Threat to innovative fix-dependent system

STUDENT-10
Contributed By: Mr. Prem Kumar
Basic IAS Academy
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STUDENT 10

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Threat to innovative fix-dependent system

ejEer ij fuHkZj djus okyh vfHkuo .kkyh dks [krjk

Considering the volume of defence equipment
under negotiation with the U.S., it is only a matter of
time before the highly dependable jugaad ceases to
exist as a force multiplier in the Indian military.
1. The steady flow of varied American material
and the anticipated ingress of much more following
President Barack Obamas visit later this week could
impinge adversely on Indias jugaad or innovative fixdependent defence systems.
2.U.S. pacts like the End Use Monitoring
Agreement (EUMA), the only one of three crucial
accords concerning American defence exports to which
New Delhi has so far agreed, foreclose the possibility of
the Indian military pursuing its accomplished, longestablished and, at times, essential jugaad route. This
not only provides the military the much-needed flexibility
but ably renders overseas equipment wholly serviceable
in climatic extremes, assorted terrain, and diverse
operational requirements.
3.The fine print of the EUMA, concluded after
much wrangling and extended negotiations last year,
proscribes the buyer in this case India from
retrofitting and adapting military equipment to its needs
without the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs)
consent and participation for the entire duration of its
service which in the case of the U.S. has almost never
ever been permitted.
4.With the 80-odd countries with which it has
concluded the EUMA, the U.S. has reportedly made an
exception only once by allowing the Israel Air Force to
incorporate locally developed sensors and weapons into
the Lockheed Martin F 16s supplied to Tel Aviv. Recent
reports indicate that a similar agreement has been reached

;fn ge j{kk midj.kksa dh ml ek=kk ij fopkj djsa tks vesfjdk

ds lkFk ckrphr ds rgr gS] rks yxrk gS fd csgn Hkjkslsean ekuk tkus
okyk ^tqxkM+* dqN le; ds fy, gh Hkkjrh; lsuk esa xq.kd cy dh rjg
jgus okyk gSA
1- Hkkafr dkj dh vesfjdh lkexzh dk lrr okg rFkk bl grs
ds var esa jk"Vifr cjkd vksckek dh ;k=kk esa vusdksa vuqpjksa dk
R;kf'kr os'k Hkkjr ds ^tqxkM+* ;k ejEer ij fuHkZj djus okyh
vfHkuo j{kk .kkfy;ksa ds fojks/ esa Vdjk ldrk gSA
2- vesfjdh le>kSrs tSls ,.M ewt ekWuhVfjax ,xzhesUV (EUMA),
tks mu rhu egRoiw.kZ le>kSrksa esa ls bdykSrk gS] ftudk laca/ vesfjdh
j{kk fu;kZrksa ls gS ftu ij ubZ fnYyh vc rd lger jgh gS] ;s Hkkjrh;
lsuk dh blds yacs le; ls LFkkfir ikjaxr vkSj dHkh&dHkh vfuok;Z
^tqxkM+* ds jkLrs ds vuqlj.k ds y{; dh laHkkouk dks [kRe djrs gSA
;g uk fliQZ lsuk dks vR;ar vko';d yphykiu nku djrk gSA cfYd
,sls fons'kh midj.k Hkh lkSairk gS tks tyok;q dh pje lhekvksa] fefJr
bykdksa rFkk fofo/ lapkyu vko';drkvksa esa cgqr mi;ksxh gSA
3- EUMA ds Li"V fUV us dkiQh fopkj foe'kZ ds ckn fiNys
lky fosrk fu/kfjr fd;k tks bl ekeys esa Hkkjr gS rFkk ;g fu"d"kZ
fudkyk fd lSU; midj.kksas dks mudh t:jr ds vuqlkj iqjkus :i esa
nq:lr djus rFkk vuqdwfyr djus vkSj oks Hkh ewy midj.k fuekZrkvksa
(OEMS) tks bl ekeys esa vesfjdk gS] mldh vuqefr ds fcuk

rFkk blds lsok dky dh iwjh vof/ eas vesfjdk dh Hkkxhnkjh ds

fcuk djus dh rdjhcu dHkh vuqefr ugha nh xbZ FkhA
4.With the 80-odd countries with which it has
concluded the EUMA, the U.S. has reportedly made an
exception only once by allowing the Israel Air Force to
incorporate locally developed sensors and weapons into
the Lockheed Martin F 16s supplied to Tel Aviv. Recent
reports indicate that a similar agreement has been reached

