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Documente Cultură
bioethanol production
production
Cassava
by
South America
N&C America
35.1%
45.9%
Asia
Europe
Africa
10.5%
7.6%
0.9%
Fuel 79.6%
(51,044 mln litres)
Others
1.6%
Canada
1.4%
Brazil
38%
USA
51%
Sugar crops
55%
6%
Grains
37%
Others
2%
H12O
O + Yeast
CC66H
12 66+ Yeast
Glucose
Glucose
100grams
grams
100
2CO2 ++
2CO
2
Carbondioxide
dioxide
Carbon
48.89grams
grams
48.89
2C2H
H OH
2C
2 55OH
Ethanol
Ethanol
51.11grams
grams
51.11
Sugar crops
Cellulose
Sugar cane
Rice straws
Molasses
Bagasse
Sugar beets
Corn cops
Sawdust
Starch crops
Corn Cassava
Sugar crops
Starch crops
Cellulose
Liquefaction
Pretreatment
Juice Extraction
Saccharification
Enzyme Hydrolysis
Diluted Molasses
Sugar syrup
Fermentation
Anhydrous ethanol
of cheese whey
1,400 kg
of sweet sorghum
1,270 kg
of sugar cane
1,250 kg
of Jerusalem artichoke
1,030 kg
of sugar beet
850 kg
of potatoes
545 kg
of cassava
385 kg
of wood
360 kg
of molasses
368 kg
258 kg
260 kg
of wheat
230 kg
of millet
225 kg
of paddy rice
- Sugarcane
- Cereal grains (mostly corn)
- Cereal grains, beets
- Cereal grains, beets
Cassava Varieties
Rayong5
Rayong90
KU50
Huaybong 60
High-quantity/quality
carbohydrate source
Dried Chips
1.
3.
2.
4.
Composition
Moisture (% wet basis)
Starch (% dry basis)
Protein (% dry basis)
Fat (% dry basis)
Ash (% dry basis)
Crude fiber (% dry basis)
*Source: Watson, 1984
Content
Corn grain* Cassava chips
7-23
10-14
64-78
75 85
8-14
1.5 3
3.1-5.7
0.2
1.1-3.9
24
1.8-3.5
34
Raw materials
Raw materials
Steeping with water
Grinding
Grinding
Liquefaction
Protein
Starch Separation
/ Fiber
Saccharification
Starch hydrolysis
(Liquefaction and Saccharification)
Fermentation
DDGS
Fermentation
Ethanol
Yeast
Ethanol
(a)
368 kg of corn /100 liters of ethanol
(b)
258 kg of corn /100 liters of ethanol
Ethanol production from corn by (a) Wet milling and (b) Dry grinding process
Hopper
1st milling
Metal and stone detector
2nd Milling
Bucket elevator
Sifter
Mixing tank
To Liquefaction
Root Hopper
Root Peeler
Root Chopper
Root Washer
Root Rasper
st
1 fine extractor
(vertical type)
2nd coarse
extractor
Starch
milk tank
Screener
3th coarse
extractor
De-sand
cyclone
M
Agitator
tank
Separator
Hydrocyclone
To liquefaction section
Concentrate Starch
milk tank
Improved technology
for ethanol production
6 kg
Root
Chopping
Drying
2.5 kg
Chips
Grinding
Liquefaction
Saccharification
55OC
Fermentation
30OC
Distillation
Conventional process of
ethanol production from cassava
Dehydration
1L
105OC
99.5%Ethanol
Cooking
Liquefaction
Ethanol
Fermentation Saccharification
Cassava Chips
-amylase
glucoamylase
yeast
Milling
Distillation
&Dehydration
Saccharification
Fermentation
Cooking
20
18
15
16
ethanol
14
10
12
pH
10
5
TSS
glucose
6
0
20
40
( (hr)
)
Time
60
active cell
20
25
20
22
30
24
25
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
pH
- Conventional process -
15
10
5
0
80
glucose
ethanol
TSS
pH
Active cell
Cassava
Cassava
Rough Grinding
Rough Grinding
Sand Separation
Sand Separation
Liquefaction
(100 oc)
24-36
Hours
Liquefaction
Saccharification
Fermentation
Distillation
(a)
(100 oc)
72
Hours
o
(60 c)
(30 oc)
36-72
Hours
Simultaneous
Saccharification & (30 oc)
Fermentation, SSF
Distillation
(b)
-amylase
glucoamylase
yeast
Milling
SSF
Distillation
&Dehydration
25
40
35
glu-cf
30
active cell-ssf
7
active cell x10 (cells/ml)
20
25
15
active cell-cf
eth-cf
20
10
15
eth -ssf
10
5
5
glu-ssf
0
0
20
40
tim e (hrs.)
