Poularikas A. D.

Bessell Functions
The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing.
Ed. Alexander D. Poularikas
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,1999

1999 by CRC Press LLC

25
Bessel Functions
25.1 Bessel Functions of the First Kind
25.2 Recurrence Relation
25.3 Integral Representation
25.4 Fourier-Bessel Series
25.5 Properties of Bessel Function
25.6 Bessel Functions of the Second Kind
25.7 Modified Bessel Function
References

25.1 Bessel Functions of the First Kind

25.1.1 Definition of Integer Order

J n (t ) =

k =0

J n (t ) =

k =0

m=0

( 1) k (t / 2) n+2 k
k!(n + k )!

< t < , n = 0,1, 2,K

( 1)k (t / 2)2 k n
k!(k n)!

k =n

( 1)k (t / 2)2 k n
k!(k n)!

( 1)m + n (t / 2)2 m + n
m!( m + n)!

J n (t ) = ( 1)n Jn (t )
J0 (0) = 1,

Jn ( 0 ) = 0

n0

Figure 25.1 shows several Bessel functions of the first kind.

25.1.2 Definition of Nonintegral Order

J v (t ) =

k =0

J v (t ) =

k =0

( 1) k (t / 2) 2 k + v
k! (k + v + 1)
( 1) k (t / 2) 2 k v
k! (k v + 1)

v0

v0

FIGURE 25.1

The two functions Jv(t) and Jv(t) are linear independent for noninteger values of v and they do not satisfy
any generating-function relation. The functions Jv(0) = and Jv(0) remain finite. Both these functions
share most of the properties of Jn(t) and Jn(t).

25.1.3 Generating Function

1 t( x 1 )
x

w (t, x ) = e 2

J (t ) x
n

x0

n =

25.1.4 Differential Equation

1
2
y + y + 1 n2 y = 0
t
t

n = 0,1, 2,L

has solution the function y = J n (t )

25.2 Recurrence Relation

25.2.1 Recurrence Relations
1.

d v
d
[t Jv (t )] =
dt
dt

k =0

( 1)k (t )2 k +2 v
2 2 k + v k! (k + v + 1)

= tv

k =0

( 1)k (t / 2)2 k +( v 1)
k! (k + v)

= t v J v 1 (t )
Similarly,
2.

d v
[t J v (t )] = t v J v +1 (t )
dt

Differentiate (1) and (2) and divide by tv and tv, respectively, we find

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3. J v (t ) +

v
J (t ) = J v 1 (t )
t v

4. J v (t )

v
J (t ) = J v +1 (t )
t v

Set v = 0 in (4) to obtain

5. J0 (t ) = J1 (t )
Add and subtract (3) and (4) to find, respectively, the relations
6. 2 J v (t ) = J v 1 (t ) J v +1 (t )
7.

2v
J (t ) = J v 1 (t ) + J v +1 (t )
t v

The above relation is known as the three-term recurrence formula. Repeated operations result in
m

d v
vm
J v m (t );
8.
[t J v (t )] = t
t dt

d 2
1 d 1 dy

y=
t dt t dt
t dt

d v
m vm
9.
J v + m (t )
[t J v (t )] = ( 1) t
t dt

m = 1,2,K

Example
We proceed to find the following derivative
v
du
d uv
d v
d u
J
u
[t Jv (at )] =
(
)
v J v (u )
v =
dt
dt a
dt
du a

= av

d v
[u Jv (u)] a = a1v [u v Jv 1 (u)]
du

= a1v [(at )v Jv 1 (at )] = at v Jv 1 (at )

where (1) was used.

25.3 Integral Representation

25.3.1 Integral Representation
Set x = exp(j) in (25.1.3), multiply both sides by exp( jn) and integrate the results from 0 to . Hence
1.

e j ( n t sin ) d =

J (t ) e
k

k =

j (n k )

Expand on both sides the exponentials in Eulers formula; equate the real and imaginary parts and use
the relation
2.

