
Ation: To support th ftlok, see p.2; and. ompare
the Suspensory Ligament of the Hind Leg (Sg).

63. Psos Minor. Rd. Pl. 8.

It onnts the ilium to the lumbar and last trro drsal
vetere.
Ation: It flexes the pels on the loins.
64. Ilio-Psos. Yel]or. Pls. 7,

8. ompsed of 64

and 64b.

72

Th Musls

64. Psos Mjor. Yllorr. Pl. 8"

It lies on th ventrl surfae of th bakbone, taking its
origin from th 16th dorsa] vertebra and the lumbar verter ; it is inserted on the inside of the fmur, with the
iliaus.
Ation: It turns the fmur outward.s, and flexes the hip
joint.
64b. Ilict"ts. Yellow. P|s. 2,, 7, 8,
originating under the ilium, on the sarum and frr
the tenlon of ttre Psoas ajor, it is inserted rrith the
latter on the insitl of th femur' owing to its lose on.
netion with th Psoas Major at their insertion, thy are

often onsiderd as a single musle, the Ilio-psas.

Ation: It a]so turns the femur outwards, and flxes th
hip joint.
65. Qu'drtus Lumbrum. Hiilden. Rd. Pl. 8.
It ]ies on th underside of the akone; arising from
th last tw ribs and th lumbar transYrs Proesses' rt
is inseted on the sarum and th saro-ilia ligament.
Ation: Ating singly f]exes the lins sideways'
66. Tnsor Fsi Lt. Mauve. Pls. 3, 7,81 tI.
From the angle of the ilium to the Fasia lata it pulls on

th kne-ap and the tibia.

Ation: It tautns the Fasia lata; flexes the hip joint or
xtnds the stifle. See p. 95.
67 . Supil Glutu.s. Blue. PIs" 5,7,8'
From the external bordr of th ilium antl gluteal fas.
ia to the xtern] trohanter of the femur.
Ation: It pulls the femur forward's, rotating it inwards,
and flexes the hiP joint.
68a. MiddleGlutrt(Glutrus medtu. Mauve. Pls. 9, 7,8,I|.
A very strong musle, it is hidlen y the fasia. From the
extrnal surfae of the ilium and the aPoneurosis of the

Th

Musls

75

Longissimus Dorsi (27) to two insrtions on the great

trohantr of th thigh. Itsattahment to th Longissimus
Dorsi adds to its po,r, as in jumping' kiking' et.

Piriformis.

Yeow. Pls. 7,8.

Harlly separal from the Middle Gluteus.

Glutus. Green. Pls. 7, 8.

the preeling musle from the ilium to
underneath
Lies
the great trohanter.
Ation: tends the hip joint, anil abluts the thigh.

69. Dp

70' Bipsfemoris. Red. Pls.5,7'819, 11.

It is a Yery Powerful musl dth several insertions. Taking its origin from the sarum' the gluteal fasia anlthe
ishium, it sweps do.wn (a) to be insertd in the fmur
just behind the extrnl trohanter, (b) to be attahed to
the patella, and () to th rest of th tibia and th fasia
of the leg, while (d) a strong tendon branhes off to be
insrted on th tubr alis, the tip of the hok. This ten.
don maks the harateristi ontour of this part of the
hinl lim.
Ation: It pulls the leg bak.wards and tnds the limb
generlly. Its many points of attahmnt make its ation
mplex. It extends the hok through the tendon (d); it
also extends th femur in the pels and pulls bak the
femur and tibia simultaneously through the ations of
th attahments a, b anl ; see Pl. 11 and h. IX' p. 111.
7L, Semitndiostls. Gen. Pls. 2, 5,7, 8, 9, 11.
It originates from the saraf and first audal vertbrr,
and from the ishium. It is attahed, by a tendon passing
internally, to the rest of the tibia and the fasia of th
leg. It sends off a tendon whih unites rith that of the

74'

Th Musls

Bieps (70), whih is insertel in the tuber alis of the

hok.
Ation : Its attahment t the tibia rotates the thigh in.
ward.s: flexes the stifle joint. It also helps in propulsion
by pulling th leg in genral bakwards, thus xtending
the hok and hip joint. See Ch' I' p. 111.
72. Semimembrnosus. Blu. PIs.2,7
the ishium and also
It originates from the undersile of'8,9,77.
from the ligament that runs from the sarum to the
ishium. It lis und.er the Grailis musle (74) and its
tendon is inserted on the insiile of the lower enl of the
femur.
Ation: Similar to and generlly in unison with that of
the Semitend'inosus (71) and th Bieps (70).
73. Srtorius. auve. Pl.8, 9.
From th ilia fasia undr the pelvis to e inserted with
th tndon of th Grailis (74) o the insid of the patella, th tibia, anl the fasia of th leg.
Ation: It fles the hip joint and adduts th fmur.

74. Gr,ilz. Yellow. Pls. 8,9.

Its origin is on the pelvi symphysis and under surfae of
the puis. It is inserted on the patella and th fasia of
the lg, and a]so rith the previous musle on the inner
side of th tibia.
From behinl, this musle ves the harateristi square
shape to the inside f the leg.
It opposes its powr to that of the musles on the outside
of the thigh, muh as the Subsapular (aa) on the
underside of the shouldr blade oPPoses the musles on
its upper sile.
Ation: Adluts the femur.
75. Ptinus. Hiddn. Retl. Pl. 8.
It originates on th pubis anl is inserted on the insiile of

The Musls

the fmur half-way up; it is pratial.l hidden by the

Graitis (74).
Ation: It a.lduts th femur and flees the hip.
76. dductorfmoris. auve. Pls. 7, 8, 9.

From the underside of the pelvis to the bak of the

femur, and to th stifl joint. It lies undr th Grailis
(74.).It adduts the femur, and etenils th hip joint.

. Qudrttls Fmoris. Rd. Pls. 7, 8.

77b' bturtor' zterns. Yellow. Pl. 8.

77

77

c. bturator, Intrns. auve. Pl. 8.

There are sever]. minor muscls, suh as thse and the
next musle, whih reinfore th ation of their more
powerful neighbours, but d.o not onen the observ of
the outside shapes of the body.

78. Gmelli. Red. Pls. 7,8.

From the later] border of the ishium to th fossa on
the insile of the trohantr. They help to rotate the
femur outrard's.
7

9. Qudricps Fmoris,
This inludes the four following musles:

79. Rcttls Femoris. Red. Pls. 2)3,7) 8,9, 11.

This musle, whih ]ies on the front of th thigh, takes
its origin on the ilium; and has its tendon insrted on the
knee-ap.

Ation: It an extend th stifle joint, sine th kne-ap

is attahed by a ligamnt to the tibia; it also fles the
hip joint, rrhen the stifle is fied; .when the hinil leg
is liftel and oming forward for the nt strid, its
ation brings the leg frward by simultaneously fling
the femur on the ilium, and extnding th tiia on th
fmu.

Plt

8.

Bons and Musles of the Thigh : inside

and bak viws

th numbrs oif th othr plts in hich the muscls IpPer'

|The numbers printd r the rulmes oif musles r
The pltes in hich th mtlscls re bst shouln r numbrd in huir typ.]
Nunbers

Nw$ers

ltd' Colours

nd Colours

of e Muscls

of th Musls

l.

Longissimus Dorsi. Pl. 2.

97. Red
50a. Gren rtrnl obliqu o1f th bdomen.

500. Blue

31. Red
48D. auve
65. Red
64. Yllol
64a. Yllow
640. Yellow
65. Red
66. Mauve
67. Blue
68a. auy
680. Yellow

69.
70.
71.
72.

Gen

Red
Gen

Blue

Pl. 21 51 7, 70.
rntrnl bliqu

oif the

7+.

l'

IO.
77 .

bdomn.

PI.2.

Cpsulris,P|,7
Ilto.Psos'PI.
Psos M1or.
Ilictts. P|' 2,
Qudr

t us

7.

7'

lumbo r um, tt hme nt.

7

7I.

'
Superficil Glultls. P|. 5, 7 .
7,11.

7.

Red

Pl.7'

Qudrs Femoris.P|'

9.

7,

8+.

85.
86.

5r7)9rrt.
Green Internl sttls (v. Mdil). Pl'
Blue Gstrocnemtus. P|, 2,5;7 ,9, 11.

Red

Peronrus Tertitts.Pl.

88.
92b.
.

rg, 1'l'.

9.

Green Long Digitl Eztensor'l.2,)5'7

7' 9'
Yellow Ltrl Digitl Etnsor. |' 2' 5,'9,7|'
Red Prtus. (Sp' Digitl F,).P|' 7,9,
17.

Deep Gluttls'Pl,7.

Bips Fmorz. Pl. 7 7 97 7|.

Semitendinoss. Pl. 2, 5 7 7, 9, 1 7.
Semimembrnoszs. Pl. 2,7,9, |1

79c.
80.

82.

Middl Gltttztls (G. Med). Pl. 9,

Pirrmis.P|'

Mauve

Pctineus.
,{ddutor Fmoris'

Yellow bturtor Eternus.

7 7c. Mauve bturtor rntrnus,
78. Red Gmelli,|.7.
79. Red Retus Fmoris'P|.2,5'7,g,77'
79b. Yellow Eztrnl vstus (v. Ltrlts)' Pl. 2,

'

Tnsor1fscir ltr.P|' 5'

Rd

tlD.

Retus bdominis.
Psos ]VIinor.

Mave Srtortus.P|.9.
Yellow Grcilis'P|,9.

Yellow Poplittts. Pl. 8'

Blue fugular Vein.

9.

