Etabs Manuals English

COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC.
, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DECEMBER 2001
COMPOSITE BEAM DESIGN AISC-ASD89
Technical Note
Calculation of the Number of Shear Studs

This Technical Note describes algorithms for determining the placement of
shear studs on a composite beam, including providing three example problems. Also see Technical Notes Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite
Beam Composite Beam Design, Number of Shear Studs that Fit in a Composite Beam Segment Composite Beam Design, and User-Defined Shear Stud
Patterns Composite Beam Design for more information.
Basic Equations
Equation 1 applies at the output station with the maximum positive moment
when there is full (100%) composite connection.
N1 =
Vh
q
Eqn. 1
where,
Vh is the total horizontal shear to be resisted between the point of maximum
positive moment (where the concrete is in compression) and the points of
zero moment for full composite connection. Vh is derived by the smaller of
Equations 1a, 1b or 1c as applicable. Note that Equation 1a applies to both
rolled beams and user-defined (welded) beams. Equation 1b only applies to
rolled beams and Equation 1c only applies to user-defined (welded) beams.
Vh =
0.85f c' left A c left + 0.85f c' right A c right

2
Eqn. 1a
where,
fc
= Compressive strength of the concrete slab, ksi. This item may

be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
Ac
= Area of the concrete slab, in2.
Basic Equations
Page 1 of 20
Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89
When the deck span is perpendicular to the beam span, Ac is the area of concrete in the slab above the metal deck that is above the elastic neutral axis
(ENA) of the fully composite beam. When the deck span is parallel to the
beam span, Ac is the area of concrete in the slab, including the concrete in the
metal deck ribs, that is above the ENA of the fully composite beam. This item
may be different on the left and right sides of the beam.
For rolled beams only:
Vh =
A s Fy + b cp t cp Fycp
Eqn. 1b
For user-defined (welded) beams only:

Vh =
b f - top t f - top Fy
ht wFy
2
2
b f - bot t f - bot Fy
2
+
b cp t cpFycp
Eqn. 1c
The following notation is used in Equations 1b and 1c:

As
= Area of a rolled steel section (not including the cover plate, if

it exists), in2.
Fy
= Minimum specified yield stress of steel beam, ksi.
bcp
= Width of steel cover plate, in.
bf-bot
= Width of bottom flange of a user-defined (welded) steel

beam, in.
bf-top
= Width of top flange of a user-defined (welded) steel beam, in.
= Clear distance between flanges for a user-defined (welded)

steel beam, in.
tcp
= Thickness of cover plate, in.
Fycp
= Minimum specified yield stress of cover plate, ksi.
tf-bot
= Thickness of bottom flange of a user-defined (welded) steel

beam, in.
Basic Equations
Page 2 of 20
tf-top
= Thickness of top flange of a user-defined (welded) steel

beam, in.
Equation 2 applies at the output station with the maximum positive moment
when there is partial composite connection.
N1 =
Vh'
q
Eqn. 2
In Equation 2, V'h is equal to the percent composite connection times Vh. For
example, if there is 70% composite connection, V'h = 0.7 Vh.
Equation 3 applies at any other output station regardless of the percent composite connection.
M
N1 station
1
Mstation max
N2 =
0
1
Eqn. 3
where,
N2
= Number of shear studs required between the output station considered and adjacent points of zero moment for
the design load combination, unitless.
N1
= Number of shear studs required between the output station with the maximum positive moment and adjacent
points of zero moment for the design load combination,
unitless.
Mstation
= Moment at the output station considered for the design

load combination, k-in.
= A term equal to Str/Sbare for full (100%) composite connection and Seff/Sbare for partial composite connection,
unitless. Str is the section modulus for fully (100%) composite transformed section referred to the extreme tension
fiber of the steel section (including cover plate, if it exists), in3. Sbare is the section modulus of the steel beam
alone (plus cover plate, if it exists) referred to the ex-
Basic Equations
Page 3 of 20
treme tension fiber, in3. Seff is the effective section

modulus of a partially composite beam referred to the extreme tension fiber of the steel beam section (including
cover plate, it if exists), in3.
Mstationmax = Maximum moment at any output station for a given design load combination, k-in.
Shear Stud Distribution Example 1