0 k 0
cos(n k ) d =
k = n

to find that all terms of the infinite sum vanish except for k = n. Hence we obtain
1999 by CRC Press LLC

3. Jn (t ) =

cos(n t sin ) d

n = 0,1,2,K

when n = 0, we find
4. J0 (t ) =

cos(t sin ) d

For Bessel function with nonintegral order, the Poisson formula is

1

(t / 2 ) v

5. J v (t ) =

(v +

(1 x )
)

1
2 v 2

1
2

v > 12 , t > 0

e j t x dx

Set x = cos to obtain

(t / 2 ) v

6. J v (t ) =

(v + 12 )

cos(t cos ) sin 2 v d

v > 12 , t > 0

25.3.2 Integrals Involving Bessel Functions

Directly integrate (25.2.1.1) and (25.2.1.2) to find

t
t

J 1 (t ) dt = t J (t ) + C

J +1 (t ) dt = t J (t ) + C

where C is the constant of integration.

Example
We apply the integration procedure to find

t J (t) dt = t [t
2

J 2 (t )] dt = t 3

d 1
[t J1 (t )] dt
dt

= t 2 J1 (t ) + 3 t J1 (t ) dt = t 2 J1 (t ) 3 t[ J1 (t )] dt
d
= t 2 J1 (t ) 3 t J 0 (t ) dt = t 2 J1 (t ) 3t J 0 (t ) + 3 J 0 (t ) dt

dt

The last integral has no closed solution.

Example
If a > 0 and b > 0, then (see 25.3.1.4)

e at J 0 (bt ) dt =

/2

2
=

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e at dt

/2

cos(bt sin ) d

d e
0

at

2
cos(bt sin ) dt =

/2

a
0

ad
1
=
2
+ b 2 sin 2
a + b2

The usual method to find definite integrals involving Bessel functions is to replace the Bessel function
by its series representation.
Example

I=

1
p > , a > 0, b > 0
2

at p

t J p (bt ) dt

k =0

( 1) k (b / 2) 2 k + p
k! (k + p + 1)

= bp

k =0

at 2 k + 2 p

dt

( 1) k (2 k + 2 p + 1) 2 ( p+ 2 ) k 2 k
(b )
(a )
2 2 k + p k! (k + p + 1)
1

where the last integral is in the form of a gamma function. But we know that
r + k 1
r
k
= ( 1)
,
k
k

n n
=

k n k

n + 1 n n
=

+
k + 1 k + 1 k

0 k n 1

and thus we obtain

1
( 1) k 2 p p + k +

2
k!

( 1) k (2 k + 2 p + 1)
=
2 2 k + p k! (k + p + 1)

( 1) k p
=
2 p+

1 p + k

2
k

p
1 2 p +
2 =

2 p +

Therefore, we obtain

I=

1
(2 b ) p p +

2
e at t p J p (bt ) dt =

1
(2 b ) p p +

2
(a 2 + b 2 )

p+

p+

k
k =0

1
2 ( p +(1 / 2 )) k
(b 2 ) k
2 (a )

1
p > , a > 0, b > 0
2

1
2

Setting p = 0 in this equation we find

e
0

1999 by CRC Press LLC

at

J0 (bt )dt =

1
[a 2 + b 2 ]1/ 2

a > 0,

b>0

1
2

Set a = 0+ in this equation to obtain

J (bt) dt = b
1

b>0

By assuming the real part to approach zero and writing a as pure imaginary, the equation before the
previous one becomes

jat

(b 2 a 2 )1 / 2
J 0 (bt ) dt =
2 j2 1/ 2
(a b )

b>a
b<a

The above integral, by equating real and imaginary parts, becomes

cos(at)J (bt) dt = (b
0

sin(at)J (bt) dt = (a
0

Example

1
a 2 )1 / 2

1
b 2 )1 / 2

b>a

b<a

t J (at) dt, we proceed as follows:

b

To evaluate the integral

t J 0 (at ) dt =

a dt [tJ (at)]dt
1 d

b
1
[t J (at )] tb=0 = J1 (ab)
a 1
a

a0

where (25.2.1.1) with = 1 was used.