Quodrotus

ltrnol ltqo

Lum\orunt 65

af the Adomen

LOrllrssrn)ut

llio

Psoos
64

nsoI Fasrce Lotoe 66

t bl of

Niddle
Glutus 68o

rhe Abdornn 30o

lIIoUs 64b

l|lli,,

rr"

Lotoe

\."i',,".,,
48

to

us

69

iar 6

Fem.7?
obt- rt.
5Ur

Glut

Superfliol
tGluloUs
67

lnternol 79

opsulorts

ooI

>ortortus f

ddr

anl
79o

Perforotus 86
CosIro nmius
80
|rol vostus

vo,Lus 79

Groilts7

tor Fm.76
1nus

Vostrs 79

77o

Fem 79o

Coscranmi

Ret.

fl

67

Fe

..'/.\

osus

Psoos 64o

Quodrotu

-",n:].o'no,u,

Vostls 79

Vostus 7?

memb ro

Bis.7o

oDsuloris 4
67

5mi

77b

Suprfttol

Retus
rmor|s Io
Dep
Clutotts

GI0Lous

Clutus

69

Semimmbronosus

RetUs

Psoos

De.p
C/l

Dee

eso r

fosioe

trnol

Fm

Blps

vostus 79

/6

5mimmbroosus

5el

tendiosUs /

Bieps 70

Popl||Ds BB

ndon o

tor Fm.76 &

Semimonosus 72
5nr

i.

tndtosus 7

ro| lw o| rnr ond Pclvts

Giotlis

6ostroemit]l

74

Bok of Femur

Bok of Thigh

Th Musles

II

79b. zternI vsttts (v. LatrIis). Yellow. Pis.2, 3,7,8'

9, tt. See 79.
79, Internl vstus (v. Mdialz). Green. Pls. 8, 9.
The Yasti diffr from their partner, th Retus Femoris,
in that though their tendons are inserted on the kneeap thir origins are only on the femur.

Their ation onsequntly is ]imitel to etending the

stifle joint, or of ourse to prventing it fleing, an offie

often demanded of them. They orrespond to the big
musles on the top of our own iig, rhih .we an use
to straightn our knee, r to support ourslvs with ou
knees bent.
30, Gstronemius. Blu. Pls. 2, ,7 8'g' 7!.
This musl, whih orrespond's' to ur alf, has two
heals rhih arise on eah side of the lo.wer third of the

femur. Their joirrt tendon, tlr Tendo Alrillis, is attaheit with th Perforattts (86) to tlre tip of th tur.
a]cis of the hok.

Ation: It etends th hok, or if the hok is fiel an

flx th stifle; but owing to th .parallel strings' (se 82
and 86), it annot do both at one.
80b. Tndo z{chillis. Blu. Pls. 7. 11.
See bov. This nam i. ... generay used to designate th aggregatd tendns whih are attahel to the
point of th hok.
81. Soleus. Reil. P]s. 2'17,g,1|.
A thin musle from the head of th fibula, whih joins
the tendon of th Gastronemius (80).
Th following musles show a lose similarit of onstru-

tion to the musles of th lo.wer for leg.

82, Peronus Trtius (Tn1o-femor'o-nt tlr'lel). Red. Pjs.
7 rgrg, !7.

This is really less a musle than a tendinous string

Th Musls

78

whih onnets the bottom of th femur with the annon

bone. Its terrilon splits opposite the hok joint (to allow
the tend.on of the Tibia]is Antrior (85) to pass through),
the branhes of the tendon being attahed to the outsid
of the hok joint and to the annon bone.
Ation: It flxes the hok, anl inlirtly the stifle (see
Ditr Flor (86)). It also
P. 20,, a-lso the Suprfiil
.rrhen
the leg is supporting weight
.elieos the musles
(see p. 14).
83. nterior TibiI ztensor (Tibilis ,7nterior). Yllow.

Pl.9.

It lies on the font of the leg, running from the top of

the tiia to th insile of the hok anl annon bon, having passed through and. over the Peronaus Tertius (89)'
Ation: It flexes th hok joint.
8+. nterior or Long Di5itI ttensor (rt. Pedis). Green.
Pls. 9, 5r7 )9, t!.
Its origin is n the lower enl of the outside of th femur.
Its tendon Passes down on the font of the hok join
torard.s the outside, gralually sloping aross the annon
one, till it passes aross th midlle f the fetlok joint to
b inserted on the thirl phalan. A third of th distane
do.wn the annon bone it is joinel by the tendon of the
Lateral xtensor (85).
Ation: It extnds the ligits and flexes the hok joint.
85. I-teral DigitI rtensor of the Hind Le1. Yellow.
Pls. 9, 3r7,,9.
It forms th ntral mass of the sile of the leg. It takes
its rise from the stifle joint, the tibia anl the head of the
fibula. Its tendon Passes do.wn the sitle of the hok joint
to join that of the preeling musle.
Ation: To rinfore the ation of the Long Digital tensot'.

Th

Musls

79

Digitl Fleror (Prfortus or Plntris ml,csl). Retl. Pls.7,8' 9' 11.

Like th Peronreus Tertius (82), it is more a tendinous
string than a mus]e. It starts from the femur betrpeerr
th two hatls of the Gastronemius (80a), and is hidden
y them until its tendon aPPears twisting round' their
tendon, so that it is on tp at the tuer a]is of the hok.
It forms a sort of ap oyer the hok on either sid of
whih it is inserted rith the tendon of the Bieps (70)
and the Semitndinosus (71). Thene a broad tend.on
Passs do.rn the bak of the leg, to rhih it gives its
form, to be inserted on th sond phalan, as is the Per.
foratus (60) in the fore limb.
Ation: It etends the hok automatically .lvhen th
stifle joint is extendd. Aiso, sine it is ontinued to the
foot, it flexes the digits (see p. 24,).
87. Deep Digitl Fltor (Prrforns). Mauve. Pls.2, 3,7,g,
11. This musle is omposed of three parts:
S7a. the Flror Hllucis lon5us, the depest and strongest
part, whih ariss from the bak of the tibia and passes
dorn the inner side of the hok in the tarsa] grooY;
87b. the Tibilis postrior, th tendon of rhih joins that of
86. Supil

the preeding musle just above the hok; and

87. the Long Digitl Flzor. The latter's tendon
asses down
the side of the hok in front of the tndon of th Fleor
Hauis longus and they unite a third of the way dow.n
the annon bne. A hek ligament, muh weaker than
that of the for limb, nor joins the united tendon, whih
Passes through th ring of the preeding musle, to b
inserted within the hof on the underside of th third
phlanx, the offin bone.
Ation: It etnds the hok joint and also flxes th foot
(see p. 24).

80

Th Musls

88. PopliteJ. Yllow. Pls. 8,9.

It swings sharply aross the bak of the stifle joint from
its origin on the outside of the femur to its insertion on
th inner edge of the tibia.
Ation: It helps to flex the stifle and rotates the leg in.
'ward.s.

89.

The

Susperor

Li5ment (Interosstts rnedius) of

the

ar attahel to the sesamoid bones, and an extension

to join the
Passes forward on eah side of the fetlok
Long xtnsor (84).
Ation: It supports the
fetlok anl prevents the
pasterns from ukling
ver (see P.23).
90. The r.P|.7.
The ear is a trumpt of
artilag, whih arries
sound to the orifie in
the skull that leals to

the tympanum. Its

lower end is hidden by

musles anil the parotid
glanl.
The musles that move
Rottion of th r
the ear are thin shts
that are hardly notieable and lo not muh onern the
artist. What d.os onern him is the extreme mobility of
a hors,s ears, whih has great effet upon his expression.
They are oked when he is interested, tlroop when h is

Th Musls

i.

tired, and ar lail bak whn he is out of t_:: =

moves them unasinglyto getinformation. a_... l-...-:o
sen in a blinkred horse, rhose ears ar fr:u:-*.
turned bakwards, to learn what is going on bhind r:What makes them diffiult to draw is that thev roiat as
well as rise and fall.
-

/a7f\

t{-#i:i

\si

i
't

.l./.'. .-. :/,,',1:N#

,P! {
I

y. Pl. 1.
The musles of the eyebrow and' surrounding parts do
not onern the artist eePt in th hanges of pres.

91. Th

sion produed by their ation.

The hors, like other fugitive animls, has its yes set
uPon a knob on the side of the head, whih allows it to
look behintl it by a very slight movement of the nek.
The innr orner of the eye is squarer than it is often

Plt 9. Bons and Musls of th Hind Lg

|The numbers printed r the nmes of muscls re the numbers of th other pltes in ulhih th muscles pPr.
Th plts in hich th muscles r bst shon re numberd in heuier tjrpe.f

and,Coburs
Musls

of th

70.
71.
72.
75.
7.l.
76.
79a.

Red BicepsFmorus.Pl.5,7,8'tt,
Geen Semitendinoss. Pl. 2,5,7,8'||.
Blue Smimembranoslrs. Pl' 2, ,8, |t '
Muve Srtorius.P|.8.
Yellol Grcilis,P|. 8.
auve drctor Femois.Pl.7,8.
Red Rtus Fmoris. Pl. 9, ,7 8, t|.
7

79D. Yellow

Egternlvsttts(v.ltrIis).P|.2,

7'8,||.

8.
Blue Gstrnemius.Pl.9' 5,7,8,|7.
Red Solus.P|,2'5,7,|!.

79. Gn rnternI vsttls (v, mdilis). Pl.

80a.
81.

and.Colours
of th Muscles

89. Red PeronrusTeius.PL,7'8,|t.

85. Yellow ntriorTibiIEgtensor.
84. Green nterior or Long Digttal Ertensor
(Ezt, pdis).P|.2,5' 7, |7.
8. Yellow Ltrl Digitl Eztnsor. Pl. 2,5,7 .
86. Red Supertiicil Digitl Fleoor (Pertus
or Pl,ntris). Pl. 7, 8, 11.
87. auve DepDialFkzor(Perns)and
chekligment.P|.2,5,7,77.
Digitl Flror (part of 87).
Long
87. Mauve
88' Yellow Popliteus.P|,8.
89. Blue Suspnsor2'Ligamnt. Pl. 11.

L| vos|

,1D

o(t.o(lIe''"5 80J

Io|lol DIgl t| 8s

fltus
Fn 79o

F'|Iol

Sortortus I l

Vostus 79t

5mltedi05U5

8r(ePs
7C

l /

)1;

76 otll
5l tl.
ronosus 72
r

Sa]us 8l
I

rr.

