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Topic
Page Numbers
11 - 12
Percentage Yield
18
Atom Economy
23-24
27-28
Ar.
Lithium
Nitrogen
Helium
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulphur
Question 2:
Circle the element that is heavier:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Carbon / Oxygen
Sodium / Lithium
Gold / Copper
Hydrogen / Helium
Lead / Tin
Question 3:
Write down the elements with the following Ar values:
Ar
Element
1
12
16
23
222
Mr or relative formula
H2O = 1 + 1 + 16
= 18
(d) O2 =
(b) CO2 = 12 + 16 + 16
= 44
(e) H2 =
(c) NaCl =
(g) NaOH =
(h) KOH =
(i) MgO =
(j) CO =
(k) C2H4 =
(l) C2H6 =
(m)CH4 =
(n) C4H10 =
(o) C5H12 =
(p) C6H6 =
(q) S8 =
(r) Al2O3 =
(a)
(f) HCl =
Now try these examples the first one has been done for you.
(a)Ca(OH)2 = 40 + (16 + 1)2 = 74
(b) (NH4)2SO4 =
(b)
(NH4)2Cr2O7 =
(d) Fe(OH)2 =
(e) Fe(OH)3 =
(f) (NH4)2S203 =
(g) (NH4)3PO4 =
(h) C6H2CH3(NO2)3 =
3.2 = 0.2
16
Ratio S : O = 1:2
0.2 = 2
0.1
Process
Write down masses of reactants*
Divide by Ar
Divide by smallest number to get ratio
Write down formula
* If you are
given % just
use the % as
the mass in
grams.
3H2
3x2 = 6
2NH3
2x17 = 34
8.5g
10
112g
11
FeS
3.65g of HCl react with excess sodium hydroxide. What mass of water
is formed?
HCl
+
NaOH
NaCl
+
H2O
2H2O
2H2O
12
What mass of hydrogen and oxygen are needed to make exactly 3.6g of
water (2 answers needed)
2H2
+
O2
2H2O
When sulphur (found in coal) burns it forms acid rain. What mass of
sulphur dioxide is formed from 32 tonnes of sulphur and excess
oxygen?
S
+
O2
SO2
7CO2
+
8H2O
13
Extension Questions
Try these questions
123g of sulphur are burned in excess oxygen. What mass of sulphur
dioxide forms?
S
+
O2
SO2
29 tonnes of iron (III) oxide are reacted in the blast furnace with
excess carbon monoxide. What mass of iron is produced?
Fe2O3
+
3CO
2Fe
+
3CO 2
14
Na2SO4
+
2H2O
2PbO
+
4NO2
+
O2
15
16 CO2
+
18 H2O
7 CO2
+
8 H 2O
16
Percentage Yield
In most chemical reactions you do not get the maximum
expected amount of product. This can be to do with the
chemistry of the reaction or the way the experiment took
place.
Example
Fe + S FeS
56 g of iron reacts to give 80 g of iron sulphide
Step 1:
Calculate the theoretical yield (the maximum amount of
product we could expect) in the same way you did before.
Fe
56
32
FeS
88
= 80 x 100 = 90%
88
17
NaCl
+
H2O
2H2O
18
2H2O
When sulphur (found in coal) burns it forms acid rain. What is the
theoretical yield when 32 tonnes of sulphur are burned to give 63
tonnes of sulphur dioxide?
S
+
O2
SO2
19
7CO2
+
8H2O
2NH3
20
21
Atom Economy
This is a measure of how successful a reaction has been
in converting raw materials into a useful product.
It looks similar to percentage yield, but its not the
same thing.
If most of what you produce in a reaction is the desired
product then there will, by definition, be very little
waste.
That is, the Atom Economy (Percentage) will be high
(just below 100).
In an ideal world, all industrial chemical processes should
have an atom economy of 100% since this would mean
there would be no waste (unwanted material).
In practice, much unwanted material that used to be
dumped/buried/burned is now used.
For example, the waste slag from a Blast Furnace is
nowadays turned into insulation blocks for new homes.
22
CO2(g) + 2H2(g)
Step 1: Work out the Mr and Ar values for the reactants and
the useful products.
C(s) + 2H2O(g)
Mr / A r
12
CO2(g) + 2H2(g)
2(2+16)
36
2x2
4
4
36 + 12
x 100 = 8.3%
23
Example 2:
Lithium hydroxide will react with nitric acid to produce lithium nitrate
plus water. Suppose that we are trying to make lithium nitrate, and that
the water we also make is the waste material. Firstly we write an
equation
LiOH
+
HNO3
LiNO3
+
H 2O
Then we write the Mr (Relative Formula Masses) underneath
LiOH
+
HNO3
LiNO3
+
H 2O
24
63
69
18
Atom economy = (69/87) x 100 = 79.3%
(If you are wondering where 87 comes from, its 24 + 63)
Calculate the atom economy percentage for the Blast Furnace reaction.
The desired product is iron and the waste product is carbon dioxide
Fe2O3
3CO
2Fe
3CO 2
24
Calculate the atom economy percentage for the Haber Process. The
desired product is ammonia (NH3).
N2
3H2
2NH3
Calculate the atom economy percentage for the Oswald Process (the
desired product is nitric acid).
NH3
2O2
HNO3
H 2O
25
26
27
Ti
O2
Ti
O2
28
Useful websites:
http://web.visionlearning.com/MW_calculator.shtml
http://www.tufts.edu/as/wright_center/fellows/george/georgepage3.ht
m
Please note some of these websites include extension materials and
useful concepts (such as the mole) which can be extremely useful but
you do not necessarily need to know for your exam!
29