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5.Significantly, all U.S. military purchases by India

via the Foreign Military Sales or FMS programme have
been concluded under the stricter Golden Sentry
EUMA, governing not only physical verification of the
equipment over which New Delhi and Washington
have managed to reach a workable via media but also
its final disposal. This protocol is far stricter than the Blue
Lantern EUMA governing the direct commercial sale
of U.S. materiel worldwide.
6.But such foreclosure on U.S. defence goods
supplied to India would, military officers concede,
encroach on decades of amazing and efficient
implementation of jugaad, elevated to sophisticated levels
and one which has ensured that imported weapon systems
perform well above their declared operational potential.
7.For decades, jugaad has rendered a range of
platforms not only highly serviceable and effective but in
some instances even lethal. These, to mention just a few,
include the fleet of 180-190 Chetaks and Cheetahs
principally Alouette IIIs and SA-315B Lamas capable
after the jugaad of operating almost daily for decades
at heights of over 14,000 feet in the Siachen glacier region
which their French manufacturers could never have
imagined possible.
8.Alongside, some 125 Mig 21 bis ground attack
fighters have been effectively upgraded with Russian
collaboration by innovatively equipping them with French,
Israeli and locally developed weapons, sensors and
electronic warfare systems. These include the deadly RR
550 Magic air-to-air missile developed by Matra of France.
The fleet of ground attack Jaguars too has been retrofitted
successfully, provided with mid-air refuelling capability
among other capabilities supplied by vendors other than
the OEM.

5- egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd fons'kh lSU; fch ;k FMS

dk;Ze ds rgr gqbAZ Hkkjr dh lkjh vesfjdh lSU; [kjhnkjh dks FkksMh+
vf/d dBksj xksYMsu lsUVh EUMA ds rgr fd;k x;k gS] tks uk
fliQZ 'kL=kksa dk HkkSfrd lR;kiu djrh gS ftl ij ubZ fnYyh rFkk
okf'kaxVu ehfM;k ds ek;e ls ,d O;kogkfjd fu"d"kZ ij igqp
s gS]
cfYd bldh vafre O;oLFkk dk Hkh ;ku j[krh gSA ;g ksVksdkWy
Cyw ySUVuZ EUMA ls dgh T;knk l[r gS] tks lkjh nqfu;k esa
vesfjdh lkeXkzh dh okf.kfU;d fch dh ns[k js[k djrk gSA
6- fdUrq Hkkjr dks fn, x, vesfjdh j{kk lkeku ij ,slh
iQkStnkjh dks lSU; vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk Lohdkjrk ^tqxkM+* n'kdksa ds
'kkunkj rFkk dq'ky dk;ZUo;u ij vfre.k gksxk] tks fd ifj"r Lrj
rd igqp
a pqdk gS rFkk ftlus lqfuf'pr fd;k gS fd vk;kfrr 'kL=k
.kkyh viuh ?kksf"kr dk;kZRed {kerk ls dgha csgrj n'kZu djsA
7- n'kdksa rd ^tqxkM+* us ,sls eapksa dh Ja[kyk nku dh
gS tks uk fliQZ csgn mi;ksxh rFkk Hkkoh gS cfYd dqN ekeyksas esa
?kkrd Hkh gSA dqN dk mnkgj.k ;fn ys rks] buesa 180&190 ds
psrd rFkk phrk ds csMs+&fojks/ rkSj ij ,ykmV III rFkk SA315B ykHkk dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gS& tks ^tqxkM+* ds ckn
n'kdksa rd 14]000 fiQV dh pkbZ ij fl;kfpu Xysf'k;j {ks=k esa
tgk muds kalhlh fuekZrkvksa us dHkh lkspk Hkh ugha gksxk yxHkx
dke dju ds ;ksX; cus jgsA
8- lkFk gh dqN 125 fex 21 fcl xzkmUM vVSd iQkbVlZ dks
Hkkoh :i ls :lh lg;ksx ls mUur fd;k x;k gSA mUgsa ubZ rjg ls
kalhlh] btjk;yh rFkk LFkkuh; Lrj ij fodflr fd, x, gfFk;kjksa
lsl
a j rFkk bysDVkfud ;q .kkyh ls ysl
a fd;k x;k gSA buesa ?kkrd
RR 550 eSftd ,;j&Vw&,;j felkby 'kkfey gS]a ftUgsa eS=kk] kal
essa fodflr fd;k x;kA xzkmUm vVSd txqvkj ds ny dks Hkh
liQyrkiwod
Z ySl fd;k x;k gS] mls gok ds chp esa bZ/u Hkjus dh {kerk
nku dh xbZ gS lkFk gh dqN vU; ewy midj.k fuekZrkvksa (OEMS) }kjk nh
xbZ {kerk ds vykok fosrkvksa }kjk Hkh [kqfc;k nku dh xbZ gSA
9- ;gk rd fd aVykbu lq& 30 MKI eYVhjksy iQkbVlZ]
tks Hkkjrh; ok;qlsuk ds yM+kdw LDokMuksa dh rkdr ekus tkrs gS]
muesa Hkh cksMZ ij LFkkuh; rFkk :lh lsuk l{ke xq.kdks vfrfjDr
xq.kd fiQV gSAa igys 1999 ds dkjfxy la?k"kZ ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; ok;q
Z Lons'kh 1000&1b
lsuk us vius fejkt 2000 HS dks dq'kyrkiwod
'kqrk funsfZ 'kr lkexzh ls lqlfTtr fd;k Fkk] ftldk urhtk ikfdLrkuh

