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TEACHER - CENTERED

Perennialism
Essentialism

Aim of Education

To educate the rational


person; To cultivate the
intellect

Role of Education

Teachers help students


think with reason

Focus in the curriculum

Classical subjects, literary


analysis and curriculum is
constant.

Curriculum Trends

Use of great books and


return to liberal arts.

STUDENT - CENTERED
Progressivism

To promote the intellectual


growth of the individual and To promote democratic and
educate a competent
social living
person
The teacher is the sole
authority in his or her
subject area or field of
specialization

Knowledge leads to growth


and development of lifelong
learners who actively learn
by doing

Subjects are
Essentials skills of the 3R's
interdisciplinary, integrative
and essential subjects of
and interactive. Curriculum
English, Science, History,
is focused on students
Math, and Foreign
interest, human problems
Language
and affairs.

Excellence in education,
back to basics and cultural
literacy.

School reforms, relevant


and contextualized
curriculum, humanistic
education.

Perennialism is a teacher
centered philosophy that
focuses on the values
associated with reason. It
considers knowledge as
enduring, seeks everlasting
truths, and views principles
of existence as constant or
unchanging.

Essentialism is a teacher
centered philosophy that
believes there is a common
set of skills and knowledge
that educated people
should have. It focuses on
respect for authority,
developing sound habits of
the mind, and training in
fundamentals. Essentialism
is similar to perrenialism

Progressivism is a student
centered philosophy that
believes that ideas should
be tested by
experimentation, and
learning comes from finding
answers from questions.
This philosophy values the
scientific method of
teaching, allows individuals
to have their own beliefs,
and promotes the
interaction of students as
valuable to the learning
process.

UDENT - CENTERED
Reconstructionism
To improve and reconstruct
society education for
change

Teachers act as agents of


change and reform in
various educational projects
including research

Focus on present and future


trends and issues of
national and international
interests.

Equality of educational
opportunities in education,
access to global education.

Reconstructionism is
another student centered
philosophy that promotes
world social progress,
focuses on world events,
controversial issues, and
developing a vision for a
new better world. This
philosophy is associated
with pragmatism and
essentialism.

Why teach?

What to teach?

How to teach?

Essentialism

Progressivism

This philosopy contends that teachers teach for


learners to acquire basic knowledge, skills, and
values.

Progressivist teachers teach to develop learners into


becoming enlightened and intelligent citizens of a
democratic society. They teach learners so they may
live fully NOW not to prepare them for adult life.

Need-based and relevant curriculum. This is a


curriculum that "responds to students' needs and
Basic skills or the fundamentals R's - reading, 'riting,
that relates to students' personal lives and
'rithmetic, right conduct - as these are essential to
experiences". More concerned with teaching the
the acquisition of higher or more complex skills
learners the skills to cope change. Change is the
needed in preparation for adult life. Curriculum
only thing that does not change. Natural and social
includes the traditional disciplines such as math,
sciences. Teachers expose students to many new
natural sciences, history, foreign language and
scientific, technological and social developments,
literature.
reflecting the progressivist notion that progress and
change are fundamental.

Progressivists teachers employ experiential methods.


They believe that one learns by doing. (John Dewey).
Problem-solving methods makes use of the scientific
Essentialist teachers emphasize mastery of subject
method. "Hands-on-minds-on" teaching
matter. They are expected to be intellectual and
methodology (e.g., field trips during which students
moral models of their students.
interact with nature or society). Teachers also
stimulate students through thought-provoking
games and puzzles.

Perrenialism

Existentialism

To develop the students' rational and moral powers.


Belief in the primacy of reason and in the human's
ability to make rational judgements about the
goodness of things (Adler & Hutchins)

To help students understand and appreciate


themselves as unique individuals who accept
complete responsibility for their thoughts, feelings,
and actions. Existence precedes essence.
Education of the whole person, not just the mind.

Gives a wide variety of options from which to


The perrennialist curriculum is a universal one on the
choose. Emphasis on the humanities. Vocational
view that all human beings possess the same
education to teach children about themselves and
essential nature. Heavy on humanities and general
their potentials. In the arts, students are encouraged
education. Great books.
to practice individual creativity and imagination.

The perrennialist classrooms are "centered around


teachers". The teachers do not allow the students'
Focuses on the individual. Learning is self-paced,
interests or experiences to substantially dictate what self-directed. Individual contact with the teacher.
they teach. They apply whatever creative techniques Teachers remain non-judgmental and take care not
and other tried and true methods which are believed to impose their values on the students; since values
to be most conducive to disciplining the students'
are personal.
minds.

Behaviorism

Students behavior is a product of his environment.

Teach students to respond favorably to various


stimuli in the environment.

Arranges environmental conditions so that students


can make the responses to stimuli. e.g., wellmanaged classroom, use of attention catchers and
incentives.

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