CHAPTER 1 : TRANSPORT

1a)Describe the structure of human blood vessels:

(i) arteries
(ii) veins
(iii) capillaries

Answer:
Arteries
Thick wall
Thick muscular layer
Small lumen
Absence of valve(except
aorta and pulmonary artery)

Veins
Thin wall
Thin muscular layer
Big lumen
Presence of valves.

Capillaries
One cell-thick
Absence of muscular layer
Very fine lumen
Absence of valve.

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(b)(i) Explain the basic structure of the human heart.

Answer :
Heart is made up of cardiac muscle
Heart is enclosed by pericardium membrane.
Heart is divided into left and right side by septum.
The left side is divided into left atrium and left ventricle by the bicuspid
valve.
The right side is divided into right atrium and right ventricle by the tricuspid
valve.
The atrium wall is thinner than the ventricle wall.
The left ventricle wall is thicker than the right ventricle wall.
(ii) Explain the function of the heart.
The heart function as a pump to pump the blood throughout the body.
The oxygenated blood enter the right atrium through the vena cava.
As the blood empty into right ventricle from the right atrium,
the tricuspid valve open due to high pressure caused by contraction of
atrium.
The tricuspid valve prevents the back flow of blood from the right
Ventricle to the right atrium.
Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary vein
As the left atrium contracts the bicuspid valve opens, the blood is
Emptied into the left ventricle.

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As the ventricles contract, the oxygenated blood from the left ventricle
Is pumped to the body through the aorta. The deoxygenated blood from
The right ventricle is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.
The back flow of blood to the heart is prevented by the semi-lunar valves at
the base of aorta and the base of pulmonary artery.

(iii) Explain the circulation of blood in the arteries and the veins
Answer: The high blood pressure resulted from the contraction of the heart
propel the blood in the arteries. The contraction of skeletal muscle around veins
helps to propel the blood in the veins back to the heart. The valves in the veins
ensure unidirectional flow.
(c) Explain briefly how blood pressure is regulated.
Answer: When the blood pressure is high, the baroreceptors in the aorta and
carotid artery detect the condition and send impulses to the regulatory centre in
the brain. The regulatory centre in the brain will send impulse to the effectors
that is the smooth muscle of arteries to dilate the arteries and to the cardiac
muscles to decrease the rate of heart beat. These result in blood pressure to
decrease to normal level.
(d) Compare and contrast the circulatory system in the following : humans, fish and
amphibians.
Aspects
Close / open system
Singe / double circulation
Complete / incomplete system
Number of compartment in the heart

Humans
Close
Double
Complete
4

Fish
Close
Single
Incomplete
2

Amphibians
Close
Double
Incomplete
3

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2.

Figure 1 shows the process of formation of interstitial fluid.

Figure 1
a) Based on Figure 1 , describe the formation of interstitial fluid.
When blood arrives at the blood capillaries, it experiences a high hydrostatic
pressure because of the small lumen of the capillaries. This high pressure
forces all the components of blood except blood cells and plasma proteins out
of the blood capillaries. The fluid which is forced out will surround body cells
and is known as interstitial fluid.
b) State five components of interstitial fluid.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)

Water
Amino acid
Glucose
Vitamins
Oxygen

c) State two components of blood which are not found in interstitial fluid.
i) Red blood cell / Erythrocyte
ii) Plasma proteins
d) State the importance of interstitial fluid to body cells.

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1. Providing the body cells with nutrients such as glucose and amino acids
2. Providing the body cells with respiratory gas such as oxygen
3. Removing waste products from body cells
e) Where will the interstitial fluid go to after it has served its functions?
90% of interstitial fluid will return to blood at the venule end of the blood
capillaries. The remaining 10% will enter lymphatic capillaries and becomes
lymph.
f) What happens when lymphatic vessels in the legs are blocked by filaria
worms in the disease elephantiasis?
Interstitial fluid cannot be drained off, resulting in oedema ( accumulation of
body fluid ) in the legs.
3. Figure 2 shows the human lymphatic system .
R
P

Figure 2
a)

Name the parts labelled P,Q,R, and S.

P right lymphatic vessel
Q thoracic duct
R lymph nodes
S left subclavian vein

b)

From which part of the body is lymph drained into P?

