SizingofstandalonePVsystemsbased

ontheworstmonthmethod
AlbertoEscuderoPascual<aep@it46.se>
basedonorginalworkfromISF
(cc)CreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlike3.0

1 Acknowledgmentsandintellectual
property
In1998,theorganizationEngineeringwithoutBorders(SpanishFederation)publishedthe
firstversionofahandbooktitled"ManualdeEnergaSolarFotovoltaicayCooperacinal
Desarrollo".ThehandbookwaswrittenandpublishedbymembersoftheNGOandexperts
oftheInstituteofEnergySolarofthePolytechnicalUniversityofMadrid.Bycuriositiesof
life,noneofthemembersoftheeditorialteamkeptthedocumentinelectronicformatand
moreeditionswerenevermade.Theyhavepassedalmost tenyearsfromthatveryfirst
editionandthisdocumentisanefforttorescueandtoextendthehandbook.
Aspartof thisrescueoperationIwanttothanktothecoordinatorsofthefirstoriginal
editionandmymentorsinmyyearsatUniversity:MiguelngelEguidoAguilera,Mercedes
MonteroBartolomyJulioAmador. ThisnewworkislicensedunderCreativeCommons
AttributionShareAlike.Wehopethatthismaterialbecomesanewdeparturepointfornew
editionsincludingnewcontributionsbythecommunity.

2Introduction
The objective of unit is to be able to choose and size the elements of a standalone
photovoltaicinstallation.Thesystemsizingimplies(atleast)todecidethenumberandtype
ofsolarpanelsrequiredtocapturethesolarenergy,thecapacityofthebatterythatwill
storetheenergyforthedaysoflittlesun,andtobeablealsotodeterminetherequired
characteristicsoftherestoftheelementsthatintegratethesystem(regulator,converter,
cables,etc).Duringthesystemsizingyouwilldecidethenumberofdaysofautonomyof
yoursystem,ameasureofthereliabilityofyourinstallation.
Thesystemsizingcalculationsareimportantbecausethesizeofelementsoftheinstallation
mustbebalancedandrespectcertainproportions.Ifweinstallmoresolarpanelstoproduce
moreenergy,thebatteriesshouldbedimensionedtobeablestoreit,ifthebankofbatteries
istoosmallandtheloadsarenotusingtheenergy,theenergyneedstobethrownaway.A
regulator of a smaller amperage than needed, or one single cable conductor with an
insufficientsectioncanbecauseoffailureorfireandtorendertheinstallationunusable.The
sizeoftheelementsisspeciallyimportantifyouarethinkingtoinstallthebatteriesand