9.Even the frontline Su-30MkI multirole fighters,

the muscle of the Indian Air Forces combat squadrons,
have local and other-than-Russian competent force
multipliers fitted on board. Earlier, during the 1999 Kargil
conflict, the IAF had ably equipped its Mirage 2000Hs
with indigenous 1000-lb precision guided munitions,
delivering them with devastating effect on the Pakistani
army.
lsuk ij fouk'kdkjh Hkko ds :i esa lkeus vk;k FkkA

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10. Similarly, the Indian Navys depleting Sea

Harrier fleet is getting an upgrade that includes replacing
the original Blue Fox radar, supplied in a downgraded
export configuration through the 1980s and 1990s, with
Israels Elta EL/M-2032 multimode fire control radar with
a 100-km operating range. Matching Israeli Rafael Derby
beyond visual range air-to-air missiles completes the
retrofit.
11. And, the Armys Soviet and Russian T72 and T
90S main battle tanks, range of artillery guns and infantry
combat vehicles, in addition to numerous naval assets,
have all been cleverly and effectively adapted through
jugaad with their efficiency, operability and lifespan much
enhanced.
12. But under the EUMA, it seems Indias military
will have to forgo this functional option to retrofit U.S.supplied equipment which, for the duration of its service,
would exclusively remain the OEMs responsibility.
13. The Comptroller and Auditor-Generals audit
some years ago of INS Jalashwa formerly the USS
Trenton, the 38-year old Austin-class landing platform
dock which the Navy acquired in 2007 made special
reference to this aspect. It declared that the Navy would
remain dependent upon U.S. support for the LPDs
spares and servicing for its service life, requiring American
technicians to be flown in whenever it faced technical
problems.
14. And though the government has obliquely
claimed success in concluding the EUMA on Indian terms
by securing the concession that the time and location of
the U.S. equipments verification process would be
determined by New Delhi, it has cleverly avoided all
mention of the life-long and costly reliance on the OEMs
to keep all American equipment in service.
15. Earlier this year, Army Chief General V.K. Singh
cautioned the government over acquiring U.S. defence
equipment materiel via the FMS route, saying that aftersales maintenance support for it could prove
problematic.
16. The Army claimed it had been facing recurring
problems with the 12 Thales-Raytheon Systems AN/TPQ-