25.4 Fourier-Bessel Series

25.4.1 Fourier-Bessel Series

f (t ) =

c J (t t )
n

0 < t < a, > 12 , and t n (n = 1, 2,L) are solutions of J (t n t ) = 0 n = 1, 2,L.

n =1

25.4.2 Product Property

t J (t) J (t) dt =
a

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a J (a) J (a) a J (a) J (a )

2 2

25.4.3 Orthogonality
Setting = t n , = t m in (25.4.2), we obtain the orthogonality relation
t n and t m are the roots of J (t n a) and J (t m a).

t J (t t) J (t t) dt = 0
a

since

25.4.4 tm = tn

a2
[ J (t a)]2 ,
2 +1 n

t [ J (tnt )]2 dt =

which is found from (25.4.2) by limiting process tm tn (using L Hopitals rule and treating tm as the
variable).

25.4.5 Fourier Bessel Constants

Multiply (25.4.1) by t J (t m t ), integrate from 0 to a, and use (25.4.4) to find
cn =

2
a [ J+1 (tn a)]2
2

t f (t) J (t t) dt ,
a

Note: f (t) must be piecewise continuous in the interval (0,a) and

n = 1, 2,L .
t f (t ) dt < .

Example
Find the Fourier-Bessel series for the function
0 < t <1
1< t < 2

t
f (t ) =
0

corresponding to the set of functions {J1 (t n t )} where tn satisfies J1 (2t n ) = 0 (n = 1, 2, 3,L).

Solution
We write the solution

f (t ) =

c J (t t )
n 1

0<t<2

n =1

where
2

cn =

1
2[ J2 (2tn )]2

tf (t)J (t t) dt
1

= () t 2 J1 (tnt ) dt

(let r = tnt )

1
= () 3
tn
1
= () 3
tn
=
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tn

r J (r) dr
2

(apply (25.2.1.1))

tn

dr [r J (r)]dr
d

J 2 (tn )
1
t 2 J (t ) =
2[ J2 (2tn )]2 tn 3 n 2 n
2tn [ J2 (2tn )]2

n = 1, 2, 3,...

Example
To express the function f (t) = 1 on the open interval 0 < t < a as an infinite series of Bessel functions
of zero order, we proceed as follows (see 25.4.5):
a

cn =

2
a 2 [ J1 (tn a)]2

t 1 J (t t) dt
0

2
= 2
a [ J1 (tn a)]2
=

t
0

1 d
[tJ1 (tnt )] dt
n dt

(see (25.2.1.1))

a
2
2
[tJ1 (tnt )] =
2
a tn [ J1 (t n a)]
atn J1 (tn a)
t =0
2

Hence, the expression is

1= 2

t J (t a )
n =1

J n (t n t )

n 1

0<t<a

25.5 Properties of Bessel Function

TABLE 25.1 Properties of Bessel Functions

1.

J n (t ) =

k =0

2.

J n (t ) =

m=0

( 1) k (t / 2) n + 2 k
k!(n + k )!
( 1) m + n (t / 2) 2 m + n
m!( m + n)!

3.

J n (t ) = ( 1) n J n (t ),

4.

J 0 (0) = 1,

J n (0) = 0

( 1) k (t / 2) 2 k +
k! (k + + 1)

5.

J (t ) =

k =0

6.

J (t ) =

k =0

< t < ,

n = 0,1, 2, 3L

< t < ,

n = 0,1, 2, 3,L

J n ( t ) = ( 1) n J n (t ) = J n (t )

( 1) k (t / 2) 2 k
k! (k + 1)

7.

d
[t J (t )] = t J 1 (t )
dt

8.

d
[t J ( at )] = at J 1 ( at )
dt

9.

d
[t J (t ) = t J +1 (t )
dt

n0
0,

0,

10.

d 2 J (t )
1
= 2 [ J 2 (t ) 2 J (t ) + J + 2 (t )]
dt 2
2

11.

J (t ) +

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J (t ) = J 1 (t )
t

n = 0,1, 2, 3,L

= noninteger

= noninteger

TABLE 25.1 Properties of Bessel Functions (continued)

J (t ) = J +1 (t ),
t

12.