panelsatthetopofcommunicationtowers.
You shouldneverforgetthelimitationsofthephotovoltaicenergytoproduceand store
electricalenergy,alightbulbthatisleftonbynegligenceduringdayscanbefatal.The
"fuel"ofthephotovoltaicsystems,thesolarradiation,haveadifficulttopredictbehaviour.
Infact,itisneverpossibletobeabsolutelysure(asin100%sure)thatastandalonesystem
is going to be able to provide the necessary energy at any moment. Solar systems are
designedforacertainconsumptionandiftheuserexceedstheplannedlimitsconstantlythe
provisionofenergywillfail.
Thedesignmethod thatweproposeconsistsofconsideringtheenergyrequirements,and
basedonthemtocalculateasystemthatworksthemaximumamountoftimesoitisthe
most trustworthy (reliable) as possible. Logically, whatever more panels and batteries
installed, more energy will be able to be collected and to be stored. This increase of
reliabilityoftheinstallationwillalsohaveanincreaseincost.
There are photovoltaic installations, as the provision of energy to telecommunication
equipmentthatispartofthebackboneofaradionetwork,inwhichthereliabilityfactoris
moreimportantthatthecost.Inaclientinstallationalowcostisgoingtobeadetermining
factor. To find a balance between cost and reliability is not a easy task, and whatever
decisionyoutake,thereallyimportantthingisthatyouareabletodeterminewhatitis
expectedfromyourdesignandatwhatprice.
Diverseproceduresofcalculationexisttoensurecertainreliabilityattheminimumcost,but
they require access to a lot of statistical data of solar radiation that is normally not
availableinmanyregions.Weproposeamuchmoresimplemethod,knownasthe"method
of the worst month", that consists in calculating the dimensions of the standalone
systemsoitcanworkinthemonthinwhichthedemandofenergyisgreaterwithrespectto
thesolarenergyavailable.Itistheworstmonth,asthemonthwiththebiggerratioof
demandedenergyversusavailableenergy.Themethodiswidelyusedasitissimpleand
providessatisfactoryresults.
Inthismethodthereliabilityistakenintoconsiderationbyfixingthemaximumnumberof
daysthatthesystemcanworkwithoutreceivingsolarradiationandalltheconsumptionis
madesolelyattheexpenseoftheenergystoredinthebattery.Thisnumberofdaysisknown
asthemaximumnumberofdaysofautonomy (N).Inbrief N, isrelatedtothenumberof
consecutivecloudydayswhenthepanelsdonotcollectpracticallyenergy.
AtthetimeofchoosingN,itisnecessarytoconsiderseveralfactors:theclimatologyofthe
place,thetypeofinstallationoritseconomicandsocialrelevance(illuminationofhouses,
hospital,factory,radiolink,etc).Rememberthatthegreateritisthe N,thegreaterthe
investment. It is also important to evaluate all possible logistical costs of equipment
replacement,itisnotthesametochangeadischargedbatteryfromaninstallationinthe
middleofacitythatfromthetopatelecommunicationtowerthatisseveralhoursordaysof
walkingdistance.
FixingthevalueofN,itisnotaneasytasksastherearemanyfactorsinvolved,andmanyof
themcannotbeevaluatedeasily.Institutionandexperienceplayanimportantroleinthis
partofthesystemsizing.Afewtipscanbeprovidedhere,forcriticaltelecommunications
equipmentagoodnumberisN=5,whereasforlowcostclientequipmentitispossibletobe
reducedtheautonomytoN=3.
Attheendofthisguide,wehaveincludedseveraltablesthatwillfacilitatethecollectionof

requireddataandthesizingofthesystem.Thenextsectionswillexplainindetailwhat
information you need to collect and estimate and how to usethe method of the worst
month.

3Generaldata

Latitudeoftheplace.WithpositivesignintheNorthhemisphereandnegativein
theSouth.
Dataofsolarradiation .Forthemethodofthe"worstmonth"itisenoughto
know twelve values, one for every month. The twelve numbers are the monthly
averagevaluesofdailyglobalirradiationonhorizontalplane(Gdm(0),inkWh/m2
day).Themonthlyvalueresultsfromthesumofthevaluesofglobalirradiationof
everydayofthemonthdividedbythenumberofdaysofthemonth.

IfyouhavethedatainJules(J),youcanapplythefollowingconversion(1J=2,7810 7
kWh).
Theirradiationdata Gdm (0)ofmanyplacesoftheworldisgatheredintablesanddata
bases.Itisalsorecommendabletocheckforthatinformationinaweatherstationcloseto
yourimplementationsitebutdonotbesurpriseifyoucannotfindthedatainelectronic
format.Agoodideaistoasktocompaniesthatinstallphotovoltaicsystemsintheregion,
thereexperiencecanbeofgreatvalue.
Anotheralternativeistousetheinformationofthenumberofsunhoursperday(without
clouds).Thenumberofsunhoursisavailableintouristareas;justhaveinmindthatyou
willneedtoconvertthatinformationtoGdm(0)values. Themethodtoconvertfromsun
hourstosolarradiationisoutsideofthescopeofthisunit.