10- blh dkj Hkkjrh; ukS lsuk dk fMIyhfVax lh gSfj;j csMk+ Hkh
fodflr gks jgk gS ftlesa vlyh Cyw iQkWDl jkMkj dks cnyuk 'kkfey
gS] bl jkMkj dh 1980 rFkk 1990 ds nkSjku vour fufeZr foU;kl esa
vkiwr dh xbZ Fkh bls btjkby ds ,YVk El/M-2032 eYVh eksM iQk;j
daVk y
s jkMkj ls ftldh f;kRed {kerk 100 km dh Fkh] mlds lkFk
vkiwr esa Hkstk x;k FkkA bljkbyh jSiQs y MohZ dh cjkcjh n`'; lhek ls ijs
gokbZ felkbyksa }kjk djus ij ;s igys tSlh voLFkk dks ikus esa dke;kc gksxa As
11- vkSj] lsuk ds lksfo;r rFkk jfl;u T 22 rFkk T 90s ds eq[;
VSd
a ] rksiks dh ekjd lhek rFkk iSny lsuk] yM+kdw okgu blds vfrfjDr
fofHkUu] ukslSfud laifk;ksa us prqjkbZ rFkk Hkko'kkyh <ax ls ^tqxkM+* ds
lkFk viuh ;ksX;rk] dk;kZRedrk rFkk thou dky dks dkiQh gn rd
c<+k;k gSA
12- fdUrq ,slk yxrk gS fd EUMA ds varxZr Hkkjrh; lsuk dks
bl f;kRed fodYi dks] vesfjdk }kjk Hksts x, midj.kksa dks mudh
ewy n'kk esa Bhd Bkd j[kus ds fy, NksM+uk gksxkA D;ksafd bu midj.kksa
dh muds lsokdky esa ns[k js[k dh ftEesnkjh fo'ks"k rkSj ij okLrfod
midj.k fuekZrkvksa (OEMS) dh gksxhA
13- INS tyk'uk& tks igys USS VsU Vu Fkk] vkSj tks 38 lky
iqjkuk vkWfLVu&Dykl ySfMax IysV iQkeZ MkWd Fkk ftls ukSlsuk us 2007
esa gkfly dj fy;k Fkk] ml ij dqN o"kZ igys gq, fu;a=kd vkSj ys[kk
ijh{kd ds vkfMV (ys[kk ijh{kk) dk bl ekeys esa fo'ks"k ft gqvkA
blus ?kksf"kr fd;k fd ukS lsuk ,y ih Mh ds dyiqtksZ rFkk vius
dk;Zdky dh lsukvksa ds fy, vesfjdh leFkZu ij fuHkZjrk cuk, j[ksxha
A tc Hkh ;g rduhdh leL;k dk lkeuk djsxhA bls vesfjdh
rduhf'k;uksas dh vko';drk gksxhA
14- vkSj gkykafd ljdkj us ijks{k :i ls EUMA dks Hkkjrh;
'krksZ ij laiUu dkjus esa liQyrk dk nkok fd;k gSA mlus ;s ;g nkok
fj;k;r gkfly dj ds fd;k gS fd vesfjdh midj.kksa ds lR;kiu dh
f;k dk le; vkSj txg ubZ fnYyh fuf'pr djsxh] blus Li"V rkSj
ij vesfjdh midj.kksa dks lsuk esa j[kus ds fy, OEMS ij vkthou
jgus okyh egxh fuHkZjrk dks prqjkbZ ls Vkyk gSA
15- bl o"kZ ds kjaHk es] vkehZ phiQ tujy oh- ds- flag us
ljdkj dks FMS :V ds tfj, vesfjdh j{kk midj.kksa dks gkfly
djus esa ;g dgrs gq, vkxkg fd;k fd blds fy, fch ds ckn
j[kj[kko dk lg;ksx leL;kRed fl gks ldrk gSA
16- lsuk us nkok fd;k fd og 2002 esa 142-4 fefy;u $ esa
FMS dk;Ze }kjk gkfly dh xbZ 12 FksYl&jsfFk;u flLVe AN/

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37 (V) 3 Firefinder artillery locating radar acquired in