Gostao(

,'

mlU5

Poilteus

Proo0s

Tertius I

Latrol

us 8/

Dp Fle
P rfo rons

tenior 85

Digl Ett

/_\BZ

Ir Perforons
70

Poplltus

87
rforans

nosus

80o

itr

Pr(or-

B3

otus

Perforotus 86
s l0 and

Peroous Iertlus 82

ntJinosus

tr ar Tjblo1 8

Bb

F.
.

Per
ons
B7

F1

trior Tibia| 83

US

rtius 82
sUsDn50ry Lj8omI
89

-Z--

gomnI

sUse5ory
IEo1t
89

B4

Perforolus

Digl

tnsor B4
Suspenso.y
Prforotus

|'r|rons

Prforons 87

Perforolrs
Prforons

tt-_)

87

Dig|

' |I

84

Lang Digl. 'tr

og

()gts)d

Trtius 82

tor

iiol 8

igolt 89

Fr. Prforatus 86

t |biol
rsor 83

rt

Lr

8reps /0, 5mr- 1

tdtnasus7l ot'dI

em,u5

8/

Loterol rcnsor

us B8

Co

sU5pensor

Dtgl tr

nosus

ftbiol 83

ro 0s
8

7 I

Croilis
74

nter tol

70

nt o Long tr.84

Log

Popliteus

Long

8leps

Semi.

td i.

CsLro<nmtus

87

Lon

nrcrior

ftbrol

:.(

88

and LanE

Blcps

(
80o

The

Musls

85

depicted in pitures: and the pupil in an orlinary light

is not round ]ike that of human beings, ut eptial.
92. veir. Blue.
of a horse's vins some are notieale always, others
only after eertion.
A thin-skinned horse like a thoroughred, after it has
been raed, is overed with a netwok. of distended
veins. But on a]l horss the foowing more important
veins ae a-lways notieab]e: the large FaciIvin (99a),
whih runs along the front edge of the massete musle
past the enl of the zygomati ritlge (see Pl. t),the ru6ulr
vein (92h, see P].s. t' 2, 5' 10), the Cepha|ic vein (92),
.rrhih
runs uP the inside of the for leg long the radius,
the rternl Thori vein (92d), whih lies long the
uPPer side of the deep ptorl musle, unler the girth
(se Pls. 2, 3), ttre Sphnozs vein (92), on the inside
of the fmur anl tiia.

Chaptr V. Proportions
An anatom)r book should, I suppose, mention the proportions
of a horse, for they help the lraughtsman to .get it right'.
The body of a horse goes generally speaking into a square;
that is, the length of the body from the point of the shoultler

M sur ements in, Heds,

to the etremity of the haunhes is approximately the height
from the ground to the top of the withers.
A draught horse is generally longer than he is high: a raehorse sometims higher than he is long. Yet Elipse, the rae.
84'

Proprtions

s5

horse that was neYer eaten, was longer by a tenth than he

r as high.
,
The hailis a useful unit of measurement that orresponds Hed'
v.ith ertain divisions of the botly whih ar marked on th
diagram.
1. The length
qul to

of the heal from the rest to the nose is

2. Th length from the *i'g of the atlas bone to the as

of the nek.
5. The distan from the point of the shouller to the top of

th w.ithers.

4. The d.epth of the botly.

5. The distane from th shouller blale to the point of the
haunh (the external angle of the ilium).
6. The distane from the breast bone to just above the fetlok.
7. Th.e length from the stifle to the hok.
8. The distane from the hok to the ground.
Colonel Duhousset, in his ook on the hors, has mad,e out
a table of a great manY more measuremnts based on half.
heads, and on distanes suh as that
between the middl of the hok anil

the fetlok. But

they are too intriate, I thinlr, to be

eally usful.
Barye, the Frenh anima] sculptor, makes the folloling
notes aout the horse.
That the length from the beginning of the mane to th tip
of the lips is longer than the distane from the mane to the

86

Prportions

Proportion.s end of the tail' H makes a drawing something like this,

the tail being doked. When th horse is not holding his head

out, his boly iooks the longer.

H summarizes the parts of a thoroughbred thus: Fur
long parts: the nk, the upper bones of the leg, the blly and
the haunhes. Four short Parts: the loins, th ears, the pasterns and. th tail. Four road Parts' the forehad, the hest,
the roup, the limbs. He is apparntly lassifying them as ontrast.
ing elments of design'
A foal's proportions are notieably different from those of th

mature horse. Short in the bod1,

and nek, and very long in the

of
l]air

Grotth
tlt

]ower bones f the legs, it has to

spread its fore legs to reah the
sround with its mouth.
Ther are, f ourse, innumerable other differenes between a foal and a horse, as there are etween a hill and a
man. The shape of the sku]l anil setting of the ey: the upright mane and. mattd tail: the shot thigh bone: the larg
artiulations so notieable at the knee and hok. It stands too
uon its toes, with upright pasterns, and has a sprightly ation
a-11its own.
Th ilirtions of the growth of the hair on th different
parts of th body of a horse are vry interesting. Generl.l
downrarils to shd moisture, it hanges its diretion
arding to the shape of the limbs and parts of the body;
the different streams meeting in pituresque-whirls and fan
shaps.

The lie f the hair affets the appearane of a horse in

that it influenes the shape and psition of the high lights
as in sunshine; and affts the aPaane of the hos
whn wet, whther from rain or from sweat. For a horse.

Proportins

87

un-like a dog, sweats through its skin and sweats itself wringlng wet.
As one usully Ss a hors from its own levl, on only sees
it in elevation, as the arhitts would say. oasionally on
ses a horse fr,om above, as from the bo of a oah, but how
often d.oes on sit on a oah? When one rides a hors one
ses litt]e more than its nek and ears, and a sharp perspetive
of its shoulders. Here instantanous photography helps us in
rpriene, for it gives us opportunities of eoming familiar
rrith unusual aspets of a horse,s shapes through the snapshots
to be seen in the papers of horses falling at jumps, turning
had over heels, an]' even braking their neks.

( i.L

i\(

.'\'{",l$

Horse in the ult: shoing lie

oif the

hir

Photo5rphs
of Horss

haptr YI. Movmnt

1l

:)-

t
a

g4'
\i\

--\

- t--

When we ome to draw the horse in movemnt anatomrmust not stand in our way. ovement produes a-lterations in

the appearane of form (longations, urvatures, distortions)

whih are not merely sujets for urious notation, but are
ssentia-]. ingredients of the beauty anl the rhythmi ilesign
that are reated when the reature moves. A limb may aPPear
longr or thinner or more urvd than rhen it is at est,
whih is as .true' as is the effect of a irle produl by a
right objet srung round. and round in the air, or th ap.
Pearane of a rapiilly rotating rhel as a rim without spokes,
an aPearane so evident to us all, that we aePt' nay demand.
a rim without spokes as its ProPer representation. ,d littl
more sutlety of obsevation would make other hanges of
PPearane qually familiar, anl the artist oull then us
them in a piture without Protest from the sPetator.
There is so muh misunderstanding on this question oi
.truth' in art that I must
touh upon it, though it has ben
disussed muh too often.
I am not refrring here to the rvile truth, the truth to
88

Movmnt

89

-naginative oneption.whih in the unity of sorne great work Inst,ntn.

f art justifies frank ontraditions of fat: for instane, Ru- ous
Lns' landsaP in whih shadows fa]l both a.way from and Photographs
tor'ards the sun. I refer to the truth of observation of the
.'orld we see-or rather the worll .we look at and d.on't see.
or most of us neither look nor trust our own eys. Anl there
.rings up in consquene a faith in the photograph, a belief
:lrat it is true beause it is .sintifi', for nowadays siene
:ather bullies us.
The instantaneous photograph, true as it is in one sense, is
q uite untrue to what we se; as untrue to what w see as is the
-ray photograph. our eye an no more se the seParate
hass of a rapil movement than it an pereiv -rays. Why
thn is the artist to follow the instantaneous photographs any
more than he is to follow the -ray photographs? Beauty is
ut skin deep, says the X-ray amra' let me show you horv
r-our w,ife really looks, and in your belief in sientifi truth
vou shoull omplain of the ordinary portait paintr rho
paints only her outside for you.
Th amera, Poor thing, is blinl-blind to the beauties we
njoy. When to our yes horse and ride swing beautifuy
and rhythmially aross the turf, th amea 1ggg1fl5-!t sees,
;[a1 |5-a smudge, if its ation is not rapil enough, or, if it is
sussfully instantanous' a frozen and hane attitude! It
Ilver sees moYement, for moYment is seen only by an at of
memory, through roetion. You hear a tune bause you
all notes that hav passed, and link notes head at different
times with eah othr and with those that are sounding at the
moment: this is in fat the methd by whih you understand
this rvritten sentene. And in esult the human ye Sees a
nrovment as a diretion, vrhih is why we an read descriptive gestues made in the air.
The gra of a d.aner is omposed of the phases whih your
anlera reord.s as .sti.].ls'. And if these .stifls' are used in series,

90
Istntaneous

Photographs

Mvmnt

as in the inematograph, your eye, seing th suession of

hanng shapes, gets a sensation similar to that whih it gets
from natur and by means of similar impressions.
The artist annot, like the inematograph, use hange to
rePresent moYement; he has to rend.er it in fixel and' unhanng materials. And therein lies his strength, for his pur.
pose is not to reonstrut nature, but to exPress and ommuniate his own emotion and interest, whether his art b rea-listi
or so abstrat as not to be rognizably onnetel with
natural aPPearane.
Too muh importane has ben attahl to th amera's
.instantaneous'
lisoveries. The human eye frequently sees
phases of movment. I still retain an impression reived as a
hill, of a fo trrier gailoping *ild]y after a ball. It disap.instanpeared sullenly behinl a rall, laving in my eye an
tanous' image of its attitude, rith its hinl feet, as I notied
with some surprise, thrwn forward beyonl its hest. .Instantaneous' attituds were seen before the amera was invented.
Many of th horses in the Parthenon Frieze ar in attitudes
very lose to the amra's reords, but they ar woven into a
ronilerful rhythmic Pattern. eissonir, by patient study,
sa.w suh attituds a-lso and is often applaulel for it; but his
alilel knowlelge dil not rilen his powers of xpression, for,
laking rhythmi sense, he failed to notie the essentiJ. qual.
ity of the ations he observd.
A little attention will show you that your yes are onstantly reeing suh instantaneous images, rhih generlly
pass unnotied.
Instantaneous photographs are the anatomy of rnovement:
very interesting to study, vry useful for sientifi purposes;
to show how a birl flies that you may improYe your aroplane,
or for wathing the exit of the sh from the mouth of th
gun; useful a]so to us for th better und.erstanling of what
happns in a horse's ation, for suh stuly is in its essene