Another important concept that youshouldnotconfuse with "sunhours" is theoneof

numberof"peaksunhours".Thenumberofpeaksunhourshasnothingtodowiththe
numberofhourswithoutclouds,buttheamountofdailyirradiation.Adayof5hoursofsun
withoutcloudsdoesnotnecessaryhasthosehourswhenthesunisatitszenit.
Apeaksunhourisanormalizedvalueofsolarradiationof1000W/mat25C.Sowhenwe
referto5hoursofpeaksunhours,wearetalkingofadailysolarradiationof5000W/m.

2 Electricalcharacteristicsofsystem
components
Theelectricalcharacteristicsofthecomponentsofyoursystemneedstobeprovidedbythe
manufacturer.Itisadvisabletotakeyourourownmeasurestonoticepossibledeviations
withrespecttothenominalvalues.Unfortunately,deviationfrompromisedvaluescanbebig
andqualityassuranceofsolarpanelsandbatteriesisanothercomplextask.
Thesearethemonimumvaluesthatyouneedtogatherbeforestartingyoursystemsizing:

2.1 Panels
You need to know the voltage VPmax and the intensity/current IPmax in the point of
maximumpowerinstandardconditions.

2.2 Batteries
Nominalcapacity(for100hoursdischarge)CNBatoperationalvoltageVNBatand,eitherthe
maximumdeepofdischargeDoDmax or usefulcapacityCUBat .Youalsoneedtoknowthe
typeofbatterythatyouplantouse,sealedleadacid,gel,AGM,modifiedtractionetc.The
typeofbatteryisimportantwhendecidingthecutoffsetpointsintheregulator.

2.3 Regulator
NominaltensionVNReg,andthemaximumcurrentthatcanoperateImaxReg.

2.4 DC/ACConverter/Inverter
Ifyouaregoingtouseanyyouneedtoknowthe nominalvoltageVNConv,instantaneous
PowerPIConvandPerformanceat70%ofmaximumload70.

2.5 Equipmentorloads
ForeachofthemitisnecessarytoknowthenominalvoltageVNCandthenominalpowerof
operationPC.
Inordertoknowthetotalenergythatourinstallationisgoingtoconsume,itisalsovery
importanttoconsidertheaveragetimeofuseofeachload,ifitisdaily,weekly,monthlyor
annual,andtoconsideranychangesintheusagethatmightexist(seasonal,trainingor
schoolperiods,etc)

5Twopreviousdecisions
Apartfromtheelectricalcharacteristicsofthecomponentsandloads,itisnecessarytohave
twomorepiecesofinformationbeforebeingabletodoasystemsizing.Thistwodecisions
arerelatedtosystemautonomyandoperationalvoltage.

N,numberofdaysofautonomy

YouneedtoagreeinvalueforNthattakescareofthemeteorologicalconditions,thetypeof
installationandoverallcosts.ItisverydifficulttogiveyouaconcretevalueofNforeach
partoftheplanetandinstallationbutinthenexttabletherearesomerecommendedvalues.
Takethisvaluesasaroughapproximation,andconsultwithaexperiencedesignertoreacha
finaldecision.
Winter

Domestic
installation

Critical
installation

very
cloudy

10

variables

sunny

Table:Estimationofthenumberofdaysofautonomy

VN,nominalvoltageoftheinstallation

Thecomponentsofyoursystemneedtobechosentooperateatacertainnominalvoltage
VN.Normally,thevoltageis12or24Voltsforthesmallsystemsandifthetotalpowerof
consumptionsurpasses3kW,thevoltagemustbe48or120V.

Theelectionofthevalueofthenominalvoltageoftheinstallationisnotabsolutelyarbitrary
anddependson,toagreatextent,theavailabilityofequipmentinthemarket.

Iftheequipmentallowsit,trytofixthenominalvoltageto12or24V.Somewireless
communications boards as Mikrotik's routerboards accept a wide range of input
voltage(between11and60VDC).
If you need to power several types of equipment that work at different nominal
voltages,makeacalculationwhatisthetensionthatminimizestheoverallpower
consumption including the looses for power conversion in DC/DC and DC/AC
converters.