Shear stud distribution example 1 is shown in Figure 1. It is a 30-foot-long
simply supported beam. It has 1 klf uniform loading and a 50 k-ft moment at
the right end. For this example, assume the following:
!
Output stations occur at every 2 feet along the beam.
The allowable horizontal load for a single shear stud, q, is 12.4 kips.
The horizontal shear to be resisted between the point of maximum moment and adjacent points of zero moment, Vh', is 245 kips.
The support distance, S, plus the gap distance, G, is equal to 0.50 foot (6
inches) at each end of the beam.
The maximum longitudinal spacing of shear studs along the length of the
beam is 36 inches.
As shown in Figure 1, this beam has one composite beam segment that has a
length, LCBS, of 29 feet.
Note:
Use the Assign menu > Frame/ Line >Frame Output Stations command to modify the
number of output stations for a beam.
Page 4 of 20

1 klf
50 k-ft
30'
13.33 k
16.67 k
13.33 k
Shear
13.33'
16.67 k
50 k-ft
Moment
3.33'
0.5'
L1 left = 13.50'
L1 right = 12.63'
2.87'
Center of support
End of beam flange
Actual point of
zero moment
ETABS calculated
point of zero moment
Output station 14 ft
from left end of beam
End of beam flange
Center of support
88.89 k-ft (actual Mmax)
L1 and
LCBS
0.5'
LCBS = 29'
L = 30'
Figure 1 Example 1, Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam

Page 5 of 20
Table 1 illustrates how the bending moment is calculated by the program for
this beam at each output station. Note the following about Figure 1 and Table
1:
!
The actual maximum moment for this beam of 88.89 k-ft occurs at a distance of 13.33 feet from the left end of the beam, as shown in the moment diagram in Figure 1. As shown in Table 1, since the program only
calculates moment at the designated output stations, it picks up the
maximum moment as 88.67 k-ft at the station located 14 feet from the
(center of the support at the) left end of the beam. Increasing the number
of output stations will decrease the difference between the programcalculated maximum moment and the actual maximum moment.
The actual point of zero moment near the right end of the beam occurs
26.67 feet from the left end of the beam (3.33 feet from the right end of
the beam), as shown in the moment diagram in Figure 1. Referring to Table 1, the program calculates the point of zero moment by assuming a linear variation of moment between output stations located 26 and 28 feet
from the left end of the beam. This assumption yields a point of zero moment that is 26.63 feet from the left end of the beam (3.37 feet from the
right end of the beam). The dimensions shown in the bottom sketch of
Figure 1 reflect this program-calculated point of zero moment.
Table1 Example 1, Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam

Station
Moment
(ft)
(k-ft)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0.00
24.67
45.33
62.00
74.67
83.33
88.00
88.67
85.33
78.00
66.67
51.33
Page 6 of 20
Table1 Example 1, Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam

Station
Moment
(ft)
(k-ft)
24
26
28
30
32.00
8.67
-18.67
-50.00
The program calculates the maximum moment as 88.67 k-ft at the output
station located 14 feet from the left end of the beam. Multiplying Mmax by
0.999 yields 0.999 *88.67 = 88.58 k-ft. Because no other output station has
a moment that exceeds 0.999Mmax (88.58 k-ft) and no point loads are on this
beam (for any load case), the only output station that is considered when
determining the shear stud distribution is the station 14 feet from the left end
of the beam (the maximum moment location).
The required number of shear studs between the maximum moment and adjacent points of zero moment, N1, is calculated using Equation 2 as:
N1 =
Vh'
245 kips
=
= 19.76 studs
q
12.4 kips per stud
The distances L1 left and L1 right for the output station located 14 feet from the
left end of the beam are shown in Figure 1.
NCBS1 = Roundup Max
N
N
,
L 1 left L 1 right
* L CBS1
NCBS1 = Roundup Max
19.76 studs 19.76 studs
* 29 ft
,
12.63
ft
13.50
ft
19.76 studs
NCBS1 = Roundup
* 29 ft
12.63 ft
NCBS1 = Roundup (45.37 studs)