Mvmnt

91

=ientifi' But to the artist an isolated instantaneous photoraph is not of us in his partiular kinl of observation of
rovment, for rarely does an instantaneous photograph apture a rhythmi Pattrn' and it is by rhythmi pattrn that
jnovement is expressd in rrorks of art.
But what of the ridiulous attitude aepted in old pitures?
laims the Alversary' generlly a man of siene. The tubiike reaturs raised. on their hind legs pawing towards the sky!
he outstrethed raers suspended aov the ground with
their fore feet impossibly in front of their nose! They're just
onventions, symols ithout sense' onserated by tradition !
Sintifially and fatully they ae wong of ourse. But
are they rhythmi? Th appel is to the ourt of art, and the
touhstone of our julgmnt is ,truth' of impression, not truth
to fat; and wher the pitori.l intention is the epression of
movmnt, all fail like, photographi image, tub-like praner,
outstrthed raer that have not rhythm. Rhythmi pattern is
.true', eause it is
true to human sual impression; beause
\-e See rhythmi pattern as a reature moYs' as the r,.ind runs
aross the orn, as the water flors anl ripples. Antl so, by fundamenta] assoiation rith visua] eprine,1 pitoria.l rhythm
rs the true means of epressing the dsigns and beauty whih
are born only of movment.
on of the soures of our pleasure in rhythmi movment
is the resend.o and diminund'o withits Snse of limax, howver slight; you feel it at ah striile of a horse evn in a flo.w.
ing uninterrupted gallop.
Even simple ations have a multipliity of rhythms of differ.
nt speds mong in liffernt diretions rnore intriat tharr
those of an elaborate musial omposition. Parts of a odv ar
rPossilythassoiationseraisedytheationoftheeye,musu]a.root::.
following th hythmi shapes aoss th sufae of the Piture' and fo1lo.il'g il:: .imagirration eyond the piture plane into spae. Is the possily an a].tea:o:. ::
fous in looking fom foegound to distane in a piture, in spite of iE :the sam plane, as thee is in looking at near and distnt ojects

ali.?

Rhythm

92
Rlrythmi
Pttrn

ovmnt

advaning, while others ar reed.ing, others stationary; parts

rise whi.l others fa. And to adil to the intriacy, ojets that
are moving too fast to be visibJ.e, like the spokes of a rapiilly
rotating wheel, may eome visile because.we are not follow.
ing them with our eyes.l In onsequne things aPPear urved',
distorted, longated, and.,.when suh afterations of aPPearane
are essential ingedients of th lesign, thy must be aepted
and usd.
Rhhmi pattern gives the sense of movemnt in a piture,
vn if lookel at upsil down. It is a vry subtle instrument,
anlit an be so designed as to onvy a sense of movemnt in
a partiular diretion and. at a particular speed. How potent it
is is shown in a piture I have in mind. A group is represented
as pulling to the left, ut they form a lesign of whih the
rhhmi patten, no dout unintentio.fly, gives a sense of
mong to the right. Rason Says one thing, but to a sensitive
spetator th pattern says the opposite, antl the Pattern
dominats.
Sine, then, snsiility to rhythm is the soure of our enjoyment, knowldge of what ours' that is, knowltlge that is
sintifi in its essene, ileriveil perhaps from camera or dis.
setion, must be without arrogane, subserent to sensibility,
willing to be set aside rhn it interfers.
lSe hap. i' p. 115.

haptr YII. Art

.The

only PurPoSe of an artisti anatomy is to help the artist

.n the obsrvation of form'. This, the opning sentene of
:his ook, I should like now to molify, by sng that it an
only really do this if it helps the artist to a grater astheti
njoyment of form.
For art is not an observation and rePort of natur.l aPParane aurate in a sintifi sense, but, lik Poetry, is the e.
.not less
prssion of motional erin; poetry whih is
true to nature, beause it is fa-lse in point of facts'. A phrase of
Hazlitt's, who in his letures on the nglish Poets begins by
.Tlre
sang,
best general notion whih I an giv of potry is
that it is the natural imprssion f any ojet or event, y its
r.ividness eiting an invo]'untary movemnt of imagination
and passion, and produing through sympathy a ertain mod'u.
]ation of the voi and sounds expressing it.'
Involuntary! Apparntly artisti oneption is as invo].un.
tary as really fl.ling in lov, varying lik lov in purity, depth.
degree. It is often slight, trivial, temprary, whih is perhaps
why great artists are as rare as the world's great lovrs; for to
be eithr demands great passion, lepth and. onstan. In
mod'ern opinion the fount of a rork of art is the su-::sious. It is there that its oneption ours anil the gni i^:.is
the ingredients and knowledg that it rquires for its d: .. - :.
mnt. So, if our knowllg of anatmy is to be of artis;.: -^...
it must pass into th suonsious and. suffer a har3. 1: -:-.deed muh ordinary experien and muh of our toI.:" - ' _:-.;
aquired knowlilg has -lreaily d.on.
Not nly is the intllt not the fau]tv throu::. .l;:- -- :
93

94,

Art

reate art, musi, or Poetry, .it annot even be trusted. to reognize Poetry when produed and may even hindr its pro.
d.ution'.l The intellet's proper offi in paintirrg is in th
pratial exeution of a rork. For as our spirit is lodgel in a
materi.l boily, so poetry, musi, painting must for their epression use the earthy forms of words, gut, oloured muds.
There is siene in the ution of a work of art, and suess.
ful exeution is the ]ulation of mans to an end', howeve
automati it may apPear, however unonsious it may beome
by prati. The tliffiulty in eeution is the adjustmnt of
thes two lements, intellet and imanation, that is, so to
ontrol our earthy tools and melia that w do not fa]l out of
the stat of imagination and passion; otherwise the shapes,
olours, strokes or brushwork are no longer modulated into
the unity of a work of art, and our piture beomes oldblooiled and litral.
rn art, justifiation is y faith, there is no justifiation y
auray of fat or measurement, and our study of anatom
must not eome a measuring stik, a narrow onsiene
thwarting our imanation, but must e so we understood'
and digestel that w use it unonsiously anil deny it when
need is.
In drawing the artist feels th other side of the bol while
he is drawing the sid that he sees; so let our anatomy e to us
an inner ey, that we may wand'er in imagination beneath the
surfae of the boil, enjoying aesthetia]ly the dsign, th
rhythms, the interpla of the parts of its mobile arhitetur'
and a nw relm f atisti experiene anil enjoyment be
opened to us.
rA. . Housmn, The Namz n.d Nture of Poetrr,

hapter YIII. Glossary

Poll ot N

ar
.o

:I

hh

Poilt+ '

N"h

Bt'oz

l|'/J'
Poinl
te

SouIZzr-Sholl

Thig

stifl

E|o

Leq or

Eohi

Forarnt

F7nh

Kd

ChsnuI

Cannon Bone

Hok

Conno
Bo
FtIoh

Corot

Co"ont

---------=|7.
Hoof----1-

Prts

o1f

th Irors

bdomn. The avity of the body posterior to the ilia.

phragm, whih ontains the stomah, th intestines, the liver
and other organs.
poneuros. A broal fibrous sheet whih serves as a tend'on.
rrn. A term aPPlie.lto the Iumerus.
.wheel'
str6alus (a puey). Th one whih forms the
of th hok joint. See Chap. II. pp. 28 and ,!4.
urs. A synovial ursa is a simple sa lubriated internll.y with snoYia] fluitl, whih is plael at points of pssure,
as where a tend.on passes over a bone.
9

96

Glossary

Clneum: s CIis. Trms for the point of tlr lrok, the

heel. Se Tarsus.
Cnnon one. See etaarpus, and Metatarsus.
Cariniform Crtil6e. It may be d.sribed as th prow of
the breast one. It an be felt between the Anterir Super.
fiial Petor] musles (55): see illustratin of the Thorax, p.
27,}ap.II,
Carpus. The so.alleil .knee' of the fore leg. It relly orresponds to the human wrist and is omposed of seven bons in
two layers. The Pisiform bone at the bak does not arry any
weight, ut servs as a ssamoid bone, enabling the flexors to
work mor effiiently. See pp. 4,4 and,46, anl Pl. 6' P.62.
Crtilgis gristle. It is a firm elasti substane rhih ours
on the end of bones, ab in joints or in the prolongation of the
]ower ends of the ribs, being bon in a transition state. Th
artilage on the top of the shoulder blade forms an elasti
attahment for the musles. See Rhomoileus (52).
Cnlical vertbrr. Th sevenonesof thenek. SeePl. 1,

P.t2.

Ceruil Ligament. The elasti ord and ands whih sup.

Port the hal anl nek. Se Pl. t,p. L2.
Chsnuts. Horny knobs whih our on the inside of the
fore legs aov the knee, and on the insil of the hoks. Poss.
ily the rudiments of lits.
Cocgel vertebr. Thy vary from fourteen to eighteen
in number, from th lrst vrtebra behind the sarum to the
last one at the tip of the tail. When a horse is loked, about
si vrtbre are kept.
Cofi'n Bon. The thirl phalan; it is hidden in the hoof.
Conle. Th term applieil to the enl of a bone that is
some.what ylindrial in sction, forming a hingel joint, suh
as the lbow. Cf.Head of bone.
Coronet. The boriler or rim round the top of the hoof.

Glossary

97

Corcoid Pross. Th knob at the lorer end of the shouller ]ale in front of the shoulder joint from whih th Bieps
Brahii musl (4.7) arises.
Coz, s Cotc, the hip bone, whih is omposeil of the
Ilium, Ishium anl Pubis' The Tuber Coxr forms the knob
of the haunh, whih in a ow is so very notieable. It is the
orin of many important musles of the hinl leg.
Crst. A ridg, an elongated turl. The oipital rest
is at the top of the skull where it joins the nek.
Croup. The upper part of the hind quartrs formed b1, the
itldl Glutaus musle (68) and the inner angle of the Ilium.
See p. 95.
Cuneiform. Wedg-shapil.
Digit, The digit onsists of thre phalanges (the pastern
bons) and the sesamoid bones. The hors has only one d.igit,
whih orrsponds to our midll fingr.
lboul. See Ulna, anilRadius.
rgot. A knob of horn situated just behinil the fetlok
joint, perhaps the vstig of a digit.
,rteror. A mus]e that tnds, opens or straightens a
joint as against a flexor whih loses it. In the as of the fet.
lok, rhen the foot is supporting weight the joint is .overex.
tended', as th pastern bons are pulled beyonl the ]'in of the
annon bone. Fljon of th fetlok onsequently brings
them into line with th leg efor it loses the fetlok joint.
oasion.]'ly extnsor and fleor musles trespass on eah
other's lomain.
Fsi. A sheet of onnetive tissu. oftn, like the Fasia
lata of the thigh, it ats as an aponeurosis, transmitting th
pull of the musls to th bones.
Fmur. Th thigh one. It is artiulateil with th hi
at th top; its lo.wer nd forming with the tibia and knee.ap
th stifle joint.

