Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
http://www.sanskritweb.net
See also Addendum of 11-Sep-2004, downloadable as
http://www.sanskritweb.net/itrans/addendum.pdf
Contents
Revision Notes
0.
1.
1.1.
1.2.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
10
2.3.
15
3.
20
3.1.
20
3.2.
24
3.3.
Special Latin Codes and Private Use Area Codes of "Sanskrit 2003"
25
3.4.
26
3.5.
28
3.6.
44
3.7.
76
4.
104
4.1.
105
5.
107
Appendices:
I.
110
II.
131
Ulrich Stiehl
"Svara Statistics of the Taittiriya Brahmana" (tbsvaras.pdf, 207 pages, 1.2 MB)
2.
Ulrich Stiehl
1. Program Purpose
The Windows programs Itranslator 99 and Itranslator 2003 serve this identical purpose:
Conversion of ITX (= ITRANS) encoded files into Devanagari and/or Transliteration files
(TXT, HTM, or RTF files). Therefore for the user both converter programs are exactly
identical in appearance (while the internal converting routines are completely different).
2. Program Compatibility
Itranslator 99 (successor to Itranslator 98)
was developed with the greatest possible
compatibility in mind. Itranslator 99 works
with almost any version of Windows (e.g.
Win. 95/98, Win. ME, Win. 2000, Win. XP)
and with almost any word processor, old or
new (e.g. Word 6.0, Word 97, Word XP etc.,
Word Perfect, OpenOffice 1.0 Writer etc.).
Itranslator 99 does not require the latest Itranslator 2003 cannot be used, unless you
computer equipment.
buy the most recent computer equipment.
3. Font Compatibility
The Itranslator 99 fonts "Sanskrit 99" and
"URW Palladio IT" (both fonts available as
classical TrueType and PS Type 1 fonts)
were designed with greatest compatibility
in mind. While Itranslator 99 is a Windows
programs, the fonts can also be installed on
other and on older operating systems.
4. Ligatures
The Itranslator 99 font "Sanskrit 99" builds
most ligatures by combining half-forms or
even by resorting to virama-ligatures, as
"Sanskrit 99" includes only a few dozen
complete ligatures (whereas "Sanskrit 2003"
includes nearly 1000 complete ligatures),
since "Sanskrit 99" as a font that can be used
even with 10-year-old versions of Windows
is technically restricted to only 224 glyphs.
5. Encoding
The Itranslator 99 font "Sanskrit 99" comes
with its own proprietary encoding, i.e. with
its own codepage so that it is impossible to
mark up a text typeset in "Sanskrit 99" with
another Devanagari font using its own and
necessarily different proprietary encoding.
(If you want to re-typeset a Sanskrit text in
"Sanskrit 2003" instead of "Sanskrit 99", you
have to re-convert the respective ITX file
with Itranslator 2003.)
6. Keyboard
The non-OpenType font "Sanskrit 99" can
hardly be used for typing a Sanskrit text
directly on the keyboard, because each of
the many half-forms and each complete
ligature has its own keyboard code, which
is difficult to memorize and to enter.
E.g. for you would have to enter the code E.g. for you would type the keys (not the
0187 as a decimal or a hexadecimal number. codes) ++ (for more details see below).
8. File size
Itranslator 99 generates 8-bit TXT files:
"Sanskrit 99" is a "1 character = 1 byte" font.
E.g. is stored in memory as 1 byte only
(hex BB). Example: The entire Mahabharata,
Note: Since "Sanskrit 2003", as its name implies, is designed for typesetting "Sanskrit"
(both Classical and Vedic Sanskrit) it was decided to add a few non-Unicode PUA codes
to "Sanskrit 2003" so that also Vedic texts can be typeset with "Sanskrit 2003", since the
Unicode Standard as authored by Michael Everson does not allow to typeset Vedic texts.
It is hoped that future versions of the Unicode Standard pertaining to Indic scripts are
authored by professional Indologists or at least by those who can speak Indian languages.
##moon##
English
cN>
Sanskrit
moon
English
0
032
10
11
12
13
14
15
"
&
'
048
<
>
064
080
096
112
DEL
Pink = letters and figures, Green = delimiters and modifiers, Yellow = unused, forbidden
The usage of the 31 yellow characters !"#$%&()*,/:;<=>?@BEFPQVWXY[]`DEL is forbidden
and has unpredictable results. In addition, all characters in the 8-bit ANSI range 128-255
are strictly forbidden in ITX encoded portions, which are clean 7-bit ASCII texts.
"
&
* +
<
>
The following escape character sequences are forbidden: \' \'' \_ \# \% \\ \{ \}.
Note: \' (1 apostrophe), \'' (2 apostrophes) But: \" (quotation mark). See section 2.2.6.
Note:
More technical details on the structure of ITX text files and on so-called ITRANS text files
(see also Avinash Chopde's website http://www.aczoom.com/itrans), on converting 8-bit
encoded transliteration text files into ITX encoded text files by converter programs and on
related topics are contained in the parallel file "Technical Manual of Itranslator 99",
downloadable as http://www.sanskritweb.net/itrans/itmanual99.pdf
This "Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003" duplicates only those passages on ITX matters
from the "Technical Manual of Itranslator 99" that are indispensable for encoding ITX files.
U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 8
Aa
R^i
R^I
@e
ai
ai
Aae
AaE
au
au
o!
kh
kh
g!
"!
gh
gh
ch
ch
Ch
jh
jh
Th
Dh
th
th
dh
dh
p!
ph
ph
b!
bh
bh
y!
l!
v!
z!
sh
;!
Sh
s!
h!
c!
q!
t!!
>
D!
Q!
w!
<
j!
f!
.N
H!
F!
x!
L^i
'!
~N
~n
|!
[!
n!
m!
The green boxes show those ITX codes which are compatible with ITRANS 5.1 since 1997.
To avoid confusion for beginners, only one ITX code is shown for each single character.
For those who want to encode Classical Sanskrit only, no further codes need to be learnt.
Itranslator supports several alternative codes, e.g. aa instead of A for encoding Aa. And it
can be used not only for Classical Sanskrit, but for encoding accented Vedic Sanskrit too.
With some restrictions, Itranslator can also be used for encoding those modern Indian
languages which are based on the Devanagari alphabet (e.g. Hindi, Marathi, Nepali).
2.2.1. Sanskrit Punctuation Marks (for English Punctuation Marks see 1.2.1.)
ITX
D.
T.
| or .
|| or ..
.a
.
=
||1)
'
D.
T.
A, aa
i
I, ii
U, uu
R^i, RRi
R^I, RRI
L^i, LLi
L^I, LLI
e
ai
@e
Aae
o
au
OM, AUM
2)
1)
Aa
AaE
`
1)
2)
3)
ai
o
au
om
never occurs at the beginning of a word. Therefore the full vowel is never used.
only occurs in some forms of the root kp and hence the full vowel is never used.
(long version of ) has been invented by ancient Sanskrit grammarians for reasons of
symmetry, since the other simple vowels exist as pairs of short and long vowels.
3)
D.
T.
kh
g
gh
~N, N^
c, ch
Ch, chh
jh
~n, JN
'
c
D
H
|
q
T
Th
D
Dh
N
f
F
[
t
t
th
w
d
d
dh
x
n
p
ph
)
b
b
bh
m
2)
"
1)
kh
g
gh
c 1)
ch 1)
j
jh 2)
t
th
d
dh
p
ph
b
bh
m
To achieve compatibility with ITRANS, encode ch for c and Ch (or chh) for D.
jh, regularly used in Marathi, occurs in Sanskrit only in a few onomatopoetic words.
D.
T.
l
v, w
sh
r 1)
2)
h
1)
2)
S, Sh, shh, Z ;
Note: Repha ( R ) does not exist for Unicode as a character with a Unicode code point.
To achieve compatibility with ITRANS, encode Sh (or shh) for ;.
D.
T.
>
1)
M, .n, .m
.N
{\m+}
<
~
L
kS, kSh, x
2)
l 3)
4)
5)
k 6)
j 6)
akSi or akShi or axi Ai] aki eye. Do not encode "ksh" !!!
Aj~nA or AGYA or AdnyA Aa}a j order
1)
Visarga: Replacement for s or r at the end of a word or syllable as per sandhi rules.
2)
Anusvara: Shortcut character for m and other nasals at the end of a word or syllable.
3)
Sanskrit Anunasika: l. In Sanskrit texts, it is only used as sandhi, if "l" follows "n".
Vedic Anunasika: : o
~ r . In Vedic texts often used before sibilants, semi-vowels and h.
Note: is preferred, if ~ cannot be fitted on top for lack of space. Compare with svR.
4)
5)
These are the only two ligatures that for historial reasons have additional ITX codes
(x in addition to usual encoding kS or kSh, GY or dny in addition to usual encoding j~n).
6)
D.
T.
q 1)
K
G
z, J
o
g
j
)
f
.D
.Dh
.c
f
F
L
R
1)
1)
z 1)
f 1)
2)
h 2)
3)
4)
5)
Nukta (underdot): Used in Hindi for words of Persian and Arabic origin as well as for
other foreign words to modify the original pronunciation of Devanagari characters.
1)
Nukta is here used in Hindi to build diacritical Devanagari characters for retroflex flap
(transliteration ) and for aspirated retroflex flap (transliteration h).
2)
3)
D.
T.
E.
The primordial being is verily all this that has been and that will be (Rig-Veda, 10-90-2)
2.2.7. Figures
The Arabic figures 0123456789 are converted to the respective Indian figures 0123456789 .
Decimal figures are encoded with "\," and "\.", e.g. 1\,500\.99 results in 1,500.99 (1,500.99).
Examples
oadit )lm!
oadit )lm!,
Aoadt! )lm!
Occasionally it may be necessary to enforce the virama by inserting the code ".h", but
Itranslator itself does not require the Halant code ".h", whereas in mixed Hindi-Sanskrit
programs, e.g. ITRANS by Avinash Chopde, it is usually necessary to enforce virama.
Note: In Hindi, "virm" denotes the period or full-stop, while "halant" denotes the sign " ! ".
In Sanskrit, "virma" means sign " ! ", while "halanta" is a consonant at the end of word.
bhadava uvca |
sdrj nalo nma vrasenasuto bal |
upapanno guairiai rpavnavakovida ||1||
atiShThanmanujendrANAM mUrdhni devapatiryathA |
uparyupari sarveShAmAditya iva tejasA ||2||
s tnadbhutarpnvai dv sakhigavt |
h grahtu khagamstvaramopacakrame ||23||
atha haMsA visasR^ipuH sarvataH pramadAvane |
ekaikashastataH kanyAstAnhaMsAnsamupAdravan ||24||
vaya hi devagandharvamanuyoragarkasn |
davanto na csmbhirdaprvastathvidha ||28||
tvaM chApi ratnaM nArINAM nareShu cha nalo varaH |
vishiShTAyA vishiShTena saMgamo guNavAnbhavet ||29||
Note: The above text was drawn from the Mahabharata, 3-50-1 seq. ("Story of Nala and Damayanti")
Dec.