2002 for $142.4 million through the FMS programme. More
than two-thirds of these radar Indias first significant
U.S. military equipment purchase in nearly four decades
after Washington lifted sanctions on Delhi in October 2001
for its 1998 nuclear tests were off road awaiting
either spare parts or maintenance or both precluding their
operational deployment mostly in Kashmir. Many army
officers believe jugaad would have prevented the
breakdown of the radar.
17. Meanwhile, Indias hesitancy in confirming the
Communications Interoperability and Security
Memorandum of Agreement (CISMoA) and the Basic
Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for Geo-spatial
Cooperation (BECA) also forecloses the option of the
U.S. transferring advanced avionics and communication
equipment and satellite navigational aids aboard the eight
Boeing P8I Poseidon multimission maritime aircraft
(MMA) and six Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules
transport aircraft configured for Special Forces
employment, all costing over $3 billion. Under the U.S.
law, both pacts need bilateral confirmation to ensure client
compliance with sensitive technology control transfers.
18. The IAF and the Navy, however, are planning
repeat orders for at least six additional C-130Js and four
more P 8Is. The Border Security Force and the
Meteorological Department too have expressed interest
in acquiring C-130Js in varied configurations.
19. But the absence of secure and encrypted
communication equipment aboard them would curtail the
operational efficiency of both aircraft, reducing them to
little more than sophisticated aerial platforms even though
Air Chief Marshal P.V. Naik, somewhat disingenuously,
dismissed such claims recently.
20. National Security Advisor Shivshankar Menon
too parsed Indias stand, claiming that the proposed
defence pacts with the U.S. were something brand new
and that the government would evaluate whether inking
them was a feasible route forward.

TPQ-37 (V)3

iQk;j iQkbUMj vkVyjh fLFkr jkMkj ds lkFk ckj&ckj

leL;k dk lkeuk dj jgh gSA bu jkMkjksa esa ls nks frgkbZ ls T;knk& tks
fd] yxHkx pkj n'kdksa esa Hkkjr dh igyh egRoiw.kZ vesfjdh lSU;
midj.k [kjhn gS okf'kaxVu }kjk ubZ fnYyh ls 1998 ds ijek.kq ijh{k.k
ds ckn yxk, x, frca/ dks vDVwcj 2001 esa gVkus ds ckn bUgsa [kjhnk
x;k Fkk&;g [kjhn vdlj dke ugha vkrh FkhA blesa [kjhns x, 'kL=kksa
esa ls T;knkrj dks vf/dka'kr% d'ehj esa fdlh dqyiqtsZ ;k j[k j[kko
;k nksuksa ds bartkj esa dke dks jksduk iMrk FkkA dbZ lSU; vf/dkfj;ksa
dk ekuuk gS fd ^tqxkM+* us jkMkj dks VwVus ls cpkfy;k gksrk gSA
17- bl chp lapkj Hksn rFkk lqj{kk Kkiu le>kSrs (C15 Mon)
rFkk cqfu;knh fofue; vkSj Hkw&LFkkfud lg;ksx gsrq& le>kSrs (BECA)
dh iqf"V djus eas Hkkjr dh fgpd Hkh vesfjdk ds mUur gokbZ tgktksa
rFkk lapkj midj.kksa ds glrkarj.k ds fodYi ij frca/ yxkrh gS rFkk
lapkj midj.k rFkk mixzg ukSogu lgk;rk }kjk ;kn fd, x, vkB
cksbax P81 iksftMkWu eYVhfe'ku ekfjVkbe ,;jkV (MMA) rFkk N%
ykWdghM ekVu C-130J lqij gjD;wfyl VkaliksVZ ,;j kV ftUgsa
fojks/ cyksa gsrq cuk;k x;k gS] bu lcdh dher $3 fcfy;u ls T;knk
gSA Hkkjr dh fgpd vesfjdk }kjk bUgsa gLrkarfjr djus ds fodYi ij
frca/ yxkrh gSA vesfjdh dkuwu ds vuqlkj] nksuksa le>kSrksa dks
f}i{kh; iqf"V dh vko';drk gS ftlls laosnu'khy kS|ksfxdh fu;a=k.k
gLrkarj.k ds fy, xzkgd dh vuqefr dks lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldsA
18- Hkkjrh; ok;q lsuk rFkk ukS lsuk] de ls de N% vfrfjDr
C-130Js rFkk pkj vkSj POIs ds fy, vkns'k nksgjkus dh ;kstuk cuk
jgs gSA lhek lqj{kk ny rFkk ekSle foKku foHkkx us Hkh C-130Js ds
fofHkUu foU;klksa esa :fp n'kkZbZ gSA
19- fdUrq lqjf{kr rFkk iq"V lapkj midj.kksa dh deh bu nksuksa
foekuksa dh ifjpkyu {kerk esa dVkSrh djsxh rFkk budh egRrk de
djds bUgsa ifj"r gokbZ tgktksa ls FkksMs+ gh csgrj dh Js.kh esa yk nsxhA
gkykafd ,;j phiQ ek'kZy ih oh uk;d us FkksMs+ lksps le>s <ax ls gky
gh esa bu nksuksa dks [kkfjt fd;kA
20- jk"Vh; lqj{kk lykgdkj f'ko'kadj esuu us Hkh Hkkjr ds josj
esa dk ;g nkok djrs gq, leFkZu fd;k fd vesfjdk ds lkFk Lrkfor
j{kk le>kSrs uohurk ls ifjiw.kZ Fks rFkk ljdkj dks vkaduk gksxk fd bu
le>kSrksa dks viuk dj D;k Hkfo"; dh vksj tkrk laHkkfor jkLrk
feysxk\