NCBS1 = 46 studs
Page 7 of 20
The minimum number of studs required in the composite beam segment for
this beam is calculated using Equation 5 of Technical Note Distribution of
Shear Studs on a Composite Beam Composite Beam Design as:
L
MS CBS = Roundup CBS

MaxLS
29 ft
MS CBS = Roundup
36 in
12 in
= 10 studs
1 ft
Thus, the number of shear studs does not need to be increased to meet the
minimum requirements. Assuming that the shear studs are found to fit on the
beam, the final number of uniformly spaced shear studs specified for the
beam is 46.

Shear stud distribution example 2 is shown in Figure 2. It is a 30-foot-long
simply supported beam. It has point loads at the beam one-third points. For
this example, assume the following:
!
The point loads do not come from other beams in the program model.
Thus, this beam has one composite beam segment instead of three composite beam segments.
The ratio = Seff/Sbare is equal to 1.40.
Page 8 of 20
20 k
5k
10'
10'
10 k
10'
15 k
30'
10 k
5k
Shear
15 k
Moment
100 k-ft
0.5'
L1 left = 9.5'
L1 right = 19.5'
L1 left = 19.5'
Center of support
End of beam flange
End of beam flange
Center of support
150 k-ft (Mmax)
0.5'
L1 right = 9.5'
LCBS = 29'
L = 30'
Figure 2: Example 2, Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam
Page 9 of 20
beam is 36 inches.
As shown in Figure 2, this beam has one composite beam segment that has a
length, LCBS, of 29 feet.
Table 2 shows the bending moment calculated by the program for this beam
at each output station.
Table 2: Example 2, Distribution of Shear Studs on a

Composite Beam
Station
(ft)
Moment
(k-ft)
L1 left
(ft)
L1 right
(ft)
0.00
N.A.
N.A.
20.00
N.A.
N.A.
40.00
N.A.
N.A.
60.00
N.A.
N.A.
80.00
N.A.
N.A.
10
100.00
9.5
19.5
12
110.00
N.A.
N.A.
14
120.00
N.A.
N.A.
16
130.00
N.A.
N.A.
18
140.00
N.A.
N.A.
20
150.00
19.5
9.5
22
120.00
N.A.
N.A.
24
90.00
N.A.
N.A.
26
60.00
N.A.
N.A.
28
30.00
N.A.
N.A.
30
0.00
N.A.
N.A.
Page 10 of 20
The required number of shear studs between the maximum moment (located
at the output station 20 feet from the left end of the beam) and adjacent
points of zero moment, N1, is calculated using Equation 2 as:
N1 =
Vh'
124 kips
=
= 10.00 studs
q
12.4 kips per stud
The required number of shear studs between the point load located at the
output station 10 feet from the left end of the beam and adjacent points of
zero moment, N2, is calculated using Equation 3 as:
Mstation
1
N1
Mstation max
=0
N2 =
1
100 k - ft * 1.40
10.00 studs
1
150 k - ft
N2 =
= Negative
1.40 1
N2 = 0 studs
The distances L1 left and L1 right for the output stations located 10 feet and 20
feet from the left end of the beam are shown in Figure 2.
For the output station located 10 feet from the left end of the beam:
NCBS1 = Roundup Max
N
N
,
L 1 left L 1 right
* L CBS1
NCBS1 = Roundup Max
0 studs 0 studs
* 29 ft
,
9.50 ft 19.50 ft
NCBS1 = 0 studs
For the output station located 20 feet from the left end of the beam:
NCBS1 = Roundup Max
N
N
,
L 1 left L 1 right
* L CBS1
Page 11 of 20
NCBS1 = Roundup Max
10.00 studs 10.00 studs
* 29 ft
,
9.50 ft
19.50 ft
10.00 studs
NCBS1 = Roundup
* 29 ft
9.50
ft
NCBS1 = Roundup (30.53 studs)