02304 <res>
<reserved>
<reserved>
0901
02305
.N
0902
02306
M, .n, .m
0903
02307
0904
02308
<not available>
0905
02309 a
DEV. LETTER A
0906
02310
A, aa
DEV. LETTER AA
0907
02311 i
DEV. LETTER I
0908
02312
I, ii
DEV. LETTER II
0909
02313 u
DEV. LETTER U
090A 02314
U, uu
DEV. LETTER UU
090B
02315
R^i, RRi
090C 02316
L^i, LLi
090D 02317
<not available>
090E
02318
<not available>
090F
02319 e
DEV. LETTER E
0910
02320 ai
ai
DEV. LETTER AI
0911
02321
A.c, aa.c
0912
02322
<not available>
0913
02323 o
DEV. LETTER O
0914
02324 au
au
DEV. LETTER AU
0915
02325 ka
ka
DEV. LETTER KA
0916
02326 kha
kha
0917
02327 ga
ga
DEV. LETTER GA
0918
02328 gha
gha
0919
02329 a
~Na, N^a
091A 02330 ca
ca, cha
DEV. LETTER CA
091B
Cha, chha
091C 02332 ja
ja
DEV. LETTER JA
jha
091E
02334 a
~na, JNa
091F
02335 a
Ta
0920
02336 ha
Tha
0921
02337 a
Da
0922
02338 h
Dha
0923
02339 a
Na
0924
02340 ta
ta
DEV. LETTER TA
0925
02341 tha
tha
0926
02342 da
da
DEV. LETTER DA
0927
02343 dha
dha
0928
02344 na
na
DEV. LETTER NA
0929
02345 a
<not available>
092A 02346 pa
pa
DEV. LETTER PA
092B
pha
092C 02348 ba
ba
DEV. LETTER BA
bha
092E
02350 ma
ma
DEV. LETTER MA
092F
02351 ya
ya
DEV. LETTER YA
0930
02352 ra
ra
DEV. LETTER RA
0931
02353
<not available>
0932
02354 la
la
DEV. LETTER LA
0933
02355 a
La
0934
02356 (or )
<not available>
0935
02357 va
va, wa
DEV. LETTER VA
0936
02358 a
sha
0937
02359 a
02331 cha
02347 pha
0938
02360 sa
sa
DEV. LETTER SA
0939
02361 ha
ha
DEV. LETTER HA
<reserved>
<reserved>
<res> 093B
<reserved>
<reserved>
<not available>
.a
093E
02366
A, aa
093F
02367 i
0940
02368
I, ii
0941
02369 u
0942
02370
U, uu
0943
02371
R^i, RRi
0944
02372
R^I, RRI
0945
02373
.c
0946
02374
<not available>
0947
02375 e
0948
02376 ai
ai
0949
02377
A.c, aa.c
094A 02378
<not available>
094B
094C 02380 au
au
.h <not needed>
02363 <res>
02379 o
<res> 094E
02382 <res>
<reserved>
<reserved>
<res> 094F
02383 <res>
<reserved>
<reserved>
0950
02384 om
OM, AUM
DEV. OM
0951
02385
\'
0952
02386
\_
0953
02387 <n.a.>
<not available>
0954
02388 <n.a.>
<not available>
<res> 0955
02389 <res>
<reserved>
<reserved>
<res> 0956
02390 <res>
<reserved>
<reserved>
<res> 0957
02391 <res>
<reserved>
<reserved>
0958
02392 qa
qa
DEV. LETTER QA
0959
02393
Ka
095A 02394 a
Ga
095B
za, Ja
DEV. LETTER ZA
095C 02396 a
.Da
095D 02397 ha
.Dha
095E
02398 fa
fa
DEV. LETTER FA
095F
02399
<not available>
0960
02400
R^I, RRI
0961
02401 a
L^I, LLI
0962
02402 a
L^i, LLi
0963
02403 a
L^I, LLI
0964
02404 |
|, .
DEV. DANDA
0965
02405 ||
||, ..
0966
02406 0
0967
02407 1
0968
02408 2
0969
02409 3
096A 02410 4
096B
02411 5
096C 02412 6
096D 02413 7
096E
02414 8
096F
02415 9
0970
02416
<not available>
02417 <res>
<reserved>
<res> 0971
02395 za
Hex.
Transl.
0904
090D
090E
0911
0912
0929
0931
0934
0945
0946
0949
094A
095F
3.3. Special Latin Codes and Private Use Area Codes of "Sanskrit 2003"
Hex.
Dec.
Description
0020
Latin
00A0
Latin
002D
Latin
Latin
200C
Latin
200D
Latin
25CC
09676 Dotted Circle (fallback code for wrong letter combinations) Latin
E001
57345 Candrabindu-Virama
PUA
E002
PUA
E003
PUA
E004
PUA
E005
PUA
E006
PUA
E007
PUA
E008
PUA
E009
PUA
Note 1: The Private Use Area codes E001-E009 are required for Vedic Sanskrit only.
Note 2: The Latin characters used for transliteration are not listed in the above chart.
D. T.
ITX
Note
k{}
g{}
gh gh{}
~N{}
ch{}
ch
Ch{}
j{}
jh
jh{}
~n{}
T{}
Th{}
D{}
h Dh{}
N{}
kh kh{}
g
t{}
th
th{}
d{}
dh dh{}
n{}
(n.a.) 2
p{}
ph ph{}
b
b{}
bh bh{}
m{}
y{}
r.h
()
(n.a.) 2, 3
r{}
l{}
1, 3
L{}
(n.a.) 1, 2
v{}
sh{}
Sh{}
s{}
h{}
q{}
K{}
G{}
z{}
.D{}
.Dh{} 1
f{}
(n.a.) 2
1. These characters do not (and cannot) have left half-forms, because they lack the right
vertical stem. Therefore the full forms of these characters are displayed with virama.
2. For these characters, ITX codes are not available (n.a.). Hence you have to enter these
Devanagari half-forms directly in your word processor without Itranslator. Example :
Entering the sequence (0929) + (094D) + ZWJ (200D) results in the half-form .
3. These r-characters require special treatment: (1a) If you enter " (0930) + virama (094D)
+" ZWNJ (200C) in your word program, you get as a substitute for the non-available
half-form of . (1b) As ITX code you have to enter "r.h". (2a) If you enter " (0931 = r
with nukta) + virama (094D) + ZWJ (200D), you get (Marathi "eye-lash" half-form of
). (2b) No ITX code is available in this special case. (3a) If you enter " (0930 = r
without nukta) + virama (094D) + ZWJ (200D), you will also get (Marathi "eye-lash"
half-form of ). (3b) The ITX code is r{} in this case.
ABr
Aitareya-Brhmaa
AHS
Aga-Hdaya-Sahit (Vgbhaa)
AS
stamba-rautastra
AV
Atharva-Veda
BhP
Bhgavata-Pura
BKS
Bhat-Katha-loka-Sagraha
BrP
Brahma-Pura
BS
Baudhyana-rautastra
BuC
Buddha-Carita (Avaghoa)
Hito
Hitopadea
HYP
Haha-Yoga-Pradpik
KA
Kauilya-Arthastra
KS
Kmastra
MBh
MS
Manu-Smti
MW
RAM
Rmyaa
RV
Rig-Veda
SBh
akara-Bhagavadgt-Bhya
SBr
atapatha-Brhmaa
SK
Sanskrit-Kompendium by U.Stiehl
Var
VDh
Viudharma
YV
Yajur-Veda
Other Abbreviations
Pali
Hin.
kk
0.070% MBh
kkr
0.004% MBh
kkl
0.001% BKS
kkv
0.001% BhP
kk
0.009% MBh
kkh
0.001% MBh
kc
0.064% MBh
kch
0.001% MBh
kl
0.391% MBh
kly
0.001% VDh
kv
0.300% MBh
0.043% MBh
km
0.001% BhP
kr
0.002% MBh
kl
0.001% BhP
kv
0.001% MBh
0.004% Hin.
9.976% MBh
0.011% RV
0.305% MBh
kt
4.850% MBh
ky
0.003% MBh
kty
0.162% MBh
km
0.247% MBh
ktr
0.118% MBh
kmy
0.026% MBh
ktry
0.001% MS
ky
1.476% MBh
ktv
0.687% MBh
kr
0.001% BhP
ktvy
0.001% RV
kv
0.176% MBh
kth
0.013% MBh
ks
0.069% MBh
kthn
0.004% AHS
kst
0.001% BrP
kthy
0.001% MBh
kstr
0.001% MBh
kn
0.102% MBh
ksth
0.001% MBh
kny
0.002% BrP
ksn
0.001% MBh
kp
0.088% MBh
ksp
0.001% MBh
kpr
0.037% MBh
ksph
0.001% BhP
kpl
0.001% BhP
ksm
0.001% MW
kph
0.001% MBh
ksy
0.001% MBh
km
0.140% MBh
ksr
0.004% MBh
kmy
0.008% RV
ksv
0.002% MBh
ky
1.308% MBh
khkh
0.001% RV*
kr
5.207% MBh
0.025% Hin.
kry
0.001% RV
t=KHt)
khn
0.001% MBh*
khy
1.307% MBh
khv
0.001% RV
0.003% Hin.
v=KHv)
gm
0.364% MBh
gmy
0.004% RV
gy
0.191% MBh
gr
2.453% MBh
gg
0.025% MBh
ggr
0.001% BrP
gry
0.150% MBh
ggh
0.006% MBh
grv
0.001% AHS
gghy
0.007% SBr
gl
0.052% MBh
gghr
0.001% MBh
gv
0.126% MBh
gj
0.025% MBh
gvy
0.004% MBh
gj
0.003% MBh
gvr
0.001% MBh
gjy
0.030% MBh
ghn
0.545% MBh
gjv
0.001% MBh
ghny
0.007% MBh
0.001% MW
ghm
0.001% RV
0.020% MBh
ghy
0.007% MBh
gd
0.034% MBh
ghr
0.743% MBh
gdy
0.001% MS
ghry
0.001% MBh
gdr
0.004% BhP
ghv
0.016% MBh
gdv
0.007% MBh
ghvy
0.001% ABh
gdvy
0.001% BrP
0.505% MBh
gdh
0.249% MBh
kt
0.091% MBh
gdhy
0.004% RV
kty
0.006% MBh
gdhr
0.009% MBh
ktr
0.001% YV
gdhry
0.001% Var
ktv
0.004% MBh
gdhv
0.018% MBh
kth
0.001% BhP
gn
1.290% MBh
ky
0.005% MBh
gny
0.081% MBh
kr
0.006% MBh
gb
0.023% MBh
kl
0.003% BhP
gbr
0.003% MBh
kv
0.009% ABh
gbh
0.101% MBh
0.195% MBh
gbhy
0.018% MBh
0.001% Var
gbhr
0.002% MBh
km
0.001% BhP
ky
0.008% MBh
kv
0.025% MBh
ks
0.001% SBr*
kh
0.330% MBh
khy
0.052% BhP
2.091% MBh
gdh
0.001% RV
gdhy
0.001% SBr
gdhv
0.003% RV
gy
0.018% MBh
gr
0.019% BhP
gv
bh
0.001% SBr
0.137% MBh
0.001% RV
0.002% SBr
0.004% SBr
vy
0.001% RV
vr
0.001% AV
0.001% MW
0.001% RV
sv
0.001% RV
0.001% AV
0.001% MBh
cc
1.716% MBh
gh
0.038% MBh
ccy
0.022% MBh
ghn
0.001% RV
cch
4.297% MBh
ghy
0.001% MBh
cchm
0.001% MBh
ghr
0.109% BhP
cchy
0.011% MBh
ghry
0.010% BhP
cchr
0.535% MBh
0.009% RV
cchl
0.001% MBh
0.001% SBr
cchv
0.033% MBh
0.001% AV
0.002% MBh
0.003% SBr
cy
0.001% BhP
tr
0.001% RV
cm
0.001% MBh
tv
0.001% AV
cy
1.111% MBh
0.001% SBr
cr
0.001% RV*
dh
0.003% RV*
cv
0.001% MW
dhy
0.001% RV*
chy
0.001% AV
0.030% MBh
jj
0.584% MBh
ny
0.001% RV
jj
0.061% MBh
nr
0.001% BhP
jjy
0.017% MBh
0.001% AV
jjv
0.033% MBh
pr
0.001% SBr
jjh
0.004% MBh
jjhy
0.001% KA
0.001% MBh
4.640% MBh
0.073% MBh
jy
0.002% BhP
0.008% MBh
jv
0.001% RV
0.018% MBh
jm
0.061% RV
0.002% Pali
jmy
0.001% AS
0.030% MBh
jy
1.937% MBh
kr
0.001% MBh
jr
0.329% MBh
0.003% MBh
jry
0.002% RV
kh
0.001% BrP
jv
0.435% MBh
0.007% MBh
jvy
0.001% AHS
ch
0.001% MBh
jhjh
0.001% MW*
0.091% MBh
1.779% MBh
0.001% BKS
cm
0.003% SK
0.335% Pali
cy
0.002% MBh
0.001% SBr*
cv
0.003% Hito
0.007% MBh
ch
0.044% MBh
tr
0.005% MBh
chn
0.001% RV
tv
0.001% BrP
chy
0.001% MW
0.015% MBh
chr
0.002% MBh
pr
0.003% MBh
chl
0.001% RV
ph
0.001% MW
chv
0.003% BhP
0.001% AV
1.057% MBh
0.037% MBh
0.021% MBh
0.007% Hin.