Jv (t )

J0 (t ) = J1 (t )

13.

t Jv (t ) = v Jv (t ) + t Jv 1 (t )

14.

2 J v (t ) = J v 1 (t ) J v +1 (t )

15.

2
J (t ) = J 1 (t ) + J +1 (t )
t

16.

d
m
J m (t )

[t J (t )] = t
t dt

17.

d
[t J (t )] = ( 1) m t m J + m (t )
tdt

18.

J1(0) =

19.

J n (t + r ) =

m = 1, 2, 3,L

1
,
2

Jn (0) = 0

m = 1, 2, 3,L

n >1

J (t ) J
k

nk

(r )

k =

20.

J 0 (2t ) = [ J 0 (t )]2 + 2

(1) [ J (t)]
k

k =1

21.

J 0 (t ) 1,

22.

e jt sin =

J n (t )

1
2

n = 1, 2, 3,L

J (t ) e

jn

n =

23.

cos(t sin ) = J 0 (t ) + 2

2n

(t ) cos(2n)

n =1

24.

cos(t cos ) = J 0 (t ) + 2

(1) J
n

2n

(t ) cos(2n)

n =1

25.

sin(t sin ) = 2

2 n 1

(t )sin[(2n 1)]

n =1

26.

sin(t cos ) = 2

(1) J
n

2 n +1

(t ) cos[(2n + 1)]

n=0

27.

cos t = J 0 (t ) + 2

(1) J
n

2n

(t )

n =1

28.

sin t = 2

(1) J
n

2 n 1

(t )

n =1

2 sin
t

29.

J (t ) J1 (t ) + J (t ) J 1 (t ) =

30.

d
[tJ (t ) J +1 (t )] = t[[ J (t )]2 [ J +1 (t )]2 ]
dt

31.

d 2
[t J 1 (t ) J +1 (t )] = 2t 2 J (t ) J (t )
dt

32.

J1 / 2 ( t ) =

33.

J1 / 2 (t ) J 1 / 2 (t ) =

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2
sin t,
t
sin 2t
,
t

J 1 / 2 (t ) =

Lommels formula

2
cos t
t

[ J1 / 2 (t )]2 + [ J 1 / 2 (t )]2 =

2
t

TABLE 25.1 Properties of Bessel Functions (continued)

34.

[ J0 (t )]2 =

n=0

35.

36.

37.

J n (t ) =

J 0 (t ) =

( 1) n (2n)! t
(n!) 4 2

cos(n t sin ) d
0

cos(t sin ) d
0

(t / 2 )
1

J (t ) =

(1 x )
2

38.

39.
40.

41.

42.

43.

t
t

1
2

e jtx dx,

cos(t cos )sin

J 2 k (t ) =

J 2 k +1 (t ) =

2v

C = constant

cos n cos(t sin ) d

n = 0,1, 2,L

cos 2k cos(t sin ) d

k = 0,1, 2,L

sin[(2k + 1)]sin(t sin ) d

k = 0,1, 2,L

cos[(2k + 1)]cos(t sin ) d = 0

k = 0,1, 2,L

45.

sin 2k sin(t sin ) d = 0

k = 0,1, 2,L

46.

J 0 (t ) =

cos tx
1 x2

dx

2
J1 / 2 ( t )
t

47.

2 sin t
=
t

48.

t J (t) dt = tJ (t) + C

49.
50.
51.
52.

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t J (t) dt = t J (t) + t J (t) J (t) dt + C

t J (t) dt = (t 4t) J (t) + 2t J (t) + C
2

J (t) dt = J (t) + C
t J (t) dt = tJ (t) + J (t) dt + C
1

1
2

C = constant

44.

t>0

v>

J +1 (t ) dt = t J (t ) + C

[1 + ( 1) n ] J n (t ) =

1
2

>

J 1 (t ) dt = t J (t ) + C

(t / 2 )
1

J (t ) =

2n

t>0

TABLE 25.1 Properties of Bessel Functions (continued)

53.
54.
55.
56.

t J (t) dt = 2t J (t) t J (t) + C

t J (t) dt = 3t J (t) (t 3t) J (t) 3 J (t) dt + C
2

J (t) dt = J (t) 2t J (t) + C

t J (t) dt = J (t) + J (t) dt + C
1

57.