NCBS1 = 31 studs
The minimum number of studs required in the composite beam segment for
this beam is calculated using Equation 5 of Technical Note Distribution of
Shear Studs on a Composite Beam Composite Beam Design as:
L
MS CBS = Roundup CBS

MaxLS
29 ft
MS CBS = Roundup
36 in
12 in
= 10 studs
1 ft
beam is 31.
Page 12 of 20

Shear stud distribution example 3 is shown in Figure 3. It is identical to Example 2, except that the point loads are assumed to come from end reactions
of other beams that are included in the program model. Thus, three composite beam segments are in this example instead of the one composite beam
segment that was in Example 2. For this example, assume the following:
!
The ratio = Seff/Sbare is equal to 1.40.
beam is 36 inches.
As shown in Figure 3, this beam has three composite beam segments labeled
1, 2 and 3 from the left end of the beam to the right end of the beam. The
lengths of these composite beam segments are LCBS1 = 9.5 feet, LCBS2 = 10
feet and LCBS3 = 9.5 feet.
Table 2 shows the bending moment calculated by the program for this beam
at each output station. Table 3 summarizes how the shear stud distribution is
determined for this beam.
Page 13 of 20
20 k
5k
10'
10'
10 k
10'
15 k
30'
10 k
5k
Shear
15 k
Moment
100 k-ft
0.5'
L1 left = 9.5'
L1 right = 19.5'
L1 left = 19.5'
LCBS1 = 9.5'
Center of support
End of beam flange
End of beam flange
Center of support
150 k-ft (Mmax)
0.5'
L1 right = 9.5'
LCBS2 = 10'
LCBS3 = 9.5'
L = 30'
Figure 3 Example 3, Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam
Page 14 of 20
Table 3: Example 3, Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam

Left to Right Along the Beam
L1 right
Studs
NCBS1
Station
Moment
L1 left
10 ft
20 ft
100 k-ft
150 k-ft
9.5 ft
19.5 ft
Station
Moment
20 ft
10 ft
150 k-ft
100 k-ft
NCBS2
NCBS3
0 (1)
5 (2a)
N.A.
5 (2b)
N.A.
N.A.
Right to Left Along the Beam

L1 left
L1 right
Studs
NCBS1
NCBS2
NCBS3
5 (3b)
5 (4b)
10 (3a)
10 (4a)
19.5 ft
9.5 ft
19.5 ft
9.5 ft
9.5 ft
19.5 ft
0.00
10.00
10.00
0.00
5 (3b)
5 (4d)
The numbers in parenthesis identify equations from Technical Note Distribution of Shear
Studs on a Composite Beam Composite Beam Design.
The number of shear studs listed in the Studs column of Table 3 is calculated
exactly as described for Example 2. Equation 3 is used at the station 10 feet
from the left end of the beam, and Equation 2 is used at the station 20 feet
from the left end of the beam.
The columns labeled NCBS1, NCBS2 and NCBS3 show the number of studs required
in composite beam segments 1, 2 and 3, respectively, along with the equation
used to calculate that number of studs. The equation number is shown in parenthesis.
The calculation proceeds from left to right along the beam and then back
along the beam from right to left. The detailed calculations associated with
Table 3 are shown in the next subsection entitled "Detailed Calculations."
The final required number of shear studs for each of the composite beam
segments is shown in the last row of Table 3. Composite beam segments 1, 2
and 3 require 5, 5 and 10 shear studs, respectively. This is a total of 20 shear
studs. This compares with 31 studs required in Example 2, where a uniform
intensity of shear studs is assumed over the entire beam rather than over
each of the three composite beam segments.
Detailed Calculations
This subsection shows the calculations required to obtain the values in the
columns labeled NCBS1, NCBS2 and NCBS3 in Table 3.
Page 15 of 20
Left to Right at 10 Feet from Left End