3 Procedureofcalculation
Beforeenteringintodetail,letushaveaglobalideaofhowtheoverallsizingprocessof
calculationtakesplace.Therearethreemainstepsthatneedtobefollowed:
1SolarEnergyAvailable(theoffer)
Basedonstatisticaldataofsolarradiation,andtheorientationandtheoptimalinclination
ofthesolarpanelswecalculatethesolarenergyavailable.Theestimationofsolarenergy
available is done in monthly intervals, reducing the statistical data to 12 values. This
estimationisagoodcompromisebetweenprecisionandsimplicity.
2ElectricalEnergyRequired(thedemand)
We study the power consumption characteristics of the equipment chosen and their
estimated usage. We calculate the electrical energy required per monthly basis. The
electricalenergydemandiscalculatedtakingintoconsiderationtheexpectedfluctuationsof
usage.Factorstotakeintoconsiderationarethevariationsbetweenwintersummer,rainy
perioddryseason,schoolvacationperiodetc.Theresultis12valuesofenergydemand.
3Systemsizing(theresult)
Withthedatafromthe worstmonth,theoneinwhichtherelationbetweenthesolar
demandedenergyandtheenergyavailableisgreater,wecalculate:

Thecurrentthatthearrayofpanelsneedstoprovideandtherefore,thenumberof
panels.
Thenecessaryenergystoragecapacityand,therefore,thenumberofbatteries.

Theelectricalcharacteristicsoftheregulator.
Thelengthandthenecessarysectionsofcablesfortheelectricalconnections.

3.1 Orientationofthepanels
Unlesstheskyistotallycovered,mostoftheenergycomingfromthesunarrivesinstraight
line.Thesolarmodulewillcapturemoreenergyifitisfacingthesun,perpendiculartothe
straightlinebetweenthepositionoftheinstallationandthesun.Unfortunately,thesunis
notsteadyandweneedtofindaoptimalpositionforourpanels.Theorientationofthe
panelsisdeterminedbytwoangles,theazimutha(anglethatmeasuresthedeviationwith
respecttothesouth,inthenorthhemisphere,andwithrespecttothenorth,intheSouth
hemisphere)andtheinclinationorelevation(angleformedbythesurfaceofthemodule
andthehorizontalplane).

3.1.1 Azimuth
You should have themoduleturned towardstheterrestrial equator (facing south in the
northhemisphere,andnorthinthesouth)sothatduringthedaythepanelcatchesthe
biggestamountofpossibleradiation(a=0).
Itisveryimportantthatthepanelsorpartofthemareundershade!.Studytheelements
thatsurroundtoarrayofpanels(trees,buildings,walls,etc),andpossibleshadesofarowof
panelscanontheothers.Itisacceptabletoturnthepanels20towardstheeastorthe
westifneeded(a=20).

3.1.2 Inclination
Once you have fixed the azimuth, the parameter that is key in our calculations is the
inclination ofthepanel,thatwewillexpressastheanglebeta().Themaximumheight
thatreachesthesuneverydayvariesaccordingtothestations,havingitsmaximuminthe
dayofthesummersolsticeanditsminimuminthewintersolstice.Thebestofthesituations
willbewhenthepanelstracksthisvariationbutthisisnotpossibleforcostreasons.Insome
scenariosyoucanconsidertwofixedinclinations,onepositionforthemonthsofsummerand
another for the months of winter, but in this case you need to have special support
structuresandonlymakessenseifthereisaconsiderableincreaseoftheconsumptionduring
thesummer.
Ininstallationswithtelecommunicationsequipmentitisnormaltohavethepanelswitha
fixedinclination.Inmostofthescenariosthedemandofenergyofthesystemisconstant
duringtheyearandthereforethe"worstmonth"willalwaysbetheonewithlessisolation.
Thevalueofshouldmaximizetheratiobetweenofferandthedemandofenergy.Thisis
translated,dependingonthedifferentscenarios,in:

For installations with constant or similar consumptions throughout the year, it is

preferabletooptimizetheinstallationtothecapturethemaximumradiationduring
"thewinter"months.Youshouldusetheabsolutevalueofthelatitudeoftheplace
(angleF)increasedin10(=|F|+10).
Forinstallationswithinferiorconsumptionsinwinterthevalueofthelatitudeofthe
placecanbeusedasthesolarpanel inclination.Thesystemisoptimizedforthe
monthsofspringandautumn(=|F|).