58.

J (t) cos t dt = t J (t) cos t + t J (t)sin t + C

59.

J (t)sin t dt = t J (t)sin t t J (t) cos t + C

J 2 (t ) dt =

2
1
1
1
J ( t ) J1 ( t ) + J 0 ( t ) +
3t 2 1
3
3t
3

at

1
(2 b ) +

e t J (bt ) dt =

(a 2 + b 2 )

61.

at

J 0 (bt ) dt =

62.

60.

J (t) dt + C

1
( a 2 + b 2 )1 / 2

J (bt) dt = b
1

1
> , a > 0,
2

1
2

b>0

a > 0, b > 0

b>0

63.

J n +1 (t ) =

n 1

n = 1, 2,L

(t ) dt

64.

J (at) dt = a
1

a>0

65.

J n (t ) dt =

n = 1, 2,L
+1

66.

1
n

at +1

2
J (bt ) dt =

67.

t 2 e at J 0 (bt ) dt =

2a 2 b 2
(a 2 + b 2 ) 5 / 2

68.

b e b / 4 a
(2 a) +1

at

+3

J (bt ) dt =

t
0

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(a 2 + b 2 )

3
2

> 1, a > 0, b > 0

a > 0, b > 0

> 1, a > 0, b > 0

b
b2 2
+ 1 eb / 4a
+ 2
2 a
4a
+1

70.

ab

e at t +1 J p (bt ) dt =

69.

3
+

sin t J 0 (bt ) dt = arcsin

1
b

b >1

> 1, a > 0, b > 0

TABLE 25.1 Properties of Bessel Functions (continued)

/2

71.

J (t cos ) cos d =
0

/2

72.

J (t cos ) d =
1

sin t
t

1 cos t
t

73.

t cos

J0 (t sin ) t n dt = n! Pn (cos )

0<

Pn (t ) = nth Legendre polynomial

74.

t (t

+ a 2 ) 1 / 2 J 0 (bt ) dt =

75.

76.

1
(1 t 2 ) =
8
t = 2

k J (k )
J 0 (k n t )
3
n 1

n =1

m>

1
, m > 1
2

0 t 1, J 0 (k n ) = 0 n = 1, 2,L

k J
n =1

J ( kn t )
0 < t < 1, J (kn ) = 0, n = 1, 2,L
( kn )

n +1

78.

a 0, b > 0

J (t )
(( + 1 m) / 2)
dt = m
2 (( + 1 + m) / 2)
tm

77.

e ab
b

kJ

t +1 = 2 2 ( + 1)

n =1

J +1 (kn t )
0 < t < 1, > 1 / 2, J (kn ) = 0, n = 1, 2,L
2
n +1 ( kn )

TABLE 25.2
J0(x)
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

1.0000
.7652
.2239
.2601
.3971
.1776
.1506
.3001
.1717
.0903
.2459
.1712
.0477
.2069
.1711
.0142

.9975
.7196
.1666
.2921
.3887
.1443
.1773
.2991
.1475
.1142
.2490
.1528
.0697
.2129
.1570
.0346

.9900
.6711
.1104
.3202
.3766
.1103
.2017
.2951
.1222
.1376
.2496
.1330
.0908
.2167
.1414
.0544

.9776
.6201
.0555
.3443
.3610
.0758
.2238
.2882
.0960
.1577
.2477
.1121
.1108
.2183
.1245
.0736

.9604
.5669
.0025
.3643
.3423
.0412
.2433
.2786
.0692
.1768
.2434
.0902
.1296
.2177
.1065
.0919

.9385
.5118
.0484
.3801
.3205
.0068
.2601
.2663
.0419
.1939
.2366
.0677
.1469
.2150
.0875
.1092

.9120
.4554
.0968
.3918
.2961
.0270
.2740
.2516
.0146
.2090
.2276
.0446
.1626
.2101
.0679
.1253