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21. Complex legal issues on warranty, liabilities and

possible arbitration over supply of military equipment if
something were to go amiss were still under negotiation
between the U.S. and Indian officials. In the absence of
crucial pacts remaining unsigned, many contracts like the
transfer of three wide-bodied Boeing Business Jets for
the IAFs VVIP squadron had, for instance, been
concluded individually.
22. Of the three VVIPs jets, however, only one is
believed to be equipped with missile deflecting security
suites provided out of courtesy by President George W.
Bushs Republican administration to a nascent strategic
partner with military hardware buying potential. The
remaining two Boeings await closure of CISmoA and BECA.
23. Washingtons initial indulgence, it seems, has
slid into obstreperousness and exasperation over Indias
reluctance to sign blanket agreements to facilitate materiel
transfers that govern all American military sales.
Considering the volume of defence equipment under
negotiation, on offer and under trial, it is only a matter of
time before New Delhi buckles and the ubiquitous and
highly dependable jugaad ceases to exist as a force
multiplier in the Indian military.

21- lSU; 'kL=kksa dh vkiwr ij okjaVh nsunkjh rFkk laHkkfor

e;LFkrk rFkk ;fn dqN xyr gks tk, rks D;k gksxk tSls tfVy dkuwuh
eqnn~ ksa ij vc Hkh ckrphr py jgh gSA egRoiw.kZ le>kSrks ds vgLrk{kfjr
jgus dh voLFkk esa dbZ vuqc/
a ksa dks O;fDrxr rkSj ij laiUu fd;k tkrk
gSA tSls Hkkjrh; ok;q lsuk ds vfr fof'k"V LDokMu ds fy, rhu pkSMs+
vkdkj okys cksbax fctusl tsV dk LFkkukarj.k O;fDrxr rkSj ij laiUu
fd;k x;k FkkA
22- rhu oh oh vkbZ ih tsVksa esa ls fliQZ ,d gh] ekuk tkrk gS
fd lqj{kk .kkyh ls ySl gSA ;g O;oLFkk jk"Vifr tkWtZ MCyw cq'k ds
lkStU; ls fjifCydu 'kklu }kjk lSU; gkMZos;j dh [kjhn ds laHkkfor

uohu lk>snkj ds fy, dh xbZ FkhA ckdh nksuksa cksbax CI SmoA

rFkk BECA ds lekiu dh rh{kk dj jgs gSA
23- okf'kaxVu dk 'kq:vkrh vuqxgz yxrk gS >qaxykgV rFkk
ukjktxh es cny x;k gSA CySadsV ,xzhesaUV tks leLr vesfjdh lSU;
fch lkexzh ds gLrkarj.k dh lqfo/k dks fu;af=kr djrk gS] ml
ij Hkkjr ds gLrk{kj djus dh vfuPNk dh otg ls 'kk;n ;g
ifjorZu vk;k gSA ckrphr ds vk/hu] Lrkfor rFkk ijh{k.k ds
rgr j[ks x, j{kk midj.kkssa dks fopkj esa j[krs gq, rhr gksrk gSA
fd ;g dsoy oDr dh ckr gS fd ubZ fnYyh [kqy dj ckr djs
rFkk loZO;kid ,oa csgn Hkjkslsean ekuk tkus okyk tqxkM+ Hkkjrh;
lsuk esa xq.kd cy dh rjg uk jgsA
Courtesy : - The Hindu

Disclaimer: This article has been translated exclusively for IAS Aspirants convenience and study purposes.
Author doesn't take responsibility of view expressed or accuracy of the content."

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