Forinstallationsthatareonlyusedduringsummer,youshouldusetheabsolutevalue
ofthelatitudeoftheplace(angleF)decreasedin10(=|F|10).

Itisalsorecommendedthattheinclinationofthepanelshouldneverbelessthan15to
avoidtheaccumulationofdustand/orhumidity.Inrepeatingtelecommunicationstationsin
areaswhereexistssnowandiceitisveryimportanttoprotectthepanelsandtoincline
themananglesuperiorto65.

3.2 Requiredcurrentintheworstmonth
ForeverymonthyouneedtocalculatethequotientIm.Imisthemaximumdailycurrent
thataarrayofpanelsoperatingatnominalvoltageofVNneedstoprovideinadaywitha
irradiationofGdminamonth"m"andwithaninclinationofpanels.

TheIm(WORSTMONTH)willbethegreateroneoftheIm,andthesystemsizingisbased
onthedataofthatworthmonth.ThecalculationsofGdm()foracertainplacecanbemade
basedonGdm(0)usingconversiontablesandorcomputersoftwareasPVSYSTorPVSOL.

Duetothelossesintheregulator,batteriesandthatthepanelsdonotalwaysworkinthe
pointofmaximumpoweracorrectionisappliedandtherequiredcurrentImMAXiscalculated
as:
ImMAX=1,21Im(WORSTMONTH)
Onceyouhavedeterminedwhatistheworstmonth,andwhatisthevalueof ImMAX and
thetotalenergythatyourequire ETOTAL(WORSTMONTH)youcanproceedtothefinal
calculations.

3.3 Finalcalculations
3.3.1 Numberpanels
Thepanelsaredesignedtobepartofamodulararray,beingpossibletocombinethemin
series,paralleloramixedform.Bycombiningthepanelswecanobtainthedesiredvoltage
andcurrent.
When the panels are connected in series , the total voltage is equal to the sum of the
individualvoltagesofeachmodulewhilemaintainingthesameintensity;whenconnectingin
parallel,theycurrentsaresummedtogether,remainingthesamethevoltage.Itisimportant,
to avoid any electrical deviations when connecting panels, ensuring that the array is
composedofsametypeofpanelsandcharacteristics.
Ingeneral,youshouldtrytoacquirepanelswithVPmaxabitbiggerthanthenominalvoltage
ofthesystem(12,24or48V).Rememberthatyouneedyourpaneltoprovideafewvolts
morethanthenominalvoltageofthebatterytogetitcharged.Ifitisnotpossibletofinda
singlepanelthatsatisfiesyourrequirements,youneedtoconnectseveralpanelsinseriesto
reachyourdesiredvoltage.ThenumberofpanelsinseriesNpsisthenextsuperiorintegerto
thequotientbetweenthenominalvoltageofthesystemandthevoltageofthepanel.

Nps=VN/VPmax
Inordertocalculatethenumberofpanelsinparallel(Npp),youneedtodividetheImMAX
bythecurrentofthepanelIpmax inthepointofmaximumpowerandtakethenextsuperior
integerasNpp
Npp=ImMAX/IPmax
Thetotalnumberofpanelsistheresultofmultiplyingthenumberofpanelsinoneseries(to
fixvoltage)bythenumberofseriesinparallel(tofixcurrent)NpsxNpp.