jm
0.002% MBh
0.005% MBh
jy
0.010% MBh
0.014% MBh
jv
0.006% MBh
0.001% MBh
jh
0.001% MBh
0.001% BhP
0.174% Pali
0.001% MBh
0.528% MBh
0.032% MBh
0.001% MBh
st
0.001% MW
sth
0.001% BhP
vy
0.001% BrP
sn
0.001% BhP
(h=h)
0.109% RV
sp
0.001% BuC
hh
0.003% Hin.
sv
0.003% MBh
hy
0.043% MBh
hh
0.044% Hin.
hr
0.003% MBh
hy
0.013% MBh
hv
0.011% RV
0.167% MBh
0.068% MBh
gy
0.001% MW*
0.001% MW
gr
0.008% AHS
0.095% MBh
gh
0.001% BhP
hy
0.003% MBh
ghr
0.001% MS
4.570% MBh
0.004% MBh
0.003% AV
0.001% MBh
0.045% MBh
jy
0.003% SBr
0.018% MBh
0.002% MBh
0.003% BS
0.006% RV
0.011% MBh
hy
0.001% RV
hy
0.001% AHS
hv
0.001% MBh
hr
0.001% HYP
0.002% MBh
0.077% MBh
dv
0.001% BhP
0.003% MBh
dh
0.001% MBh
0.050% MBh
0.001% MBh
1.523% MBh
br
0.001% MBh
0.137% MBh
bh
0.049% MBh
vy
0.002% RV
bhy
0.001% MBh
0.064% Pali
bhr
0.001% MBh
tk
1.883% MBh
0.001% BrP
tky
0.001% MW
0.097% MBh
tkr
0.135% MBh
0.018% MBh
tkl
0.006% MBh
0.001% BhP
tkv
0.018% MBh
0.037% MBh
tk
0.166% MBh
tkm
0.001% MBh
ts
3.350% MBh
tkv
0.001% RAM
tsk
0.009% MBh
tkh
0.025% MBh
tskh
0.001% MBh
tkhy
0.006% MBh
tst
0.017% MBh
tt
7.464% MBh
tstr
0.016% MBh
ttn
0.001% MW*
tsth
0.072% MBh
ttm
0.001% AS
tsthy
0.001% MW
tty
0.081% MBh
tsn
0.217% MBh
ttr
0.099% MBh
tsp
0.009% MBh
ttry
0.003% MBh
tspr
0.001% SBr
ttv
1.339% MBh
tsph
0.005% MBh
tts
0.002% RV
tsphy
0.001% SBr
tth
0.536% MBh
tsm
0.033% MBh
tthy
0.001% AS
tsy
0.529% MBh
tn
0.625% MBh
tsr
0.016% MBh
tny
0.038% MBh
tsv
0.191% MBh
tnv
0.003% RV
thn
0.011% MBh
tp
1.918% MBh
thny
0.001% MW*
tpr
0.910% MBh
thy
0.363% MBh
tpl
0.003% MBh
thr
0.001% RV
tph
0.071% MBh
thv
0.018% MBh
tm
4.163% MBh
thvy
0.009% MBh
tmy
0.052% MBh
dg
0.483% MBh
ty
9.763% MBh
dgr
0.018% MBh
tyv
0.001% MW
dgl
0.003% MBh
tr
14.060% MBh
dgh
0.061% MBh
try
0.158% MBh
dghn
0.001% MBh
trv
0.001% MBh
dghr
0.001% MBh
tv
8.125% MBh
dd
0.868% MBh
tvy
0.015% RV
ddy
0.025% MBh
0.006% MBh
ddr
0.109% MBh
ddv
0.119% MBh
dhvr
0.001% MW*
ddvy
0.001% BhP
nk
0.806% MBh
ddh
6.155% MBh
nkr
0.066% MBh
ddhm
0.001% SBr
nkl
0.013% MBh
ddhy
0.217% MBh
nkv
0.011% MBh
ddhr
0.017% MBh
nk
0.112% MBh
ddhv
0.215% MBh
nkh
0.025% MBh
dn
0.037% MBh
nkhy
0.002% MBh
db
0.418% MBh
ng
0.304% MBh
dbr
0.277% MBh
ngr
0.013% MBh
dbh
1.687% MBh
ngl
0.003% MBh
dbhy
0.071% MBh
ngh
0.043% MBh
dbhr
0.057% MBh
nghn
0.007% MBh
dbhv
0.001% AV
nghr
0.001% MBh
dm
0.263% MBh
0.006% Hin.
dmy
0.002% MBh
0.003% Hin.
dy
5.591% MBh
nt
12.919% MBh
dr
5.763% MBh
ntt
0.003% MW
dry
0.016% MBh
nttv
0.003% SBr
drv
0.002% MBh
ntth
0.001% SK
dv
5.162% MBh
ntm
0.003% RV
dvy
0.115% MBh
nty
0.820% MBh
dvr
0.020% MBh
ntr
0.536% MBh
dhn
0.033% MBh
ntry
0.088% MBh
dhny
0.003% MBh
ntv
0.144% MBh
dhm
0.066% MBh
ntvy
0.007% MBh
dhy
2.680% MBh
nts
0.206% SBr*
dhr
0.335% MBh
ntst
0.009% SBr*
dhry
0.003% MBh
ntsth
0.001% SBr*
dhv
0.897% MBh
ntsn
0.001% SBr*
dhvy
0.004% MBh
ntsp
0.001% SBr*
ntsy
0.023% SBr
nbh
0.493% MBh
ntsr
0.003% SBr*
nbhr
0.054% MBh
ntsv
0.018% SBr*
nm
2.803% MBh
nth
0.133% MBh
nmy
0.005% MBh
nthy
0.003% AS
nmr
0.001% MBh
nd
2.632% MBh
nml
0.006% MBh
nddh
0.002% MBh
ny
7.223% MBh
nddhy
0.001% BS
nyv
0.001% BhP
nddhv
0.006% SK
nr
0.539% MBh
ndm
0.002% SK
nv
2.650% MBh
ndy
0.095% MBh
nvy
0.089% MBh
ndr
2.427% MBh
nvr
0.011% MBh
ndry
0.001% MBh
0.009% MBh
ndv
0.085% MBh
ns
1.767% MBh
ndvy
0.001% BhP
nsk
0.001% MBh
ndh
2.396% MBh
nskh
0.001% BhP
ndhm
0.001% BhP
nst
0.007% MBh
ndhy
0.067% MBh
nstr
0.012% MBh
ndhr
0.046% MBh
nsth
0.038% MBh
ndhry
0.008% MBh
nsn
0.005% MBh
ndhv
0.011% MBh
nsp
0.007% MBh
nn
5.086% MBh
nsph
0.001% MBh
nny
0.027% MBh
nsphy
0.001% AS
nnv
0.025% SBr
nsm
0.017% MBh
np
1.195% MBh
nsy
0.009% MBh
npr
0.714% MBh
nsr
0.003% MBh
npl
0.003% MBh
nsv
0.103% MBh
nps
0.001% AV
nh
0.345% MBh
nph
0.014% MBh
nhy
0.004% MBh
nb
0.319% MBh
nhr
0.006% MBh
nbr
0.120% MBh
nhv
0.001% AS
pk
0.002% MW
(ft=PHt)
0.013% Hin.
pk
0.001% BhP
(fr=PHr)
0.006% Hin.
pkh
0.001% BhP
bg
0.001% MW
pc
0.001% MS
bgr
0.001% SBr
pch
0.008% BS
bj
0.014% MBh
0.001% MW*
bjy
0.002% BS
0.004% RV
bt
0.007% Hin.
pt
2.664% MBh
bd
0.460% MBh
pty
0.012% MBh
bdy
0.003% MBh
ptr
0.005% MBh
bdh
0.464% MBh
ptry
0.001% AS
bdhy
0.001% SBh
ptv
0.035% MBh
bdhv
0.095% MBh
pn
0.608% MBh
bb
0.002% MBh
pny
0.005% RV
bbr
0.001% SBr
pp
0.006% MBh
bbh
0.006% MBh
ppr
0.001% BS
bbhy
0.003% SBr
pph
0.002% AHS
by
0.030% MBh
pm
0.055% MBh
br
4.583% MBh
py
2.285% MBh
bl
0.001% Var
pr
21.172% MBh
bv
0.031% SBr
pry
0.001% RV
bvy
0.001% BhP
pl
0.300% MBh
bh
0.017% RV
pv
0.005% RV
bhn
0.013% RV
0.002% MBh
bhm
0.002% RV
py
0.001% RV
bhy
3.240% MBh
ps
0.523% MBh
bhr
1.242% MBh
psn
0.001% YV*
bhry
0.004% SBr
psny
0.003% RV
bhrv
0.001% MBh
psy
0.235% MBh
bhl
0.001% YV*
psv
0.004% MBh
bhv
0.055% RV
(f=PH)
0.002% Hin.
bhvy
0.001% BhP
0.021% MBh
rkc
0.001% AS
md
0.006% Hin.