60
80
glu -C F
glu -S S F
eth-C F
eth-S S F
act-cell-C F
act-cell-S S F
Conditions: Ground cassava chips (25% DS); Liquefaction by 0.1% -amylase at 95C, 2 hrs; Saccharification
by 0.1% glucoamylase at 55C, 15 hrs; Fermentation by yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC90, at 32 C.
For SSF process, glucoamylase was added with yeast.
Process
CF
SSF
10.01+ 0.40
10.05+0.13
0.400+ 0.010
0.402+ 0.013
0.504+ 0.08
0.503+ 0.010
89
89
% Fermentation Efficiency
- Moisture 15 %
- Starch content 65% (wet basis)
362.17 T/D
85.00% TS
Milling
1,248.50 T/D
Water
Mixing
1,794.43 T/D
17.16% TS
Steam
Liquefaction
120 T/D
1,914.43 T/D
16.08% TS
SSF
Fermentation
CO2
114.98 T/D
1,799.45 T/D
7.42%(w/w) Alcohol
Spent wash recycle
177.53 T/D
6.23 T/D
0.50 T/D
Thick Slop
1,496.84 T/D
6.5% TS
Distillation
124.58 T/D
95% Alcohol
Fusel oil
Molecular Sieve
Dehydration
Fuel Ethanol
118.35 T/D or
150,000 L/D
Raw-starch
digesting enzyme
yeast
Milling
Distillation
&Dehydration
SINGLE STEP
&
UNCOOKED
process
SLSF
Cooking
Liquefaction /Saccharification
+
Fermentation
Ethanol
Cereal starches
Corn
Rice
(55%hydrolysis)
Wheat
(65%hydrolysis)
(40%hydrolysis)
Cassava
(50%hydrolysis)
Potato
(20%hydrolysis)
Corn
Cassava
6 - hr
incubation
12 - hr
incubation
24 - hr
incubation
48 - hr
incubation
12
0.125
10
0.125 Pretreat
0.25
0.25 Pretreat
0.50
0.50 Pretreat
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Ethanol concentration produced from cassava chips (25%DS) with and without
alkali pretreatment by granular starch hydrolyzing enzymes (0.125-0.5% by wt)
in SLSF process
5.8
11
5.4
5.2
5.0
pH
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
5.6
TSS
22
Ethanol
10
7
6
3
TS
5
4
pH
3
2
1
3.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Glucose
0
20
3.2
24
12
6.0
80
Time (h)
Conventional process
Todays process
1. Cassava chips
1. Cassava chips
Future process
1. Cassava chips
2. Milling / Cooking
2. Milling / Cooking
3. Liquefaction
3. Liquefaction
(100oC, 2 hr)
4. Saccharification
(60oC, 15-24 hr)
5. Fermentation
(100oC, 2 hr)
4. Simultaneous
Saccharification and
Fermentation (SSF)
(30oC, 36-48 hr)
6. Filtration& Distillation
2.Milling / Uncooked
3. Simultaneous
Liquefaction
Saccharification and
Fermentation
(30oC, 36-48 hr)
5. Filtration& Distillation
Ethanol
Ethanol
Ethanol
4 million tons/year
(12% moisture content)
25 million tons/year
(65-70% moisture content)
Roots
Water
Chips
Pulp
Starch
3 million tons/year
(70% moisture content)
Roots
Chips
Starch
Fiber content
1.5-6.0
2-5
nil
Protein
1.5-6.0
2.0-2.5
0-0.3
Ash
1.5-6.0
2.0-3.5
0.1-0.5
Starch content
70-85
Starch content
(wet basis)
(%MC)
25-30
60-75
85-90
(65)
(10)
(12)
70-85
97-100
Viscosity
Flowability
Processing effectiveness
Chips
Starch
Liquefaction
2.
3.
4.
SSF process
VHG - SSF process
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Sun
Drying
Water
59 Tons
Cassava Chip
(moisture content = 14%)
41 Tons
Fresh Root
VHG Technology
Milling
Process water saving Development
Process water
99 Tons
Mixing
(total solid = 25%)
140 Tons
Ethanol Fermentation
Energy Saving
18.5%
Energy Consumption
(MJ/L ethanol)
12
10
Dehydration
8
Distillation
6
4
Fermentation
Root Preparation
&Liquefaction
0
SSF process
VHG/SSF
process
Water
H2O
H2O
Less by using
H2roots
O
fresh
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
Less by
using
fresh roots
Less by using
SLSF process
Energy
Energy
Less by using
VHG process
http://www.cassava.org/
aapkrs@ku.ac.th