We begin by working from left to right along the beam. The first output station considered is 10 feet from the left end of the beam. This output station is
considered to be in composite beam segment 1. Equation 1 of Technical Note
Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam Composite Beam Design is
used to calculate the studs required in composite beam segment 1.
NCBS1 = Roundup Max
N
N
,
L 1 left L 1 right
* L CBS1
NCBS1 = Roundup Max
0 studs 0 studs
* 9.5 ft
,
19.5 ft
9.5 ft
NCBS1 = 0 studs
Thus, NCBS1 is calculated as zero studs. Because the output station considered
is in composite beam segment 1 and we are working from left to right along
the beam, NCBS2 and NCBS3 are not yet applicable.
Left to Right at 20 Feet from Left End

The next output station considered is 20 feet from the left end of the beam.
This output station is considered to be in composite beam segment 2.
Equation 2a of Technical Note Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite
Beam Composite Beam Design is used to calculate the studs required in composite beam segment 1.
N
* L CBS1 NCBS1 Prev
NCBS1 = Roundup
L 1 left
10.00 studs
NCBS1 = Roundup
* 9.5 ft 0 studs
19.5 ft
NCBS1 = 5 studs
Next, we need to determine whether to use Equation 2b or Equation 2c of
Technical Note Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam Composite
Beam Design for composite beam segment 2.
Page 16 of 20
N
L 1 left
n 1
? n 1
L CBSi <
i =1
10.00 studs
*
19.5 ft
CBSi
i =1
L CBSi <
i =1
CBSi
i =1
?
10.00 studs
* L CBS1 < NCBS1
19.5 ft
?
10.00 studs
* 9.5 ft < 5 studs
19.5 ft
4.87 studs < 5 studs Use Equation 2b of Technical Note

Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam Composite Beam
Design.
Thus, Equation 2b of Technical Note Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam Composite Beam Design is used to calculate the studs required
in composite beam segment 2.
NCBS2
N
NCBSi
i =1
= Roundup
* L CBS2 NCBS2 Prev
1
L CBSi
L 1 left
i =1
10.00 studs - 5 studs
NCBS2 = Roundup
* 10 ft 0 studs
19.5
ft
9.5
ft
NCBS2 = 5 studs
Because the output station considered is in composite beam segment 2 and
we are working from left to right along the beam, NCBS3 is not yet applicable.
Right to Left at 20 Feet from Left End

Now we work back along the beam from right to left. Thus, the next output
station considered is the one 20 feet from the left end of the beam. This output station is now considered to be in composite beam segment 3.
Page 17 of 20

Beam Composite Beam Design is used to calculate the shear studs required in
composite beam segment 3.
N
N
N CBS3 = Roundup Max
,
L1 left L1 right
* L CBS3 N CBS3 Prev
10 studs 10 studs
* 9.5 ft 0 studs
N CBS 3 = Roundup Max
,
9.5 ft
19.5 ft
10 studs
N CBS 3 = Roundup
* 9.5 ft 0 studs
9.5 ft
NCBS3 = 10 studs
Equation 3b of Technical Note Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite
composite beam segments 1 and 2.
NCBS1 = NCBS1 Prev = 5 studs
Right to Left at 10 Feet from Left End

The final output station considered is 10 feet from the left end of the beam.
This output station is now considered to be in composite beam segment 2.
N
NCBS3 = Roundup
* L CBS3 NCBS3 Prev
L 1 right
0 studs
NCBS3 = Roundup
* 9.5 ft 10 studs
19.5 ft
NCBS3 = 0 studs but must be at least 10 studs.
Page 18 of 20
Therefore, use 10 studs.