rkt
0.001% RV
mn
0.542% MBh
rkth
0.001% BhP
mny
0.001% MBh
rkp
0.001% SBr
mp
0.245% MBh
rky
0.003% MBh
mpy
0.007% MBh
rk
0.011% MBh
mpr
0.001% MBh
rk
0.001% MW
mpl
0.008% MW
rky
0.024% MBh
mps
0.001% MW
rks
0.001% YV
mph
0.002% Var
rksv
0.001% SBr
mb
0.755% MBh
rkh
0.020% MBh
mby
0.014% MBh
rkhy
0.006% MBh
mbr
0.001% MW
rg
1.698% MBh
mbv
0.001% MBh
rgg
0.001% SBr
mbh
0.483% MBh
rggh
0.001% SBr
mbhy
0.002% MBh
rgj
0.001% SBr
mbhr
0.009% MW
rgbh
0.003% SBr
mm
0.001% MBh
rgy
0.023% MBh
mmy
0.001% MW*
rgr
0.030% MBh
mmr
0.001% MW
rgl
0.001% MBh
mml
0.001% MW
rgv
0.001% BhP
my
2.118% MBh
rgh
0.379% MBh
mr
0.129% MBh
rghn
0.003% MBh
mry
0.002% SBr
rghy
0.035% MBh
ml
0.059% MBh
rghr
0.001% MBh
mv
0.001% MBh
rkh
0.001% MW*
mh
0.015% Pali
rg
0.030% MBh
yy
0.200% MBh
rgy
0.001% MBh
yv
0.017% MBh
rc
0.365% MBh
yh
0.047% Pali
rcch
0.026% MBh
rk
0.321% MBh
rcy
0.038% MBh
rch
0.081% MBh
rtsny
0.032% MBh
rj
2.240% MBh
rtsy
0.006% MBh
rj
0.028% MBh
rth
4.883% MBh
rjm
0.001% RV
rthy
0.032% MBh
rjmy
0.001% BhP
rd
1.873% MBh
rjy
0.050% MBh
rddh
0.017% MBh
rjv
0.020% MBh
rddhy
0.001% MBh
rjh
0.013% MBh
rdm
0.004% MW
rj
0.002% SBr
rdy
0.035% MBh
0.001% Var
rdr
0.132% MBh
0.009% RV
rdry
0.001% MW
ry
0.001% MW*
rdv
0.142% MBh
rh
0.002% BS
rdvy
0.001% SBr
rhy
0.002% BS
rdh
1.434% MBh
3.357% MBh
rdhn
0.062% MBh
0.004% MW*
rdhny
0.008% MBh
ry
0.047% MBh
rdhm
0.015% AHS
rv
0.003% RV
rdhy
0.021% MBh
rt
4.314% MBh
rdhr
0.031% MBh
rtt
0.033% MBh
rdhv
0.185% MBh
rttr
0.001% BKS*
rn
1.118% MBh
rtn
0.002% RV
rny
0.023% MBh
rtny
0.002% SBr
rnv
0.001% RV
rtm
0.040% MBh
rp
0.532% MBh
rty
0.182% MBh
rpy
0.009% MBh
rtr
0.021% MBh
rph
0.003% RV
rtry
0.001% YV
(rf=rPH)
0.016% Hin.
rtv
0.023% MBh
rb
0.731% MBh
rtvy
0.001% MW*
rbr
0.112% MBh
rts
0.017% MBh
rbh
1.285% MBh
rtsn
0.002% MW
rbhy
0.033% MBh
rbhr
0.042% MBh
rbhv
0.001% MBh
rm
9.114% MBh
rmy
rh
1.688% MBh
rhy
0.018% MBh
rhr
0.019% MBh
0.080% MBh
rhl
0.001% MBh
rmr
0.001% MBh
rhv
0.002% SBr
rml
0.002% MBh
lk
0.117% MBh
ry
6.633% MBh
lky
0.097% SBr
ryy
0.001% SBr
lg
0.232% MBh
rr
0.027% Hin.
lgv
0.001% RV
rl
0.225% MBh
lgvy
0.001% BhP
rv
11.898% MBh
0.015% Hin.
rvy
0.146% MBh
lt
0.006% Hin.
rvr
0.013% MBh
ld
0.001% RV*
rvl
0.001% AS
lp
0.754% MBh
1.443% MBh
lpy
0.013% MBh
rm
0.001% YV
lph
0.002% MBh
ry
0.011% MBh
lb
0.095% MBh
rv
0.103% MBh
lby
0.001% MW
rvy
0.001% MW
lbh
0.009% MBh
4.117% MBh
lbhy
0.006% MBh
0.025% MBh
lm
0.145% MBh
ry
0.001% RAM
ly
1.178% MBh
rh
0.001% MW
ll
0.563% MBh
0.174% MBh
lly
0.001% MBh
ry
0.003% MBh
lv
0.145% MBh
rm
0.009% MBh
lvy
0.001% MW
ry
0.026% MBh
0.003% RV
rv
0.004% MBh
lh
0.001% SBr
rs
0.001% RV*
lhy
0.001% ABr
rsr
0.003% RV*
0.001% MBh
rsv
0.001% YV
vn
0.013% RV
vny
0.001% RV
4.855% MBh
vy
6.095% MBh
0.237% MBh
vr
1.172% MBh
1.252% MBh
vl
0.002% RV
ry
0.001% BrP
vv
0.003% Hin.
1.405% MBh
vh
0.011% Pali
4.521% MBh
0.006% Hin.
hy
0.015% MBh
12.999% MBh
hv
0.002% BhP
cy
0.044% MBh
1.793% MBh
ch
0.187% MBh
0.047% MBh
0.037% Hin.
0.001% MBh
0.297% MBh
0.451% MBh
ny
0.002% RV
py
0.004% AHS
0.026% RV
pr
0.073% MBh
0.380% MBh
pl
0.001% BhP
my
0.007% MBh
ph
0.011% MBh
3.276% MBh
1.504% MBh
5.604% MBh
my
0.004% RV
ry
0.001% SBr
3.440% MBh
rv
0.003% MBh
0.001% RV*
0.204% MBh
1.145% MBh
3.454% MBh
0.008% RV*
vy
0.032% RV
sk
0.713% MBh
0.001% ABr*
skr
0.002% MBh
0.576% MBh
skh
0.011% MBh
ky
0.002% MBh
0.013% Hin.
kr
0.060% MBh
sr
0.006% Hin.
kl
0.001% MW
st
13.762% MBh
kv
0.001% MW
stm
0.004% RV
0.001% MBh*
sty
0.332% MBh
kh
0.001% Var
str
2.764% MBh
stry
0.020% MBh
sry
0.001% BrP
stv
1.339% MBh
sl
0.003% Hin.
sts
0.001% MBh
sv
4.801% MBh
sth
3.492% MBh
svy
0.003% BhP
sthn
0.003% BrP
ss
0.006% MBh
sthny
0.003% AHS
ssy
0.001% BhP
sthy
0.030% MBh
ssv
0.016% MBh
sn
0.432% MBh
0.273% MBh
sny
0.001% RV*
hn
0.201% MBh
sp
1.003% MBh
hny
0.001% MBh
spr
0.013% MBh
hm
2.980% MBh
sph
0.145% MBh
hmy
0.008% MBh
sphy
0.001% MBh
hy
2.118% MBh
sb
0.002% Hin.
hr
0.341% MBh
sm
4.964% MBh
hl
0.134% MBh
smy
0.055% MBh
hv
0.420% MBh
sy
13.483% MBh
hvy
0.007% MBh
sr
1.481% MBh
Note: The frequency percentages always refer to the primary source in column 4. Example:
"tny" occurs in 61 lines (= half-verses) of the MBh (absolute frequency). Since the MBh
contains 158,484 lines (= half-verses), the relative frequency is 61 / 156484 * 100 = 0.038%.
1.000% denotes that the conjunct consonant occurs in 1 out of
100 lines of text
0.100% denotes that the conjunct consonant occurs in 1 out of 1000 lines of text
0.010% denotes that the conjunct consonant occurs in 1 out of 10000 lines of text
0.001% denotes that the conjunct consonant occurs in 1 out of 100000 lines of text
A line is usually a (16-syllable loka) half-verse. In prose works, a line is a prose text line.
(For more details, for absolute frequencies and for quotations from the original works
attesting the conjunct consonants see my book "Konsonantenverbindungen in Sanskrit".)
Hex.
0900
0901
0902
0903
0904
0905
0906
0907
0908
0909
090A
090B
090C
090D
090E
090F
0910
0911
0912
0913
0914
0915
0916
0917
0918
0919
<res>
e
ai
o
au
ka
kha
ga
gha
a
091A
091B
091C
091D
091E
091F
0920
0921
0922
0923
0924
0925
0926
0927
0928
0929
092A
092B
092C
092D
092E
092F
0930
0931
0932
0933
0934
0935
0936
0937
0938
ca
ja
cha
jha
a
a
ha
a
h
a
ta
tha
da
dha
na
a
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
ya
ra
la
a
(or )
va
a
a
sa
0939
093A
093B
093C
093D
093E
093F
0940
0941
0942
0943
0944
0945
0946
0947
0948
0949
094A
094B
094C
094D
094E
094F
0950
0951
0952
0953
0954
0955
0956
0957
ha
<res>
<res>
<n.a.>
'
e
ai
o
au
<n.a.>
<res>
<res>
om
<n.a.>
<res>
<n.a.>
<res>
<res>
0958
0959
095A
095B
095C
095D
095E
095F
0960
0961
0962
0963
0964
0965
0966
0967
0968
0969
096A
096B
096C
096D
096E
096F
0970
Hex.