Plt 10. Musls of the Chest and Nk

|The numbers printd

er th n'mes o1f muscls r the numbrs oif th othr plts in hih th mwcles apper.
Th pltes in u,hich the musles re bst shouln ie numbrd' in heuit. tpe.f

Nnbers

Nnbrs
Colours
of tln Muscles

ad. Colurs
of th Muscls

and,

19. Yellow Sterno-cephlicus. P|'

7, 2, 5.

t' B|ue StrnoThrro-Iroideus'

15D. auve mo-Hoideus,P|' 7,2.
76, Green Culneous musle o1f the nech.P|.5.

19. Yellor Splnius.PL. |, 5.

0. Geen Eternl obliqu o1f the .,Ibdomen.
Pr.215,7rg.
55. Geen Ltissimtas Dorsi. Pl. 5' 4',5.

Red

Mstoido-Irumerlis.P|' 1,5,+'5,
3. Yellow z('nterior SupeiI Peorl, P|, 2,
,s.

5,5.

56. Blue Postior Supecil Pectorl. Pl. 5, 6.

7' Green ntrior Deep Pctorl.P|, 2' +, 5.
38. Red Postrior Dep Ptorl.PI,2,5'4.,5.
41. Blue 9uprspintus.Pl.2,4.
.l2. Red Infrspintus'P|. 2, 4.

,15. Red

46. auve
47. Green
49. Blue
50. Mauve
51. Yellow
5. Mauve

Ters Mjor. Pl..|..

Corco-brchiIis. P|. 4.
Bicps brachii. P|. 2, 4, 6, || .
Brchilis ntictls, PI, 2, 5, 4, 6.

Tensorfsci ntibrchii, Pl.

4.' 6.

Trieps Brhii.PI. 2,52 4, 6' 77.

Ertrnl RdiI Erteror (E. crpi

radtIis), P|. 2, 5' +' 6, |1,

54. Green Common Digitl Ertensor (Ezt, pedis).

Pl.215, +r 6,71.
5- Yellow Ltrl Digitl Ertnsor (Ezt. digiti
quinti).PI.2'5' 4,,.
59. Blue
Eternl Flegor oif th Metcrptts
(Ezt. crpi ulnarts). PI. 2, 5, 4., 6.
92b. B]e
rugulr in, P|. 7, 2, ,

tleps

nteilo oP Petorol 37

rso Fosio
ntibrohii 50

5UrospiotUJ 4,
Dep
Petorql 37
^ntr.

lfrospino|s 4z

lulu|or vln lD

sGtno-pholi!s

rcs |ojor 45

iolis 46

1o5toido.

umro|is 4

lotissimus Dorsi
C ut

oeou

xtrol ob,ique

of t}re Adom 0o

u|6o

osrotdo'
11umerol 34

trieps Brochii 5|
Ptoro! 35
^n||.\upcr|(|oI

Brahioli| 49

Xtrol

Rdioi 5]

An|||oI

suprr|iol
PetoroI J5

ips

47

ttsor
tero

Posrrr Super|9!:-Pe|aIol

rerol Rod!

tnsor

3l

o[ lhe

Cutoous musJe

o[ th Nk

17

5/

fleor 59

Lol.rol,

tesor 55

o Dig/

teosor 54

Deep Petorol J8

Glssary

99

Ftloch. The joint etr'een the annon orre (the metaar.

pus, or metatarsus) antl the upper pastern (first phalanx); the
sesamoid ons lie hinil it.
Flror. A musle that flexs or loses a joint. See Etensor
above.

Fibut. A thin on about tw-thirls of the length of the

Tibia to the outer sile of .whih it is atthel.
Forerm. Its bones ar the Radius, and the Ulna.
i'ossa. A asin-shapel d'epression.
Fro7. The welge.shapeil form at the bak of the sole of the

foot; it is formed. of the most flexible horn of the whol hoof.

Gshin, Th part of the hind leg bet.ween the stifle and
hok, of rhih the Tibia forms the bone.
Glenoid Cllitjr. The sha]low soket at the bottom of the
shoulder blade whih artiulats with the head. of the humerus; or the grooYe n the skull rhih reives the onlyle
of the jaw bone.
Hnd. A term of measurment; it equals four inhes.
Hd of Bo. A rounled kno that forms the artiulation, as opposelto a ondyle whih has a long bearing.
Hoch. The joint on the hinl lg bet.wen the stifle and the
fetlok. The point of the hok is th ig lever of the hind les.
Se Tarsus and laneus.
Hoof . The horny substane of th foot on whih th horse
stand.s. It orrespnd.s to the nail of our third finge.
Iliurn. The large bone whih forms th sile of the pel
girdle. At the top it joins th saral vertebrre forming a rigil
mass rith thm. Its point, the Tubr Coxe, makes the point of
the haunh, and it forms with the Ishium and. Puis the
avity in .whih the head of the thigh bone turns.
Ischiurt,. The ntl bone of th pels whih forms the point
of the uttok.
,Knee,.
Se Carpus.
Knee-Cp. S Patella.

100

Glossary

Ligamnt, Ligaments are the binling banls whih tie the

bons together. The intriay and ingenuity of thir arrangemnt at the joints is vry striking. Though flxible they are in

priniple inelasti. Certain ligaments are elasti, suh as the

era] ligament (11) anil the Sesamoidean gaments, whih
y their elastiity lift the foot as soon as it leaves the grountl.
Lumbr vrtebrr. There ar six just in front of the sarum. Thir transverse Proesses are Yery developl for the
attahmnt of the strong musls whih form the shape of the
loins (see illustration , p. 53, Chap. II).
Mtcrpus. The large bone of the fore leg between the
.kne,
and the fetlok joint. It is a]led the third metaapal
bone, th inside and outsiile splint bones attahed to it eing
a]'lel the seond and fourth metaarpals eause thes bones
orrespond to the three middle bones whih frm the ak of
the human hand, the bones of the seond, thirl and fourth
fingers, th thumb anillittle fingr having disappared in th
horse.

Mettrsus. Th annon one of th hinl leg. The large

bone etween the hok antl the fetlok. It is a]ld the third

metatarsal bone, the inside and outside splirrt bons attaIred

to it being alld t]r sond and fourtlr mtatarsals. Ths
bones orespond to the three midille bones of the frve whih
form the instep of the human foot.
Naiculr Bone. A sma.].l sesamoid one whih lis ehind
the artiulation of the seond pastern and offrn bones. The
Perfoans F]exor (61' 87) plays over it.
Nr'. The nea sid. of a horse is a trm for th left side.
the sile on whih a hors is usully mounted.
ccipitl Bon. .The highest part of th skull whih artiulates behinlrith the atlas bone.
,off'. The off sile of a horse is a term for its right side. Se
.Nr'.
,

Glossary

101

Pastr. See Pha]anx.

PtlI. The knee-ap. The sma]l one whih plays ove
the front of the lower nl of the thigh bone (femur) to failitate the ation of the tendons that etenl the stifle joint, in
whih it is embeldetl.
Phalnz, or Pastern. The three bones elor the fetlok
joint, whih orrespond to the thre end joints of our midille
finger.
Pisiform Bon, or Aessory Carpal. Se Carpus.
Proess. A general term for a prominene' more exatly a
prolongation of a bone.
Pubis. The bone that forms the base of the pelvi gidle.
See Ilium.
Rd,itls. The large bone of the forearm to whih the ulna
is welled. These two bones in th human arm are seParate'
whih gives us the power of turning the hanl over (see P. 58).
Rlbs. There ar usually eighteen on ah sile of the horse.
Artiulated with th bakbone at the top, thy ae onneted.
by artilage to the brast on and eah other, whih ves
them lierty of movment as in breathing.
Scrurn. It is a solid mass of fiv vertera to rhich the
ilium is firmly attahed.
Scapul, The shouliler blade.
Ssmoid. A term for bones that give lverage to the ation
of the musles; more espei.lly the sm]l bons ehind' the
pasterns-whih help the play of the tendons. They moYe bak.
ward's and forward's on the fetlok joint, being attahed to the
first phalan.
Sesmoiden Ligrnnfs. See Ligament.
Shoulder BI.d. The top bone of the fore lim, the sapula.
Sins. An ai avity in a one, suh as the large aties in
the skull, rhih ommuniate with the outer air, liretl o
intliretly though th nose.

ro2

Glossarv

Skull.Is reJ.ly formd of several bones, but from the artist's

point of w may be onsiderd a unit.
Spine.Is a pointed pross.
Sp|int Bon. See MetaarPus and tatarsus.
Sternurn. The breast bone.
Stifl. The joint bt.ween the femur and the tibia. It orrespnds to our kne joint, being the true knee, rhih the .knee'
of the fore leg is not.
Smphysis. The union of to simi-lar bones joined y
fibrous artilage, as the Symphysis Pubis.
SjrnouiI shths and rnembranes are ]ubriated hannels
for the tendons, and overings for the joints.
Trsus, or hk, is omposed of six bones. This onstrution
givs it elastiity to meet the tremend.ous strains to rhih it is
subjeted. The Astragalus bone, the pulley, is the nearest
approah to a whel that .we finl in the onstrution of the
horse (se pp. 28,44.).
Tndon. It is the inelasti string or band y whih a musle
is attahed.
Thih. S Femur.
Thorz. Thhestof thhorse (se p.27).
Tibi. The bon that lis betrru.n the stifle joint and the
hok. S Fibula.
Trochntr, A name for big prominenes, .g. on the
fmur.
Trochl. A ulley-lik artiulation. See for instane
Tarsus.
luber. A large rounded projetion, as Tubr Calis, the
point of the hok.
Uln. The bone whih forms the elbow. See Radius.
vertbr. The bons whih o,,'Pose the vertra] olumn
from the top of the nek to the tip of the tai]. The vertebrl
olumn.is for onvniene tliiled into the following setions:

Glossary

705

seYen ervia] verterre of the nek; eighten thorai vr.

i:ibs; six lumbar vertebra whih
form the loins; five saral vertebrre reldd into a solid nrass;
si:teen oygeal on an aYerage, whih inlule the tail.
Xiphoid Crtilge. The posterior tip of the strnum, it fa]ls
und,er the rth.

tebrr rhih arry the

hapter Ix. Notes on the Tet

FromChpter I,pg 1.
Weight on
The proportion of a horse's weight aried by the fore feet
For nd anl hind feet is approximately 5 to 4. And the fore legs also
Hind Lirnb arry two.thirds of a rider's weight, if the iler is sitting ack,
and even more of a jokey's weight, sine jockeys took to
perng like monkeys on the dthers, a se introtluel y
the suessful Amerian rid'er, Tol Sloan, towards the end of
the nineteenth entury.
The position in whih th horse's heal is hell auses, it is
stated, onsideral variations in the wight arrid by th
fore lgs. If th read.er is interested to pursue the sujet furthr he ri]l fintl it disussed at length in Goubau and Bar.
rier's Ertrior of the Horse.
From Chpter II, pge 14,
Instantanous photography has made lear what really
TIl lmp
ours in animal motion. It shows that a hors does not employ
th.e jump when he gailops, as fast-running anima]s suh as
d.eer, hares and greyhounds do, meaning y a
i,,.P the ation
in whih the hinl legs are the last to leave the grountl (1) e.
fore the period of suspension in the air (9), anlthe foe legs
the first to neet it again (3). It is in this order that a horse
employs his legs.when he atully jumps, wheras he loes th

Nots on th Txt

105

opposite rhen he gallops; for then his fore legs are the last to Tfu G|lop
leave the ground bfor the peod of suspnsion, and his hintl
legs the first to strike it again.
The advantage of this latter methotl of progression is that
only a short art of the strile is spent in suspension in the air,
the horse being suppoted' on the grounil dung the rest of
his striile sometimes by two legs, sometimes by one. A stride
is the distane ovred betreen one footf]l and the next footf]l of the same foot. The following is a rief statement of a
hose's giloP, whih the skethes ri]l help to eplain.
After his period of suspnsion in the air (4.) a horse lands,
let us say' on his right hinl leg (5)' anil is supportel by it
alone until he puts down his lft hinl
leg (6)'.when he advans on the two to.
gether; as the right hinil leg leaves the
gounl, the left hinl lg is at the point

at whih it passes from the position of support to that of pro.

pulsion, so at this moment he puts down the right front
leg (7) and tavels on the tro legs togethe, until at the moment
that the fore leg becomes upight, the left hind leg in its turn
leaves the ground (s). Now h is supported by the ight fore
leg alone, until he puts down the othe fore leg (9), when he
advanes on both togethe up to the time of the last phase (10);

106
Th Gllop

tion of the
Gryhound

Nots on th Txt

then the right for leg is lifteil, laving th left fore leg
to finish the strid by itself and omplte the projetion of

the hors into the air for the priol of suspension, after whih
h lanils on his right hind ig again (5)' to rPeat the seris
of movements.
Th legs whih mad.e th gratest efforts wer the right
hind leg and the fore leg, the .leading'leg, whih was the last
to leav th ground, for they in turn suPportei the hors
rithout help. Threfore a ridr maks his mount hange from
tim to time the leg on rhih he leads, to ve the legs an
equl share of .work.
It is beause he is supported in this way, and his body travels
most of th time on the same lvel, that a horse ombines end'uran so rmarkably with speed. Th gratst ffort in
animl loomotion is th throwing up and athing of th
boly during th priod of suspnsion; for rhih reason a gryhound tires quikJy, having two priods of suspenqion in a
strid, one of them of great lngth.
Lt us look at th sequene of a greyhounl's movements,
beginning with his longer priol of suspension in th air (11).

Sine it is a true jump, he lands on one of his fore legs (12),

quikly puts down the othr for leg and immediately, befor
his hind legs an rah the grunl, projets himself into the
air again (15) for his sond and shorter priod of suspnsion.
This time his ation is in priniple th same aS that f the
hors, for it is his fre legs that have liftd his forhand into
the air, anl his hinl lgs that ath him on lanling. This

Nots on the Txt

to7

sond period of suspension (r4.) is very short, however, for

the hind lgs, having been rought right in front of his fore
lgs by the arhing of the loins, take the ground a.lmost immliately. This position, whih is illustratel in sketh (15), is
very harateristi of a greyhound.'s ation. He is bent ]ike a
spring in preparation for the ig j,.P, his longer prioil of
suspension, whih forms hlf of his stride (11). For when he
]ands on his hinl legs after his lessr suspension he does not
run smooty, on hind legs and fore legs in sequen, as a horse
does, but straightway jumps from his hinl legs into the air,
lifting himslf a onsidrale height from th ground' His
jumping ation makes him a good sprinter, vry quik off
the mark, but it tires him very rapidly.
A greyhound. ovring ten feet in his total stride overs fiv
ft in his .jurrp' (11), two feet between th footfalls of his
fore lgs (19), two feet in his net suspension (14), followl by
a steP of a foot between his hinil lgs (16). Thus he is in the
ai rith a]l his legs off the ground for an aggregate distane of
seven feet out of the ten!
Aording to Muybridge, a hors strid'ing 22 ft. 10 ins.
overs 6 ft. 6 ins. in th air (a),3 ft. 10 ins. bet.rveen his hintl
feet (6), 7 ft.6 ins. betwen the hind foot and the diagonal fore
foot (7), and 5 ft. between his for fet (9). Thus he is in the air
only for rather more than a quarter of his total stride. As the
tot] strile is given as taking ,44 of a seond., anl th periolof
his suspension as .088, he travels in the air at a rate that is
quiker than his aYerage rate when he is in ontat with the
ground, anl his susnsion takes only a fifth of the tot.l
time of the stride, less than one-tenth of a seond. The

lift required to arry him over so short a priod of

sus-

pension is very small, hardly ilisturbing the level flor of his

ation.
It may make some of the ation learer if we think of the
fore and hind quartrs as separate units, like the two ators

ction of

th

Grjrhound

Period of
Suspnsion

Plt

. Diagram

of th Musles
of th Fre and Hind Limbs
11

er the futms o1f muscles re th numbrs of tfu

in uhich the mltscles ppetr. The plts in thich th muscls

|The numbers printed

other pltes

re bst

shou-,n

re numbered in huir t2,p'f

Nnbers
Colours

and,

of t} MusIs

59D. auv Serrtus Thorcis.Pl.2,5' +, 5.

47. Green Biceps brchit.PL.2, 4, 6, |0.
51a. Yellow Trieps, long head,PI. 2' 5, +, 6.
51D. Yellow Tricps, eternal hd.P|.2' 5, +,6, L0.

52. Red nconeus. Pl.,l.,6.

55. auve Ezternl Rdil Eztensor (Ezt. crpirdilts). PI.2,5,+,
6, 10.

54. Ge Common Digitl Eztensor (Ezt. pdis), P|. 2' 5, +, 6' |o.
60. Red Superficil Dil Fleror (Pertus) ndchek ligrnert,
61

. Mav

Pl..+,,6.
Dp Digitl Fltor (Perans) and check ligment. Pl. 4' 6.

69. Blue Suspsoryr Ligrnent.Pl, 6.

66. auve Tensor1fscir ltr. P|. 5' 7, 8.
68a. lvlauve Middle Glutrus.Pl. 2, 7 I 8.
70. Red Bicps Fmorz.s. Pl. 5,7'9' ||.
71. Gren Semitndtno.szs. Pl. 2, 5'7, 8, 9.
72. Bhte Semimembranosns. Pl. 917rEr9.
79a. Red Rectus Femorls. Pl. 21 5, 7 ,8, 9.
79D. Yellow Erternl vsttts (. lterlis). P|' 2, 5, 7' 8,
80a. Blue Gstrocnmius.P|.2,5,7,8'g.

80D.
--- Blue *&l ft; JTendo hillis, see Gstronemius (80) p.77

9.

81. Red Solus.P|,2'5,7'9.

82. Red Pronrus Trt. Pl. 7, 8,9.
84. Green Long Digitl Eztelor.Pl.2.
86. Red Supecil Digitl Flzor (Peratus). Pl. 7' 8' 9.
87. auve Deep Digital Flzor (Perns). PI.2,5,7,9.
89. Blue Susprory Ligznt.P|.9.

lddl Clutoeus 68o

5houldr-blod

Hip joint

,
'

Jgb

orocotd
Pros s

Semtre

. frrcps'

Daonosus
72

Lon hod

-'

5lo

cpt

70

Rtus fm

dur!'

terno|

..

.-

voss 79b

Bips 17...
I r|Ds| ..
lt.rnol hod 5lo

-..':..
: ...

Aonus...

\)

Dp fleol

Rodius

-Prfolons

.-.-

."

Prforotus 60
ond hk
Ligomrnt

&ips

.o||s /U

fndo Achil|
GosIro(rcl!5
Solus 8I, Flot
Perforotus 86

87

Pcronous
Terrius 82

Prfo|o|5 E

Prforos 6I
onnon Bo..

suspnsor

Ligoent 67

ommoo Digttol
|nsor 51
((u(

5somotd
Eo

Po't.nJ]

( Pho|o

,.

.'Prforos

.ond

od hck
Ltgom.nl

Il

hk

Ligomnr
5uJp5orf

ligmet

Long Digito!
tensor 84 (ut)...
I Pholo

PoslrJt

::

89

-.