Next we determine whether to use Equation 4b or Equation 4c of Technical
Note Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam Composite Beam Design for composite beam segment 2.
N
L 1 right
rightmost
? rightmost
L CBSi <
i =n +1
CBSi
i =n +1
?
0 studs
* L CBS3 < NCBS3
19.5 ft
?
0 studs
* 9.5 ft < 10 studs
19.5 ft
0 studs < 10 studs Use Equation 7b.

Thus, Equation 4b of Technical Note Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam Composite Beam Design is used to calculate the studs required
in composite beam segment 2.
NCBS2
rightmost
N
NCBSi
i=3
* L CBS2 NCBS2 Prev
= Roundup
rightmost
L CBSi
L 1 right
i=3
N - NCBS3
NCBS2 = Roundup
* L CBS2 NCBS2 Prev
L 1 right L CBS3
0 - 10
NCBS2 = Roundup
* 10 ft 5 studs
19.5
ft
9.5
ft
NCBS2 = Negative 5 studs, use 5 studs

Equation 4d of Technical Note Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite
Page 19 of 20
Minimum Studs Required

The minimum number of studs required in the three composite beam segments for this beam is calculated using Equation 5 of Technical Note
Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam Composite Beam Design.
L
9.5 ft
MS CBS1 = Roundup CBS1 =

MaxLS 36 in
12 in
= 4 studs
1 ft
L
10 ft 12 in

= 4 studs
MaxLS 36 in 1 ft
L
9.5 ft

MaxLS 36 in
12 in
= 4 studs
1 ft
beam is 5 in composite beam segment 1, 5 in composite beam segment 2 and
10 in composite beam segment 3, for a total of 20 shear studs.
Page 20 of 20

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COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC.

, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DECEMBER 2001

COMPOSITE BEAM DESIGN AISC-ASD89

Calculation of the Number of Shear Studs

0.85f c' left A c left + 0.85f c' right A c right

= Compressive strength of the concrete slab, ksi. This item may

= Area of the concrete slab, in2.

Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Calculation of the Number of Shear Studs

For user-defined (welded) beams only:

The following notation is used in Equations 1b and 1c:

= Area of a rolled steel section (not including the cover plate, if

= Minimum specified yield stress of steel beam, ksi.

= Width of steel cover plate, in.

= Width of bottom flange of a user-defined (welded) steel

= Width of top flange of a user-defined (welded) steel beam, in.

= Clear distance between flanges for a user-defined (welded)

= Thickness of cover plate, in.

= Minimum specified yield stress of cover plate, ksi.

= Thickness of bottom flange of a user-defined (welded) steel

Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Calculation of the Number of Shear Studs

= Thickness of top flange of a user-defined (welded) steel

= Moment at the output station considered for the design

Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Calculation of the Number of Shear Studs

treme tension fiber, in3. Seff is the effective section

Shear Stud Distribution Example 1

Output stations occur at every 2 feet along the beam.

Shear Stud Distribution Example 1

Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Calculation of the Number of Shear Studs

End of beam flange

End of beam flange

88.89 k-ft (actual Mmax)

Figure 1 Example 1, Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam

Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Calculation of the Number of Shear Studs

Table1 Example 1, Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam

Shear Stud Distribution Example 1

Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Calculation of the Number of Shear Studs

Table1 Example 1, Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam

NCBS1 = Roundup Max

NCBS1 = Roundup Max

19.76 studs 19.76 studs

NCBS1 = Roundup (45.37 studs)

Shear Stud Distribution Example 1

Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Calculation of the Number of Shear Studs

MS CBS = Roundup CBS

Shear Stud Distribution Example 2

Output stations occur at every 2 feet along the beam.

The ratio = Seff/Sbare is equal to 1.40.

Shear Stud Distribution Example 2

Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Calculation of the Number of Shear Studs

End of beam flange

End of beam flange

150 k-ft (Mmax)

Figure 2: Example 2, Distribution of Shear Studs on a Composite Beam

Shear Stud Distribution Example 2

Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Calculation of the Number of Shear Studs