qa
za
ha
fa
a
a
a
|
||
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3.6.2. Ligatures
Sanskrit Mangal Arial MS shiDeva DVBOT Code
2003
Unicode (v. 2.0) Surekh 2000
kk
kkr
kkl
kkv
kk
kkh
kc
kch
k
k
kt
kty
ktr
ktv
ktvy
Jana
Chandas
Sanskrit
ktry
kth
kthn
kthy
kn
kny
kp
kpr
kpl
kph
km
kmy
ky
kr
kry
kl
kly
k
km
kr
kl
kv
kv
k
k
ky
km
kmy
ky
kr
kv
ks
kst
kstr
ksth
ksn
ksp
ksph
ksm
ksy
ksr
ksv
khkh
t=KHt
khn
khy
khv
v=KHv
gg
ggh
ggr
gghy
gghr
gj
gj
gjy
gjv
g
g
gd
gdy
gdr
gdv
gdvy
gdh
gdhy
gdhr
gdhry
gdhv
gn
gny
gb
gbr
gbh
gbhy
gbhr
gmy
gm
gy
gr
gry
grv
gl
gv
gvy
gvr
ghn
ghny
ghm
ghy
ghr
ghry
ghv
ghvy
k
kt
kty
ktr
ktv
kth
ky
kr
kl
kv
k
ky
kv
km
ks
khy
gdh
gdhy
gdhv
gy
gr
gv
gh
kh
ghn
ghy
ghr
ghry
tr
tv
dh
dhy
ny
nr
p
pr
bh
m
vy
vr
sv
cc
ccy
cch
cchm
cchy
cchr
cchl
cchv
cy
cm
cy
cr
cv
chy
jj
jj
jjy
jjv
jjhy
j
jy
jv
jm
jmy
jy
jr
jry
jv
jvy
jhjh
c
cy
jjh
cm
cv
ch
chn
chy
chr
chl
chv
j
jm
jy
jv
jh
y
r
l
v
h
k
kr
k
kh
c
ch
t
tr
tv
pr
ph
m
y
r
v
sth
sn
gy
gr
gh
ghr
j
j
jy
hy
hv
bh
bhy
d
dv
dh
b
br
bhr
m
y
sv
hy
sp
hh
st
r
l
vy
(h=h)
hh
hy
hr
hv
y
h
hy
h
y
r
v
h
hy
hr
n
m
y
v
vy
h
tk
tky
tkr
tkl
tkv
tk
tkm
tkv
tkh
tkhy
tt
ttn
ttm
tty
ttr
ttry
ttv
tts
tth
tthy
tn
tny
tnv
tp
tpr
tpl
tph
tm
tmy
ty
tyv
tr
try
trv
tv
tvy
ts
tsk
tskh
tst
tstr
tsth
tsthy
tsn
tsp
tspr
tsph
tsphy
tsm
tsy
tsr
tsv
thn
thny
thy
thr
thv
thvy
dg
dgr
dgl
dgh
dghn
dghr
dd
ddy
ddr
ddv
ddvy
ddh
ddhm
ddhy
ddhr
ddhv
dn
db
dbr
dbh
dbhy
dbhr
dbhv
dm
dmy
dy
dr
dry
drv
dv
dvy
dvr
dhn
dhny
dhm
dhy
dhr
dhry
dhv
dhvy
dhvr
nk
nkr
nkl
nkv
nk
nkh
nkhy
ng
ngr
ngl
ngh
nghn
nghr
n
n
nt
ntt
nttv
ntth
ntm
nty
ntr
ntry
ntv
ntvy
nts
ntst
ntsth
ntsn
ntsv
nth
nthy
nd
nddh
ndy
ndr
ndry
ntsr
ndm
ntsy
nddhv
ntsp
nddhy
ndv
ndvy
ndh
ndhm
ndhy
ndhr
ndhry
ndhv
nn
nny
nnv
np
npr
npl
nps
nph
nb
nbr
nbh
nbhr
nm
nmy
nmr
nml
ny
nyv
nr
nv
nvy
nvr
n
ns
nsk
nskh
nst
nstr
nsth
nsn
nsp
nsph
nsphy
nsm
nsy
nsr
nsv
nh
nhy
nhr
nhv
pk
pk
pkh
pc
pch
p
p
pt
pty
ptr
ptry
ptv
pn
pny
pp
ppr
pph
pm
py
pr
pry
pl
pv
p
py
ps
psn
psny
psy
psv
(f=PH)
(ft=PHt)
(fr=PHr)
bg
bgr
bj
bjy
bt
bd
bdy
bdh
bdhy
bdhv
bb
bbr
bbh
bbhy
by
br
bl
bv
bvy
bh
bhn
bhm
bhy
bhr
bhry
bhrv
bhl
bhv
bhvy
m
md
mn
mny
mp
mpy
mpr
mpl
mps
mph
mb
mby
mbr
mbv
mbh
mbhy
mbhr
mm
mmy
mmr
mml
my
mr
mry
ml
mv
mh
yy
yv
yh
rk
rkc
rkt
rkth
rkp
rky
rk
rk
rkh
rkhy
rg
rgg
rggh
rgj
rgbh
rgy
rgr
rgh
rghn
rghy
rghr
rksv
rgv
rks
rgl
rky
rkh
rg
rgy
rc
rcch
rcy
rch
rj
rjm
rjmy
rjy
rjv
rj
r
rj
rjh
r
ry
rh
rhy
r
r
ry
rv
rt
rtt
rttr
rtn
rtny
rtm
rty
rtr
rtry
rtv
rtvy
rts
rtsy
rthy
rd
rddh
rddhy
rdm
rdry
rth
rdr
rtsny
rdy
rtsn
rdv
rdvy
rdh
rdhn
rdhny
rdhm
rdhy
rdhr
rdhv
rn
rny
rnv
rp
rpy
rph
(rf=rPH)
rb
rbr
rbh
rbhy
rbhv
rmy
rmr
ry
ryy
rr
rv
rvy
rvr
rvl
rm
rl
rbhr
rml
r
rm
ry
rv
rvy
r
r
ry
rh
r
ry
rm
ry
rv
rs
rsr
rsv
rh
rhy
rhr
rhl
rhv
lk
lky
lg
lgv
lgvy
l
lt
ld
lp
lpy
lph
lb
lby
lbh
lbhy
lm
ly
ll
lly
lv
lvy
l
lh
lhy
v
vny
vy
vr
vl
vv
vh
k
c
cy
ch
t
n
ny
p
m
my
y
r
ry
rv
l
v
vy
k
ky
kr
vn
kl
kv
k
kh
y
r
ry
v
h
hy
hv
y
v
p
py
pr
pl
ph
m
my
y
r
v
sk
skr
skh
s
sr
st
stm
sty
str
stry
stv
sts
sth
sthn
sthny
sthy
sn
sny
sp
spr
sph
sphy
sb
sm
smy
sy
sr
sry
sl
sv
svy
ss
ssy
ssv
h
hn
hny
hm
hmy
hy
hr
hl
hv
hvy
Jana
Chandas
Sanskrit
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Note: I removed the faulty fonts "Raghindi" and "TITUS Cyberbit" from above table and
added the fonts "Code 2000", "Jana Sanskrit" and "Chandas". The new font "Jana Sanskrit"
(2004) is an improved version of the old font "Raghindi" (2002).
k (0.104)
ka (15.069)
k (8.951)
ki (1.309)
ku (0.003)
ku (0.016)
k (0.247)
kti (0.257)
ke (0.007)
kai (0.327)
kai (0.209)
ko (1.565)
kau (1.194)
kti (0.095)
kti (0.015)
kt (0.017)
ktu (0.148)
ktu (0.083)
kt (0.011)
kt (0.878)
kt (0.144)
kt (0.004)
kt (0.003)
kty (0.016)
ktyo (0.003)
ktra (0.020)
kta (0.432)
kt (0.047)
kty (0.126)
ktra (0.019)
kta (0.714)
ku (5.132)
kka (0.020)
kc (0.006)
kta (1.126)
k (0.002)
ke (3.060)
kcai (0.016)
k (0.019)
k (0.017)
ktya (0.013)
kci (0.003)
k (1.052)
ktau (0.047)
kke (0.003)
kca (0.037)
ki (1.362)
ktai (0.026)
kto (0.500)
kka (0.006)
k (0.534)
k (6.030)
kke (0.002)
ktra (0.004)
ktr (0.048)
ktr (0.004)
ktri (0.002)
ktre (0.006)
ktrai (0.004)
ktha (0.005)
kte (0.002)
ktai (0.066)
kk (0.008)
k (0.273)
ki (0.117)
kku (0.013)
kte (0.237)
kki (0.016)
ka (1.350)
ka (0.853)
kk (0.009)
ktrai (0.003)
ktro (0.006)
ktrau (0.002)
ktva (0.006)
ktva (0.003)
ktv (0.657)
ktve (0.013)
ktvai (0.006)
ktho (0.003)
knu (0.056)
kno (0.045)
kpa (0.018)
kp (0.010)
kpu (0.009)
kp (0.004)
kp (0.044)
kpau (0.003)
kpra (0.032)
kpre (0.002)
kma (0.092)
kma (0.005)
km (0.008)
kmi (0.029)
km (0.005)
kya (0.512)
kya (0.432)
kya (0.038)
ky (0.132)
ky (0.006)
ky (0.020)
kye (0.063)
kyai (0.015)
kyai (0.010)
kyo (0.074)
kyau (0.004)
kra (0.116)
kr (0.009)
kri (0.381)
kr (0.158)
kre (0.307)
k (0.097)
ki (0.002)
kl (0.025)
kli (0.117)
kl (0.035)
kle (0.110)
klai (0.004)
klai (0.002)
klo (0.003)
kva (0.259)
kai (0.039)
kai (0.018)
ko (0.269)
ko (0.003)
kau (0.115)
ka (0.078)
ka (0.041)
km (0.003)
km (0.028)
km (0.005)
km (0.005)
kme (0.008)
kmai (0.002)
kmo (0.010)
k (0.008)
ke (0.712)
kma (0.005)
km (0.029)
k (0.008)
kya (0.002)
kma (0.015)
k (0.004)
ku (0.036)
kau (0.002)
kma (0.134)
ku (0.661)
kva (0.005)
kv (0.026)
ko (0.010)
k (0.255)
k (0.008)
kla (0.005)
kla (0.003)
k (0.038)
ki (1.861)
krau (0.030)
kla (0.085)
kai (0.025)
kro (0.002)
k (0.679)
kr (0.115)
kro (0.752)
ku (0.004)
kmy (0.022)
kya (0.907)
kya (0.056)
kya (0.009)
ky (0.400)
ky (0.007)
ky (0.007)
kye (0.050)
k (0.004)
kai (0.056)
ka (0.136)
kru (0.050)
kyai (0.016)
kyai (0.003)
kyo (0.018)
kyau (0.002)
kva (0.126)
ke (0.030)
ka (0.279)
kru (0.961)
krai (0.002)
k (0.003)
ka (4.745)
kr (0.002)
krai (0.009)
ki (0.010)
kr (0.413)
k (0.008)
k (0.003)
k (0.047)
ka (0.021)
ka (0.004)
kvo (0.002)
kra (1.854)
kra (0.047)
kve (0.005)
kv (0.035)
kve (0.015)
ksa (0.026)
ksa (0.010)
ks (0.010)
ksi (0.002)
ksu (0.006)
kse (0.012)
ksru (0.002)
ksro (0.003)
kha (1.568)
kha (0.466)
kha (0.119)
kh (0.814)
kh (0.030)
kh (0.078)
khi (0.311)
kh (0.119)
kh (0.006)
khu (0.021)
khu (0.003)
khe (0.336)
khai (0.083)
khai (0.047)
kho (0.146)
khau (0.006)
khya (0.102)
khya (0.070)
khya (0.013)
khy (0.696)
khy (0.023)
khy (0.025)
khyu (0.009)
khyu (0.004)
khye (0.293)
khyai (0.020)
khyai (0.010)
khyo (0.018)
khyau (0.025)
ga (12.089)
ga (0.336)
ga (0.247)
g (2.838)
g (0.098)
g (0.257)
gi (0.526)
g (0.340)
g (0.002)
gu (1.804)
gu (0.005)
gu (0.016)
g (0.092)
g (0.002)
g (1.269)
ge (0.946)
gai (0.141)
gai (0.131)
go (0.913)
go (0.013)
gau (0.261)
gau (0.008)
gga (0.016)
ggu (0.004)
gg (0.003)
gghu (0.002)
gja (0.018)
gj (0.002)
gji (0.002)
gj (0.003)
gjyo (0.030)
ga (0.008)
ga (0.003)
g (0.006)
gda (0.013)
gd (0.006)
gdu (0.003)
gd (0.005)
gde (0.002)
gdo (0.002)
gdv (0.004)
gdvi (0.002)
gdha (0.079)
gdha (0.029)
gdha (0.011)
gdh (0.056)
gdhi (0.005)
gdh (0.002)
gdhu (0.009)
gdhe (0.010)
gdhai (0.006)
gdhai (0.003)
gdho (0.015)
gdhau (0.003)
gdhr (0.006)
gdhr (0.003)
gdhv (0.017)
gna (0.132)
gna (0.042)
gnyo (0.009)
gba (0.012)
gb (0.004)
gbu (0.006)
gbra (0.002)
gbha (0.018)
gbh (0.011)
gbhi (0.040)
gbh (0.014)
gbhya (0.005)
gn (0.090)
gn (0.011)
gn (0.026)
gni (0.629)
gni (0.062)
gni (0.047)
gn (0.043)
gn (0.004)
gne (0.093)
gne (0.011)
gnai (0.012)
gnai (0.003)
gno (0.021)
gnau (0.046)
gnya (0.030)
gnya (0.008)
gnya (0.009)
gny (0.010)
gnye (0.014)
gbhi (0.013)