5somold
8oe

87

Nots n th Tt

109

onea]ed in the stag donkey, though, of ours, mor losely rump nd

GlIop
oupld and interd.pendent.
In a trot the artnrs run with opposit legs. Bi]'l's right leg
to Tom's left, Bill's left to Tom's right. It is th smoothest
way for two men to arry anything.
In a galloP Bi]t and Tom at at different times, Tom the
hind quarters laping first, Bi stepping out widely as he feels
Tom athing him up, leaping in his turn efre Tom has
retuned to th ground, so that for a momerrt they are bth in
the air togethr. Their movments rePresent a horse's ation
very lsely, for a horse,s fore legs hurry, just as Bill.lid, whn
the quartrs, thrown up anlfor.ward with addtlmomentum,
press forwards on to then. Photgraphy anil the position of
his footfa]ls sho.r that at eah stride the fore feet take a onsid.
eraly wider step than lo the hintl feet. Thus, in a gallop, as
pposed to a jump, it is apparently the for lgs whih undertake the aelerated propulsion f the forehand. In a jump, or

the long period of suspension of a greyhound.'s ation, the

for legs, when raising the forehand, annot really add to its
aelration, as they must onform to the spel of the hinl
uarters, whih are in the air or just taking the grountl; thus
th forehand has to .wait in the air for the thrust of the hinl
quarters to add to its aleration. Bill, that is, jumps into the
air and Tom prope]s Bill's weight as wll as his own.
Th advantage of a horse's method of galloping is that oth
fore and hind lgs shar in the dutis of supporting and propelling the body.
Th stiffness of the onstrution of a hors's bak and loins,
-whih suits his ation, as a greyhound's suppleness
suits his
undulating laps, rnakes it possible for a horse to arry the
weight of a rider.
Th ation of a anter is similar to that of a gallop, in that The Cnter
the horse on landing aftr suspension is on one hinl lg and
efbre suspension on one fore, but it differs in that he has at

110

The Trot

Th WIh

Legv.
Whel

Horse-Pousr

Nts on th Txt

times three legs on th ground, whih never ours in a gallop.

Th slorer the pae the greater the ned for support.
In a trot eah fore foot, rith a liagonal hind foot, is liftel
alternately; the horse being, in a fast tot, twie ffthe ground
in a strile. As it is a very level motion, the hors an keep up
a trot for a long whil.
In a walk, as it is the slorst Pae, a hors requirs a great
amount of support, and is on thre lgs anl two a.lternately;
in a very slow walk he lifts only one leg at a time, having
always three and, somtims eyen four fet on the ground.
onsieur arey, by an apparatus attahed to a horse's feet,
plottel exatly the time that each fot was on the ground in
the lifferent PaeS. Some of his diagrams are given in Gou.
eau and Barrier's Ezterior of th Horse, if the read.er rishes
to pursue the subjet. I think th artist is etter employed in
wathing the paes and seeing what they looh lih to him.

From Chpter II,pg 76.

It is beause it is liftl at every strid tht the leg has this
freedom of movement, therey gaining an advantage over the
wheel; for th priniple of altering their relative positions an.
not be appliel between the hub of a rheel anil the oily of a
ar, sine the propulsive agent, the lring wheel, is uninter.
ruptedly in ontat with the ground.
From Chnpter II, p5e 79.
Horse.powe: .II.P.'is so familiarly usetl nowadays in relation to motor ars that it is interesting to learn that a horse, a
vagu enough term, an devlop 27 h.p.
In Amria they hav ompetitions, whih, it is stated,
exite normous intrest, to test the orer of draught horses.
A .Trator Dynamometer' is used, to whih the horses ar
harnessed. It reods the total Power exerted, by a team of
horses and ]so that of ah membr of the tearrr.

Nots on th

Txt

LI|

It is argued that lraught.horse breding has not made the Hors-Pousr

same Progress as raehorse breeding beause the dams and
sires ar not hosen for atual performane. Raehorses are
slted for stud on their

known qualities of

sped,

endurane, t.' these eing

julgel on th reorded performanes of themselves and

their forbears. Draught

horses hv en sleted on
th opinion of julges uPon

their onformation, without

th corretive of ompetition

and the tsts that suh

mahine would giv.

From Chptr II, p. 21.

The ation of these mus.
les is a gooilinstane of how
diverse th appliations of
the fore of a single mus.
Bicps Ftnois
le an be.
(o, b' c. '' d)
The Bieps femoris (70), shoan thtrc
for instan, has four points Sitn.dinosu,s
shon ttr _
of attahment (see Pls. 8, 11)
originating from the rump
and buttok: it is insrted (a)
on the ak of the femur; (D)
on the knee-ap; () on the tibia; anil (d) sends a tendon
to the hok.
Though at frrst sight its pull at these various points may
apPear ontraditory, they really all ontribute to the eten.
sion of the hind leg; starting with the foot as our fixed point
w s that th tendon () y pulling on th hok tnds th

Multipl
ction of
Musle

rt2

Nots on the Txt

tiia on the annon bone ; net (' c) pulling the tiia, antl (D)
pulling the kne-ap to.wards th uttok, extends the stifle
joint anl a]so etenls the hip joint; (") by pulling ak the
femur extends the hip joint only.
Thus th Bieps femoris, ating by itself, an extnd. a the
joints of the hinl leg simultaneously.
The Semitndinosus (71), though less omplex than the
preeling musle, etend.s hok, stifle and hip joints simu]taneously. Its insertions on the rest and thg fasia of the tibia
at like setions , c of the Bieps, and its tendon to the hok
ats lik the Bieps' tendon (d).

From Chapter II, p6e 26.

The rheel tloes not have to dea] with the .ruth' or
Rise nd
Fll of .broomstik' tliffru, sine its .legs', the spokes, trail, so to
,1..
Fetloch

speak, on th im and so maintain th axle always at th same

height aove the ground.
In the first skth three positions of the lorer enl of the
annon bon anl of the tip of a spoke are omParil with eah
othr. the ris anl fall of the annon bone in rlation to th.

Notes on the Txt

775

ground bing effetl y the play of the Pastens' as th rrse

anl fall of the spoke is by th urvatur of the wheel.
Fo i.]'lustration's sak the hoof is d'rarn in thre fifferent
positions on the grounl, whih of ourse do not our in a single
stride; the movements of
th pasterns and ftlok

joints rally take plae

oYer a statina hoof as
in the seond. sketh.
From Chpter /I, pge

I mention this to

test
)rour Powers of oservation. The phenomnon is
offered you very timyou
are among wheeled taffi.

I arn not referring to the momentary visibil of

ltsibilit.
WheI
Spohs

the

whels of a passing ar, whih, I think, everyone must hav

notied, whih is due to a sudden moYement of our head,
and is eplaind as follows. When ou folloul a ar vith
your eyes, the image f th wheel is held ontinuusl on
the sam part of th retina, so that the sua] impessions re.
ived' from the spkes are superirnposed on the after imags of previous impressions, resulting in a lur. If our
hatl is sudiln.ly displaetl y a jerk (the shok of the im.
pat of your fot uPon th grounl is often suffiient), the
image of the whel is transfrred to a fsh pat of the
retina, whih bing free of its after images gives an .instantaneous photograph' of th rhel rith its spokes dearly seParate' to be foord immliately b the norma-l impession
of blur.
Th partiular phenomenon to whih I eferred, as a test
for your powers of observation, is as follows, and I shall be
surprised' if you have notied it.

of

774
Nots on th Tt
isibilit of
When a ar or biyle is apprahing fix your eyes uPon
Spokes some point on th road near its ourse, seleting the spot so
that the vehi]e will pass .ithin your fiell of sion. To keep
your ys steatlily on the road may nd. some determirratiorr,
ut if you suel you rill se the spokes quite distin at
the ottom of th rvheel. They may aPPar urved, or even to
riss-ross a little, thre are variations of aPPearan due to
differne of sped and other fators, ut you will se the
spokes distintly, even spokes as thin as those of iyles.
Above th hu I have not seen them. This is not du, I
think, to their eing lost by oming against the botly of the
ar, for the spoks of iyle wheels, whih have the same bakground aove th hu as below it, are not visible at the top.
The invisibility of spokes at the top is due to the yloitl
movemnt of the whl, rhih auses its upper hlf to advane

rotate-more rapilly than th lowr half whih is in

-not
ontat rith

the road.
Another effet aused. by th cyloil movement is that the
im of the wheel appears as if flattened along the roail some-

what like the sketh,

if

seen more from

above like the seond
sktch. These aPPear.
anes are not due to any

anl

is,

atua]. flattening of a pneumati tyr, for they are equally

notiable with the iron t5e of a horse-drawn vehile.
As .we hav gone so far, it may be interesting to seek the
ause of thse aPPearanes.
Sine the eye is fixelly wathing a spot on the oad., the a
rosss our visual fiell, anilblurring, due to the superposition
of images, is eliminated, beaus the whee] is ontinually sen
y fresh parts of the retina.
It has een suggested to me that the aove eplanation is
probably inorrect, sin it is so liffiu]t for the human e)re

Nots on th Tet

!1,5

rrot to follow movirrg ojts, that it is almost etain that trlisibilit of

one's eys do follor the ar. Without going into iletail, let me Spohs
say that this is not onvining, as th phnomenon may b
sen simultaneously in vhiles going opposite ways !
If the xprimenter finds great diffirrlty in priving these
aPParanes, it is possibly du to his being untrained to pay
attention to visual imprssions reeived. near the priphery of
his retina, to his bing unable onsiously to notie what his
eys offer him, .hih is, I think, one of the faultis whih
make the artist. At any rat y this eperiment lre an test his
Po]/r of observation, and' if suessful rea]ize how habitually
one an fail to see what one'S eyes are ontinually rporting.
Whih disovery shull prsual lrim to trust the artist more,
whn he shows him effets that h finds unfamiliar, and may
lead him to disovr for himslf, that many of the urvatures,
longations, distortions of apparane aused. by movement ar
as essential a part of its intrst and beauty, as is the apparnt
altration f a olour aording t the olours that surround.
antl ontrast rith it.

Bibliography
The Hd nd Nch of th Horse, by o. harnok Bralley.
Y\t. Green & Son, dinburgh.
The Limbs of th Horse,, by the same authr.
Th ntorrry of th'e Domesti nimals, by Septimus Sisson.
W. B. Saunders.
h Eztrior of th Horse, y Goubeau and Barrier.
The Horse in Motion, by J. D. B. Stillman. osgool.
Points of the Rehorse, by Majr.Gener-l Sir Jhn Iills.
Wm. Blakrood.
The Horse: Guid to its ntom, y llenerger, Baum

anilDittrih.

tls der z{ntomie

ds

Pfrdes, Shmaltz.