6.3.2Capacityofthebatteryoraccumulator
Thebatterydeterminestheoverallvoltageofyourthesystemandneedstohaveenougha
capacitytoprovideenergytotheloadswhenthereisnotenoughsolarradiation.
One important warning: in photovoltaic systems, the association in parallel is not
recommendable.Thedegradationofthebatteryindividualcells(2V)doesnottakeplacein
ahomogeneousform,differentcellswillsupportmorefatiguethanothers.
Toestimatethecapacityofourbattery,wefirstcalculatetherequiredenergycapacityofour
system(necessarycapacity,CNec).Thenecessarycapacitydependsontheenergyavailablein
the worst month and the desired number of days of autonomy (N) that we decided
previously.
CNEC(Ah)=ETOTAL(WORSTMONTH)(Wh)/VN(V).N
ThenominalcapacityofthebatteryCNOMneedstobebiggerthantheCNEC aswecannot

fully discharge a battery. To calculate the size of the battery we need to take into
considerationwhatisthemaximumdeepofdischarge(DoD)thatthebatteryallows:
CNOM(Ah)=CNEC(Ah)/DoDMAX
Inordertocalculatethenumberofbatteriesinseries(Nbs),wedividethenominalvoltageof
ourinstallation(VN)betweenthenominalvoltageofthebattery(VNBat):
Nbs=VN/VNBat

3.4 Regulator
Oneotherimportantwarning: neverusearegulatorinparallel,usealwaysregulatorsin
series.
Forsecurityreasons,aregulatorneedstobeabletooperatewithacurrentImaxRegatleast
20%greaterthanthemaximumintensitythatisprovidedbythearrayofpanels:
ImaxReg=1,2.Npp.IPMax

3.5 DC/ACInverter
ThetotalenergyneededfortheACequipmentitiscalculatedincludingalltheloosesthat
introducestheDC/ACconverterorinverter.Whenchoosinganinverter,itisgoodtoknow

thattheperformanceoftheinvertersisnotconstantwiththepower.Aninverterhasbetter
performancewhenoperatingclosetoitsnominalpower.Usinganinverterof1500Wattsto
poweraloadof25Wattsisextremelyinefficient.Inordertoavoidthiswasteofenergyitis
importanttoconsidernotthepeakpowerofallyourequipmentsbutthepeakpowerofthe
equipmentsthatareexpectedtoworksimultaneously.

3.6 Cables
Onceyouknowthenumberspanels,batteriesandtypeofregulatorsandinvertersthatyou
wanttouse,itisnecessarytocalculatethelengthandthesectionofthecablesneededto
connectthedifferentelementsofthephotovoltaicsystem.
Thelength dependsonthelocationofyourtheinstallation.Ageneralruleistotryto
minimizethelengthofthecablesbetweentheregulatorandthepanelsandbatteries.By
havingshortcableswecanminimizethevoltagedrop,thesectionofthecablesanditscost.
Thesection ischosenbasedonthelengthofcablesandthecurrentthatcirculates.The
goalistominimizevoltagedrops. Inordertocalculatethesection S ofthecableitis
necessarytoknow:

ThemaximumcurrentIMCthatisgoingtocirculateinthecable.Inthecaseofthe
panelbatterysubsystem,itistheImMAXcalculatedforeverymonth.Inthebattery

loadssubsystemdependsonthewaythattheloadsareconnected.

Thevoltagedrop(VaVb)thatweconsiderpermissibleinthecable.Thevoltagedrop
thatresultsofaddingallpossibleindividualdropsisexpressedasapercentofthe
nominaltensionoftheinstallation.Typicalmaximumvaluesare:

SectionofthePVSystem

VoltageDrop(%ofVN)

PanelArrayBattery

1%

Batteryconverter

1%

Mainline

3%

MainLine(illumination)

3%

MainLine(equipment)
5%
Typicalacceptablevoltagedropsincables
ThesectionofthecablecomesdeterminedbytheOhmLaw:
S(mm)=r(mm/m)L(m)ImMAX(A)/VaVb(V)
whereSisthesection,risresistivity(intrinsicpropertyofthematerial:forcopper,0,01286
W2mm/m),andLthelength.
Sischosentakingintoconsiderationthecablesavailableinthemarket.Youshouldchoose
theimmediatelysuperiorsectiontotheonethatisobtainedfromtheformula.Forsecurity
reasonsthataresomeminimumvalues,forthecablethatconnectspanelsandbattery,thisis
aminimumof6mm2.Fortheothersections,thatminimumis4mm2.