gbh (0.003)
gna (0.020)
gdh (0.004)
gdh (0.008)
gdhu (0.007)
gbhya (0.009)
gbhyo (0.003)
gma (0.065)
gm (0.006)
gmi (0.020)
gm (0.014)
gmu (0.182)
gmu (0.075)
gm (0.003)
gya (0.067)
gya (0.030)
gya (0.003)
gy (0.023)
gy (0.005)
gy (0.002)
gyu (0.003)
gye (0.021)
gyo (0.035)
gra (1.038)
gra (0.098)
gra (0.021)
gr (0.898)
gr (0.015)
gr (0.018)
gr (0.124)
gr (0.006)
gre (0.128)
grai (0.030)
grai (0.023)
gro (0.051)
grau (0.002)
grya (0.040)
grya (0.033)
grya (0.013)
gry (0.020)
gry (0.011)
gry (0.009)
grye (0.009)
gryai (0.006)
gryai (0.004)
gryo (0.005)
gryau (0.002)
gla (0.018)
gl (0.032)
glo (0.003)
gva (0.022)
gva (0.003)
gv (0.019)
gvi (0.057)
gv (0.008)
gv (0.008)
gve (0.008)
gvai (0.002)
gvya (0.003)
gha (0.023)
gh (0.681)
gh (0.156)
gh (0.048)
ghi (0.009)
gh (0.017)
ghu (0.083)
ghu (0.003)
gh (0.020)
gh (0.089)
ghe (0.046)
ghai (0.066)
ghai (0.037)
gho (0.721)
ghnya (0.003)
ghya (0.002)
ghy (0.003)
ghra (0.030)
kte (0.071)
ghna (0.014)
ghn (0.021)
ghn (0.002)
ghr (0.005)
k (0.006)
ki (0.072)
ghre (0.017)
ghrai (0.015)
k (0.026)
ke (0.009)
ghrai (0.002)
kya (0.008)
ghro (0.041)
kva (0.023)
ghrau (0.025)
kha (0.122)
ghva (0.006)
kha (0.030)
ghv (0.009)
ka (0.016)
k (0.050)
k (0.011)
ku (0.056)
kha (0.006)
kh (0.066)
kh (0.008)
kh (0.014)
khe (0.012)
k (0.010)
k (0.002)
k (0.002)
ki (0.071)
ghn (0.013)
ktv (0.003)
ka (0.079)
ka (0.016)
kty (0.002)
kra (0.006)
ka (0.204)
ktya (0.002)
kya (0.003)
ghr (0.135)
ghr (0.027)
ko (0.020)
kti (0.008)
ghra (0.124)
ghna (0.048)
ghnu (0.051)
kta (0.009)
ghnya (0.003)
ghra (0.322)
ghna (0.269)
ghn (0.005)
kai (0.002)
ghnau (0.003)
ghau (0.006)
ghni (0.026)
ghno (0.021)
gvy (0.002)
gha (0.049)
ke (0.041)
ghne (0.047)
gha (0.960)
ghnu (0.020)
khai (0.022)
khai (0.038)
kho (0.006)
khau (0.005)
ga (0.680)
ga (0.111)
ga (0.054)
g (0.457)
g (0.051)
g (0.028)
gi (0.168)
gi (0.004)
g (0.043)
g (0.020)
gu (0.068)
g (0.016)
ge (0.226)
gai (0.039)
gai (0.016)
go (0.092)
gau (0.015)
gya (0.008)
gya (0.002)
gy (0.004)
gyu (0.002)
gha (0.017)
ma (0.035)
m (0.007)
m (0.003)
ci (0.079)
c (0.035)
cau (0.030)
cca (0.864)
cca (0.003)
cc (0.315)
cci (0.304)
cche (0.628)
co (0.810)
ccu (0.010)
cce (0.028)
ccai (0.143)
ccai (0.028)
cco (0.016)
ccya (0.006)
cchu (0.004)
cch (0.051)
cai (0.020)
cch (0.028)
cu (0.110)
cai (1.814)
cch (0.005)
cch (0.032)
ce (0.003)
cch (0.008)
cu (0.188)
ce (1.241)
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h (0.092)
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hya (0.132)
hyo (0.021)
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hy (0.002)
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hr (0.004)
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hv (0.006)
hvyo (0.002)
hre (0.005)
hv (0.003)
0
032
10
11
12
13
14
15
"
&
'
048
<
>
064
080
096
112
128
144
160
176
192
208
224
240
0100
0101
0120
0121
012A
012B
015A
015B
016A
016B
1E0C
1E0D
1E24
1E25
1E36
1E37
1E38
1E39
1E3A
1E3B
1E40
1E41
1E42
1E43
1E44
1E45
1E46
1E47
1E5A
1E5B
1E5C
1E5D
U
N
I
C
O
D
E
1E62
1E63
1E6C
1E6D
030D
030E
0331
0102
0103
0114
0115
014E
014F
1E48
1E49
F140
F141
F146
F147
F148
F156
F157
1E5E
1E5F
1E8E
1E8F
Range 032-255:
Range 128-191:
Unicode white:
Unicode yellow:
Unicode cyan:
Unicode grey:
Note: Itranslator uses only lowercase characters for the transliteration of Sanskrit texts.
128 0080
.notdef
Euro
0080
129 0081
.notdef
c129
0081
UNDEFINED
130 0082
quotesinglbase
201A
131 0083
florin
0192
132 0084
quotedblbase
201E
133 0085
ellipsis
2026
HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS
134 0086
dagger
2020
DAGGER
135 0087
daggerdbl
2021
DOUBLE DAGGER
136 0088
circumflex
02C6
137 0089
perthousand
2030
138 008A
Scaron
0160
139 008B
guilsinglleft
2039
140 008C
OE
0152
141 008D
.notdef
c141
008D
UNDEFINED
142 008E
.notdef
Zcaron
008E 017D
143 008F
.notdef
c143
008F
UNDEFINED
144 0090
.notdef
c144
0090
UNDEFINED
145 0091
quoteleft
2018
146 0092
quoteright
2019
147 0093
quotedblleft
201C
148 0094
quotedblright
201D
149 0095
bullet
2022
BULLET
150 0096
endash
2013
EN DASH
151 0097
emdash
2014
EM DASH
152 0098
tilde
02DC
SMALL TILDE
153 0099
trademark
2122
154 009A
scaron
0161
155 009B
guilsinglright
203A
156 009C
oe
0153
157 009D
.notdef
009D
UNDEFINED
c157
20AC
EURO SIGN
158 009E
.notdef
159 009F
zcaron
009E 017E
Ydieresis
0178
160 00A0
uni00A0
00A0
NO-BREAK SPACE
161 00A1
exclamdown
00A1
162 00A2
cent
00A2
CENT SIGN
163 00A3
sterling
00A3
POUND SIGN
164 00A4
currency
00A4
CURRENCY SIGN
165 00A5
yen
00A5
YEN SIGN
166 00A6
brokenbar
00A6
BROKEN BAR
167 00A7
section
00A7
SECTION SIGN
168 00A8
dieresis
00A8
DIAERESIS
169 00A9
copyright
00A9
COPYRIGHT SIGN
00AA
171 00AB
guillemotleft
00AB
172 00AC
logicalnot
00AC
NOT SIGN
173 00AD
minus
00AD
SOFT HYPHEN
174 00AE
registered
00AE
REGISTERED SIGN
175 00AF
macron
00AF 02C9
MACRON
176 00B0
degree
00B0
DEGREE SIGN
177 00B1
plusminus
00B1
PLUS-MINUS SIGN
178 00B2
twosuperior
00B2
SUPERSCRIPT TWO
179 00B3
threesuperior
00B3
SUPERSCRIPT THREE
180 00B4
acute
00B4
ACUTE ACCENT
181 00B5
mu
00B5 03BC
MICRO SIGN
182 00B6
paragraph
00B6
PILCROW SIGN
183 00B7
periodcentered
00B7 2219
MIDDLE DOT
184 00B8
cedilla
00B8
CEDILLA
185 00B9
onesuperior
00B9
SUPERSCRIPT ONE
186 00BA
ordmasculine
00BA
187 00BB
guillemotright
00BB
188 00BC
onequarter
00BC
189 00BD
onehalf
00BD
190 00BE
threequarters
00BE
191 00BF
questiondown
00BF
c) Char Map Method (Mouse Click on the Character Map = Symbol Palette)
This non-keyboard method is convenient for entering e.g. a special mathematical symbol,
but it cannot be recommended for entering Devanagari texts.
d) Other Methods
There exist other methods of entering Unicode characters, e.g. the "Eureka" method (see
http://www.sanskritweb.net/fonts/eureka.doc) which can even be used with old Word
97 on an old Windows 98 computer.
Furthermore, third-party developers provide Windows keyboard drivers, e.g. Keyman,
see http://www.tavultesoft.com.
Non-Shift Keys
Shift Keys
AltGr Keys
After having installed (1) the INSCRIPT keyboard driver and (2) the MS Visual Keyboard,
start your word processor, e.g. Word XP, and select "Sanskrit 2003" as font.
Then select "Microsoft Visual Keyboard" (via the Start/Programs/Office Programs menue)
and here also select "Sanskrit 2003". You will see this keyboard picture (on a German PC):
On the MS Visual Keyboard you can "type" by clicking on the key cap pictures. In this way
you can memorize the keyboard layout. Try and make your own "typing" experiments to
become familiar with the INSCRIPT keyboard driver.
Cave: If you enter a Sanskrit text directly via INSCRIPT keyboard, you do not create an
ITX source text file of this Sanskrit text and hence you cannot give your entered text to
those who cannot use 16-bit OpenType fonts. But if you enter a Sanskrit text as ITX file, it
can be converted to any 8-bit and 16-bit Devanagari font format by Itranslator 99 and 2003.
Appendix I
are transliterated by
respectively.
, , , by m,
by n or m,
by or m,
, , by ,
by m,
by or n,
by or n or m,
preceding by
in Gatzlaff-Hlsigs Handwrterbuch Hindi-Deutsch. is transliterated by gy
matching its Hindi pronunciation. In McGregors The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary
nasalized vowels are transliterated by vowelsign + ; all the other Anuswar forms as
Gatzlaff-Hlsig does, except , , , , , , by if preceded by a Bindu sign.