.8812
.3980
.1424
.3992
.2693
.0599
.2851
.2346
.0125
.2218
.2164
.0213
.1766
.2032
.0476
.1401

.8463
.3400
.1850
.4026
.2404
.0917
.2931
.2154
.0392
.2323
.2032
.0020
.1887
.1943
.0271
.1533

.8075
.2818
.2243
.4018
.2097
.1220
.2981
.1944
.0653
.2403
.1881
.0250
.1988
.1836
.0064
.1650

When x > 15.9,

2
1
1
1
J0 ( x ) sin x + +
sin x
x
4 8x
4
.7979
x

1999 by CRC Press LLC

sin(57.296 x + 45) + 1 sin(57.296 x 45)

8x

J1(x)
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.0000
.4401
.5767
.3391
.0660
.3276
.2767
.0047
.2346
.2453
.0435
.1768
.2234
.0703
.1334
.2051

.0499
.4709
.5683
.3009
.1033
.3371
.2559
.0252
.2476
.2324
.0184
.1913
.2157
.0489
.1488
.2013

.0995
.4983
.5560
.2613
.1386
.3432
.2329
.0543
.2580
.2174
.0066
.2039
.2060
.0271
.1626
.1955

.1483
.5220
.5399
.2207
.1719
.3460
.2081
.0826
.2657
.2004
.0313
.2143
.1943
.0052
.1747
.1879

.1960
.5419
.5202
.1792
.2028
.3453
.1816
.1096
.2708
.1816
.0555
.2225
.1807
.0166
.1850
.1784

.2423
.5579
.4971
.1374
.2311
.3414
.1538
.1352
.2731
.1613
.0789
.2284
.1655
.0380
.1934
.1672

.2867
.5699
.4708
.0955
.2566
.3343
.1250
.1592
.2728
.1395
.1012
.2320
.1487
.0590
.1999
.1544

.3290
.5778
.4416
.0538
.2791
.3241
.0953
.1813
.2697
.1166
.1224
.2333
.1307
.0791
.2043
.1402

.3688
.5815
.4097
.0128
.2985
.3110
.0652
.2014
.2641
.0928
.1422
.2323
.1114
.0984
.2066
.1247

.4059
.5812
.3754
.0272
.3147
.2951
.0349
.2192
.2559
.0684
.1603
.2290
.0912
.1165
.2069
.1080

1 3
1
2

sin x +
sin x +
x
4 8x
4

J1 ( x )

When x > 15.9,

.7979 sin(57.296 x 45) +

sin(57.296 x + 45)
8x

J2(x)
x

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

0
1
2
3
4

.0000
.1149
.3528
.4861
.3641

.0012
.1366
.3746
.4862
.3383

.0050
.1593
.3951
.4835
.3105

.0112
.1830
.4139
.4780
.2811

.0197
.2074
.4310
.4697
.2501

.0306
.2321
.4461
.4586
.2178

.0437
.2570
.4590
.4448
.1846

.0588
.2817
.4696
.4283
.1506

.0758
.3061
.4777
.4093
.1161

.0946
.3299
.4832
.3879
.0813

When 0 x < 1,

x2
x2
1

8
12

J2 ( x)

J3(x)
x

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

0
1
2
3
4

.0000
.0196
.1289
.3091
.4302

.0000
.0257
.1453
.3264
.4333

.0002
.0329
.1623
.3431
.4344

.0006
.0411
.1800
.3588
.4333

.0013
.0505
.1981
.3754
.4301

.0026
.0610
.2166
.3868
.4247

.0044
.0725
.2353
.3988
.4171

.0069
.0851
.2540
.4092
.4072

.0122
.0988
.2727
.4180
.3952

.0144
.1134
.2911
.4250
.3811

When 0 x < 1,

1999 by CRC Press LLC

J3 ( x )