From the right side of the head, neck, and right arm.

*Note: Teachers are advised to

use a better diagram of the
human lymphatic system

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c)

Lymphatic vessels in the small intestine are continuous with a structure in the
intestinal villi .
(i) Name the structure.
Lacteal
(ii) State its function.
Absorption of fat droplets and lipid- soluble vitamins.

4. Complete the graphic organizer below to compare and contrast the contents and
functions of blood , interstitial fluid and lymph.
BLOOD

INTERSTITIAL FLUID

LYMPH

SIMILARITIES
Contents:
1. Water is the main component.
2. All of them contain glucose,amino acids,minerals, vitamins,hormones,enzymes and
respiratory gases.
Functions:
1. All of them make up the internal environment of the body.
2. All of them function in transport of substances.
3. All of them function in the bodys defence system.

BLOOD
Contents:
1. Erythrocytes present.
2.
Plasma
proteins
present.
3. Contains white blood
cells.

Functions:
1. Transports
water-soluble
substances.

mainly

DIFFERENCES
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
Contents:
1. Erythrocytes absent.
2. Plasma proteins absent.
3. Has the least white
blood cells.

Functions:
1. Functions in providing
nutrients to body cells
and removing their waste

LYMPH
Contents:
1. Erythrocytes absent.
2. Plasma proteins
absent.
3. Has the most white
blood cells.

Functions:
1. Transports mainly
lipid-soluble
substances.

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products.

5. Describe what will happen to the plant if the following subtances are
not available
a) water: the plant will wilt
b) mineral salt: the colour of the leaves become yellowish
6.Label the part marked X, Y and Z of a cross section of a dicot stem
X- xylem
Y- cambium
Z phloem
7.Describe the function of parts label in question 2 above
X- to transport water and mineral salts from the root to other parts of the
Plants
Y to produce new xylem and phloem cells
Z- to transport food from the leaves to other parts of the plants
8.Describe the structure of the vascular tissue and relate how these structure enable
them to perform their task efficiently.
Xylem which is the part of vascular tissue involved in water transportation
consists of vessels and tracheids which posess thick lignified walls with to
support the water column in the lumen to be carried from the roots upwards
to the leaves through the stem.
Phloem which is the part of vascular tissue involved in food transportation
consists of sieve tubes with peforated sieve plates enables food in the form
of sucrose to flow down slowly by both active and passive means from the
leaves towards the roots.
9.An experiment was done where the bark of a potted hibiscus plant was removed as
shown in the diagram below. In your opinion , what will happen
to the plant after a week?
The part immediately above the ring will swell due to the accumulation of
food in the process of being transported to the roots. Removal of the bark is
actually a removal of these phloem tissue and so the food is unable to proceed
beyond this point, and therefore remains and accumulate there, resulting in
the swell.

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10. Describe the process of transpiration.

The loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of a plants (mainly
through (stomata) by evaporation.
11.Explain the importance of transpiration.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Cooling the leaves of the plant.

Absorption of minerals and ions.
Transport of minerals and ions.
To produce a suction force (transpiration force)

12.Fill in the blanks to show the pathway of water from soil to the atmosphere
Water in soil

Xylem vessels in leaves

spongy mesophyll
cell

Root hair

a)Cortex

Xylem vessels in stem

Air space

13. List the external condition affecting

transpiration.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Air movement
Temperature
Relative humidity
Light intensity

b)Endodermis

stoma

Xylem vessels in root

atmosphere

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Glass tube

Retort stand

Rubber tube
Tomato stem
Pot
Pot plate
14.The diagram above shows an experiment to demonstrate root pressure. The
results obtained is shown in the table below.
Initial water level/cm
5.0

Final water level/cm

Increase in water level/cm

12.0

Calculate the increase in water level and explain the increase.

7.0cm. The water level increases because of the root pressure caused by osmosis that
forces the water up.

15.

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Retort stand
clip

Glass tube

Basin
Coloured
water

The beginning of the experiment

A

After 30 minutes
Glass Tube
Water Level (cm)
A
5
B
10
C
20
The water level was highest in the glass tube with narrowest/ smallest diameter.
The smaller the diameter, the stronger the effect of cohesion and adhesion of water
molecules in the tubes.