First column
Second column
Third column
Fourth column
Fifth column
Ligature
Transliteration
Hindi Anuswar form
Example with transliteration
German and English translation
kk
, ikks
einundzwanzig
, taraqq
Fortschritt
kkh
Butter
kc
, fraikcar
, tvakched
kch
, makkhan
, kar
kr
, ilekrn
kt
qt
, vaqt
, rakt
twenty-one
progress
butter
Knochenbruch
fracture
Hautabschrfung
excoriation
Arzt
doctor
Elektron
electron
Blut
blood
Zeit
time
kty
, yuktybhs
Sophisterei
ktv
, p thaktv
Getrenntheit
kth
qd
, naqd
kp
, vkpau
qf
, vaqf
Stiftung
qb
, iqbl
Gestndnis
km
, hukm
ky
, ikyvan
einundfnfzig
kr
, vikram
Tapferkeit
ql
, aql
Verstand
kl
, ukl
rein
kv
, kvr
jung
, naq
Karte
, pak
Seite
scharf
km
, lakm
Lakschmi
ky
nicht essbar
ks
, aiks
qs
, nuqs
Fehler
ksth
, diksthpan
Orientierung
hart
, za
, sikth
separateness
gekochter Reis
boiled rice
bar
cash
redegewandt
eloquent
endowment
admission
Befehl
order
fifty-one
valour
mind
, rik
pure
young
map
Rikscha
rickshaw
side
, tk
, abhaky
, sa
sophistry
t
m
sharp
Lakshmi
not to be eaten
Taxi
taxi
fault
orientation
hard
Wunde
wound
khm
, monakhmer bh
Mon-Khmer-Sprachen
khy
, khyt
berhmt
khr
Mon-Khmer languages
celebrated
yl
Gedanke
thought
, khrin
Christ
, fa
Prahlerei
, tana
, ba
, a
Christian
boasting
vh
an
s
Lohn
wages
verleihen
to bestow
Person
person
gg
, diggaj
bedeutend
ggh
, ghuggh
Eule
, maz
Gehirn
gz
, lagzamabarg
Luxemburg
gj
, vgjl
leeres Gerede
ggy
, samyaggyn
gd
, digdaran
gdh
, avidagdh
laienhaft
gdhy
Redegewandtheit
gn
, agni
Feuer
gp
, digpl
gb
, digbandu
Hauptpunkt
gbh
, p thagbhv
Unterschied
gbhr
, digbhramnti
gm
, yugm
, rug
, vgvaidagdhy
great
owl
brain
Luxemburg
net of words
rechtes Wissen
right knowledge
krank
ill
berblick
survey
amateurish
eloquence
fire
guardian deities of the different quarters
cardinal point
difference
Verwirrung
confusion
Paar
couple
gy
, gyrah
elf
gr
, grh
Krokodil
gl
, glni
Niedergeschlagenheit
gv
, gvl
Rinderhirte
gvy
, digvyp
alles durchdringend
, digl
ghn
, vighn
ghy
ghr
eleven
crocodile
depression
cowherd
all pervasive
inauspicious planetary conjunction
Hindernis
obstacle
, lghy
lobenswert
praiseworthy
, ghr
schnell
quickly
, ak
Zahl
kc
, pakcar
Loch
kt
Reihe
ky
kr
, sakram
, kk
kh
, pakh
khy
, sakhy
gts
number
puncture
, pakti
row
, aky
relavejakan
kennzeichnungspflichtig
to have to be marked
Durchgang
passage
Bahnknotenpunkt
railway-junction
Wunsch
desire
Ventilator
fan
Nummer
number
Dienstag
- ,
-
Jangtsekiang
gy
, vyagy
gr
, kgres
Kongress
gl
Angloinder
gs
magalavr
ygtse-kyg
aglo-iiyan
, kigsan
Tuesday
Yangtsekiang
Ironie
irony
congress
Anglo-Indian
Kingston
Kingston
gh
ghy
ghr
, sagh
, durlaghy
, aghri
Vereinigung
society
unwegsam
impassable
Versfu
foot
= , ding = diggaj
bedeutend
, vmay
Literatur
, sahat
kompakt
great
literature
compact
cc
, paccs
fnfundzwanzig
cch
gut
cchr
, k cchr
schlecht
cchv
Ausatmung
cy
, acyut
zz
, izzat
jj
, majj
Knochenmark
jjy
Schamlosigkeit
jjv
jjh
, jhajjhar
gy
, vigy
kenntnisreich
zb
, jazb
Gefhl
zm
, kamyunizm
Kommunismus
jy
, jy
zy
, zyd
zr
, uzr
Einwand
jr
, ujrat
Vergtung
jv
, jvar
Flut
, acch
, ucchvs
, nairlajjy
, ujjval
twenty-five
good
bad
breathing out
unverrckbar
fixed
Ehre
honour
marrow of a bone
shamelessness
hell
bright
Wasserkrug
water-jug
knowing
emotion
communism
Bogensehne
bow-string
viel
much
objection
remuneration
flood-tide
, pacako
Fnfeck
ch
, pach
ein Vogel
, tzniy
Tansania
, pajb
Panschab
gy
, sagy
jh
, ajh
Pause
, sayat
kontrolliert
, sarakak
Beschtzer
, salp
Gesprch
, pucal
loses Frauenzimmer
, saray
Zuflucht
, msad
sk
, sask t
kultiviert
st
, sastar
Schicht
stv
sth
, sasth
Institut
sp
, saspar
Kontakt
sm
, sasmara
Erinnerung
sy
Bronze
sr
, hisr
gewaltttig
, ako
Sechseck
, ugr
, svizaralai
, sali
, pustv
, ksy
pentagon
a bird
Tanzania
Panjab
Bewusstsein
consciousness
interval
controlled
protector
conversation
a loose woman
refuge
synthetisch
synthetic
Parlamentarier
member of parliament
cultivated
layer
maskulin
masculine
institute
contact
remembrance
bronze
violent
hexagon
Stuttgart
Stuttgart
Schweiz
Switzerland
, chu
, cih
Brief
, vikhapanam
Wischakhpatnam
, apad
, insy
Institut
, ren
Zug
, avary
, astr
, skes
hh
, ekahh
hy
, suphy
lesbar
, khag
Schwert
, aj
, la
Laddu (Sigkeit)
, buh
bejahrt
, adaran
bh
, abhuj
Sechseck
, y
Pflicht
, rivar
, avikr
Freizeit
vacation
letter
Vishakhapatnam
sechsbeinig
six-footed
institute
train
sechsjhrig
six-year-old
die sechs klassischen Systeme
the six systems of Indian philosphy
Schlittschuhe
skates
vereinigt
united
legible
sword
erster Ton (von sieben)
first tone (of seven)
Laddu (a sweet)
aged
die sechs klassischen Systeme
the six systems of Indian philosphy
hexagon
duty
Fahrer
driver
die sechs Entwicklungsphasen von
Lebewesen
the six stages of development of human
beings
hy
, phalhy
reich an Frchten
Stunde
, gha
, seral
, kuh
Stumpfsinn
hy
, kahy
Hals-
, a
, nedaralaiz
Niederlande
Niederlande
Ruber
, aku
ununterbrochen
, m ptr
Tongef
, m may
aus Ton
die Brahmanen
, kiv
Ferment
tk
, utka
gewaltig
tkr
, utkram
Umkehrung
tk
, utkep
Ausstoen
tkh
Ausgrabung
tg
, vidyutgatik
Elektrodynamik
tgr
, vidyutgrahak
Antenne
tc
, vidyutclak
tt
, uttar
tty
ttv
tth
, patthar
td
, vidyutdar
tdh
, vidyutdhr
ndaralais
, huh
, brhmay
, utkhanan
, v ttyanuprs
, mahattv
dullness
having to do with the throat
Ei
egg
Netherlands
Netherlands
robber
continuing
earthenware vessel
earthen
the brahmans
ferment
vast
reversal
pushing out
excavation
electrodynamics
aerial
Leiter
conductor
nrdlich
northerly
Alliteration
alliteration
Bedeutung
greatness
Stein
stone
Elektroskop
electroscope
elektrischer Strom
electric current
tn
, patn
Ehefrau
tny
tp
, m tpi
Lehmklumpen
tpr
, utpravs
Emigration
tpl
, utplvakat
tph
, spatny
, utphull
tf
, lutf
tb
tm
tmy
tr
tl
lift
voll erblht
fully open
pleasure
Glhbirne
electric bulb
Identitt
finished
identity
Verlassen
leaving
Brief
, qatl
letter
dreitgig
lasting three days
Mord
, tvac
ts
, protshan
, vidyutakti
, h tsthal
tsth
Auftrieb
, tdtmy
, tryhik
tv
emigration
fertig
, patr
try
lump of clay
atm
, tyg
ty
Vergngen
, vidyutbalb
wife
murder
Haut
skin
Elektroenergie
electric energy
Ermutigung
encouragement
Herzgegend
cardiac region
tsthy
, ttsthy
tsn
, jyotsn
tsp
, atsp
Halbvokal
tsy
, matsy
Fisch
tsv
th
, jagatsvm
,
vidyuth tspandalekh
Metonymie
metonymy
Mondlicht
moonlight
semi-vowel
fish
das hchste Wesen
the supreme being
Elektrokardiogramm
electrocardiogram
thy
thr
, thril
Sensation
thv
, p thv
die Erde
dk
thrill
the earth
Herzklappe
cardiac valve
dgr
, sadgranth
heiliges Buch
dgh
, udghan
Einweihung
dd
, zidd
hartnckig
ddh
, prasiddh
bekannt
, h ddhvani
Seligkeit
beatitude
holy book
inauguration
stubborn
well-known
Herzton
cardiac sound
dp
, h dpt
db
, udbodh
dbh
, adbhut
wunderbar
dbhr
, udbhrnt
verwirrt
dm
, sadm
Haus
dy
, yadyapi
obgleich
dr
, drav
flssig
dry
, dridry
Armut
dvy
deserving to be said
, sadgati
dv
, h dkap
erwhnenswert
dg
ddhv
, kathy
, dvr
, sadvyavahr
, h dl
Herzversagen
heart failure
Erleuchtung
enlightenment
wonderful
confused
house
although
fluid
poverty
Tr
door
Sittlichkeit
morality
Herzbrune
angina pectoris
dhy
, adhypak
Lehrer
dhr
, adhruv
beweglich
dhv
, dhvani
teacher
unfixed
Laut
sound
nk
ng
, engeja
nc
nz
, manzr
akzeptiert
Dividende
nt
, ant
Ende
nty
dental
ntr
, mantr
ntry
nth
nd
, hind
ndy
ndr
, pandrah
ndv
ndh
, dhandh
ndhy
ndhr
, sarandhr
pors
, unns
neunzehn
nn
, inkr
Leugnen
denial
besetzt
engaged
onc
, ivien
, danty
, svtantry
, panth
, mndy
, dvandv
, sndhy
a hawkers tray
accepted
dividend
end
dental
Minister
minister of state
Freiheit
freedom
Pfad
path
Hindi
Hindi
Langsamkeit
sluggishness
fnfzehn
fifteen
Paar
pair
Beschftigung
occupation
abendlich
having to do with evening
porous
nineteen
nny
, sannys
Aufgeben
nfr
, knfrens
Konferenz
abandonment
conference
nm
, janm
ny
, ny
nv
, samanvay
Verbindung
, mun
Schreiber
Geburt
birth
leer
empty
connection
writer
ns
ns
, insy
nsp
, inspekar
nh
, unh
pcy
, naipcyn
, ip
pt
, prpt
bekommen
pty
, prpty
pn