STANDALONESYSTEMSIZING

GENERALDATA
SiteLatitude()
IRRADIATIONDATA(Gdm(0),inkWh/m2day)
JN

FB

MR

AP

MY

JN

JL

AG

SP

OC

NV

Irradiationworstmonth
COMPONENTSCHARACTERISTICS
PANELS
VOLTAGE@MAXIMUMPOWER(Vpmax,V)
CURRENT@MAXIMUMPOWER(Ipmax,A)
PANELTYPE/MODELANDPOWER(Wp)
BATTERIES
NOMINALCAPACITY@100H(CNBat)
NOMINALVOLTAGE(VNBat)
MAXIMUMDEEPOFDISCHARGE(DoDMAX)
ORUSABLECAPACITY(CUBat)
REGULATOR
NOMINALVOLTAGE(VNReg)

MAXIMUMCURRENT(ImaxReg)
DC/ACINVERTER(IFNEEDED)
NOMINALVOLTAGE(VNConv)
INSTANTENOUSPOWER(PIConv)
PERFORMANCE@70%LOAD
REALIABILITYANDSYSTEMOPERATIONALVOLTAGE
DAYSOFAUTONOMY(N)
NOMINALVOLTAGE(VNEquip)

DC

LOADS

ESTIMATEDENERGYCONSUMEDBYTHELOADS(DC)
MONTHWITHBIGGERCONSUMPTION:
EQUIPMENT
DESCRIPTION

NUMBEROF NOMIMAL
UNITS
POWER
(1)
(2)

USAGE
HOURS
DAY
(3)

ENERGY
(Wh/da)
E=(1)x(2)x(3)

USAGE
HOURS
DAY
(3)

ENERGY
(Wh/da)
E=(1)x(2)x(3)

ETOTALDC(beforeanyconverter)=

ESTIMATEDENERGYCONSUMEDBYTHELOADS(AC)
MONTHWITHBIGGERCONSUMPTION:
EQUIPMENT
DESCRIPTION

NUMBEROF NOMIMAL
UNITS
POWER
(1)
(2)

ETOTALAC(beforeanyconverter)=
ETOTALAC(afterconverter)=ETOTALAC/(70%)

ELECTIONOFWORSTMONTH
PLACE:
LATITUDE:
NOMINALVOLTAGEOFTHEINSTALATIONVN(V):
JN FB MR AP MY JN
INCLINATION
Gdm()(Kwh/m2day)
ETOTAL(DC)(Wh/day)
ETOTAL(AC)(Wh/day)
ETOTAL(AC+DC)=
Im(A)=ETOTAL(Wh/day)
1kW/m2/(Gdm()xVN)

WORSTMONTH(SUMMARY)
ImMAX(A)
ImMAX(A)=1'21xIm
ETOTAL(AC+DC)

JL

AG SP

OC NV DC

FINALCALCULATIONS
PANELS
PANELSSERIES(NPS)

NPS=VN/VPmax=

PANELSPARALLEL(NPP)

NPP=ImMAX/IPmax=

TOTALNUMBEROFPANELS

NTOT=NPSxNPP=

BATTERY
NECCESARYCAPACITY(CNEC)

CNEC=(ETOTAL(WORSTMONTH)
PEOR))/VN).NAut=

NOMINALCAPACITY(CNOM) CNOM=CNEC/DoDmax=
NUMBEROFBATTERIESIN
SERIES(NBS)

NBS=VN/VNBat=

CABLES
PANELES
BATTERIES
TENSIONDROP
(VaVb)
SECTION
(r.L.ImMAX/(VaVb))

BATTERIESCONVERTER

MAINLINE