x3
x3
1
48 16

J4(x)
x

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

0
1
2
3
4

.0000
.0025
.0340
.1320
.2811

..0000
.0036
.0405
.1456
.2958

.0000
.0050
.0476
.1597
.3100

.0000
.0068
.0556
.1743
.3236

.0001
.0091
.0643
.1891
.3365

.0002
.0118
.0738
.2044
.3484

.0003
.0150
.0840
.2198
.3594

.0006
.0188
.0950
.2353
.3693

.0010
.0232
.1067
.2507
.3780

.0016
.0283
.1190
.2661
.3853

When 0 x < 1,

J 4 ( x)

x4
x2
1

384
20

TABLE 25.3 Zeros of Jo(x), J1(x), J2(x), J3(x), J4(x), J5(x)

m

j0,m

j1,m

j2,m

j3,m

j4,m

j5,m

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2.4048
5.5201
8.6537
11.7915
14.9309
18.0711
21.2116
24.3525
27.4935
30.6346

3.8317
7.0156
10.1735
13.3237
16.4706
19.6159
22.7601
25.9037
29.0468
32.1897

5.1356
8.4172
11.6198
14.7960
17.9598
21.1170
24.2701
27.4206
30.5692
33.7165

6.3802
9.7610
13.0152
16.2235
19.4094
22.5827
25.7482
28.9084
32.0649
35.2187

7.5883
11.0647
14.3725
17.6160
20.8269
24.0190
27.1991
30.3710
33.5371
36.6990

8.7715
12.3386
15.7002
18.9801
22.2178
25.4303
28.6266
31.8117
34.9888
38.1599

25.6 Bessel Functions of the Second Kind

25.6.1 Definition
Yv (t ) =

(cos ) J (t ) J (t )
sin

The above function is the second independent solution to the differential equation
t 2 y + ty + (t 2 2 ) y = 0.

25.6.2 Recurrence Relations

1.

d
t Y (t ) = t Y1 (t )
dt

d
t Y (t ) = t Y+1 (t )
dt
2
Y (t )
3. Y1 (t ) + Y+1 (t ) =
t
2.

4. Y1 (t ) Y+1 (t ) = 2Y(t )
5. Y n (t ) = ( 1) n Yn (t )

1999 by CRC Press LLC

n = 0,1, 2,L, n

25.6.3 Approximations
1. Yo (t )

2
ln t,

t0+

2. Y (t )

( ) 2
,
t

3. Y (t )

2
( + 12 )
sin t
,
t
2

> 0, t 0 +
t

25.7 Modified Bessel Function

25.7.1 Definition

I (t ) = j J ( jt ) =

m=0

(t / 2 ) 2 m +
m! ( m + + 1)

integer, n = 0,1,2,L

I n ( t ) = In ( t )
>0

I0 (0) = 1; I (0) = 0

25.7.2 Recurrence Relations

1.

d
t I (t ) = t I 1 (t )
dt

d
t I (t ) = t I +1 (t )
dt

3. I (t ) + I (t ) = I 1 (t )
t
2.

I (t ) = I +1 (t )
t
5. I 1 (t ) + I +1 (t ) = 2 I (t )
4. I (t )

6. I1 (t ) I+1 (t ) =

2
I (t )
t

25.7.3 Integral Representation

(t / 2 )
( + 12 )

I (t ) =

(1 x )
1

1
2 2

e xt dx

25.7.4 Expansion Form

I n (t ) =

m=0

1999 by CRC Press LLC

tm
J (t ),
m! n+ m

n = 0,1, 2,L

> 12 , t > 0

25.7.5 Asymptotic Formulas

1. I (t )

(t / 2 )
,
( + 1)

2. I (t )

et
,
2 t

t 0 +,

1, 2, 3,L

0, t

References
Abramowitz, M. and T. A Stegun, editors, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover Publications,
New York, NY, 1972.
Andrews, L. C., Special Functions for Engineers and Applied Mathematicians, Macmillan Publishing
Co., New York, NY, 1985.
Hochstadt, H., The Functions of Mathematical Physics, Dover Publications, New York, NY, 1971.
McLachlan, N. W., Bessel Functions for Engineers, 2nd Edition, Oxford, London, 1961.
Sansone, G., Orthogonal Functions, Interscience Publishers Inc., New York, NY, 1959.

1999 by CRC Press LLC