, insn
, svapn
Mensch
human being
Institut
institute
Inspektor
inspector
ihnen
to them
Neptun
Neptune
Abgeordneter
deputy
obtained
expectation to get something
Traum
dream
pp
, cappal
Sandale
pf
, pfeni
Pfennig
pph
, phupphus
sandal
Pfennig
Lunge
lungs
py
, pyr
pr
, prade
pl
, iplom
Diplom
ps
, indriyalips
sinnliche Begierde
fz
, lafz
Wort
, lefine
fs
, rfs
pht
, naipht
Erdl
ft
, haft
Woche
fth
, nefthaln
Nephthalin
ff
, talaffuz
fy
, karafy
Liebe
love
Region
region
diploma
lust
word
Leutnant
lieutenant
Damespiel
draughts
petroleum
week
Nephthalin
Aussprache
pronunciation
Sperrstunde
curfew
phy
, phys
Kopfschuppen
fr
, afrk
Afrika
fl
, flai
Wohnung
, banaf
fs
, afsos
Gram
bj
, abjad
arabisches Alphabet
bz
, sabz
Gemse
bt
, ibtid
Beginn
bd
, abd
bdh
, abdhi
bb
, chabbs
sechsundzwanzig
bbh
, gabbh
Steppdecke
by
, byh
dandruff
Africa
flat
Veilchen
violet
sorrow
Arabic alphabet
vegetable
beginning
Wort
word
Ozean
ocean
twenty-six
quilt
Hochzeit
marriage
br
, brhma
Brahmane
bl
, prblam
Problem
, hab
thiopisch
bhbh
, bhabhbha
Tumult
bhy
, abhys
bhr
, bhra
korrupt
mc
, suum
der Rckenmarkskanal
mt
, imtahn
Prfung
md
, umd
ausgezeichnet
mn
, nimn
niedrig
omc
brahman
problem
Ethiopian
uproar
bung
practice
corrupt
a hawkers tray
the channel of the spinal cord
examination
excellent
low
mp
, kampan
mpy
mpr
, samprati
mph
, gumphan
mf
, simfan
Sinfonie
mb
, lamb
lang
mbh
, sambhav
, sambhram
mbhr
mm
, ummd
mm
, umr
mr
ms
ms
company
Computer
computer
gegenwrtig
at the present time
Auffdeln
stringing together
symphony
long
mglich
possible
Verwirrung
confusion
Hoffnung
hope
bereinstimmend
agreeing
Zwickel
gusset
Lebensalter
lifetime
, mln
ml
mv
, sammat
, myn
my
, kampyar
Gesellschaft
welk
withered
, samvat
Jahr
, komsomol
Komsomol
, emsaraaim
year
comsomol
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
mh
, tumhr
euer
yy
, muhayy
bereit
rq
, farq
Unterschied
rk
, mrket
rky
, sarkyular
rks
, mrksavd
Marxismus
rkh
, car
Rad
rkh
, mrkh
your
prepared
difference
Markt
market
Rundschreiben
circular
Marxism
wheel
dumm
stupid
, mur
rg
rgr
, durgrhy
rgh
, durghaan
rghy
, arghy
rc
, mrc
Mrz
rcch
Ohnmacht
rcy
, porcyagl
Portugal
rch
, barch
Speer
rj
, darjan
Dutzend
rz
, darz
Schneider
rjy
, varjy
verboten
rjh
, nirjhar
, pr
Partei
rs
, hers
Hertz
, vran
Wchter
, varan
Beschreibung
ry
, sauvary
rt
, nartak
Tnzer
rtt
, mrtti
rtm
, vartm
rty
rtr
, ipakartr
Schreibmaschinenschreiberin
rts
Alveole
, svarg
, mrcch
, sampavarty
, varts
Hahn
cock
Himmel
heaven
schwer begreiflich
difficult to comprehend
Unfall
accident
geachtet
respected
March
faint
Portugal
spear
dozen
tailor
prohibited
Wasserfall
waterfall
party
Hertz
warden
description
the sounds correct pronunciation
dancer
Statue
statue
Augenlid
eyelid
gemeinsames Vielfaches
common multiple
typist
alveolus
rtsy
, vartsy
rth
, caturth
rthy
rd
, urd
rddh
, smarthy
, mrddhany
, snehrdr
rdr
alveolar
viert
fourth
Fhigkeit
ability
Urdu
Urdu
zerebral
cerebral
von Liebe erfllt
full of love
rdv
rdh
, nirdhan
rdhm
, vardhm
Bruch
rdhv
, rdhv
senkrecht
rn
, rnme
Turnier
rp
, krps
Baumwolle
rf
, sirf
nur
rfy
, karfy
Sperrstunde
rb
, isarb karan
rbh
, garbh
Mutterleib
rbhr
, nirbhram
unbeirrt
rm
, arm
Schande
rmy
rmh
, barmh
Burma
ry
, maury
Maurjas
rr
, harr
Myrobalane
rl
, nirlajj
schamlos
rv
, garv
Stolz
, nirdvandv
alveolar
, sdharmy
ruhig
calm
arm
poor
rupture
vertical
tournament
cotton
only
curfew
stren
to disturb
womb
not erring
shame
Gleichartigkeit
similarity
Burma
Mauryas
myrobalan
shameless
pride
, durvyasan
rvy
schlechte Angewohnheit
bad habit
, daran
rv
, prv
Seite
, var
Jahr
rs
, kurs
Stuhl
rs
erst
rh
, garha
Tadel
rhy
, vigarhy
tadelnswert
lk
lq
, halq
Kreis
, tal
bitter
lg
lz
, slzabar
Salisbury
Rettungsring
, eyaraholar
lt
, multav
lts
lth
, kmanavelth
Britischer Staatenbund
ld
, jald
Geschwindigkeit
lp
Handwerk
lps
lph
lf
, zulf
lb
Anblick
sight
side
year
chair
, fars
first
censure
censurable
, milk
Besitz
possession
circle
bitter
, phalgu
geringfgig
, lifabel
, ilp
, lps
, gulph
, qalb
insignificant
Salisbury
life-belt
Aktionr
shareholder
aufgeschoben
, rinalai-flts
delayed
Rheinland-Pfalz
Rhineland-Pfalz
Commenwealth
speed
craft
Alpen
Alpes
Knchel
ankle
Locke
lock
Herz
heart
lbh
lbhy
lm
, film
ly
, mly
ll
, ull
lv
, khalv
kahl
Emulsion
lh
, kulh
vy
, pragalbh
, prgalbhy
, imalan
, vyakti
mutig
bold
Mut
boldness
Film
film
Preis
price
Eule
owl
bald
emulsion
Beil
axe
Person
person
vr
, vrat
Gelbde
vv
, navve
neunzig
, iq
, mukil
schwierig
, cary
Erstaunen
ch
, nichal
, ugr
Stuttgart
, got
Fleisch
, pran
Frage
pr
, pre
Spree
, cam
Brille
, vayak
, r
Wohlstand
, la
Umarmung
, vs
vow
ninety
Liebe
love
difficult
astonishment
offen
not deceitful
Stuttgart
meat
question
Spree
glasses
ntig
necessary
prosperity
embrace
Atem
breath
, kaf
ausdrcklich
muskuls
kr
, nikray
gr
, dugrhy
muscular
Bezahlung
payment
schwer verstndlich
difficult to understand
, ka
Schwierigkeit
Spezifikum
, ur
Kamel
, jyeh
ltest
hy
, ohy
, k
, nipatti
pr
, nipr
leblos
ph
, niphal
unfruchtbar
, grm
, iy
sk
, muskarn
skr
, muk
explicit
, vaiiy
, skrn
skv
, skvran
skh
, skhalan
difficulty
distinguishing feature
camel
eldest
labial
labial
schwarz
black
Vollendung
completion
lifeless
not bearing fruit
heie Jahreszeit
hot season
Schler
pupil
lcheln
to smile
Bildschirm
screen
Schwadron
squadron
Straucheln
stumbling
sj
, masjid
Moschee
, sean
Bahnhof
sr
, srecar
, resan
st
, agast
mosque
railway station
Tragbahre
stretcher
Dresden
Dresden
August
August
sty
, hasty
str
, mistr
Mechaniker
sth
, rjasthn
Rajasthan
sthy
manual
mechanic
Rajasthan
Gesundheit
health
sd
, qasd
sn
, snn
sp
, spar
spr
, sprig
Sprungfeder
sf
, fsfe
Phosphat
, sphr
sph
, svsthy
manuell
Absicht
intention
Baden
bathing
Berhrung
touching
spring
phosphate
ausgedehnt
extensive
sb
, banisbat
sm
, qismat
Schicksal
sy
Mitglied
sr
, misr
gypten
sl
Islam
sv
, tasvr
ss
ssth
, punassthpan
Restauration
hn
, cihn
Zeichen
hm
, brhma
Brahmane
hy
, grhy
annehmbar
hr
, hrs
Verminderung
hl
, hld
Freude
hv
, hvn
, sadasy
, islm
, ass
in Bezug auf
in respect of
fate
member
Egypt
Islam
Bild
picture
achtzig
eighty
restoration
mark
brahman
to be taken
lessening
joy
Aufforderung
summons
There should be fifteen other ligatures concerning some Hindi grammar books. But I could
not attest them by any examples:
cm, chr, jm,
yr,
yv,
ttr,
dn,
dhn,
dhm,
nph, nr,
pm,
pv,
bhv,
Reference Works:
Appendix II
1. Glyphs in the PUA range E000 (see also chapter 3.3 on page 25)
Sanskrit
2003
Chandas
Code
U+
E001
E002
E003
E004
E005
E006
E007
E008
E009
Position
of Svara
Candrabindu-Virama
as spacing character
Double Udatta (Svarita) ***
as floating accent without prop, flush right
Visarga (as an additional PUA character)
as spacing (!) character (compare U+0903!)
Candrabindu-Virama + Udatta (Svarita)
as spacing character
Candrabindu-Virama + Double Udatta (Svarita)
as spacing character
Candrabindu-Virama + Anudatta
as spacing character
Single Udatta (= Svarita)
as floating accent without prop, centered
Double Udatta (Svarita)
as floating accent without prop, centered
Anudatta
as floating accent, flush right
*** In the new release 1.1 of "Sanskrit 2003", the Double Udatta with prop (or stub) was replaced by a Double
Udatta without prop, since the new version without prop (now the default version) is needed much more
often than the version with prop. The old glyph was moved from E002 to F209 (see next page)
Chandas
Hex
Position
of Svara
F201
F202
F203
F204
F205
F206
F207
F208
F209
*** The new slot F209 of version 1.1 now contains the old glyph of slot E002 of version 1.0 of "Sanskrit 2003"
For the pronunciation of above Vedic svaras read the documents by Shriramana Sharma
downloadable at http://www.sanskritweb.net/sansdocs
Result by
Itranslator
Replacement by
MS Word
Hex Code of
Replacement
{\m+}{\m+}
F204
{\m+}{\m+}\'
F206
{\m+}{\m+}\_
F205
Result by
Itranslator
Replacement by
MS Word
+ E007
Hex Code of
Replacement
+ E007
+ E007
+ E007
and
(F202) and by