4/12/11

Pressure Gradients in Boundary Layer Flow

Class 23 Fluid Mechanics

Tuesday, April 12th

Boundary Layer SeparaCon

Boundary Layer SeparaCon

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For a body which is symmetric about ow

direcCon, what is the drag force?

a) Zero
b) Non-zero

Drag
Drag a net force in the direcCon of the ow due
to pressure and shear stress forces

Two types:
1. fricCon drag
2. pressure (form) drag

For a body which is symmetric about ow

direcCon, what is the liO force?

a) Zero
b) Non-zero

Drag Coecient
with
or

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Drag

Drag

1. Pure FricCon Drag: Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow

1. Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow: FricCon Drag

2. Pure Pressure Drag: Flat Plate Perpendicular to

the Flow
3. FricCon and Pressure Drag: Flow over a Sphere
and Cylinder

Drag
1. Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow: FricCon Drag

Boundary Layer can be 100% laminar, partly laminar

and partly turbulent, or essenCally 100% turbulent;
hence several dierent drag coecients are available

Drag
2. Flow over a Flat Plate Perpendicular to the Flow:
Pressure Drag

Laminar BL:

Turbulent BL:
plus others for transiConal ow

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Drag
3. Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder: FricCon and Pressure
Drag

Drag

For what aspect raCo will fricCon drag be

greater than pressure (form) drag?

a) l/D ->
b) l/D -> 0

A sphere of diameter D and density s falls at a steady rate

through a liquid of density and viscosity . If the
Reynolds number is less than 1 show that the viscosity can
be determined from = gD2(s )/18U.

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A sphere of diameter D and density s falls at a steady rate

through a liquid of density and viscosity . If the
Reynolds number is less than 1 show that the viscosity can
be determined from = gD2(s )/18U.

Drag Coecients 2D

Drag Coecients 2D

Drag Coecients 3D

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Drag Coecients 3D

Drag Coecients

Drag Coecients

A 22in by 34 in speed limit sign is supported on a 3in wide,

5O long pole. EsCmate the bending moment in the pole at
ground level when a 30mph wind blows against the sign.
video

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A 22in by 34 in speed limit sign is supported on a 3in wide,

5O long pole. EsCmate the bending moment in the pole at
ground level when a 30mph wind blows against the sign.

Streamlining

By appropriate streamlining, the drag coecient for an

airplane is reduced by 18% while the frontal area remains
the same. For the same power output, by what
percentage is the ight speed increased?

LiO

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LiO

LiO
Examples: NACA 23015; NACA 662-215

A Boeing 747 aircraO weighing 580,000lbs when loaded

with fuel and 100 passengers takes o with an airspeed of
140mph. With the same conguraCon, what is its takeo
speed if it is loaded with 372 passengers. Assume each
passenger with luggage weighs 200lb.