Inde
Ation of fore leg,2, t4' I05; anter, 109
arpus, 5
lf hinl leg, 1, 18, 105
ervia] ligament, 99
Aroplane, 9
Chretodon
Rostratus, 9
Ala artilage,55,56
hek tendons,24
Artiulations, 41
hest,27
Astragalus - 26, 28, 4,4,
ollar
borrs, 8
Atlas one, 6,36, 7
Automati suPPort of bly, orrespondene of for arrd
hind limbs, S
t0, tt, 13, 25; of shoulder, 16
Deer, 2+r 2'c, t0+
Axis bone, 71 56
Donkey,6

Bak,5,28'29,37

Duhoussetr SS

Bak tendons,21
Ba]l anil soket joints, 45
Barsr 56
Bary, 85
Bell, Sir harles, The ntom of rprssion,54
Borres, of th fore leg, 2' 75,
3+, 38, +' 4.+14; of the
hind lg, 2' 9' 4't, 43,

D[rer,

agl, 10
ar, 80
lips,84
Elbr,44
llnerger, Baum and Dittrich, Thr Horser lt6

y,

++) 4,7,4.8

81

Bradley, The IIed nd Nh Fae,55

of tI Horse; Th Limbs Fet, 3
of th Hos, |16
Fetlok, 2L' 25; oYr.etnsion of, 2!, 25r 96; and
annon bone, 39
rim of wheelr l72
177

Index

718
Fibula,58
oal, 86
Footr3r 26
Forearmr SS
Fore leg, 10r 7+) 48,49
Frog, 14

Gallop, 105, 109

Jump, 104
Knee, 5) tt15+,

++, 4,5r 4,6,

4,9

Knee-ap, 4.t' 4'8

Legs,7+,2t,8
Leorrardo da Vini,

Gubeau and Barrier, Th Level mvemnt of body,26

rterior of the Hors, Ligaments, SS
I8, |7, t16

Greyhound,

104,, 106

Mahines, made y man, 9

Marh Viking, 59
Marey, 18, 110

Hair, growth of ,87

Hazlitt,95
ailla,7
Had, 7, 5; swirrg of the, 51; eissonier.90
measurement by'heads', Movement, Chap. VI,88
85
Musles, Chap. IV, 50; res.
HiIs, Sir John, Points of th
end'o ation of ,521' of.
Rclrse, |16
hinil limb. 112
Hinil \e9r15,18,4,8
Tlre numbers ln brhets
Hinges,44
efer to the desriptions of
Hip joint, 42,45
the musles on pp. 55-85
Hok, ation of, 19, 28,4.2,
Abilominal tuni, (99)
44r 4,7
Adilutor Femoris, (76), 1g
Iloof,5,39
Anoneus, (52), L7
Hors-power, 110
Bieps Brahii, (47)
Housman, A. .' 94.
Bieps Femoris, (70), t9,
48,51, ttt
Inelasti tissues, 10
Brahialis Antius, (49)
Intllet, 93
Buinato (6)' 53
Capsularis Brahialis, (a8a)
Jaw, 6, 6,5+
Fmoris' (48b)
-Cervia] ligament, (lt)' 29
Joints, variety of ,4'2

Ind
Musles{orrtinud)
omplexus, (21)
orao-Brahialis, (,}6)
Cutanous of the Ablomen, (1Ob)
of th Nk, (16a)
-Deltoid, (4,0)
Digital xtensor, Anterior
or Lng, (8+),2I
ommon, (5,l), t5,2|
- Lateral, (55), (55), 2\
-Digital leor, Deep (Perforans), (6t)12t, 24
Dep (Prforans), (s7),

2t,2+

Long, (87)
Superfiial (Prforatus),
(6),

2t,23

Superfiial (Perforatus),
(86),21, 2+
Flexor Hal]uis Lnsus
(Perforans), (s7-)
Gastronemius, (80a), 19,

2t
Gemelli, (78)
Gluteus, Dep, (69)
iddle, (68a),
- Superfiiat, (67)t9, 5L
-Grailis, (74)
Iliaus, (64.b)
Ilio-Psoas, (64)
Infraspinatus, (42)
Interosta]s, xternal,
(25b)

L19

s-(o rr tin u e d)
Intrtransvsales ]li,
(14)

1\4us l

Latissimus Dorsi, (55), 15,

29

Levator of th Upper Lip,

/-\
(c)
Levator of the Upper Lip
and Nostril, (9)
Longissimus apitis et Atlantis, (20),52
Longissimus Dor.si, (97),
29, 3

Longus olli, (15)

Lower Lip, Deprssor of,
(5)
Masseter, (7),7, 35, 5
astoido-humeralis, (54),

19,31
Metaarpus, xternal
Fleor f, (59)
Middl Flexor of, (5s)
- olique xtnsor
of,
- (6)
ultifidus erviis, (99)
Multifidus Dorsi, (gB)
Nose, Later] Dilator of, (8)
Superior
of, (g)
- TransverseDilator
Dilator oi
- (10)
obturator ternus, (7 7 b)
Internu s, (77 c)
-Oblique of the Abdomen,
xternal, (50), 5

lndex

120

Musles-(ontinued)
oblique of the Ad.omen,
Internal, (50b),3

oblique of the Heal, Anteior, (24)

pg51g.io(23)
-Omo-hyoitleus, (15b)
orbiular of the Mouth, (1)
Petineus, (75)
Petoral, Anterior Deep,
(37), t5
AnteriorSuperfiial,(5 )

p951g1ior Deep, (58), 1

Posterior Superfiial,
(56)

Perforans, (61)' 15' 2I,2,

26; (87),21',2
Perforatus' (60)' t, 2t, 25;
(86),24
Peronreus Tertius, (89),
L5, t9,20r 21
Piriformis, (680)
Popliteus, (88)
Psoas ajor, (6aa)
inor, (65)
Quadratus Fmoris, (77 )
Lumborum, (65)
-Quadrieps Femoris, (79)
Radial, xterna]. xtensor,
(55)
fn{g11al Flexor, (57)
-Retus Alominis' (51)

Femoris,(79)
Ctis , (17)

ffi5g|g5-(ontinuetl)
Rhomboideus, (52), t5' I
Sartorius, (75)
Semimembranosus, (72),
19

Semitendinosus, (7 t), t9,

5L, ttl
Serratus erviis, (9 ), t5,

I' 52

Thorais, (59b),

t|,

t6,2+
Posterior,(25)
-Soleus, (81)
Spinalis, (27)
Splenius, (19),52
Sterno-ephalius' (1 9)
Sterno-Thyro-Hyoideus,

(l5,)
Susapularis, (44)
Supraspinatus, (41)
Suspensory ligamen t, (62),
(89)' 13' 2t,2
Tenlo Ahillis, (80b)' t9'

2lr

4'8

Tensor Fasir Lata, (66),

25

Anti-brahii' (50)

-Teres

ajor, (4)
Minor, (43)
-Tibil tensor, Anterior,
(85)
Posteriorr(87b)
-TransversaLis Costarum,
(e6)

Ind
Mus]es-(ontinued.)
Trapezius, ervial part,
(18)' \5
Dorsal part, (18b), 16
-Trips Brahii,
ternal
Head, (51b), t7
fn1grnal Head, (51)
- Long Head, (51),14,

t27

Proesss, 6, 29, 38; illustra.

tionrSS

Quarters, 10

Ribs,7, 29r67
Rubensr 89

t6) 17
Sarum, 6,25
Vastus, xternal, (79b)' 18, Shmaltz, tlas dr ntomi
19,4g
ds Pfrd.s, 116
Interna|, (79), 18' 19,
Siene, 1,91
- 4,8
Sesamoid Bones, 23,4t
Zgoatius, (4)
Ligannts,96
-Shouldr blade, 8; sliling of
Muybridge, I07
Natural llistoy Museum,
5
Nek, ons of, 5, 6' 29, 56
Nostrils, 5'56,55,5+

ovrtension of th fetlk,
27,251 26

Parthenon Frieze, 90
Parts of th horse, 95
Pasterns, 2tr 25r 59, 4,7; and
rheel, 119
Pelvis, 25,32, ' 8
Persimmonr 26
Photography, instantanous,
89, go

Pivot pint, 16

th, 16
Shoulder joint, +2, +3
Sisson, The z1ntomjr of th
Domstic ntm'als, 50,

r16

Skeleton, hap. III'35

Skullr T, 55
Sloan, jokey, 104
Spiral progression, 28
Spke, ation of for |eg,

1'43

ation of hind leg, 19;

visibility of moving, 115
Stifle, ation of, 19, 4+, +7
Stillman, Tlrc Horse in Mo-

tio,I16

Tail, bons of, 5

Tangntial ation of musles,
r5

r22
Tho'-a-' 27

Inde

Tiia,58,9
Trait lu Noril daught lrorse,
.,20
Trohanter,41
Trot, 109, 110
Truth, artisti, 88

Vins,8

Verter, 5,29,37 , 102

Walk, 4.,51, LIO

Weight on fore and hind feet,
10+

Wheel, 110;

anl pasterns,

1.t2

Withers,516138
Wristr S
Yarning,56

I
I

..[Th

author] is unqualld among living painters in the reprsntation

of animals. xllent anatomial drawings.''_Ne Statesman and Nation
..Unusual

in onption, origiality, styl and interest . . . a treasur for th

horseman's |lr ar .,'
T im s (Londo) Litrar S u p p le me nt

-Th

This asy-to-read text xplains th hors as a mahin dsigned for movment.

Using diffrnt olors in his drawings, th author not oly desribes with larity
the hors's skelton and the funtions of various musls, but also reats imags
that hav the power to suggest movment and stress. Mor than 75 illustrations
inlude aurate diagrams and olor illustrations of th hors's anatomy, as wll
as metiulously rndered skethes of the ntire animal.
of valu to students and tahrs of art, this book wil] also appeal to horse lovrs

who want a depr understanding-without having to examin th anatomial

omplxities of th subjet_of why this animal is apabl of moving with suh
grae and sped.

Unabridged Dover (2003) rpubliation of th edition publishd

by

the

ountryman Prss, Woodstok, Vermont, l936' 67 blak-and-white illustratios.

Index. Bibliography. Glossary. xiv+l46pp. plus 24-pag full-olor insert. 6x9.
Paprbound.

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Hoss AND OTHR Atls IN oTIoN, adward Muybridge. iv+9lpp. 9 |2,249||-5
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