Transformers X 4

Magnetically Coupled Circuits Overview
Mutual Inductance
Energy in Coupled Coils
Linear Transformers
Magnetically Coupled Circuits
Ver. 1.31
11
21
12
22
v2
i2
Introduction to Magnetically Coupled Circuits
i1
+
v
Magnetically coupled coils are conceptually similar to two

inductors that have a shared (coupled) magnetic field
Not all of the magnetic field is shared
ECE 221
Magnetic coupling is widely used in power systems

1 Portland State University
v
-
di
d
di
= (N 2 P) = L
dt
dt
dt
Consistent with what we already know about inductors
ECE 221
L is proportional to N 2
Ver. 1.31
Ver. 1.31
The relationship between the flux and the current is constant
The flux (& current) have to change to induce a voltage
v=N
Magnetically Coupled Coil
Magnetically Coupled Coil
Ver. 1.31
voltage in volts (V)

number of turns
magnetic flux in webers (Wb)
time in seconds (s)
permeance of the flux space
current in amperes (A)
inductance in henrys (H)
v=
N=
=
t=
P=
i=
L=
where
ECE 221
Ideal Transformers
Portland State University
Faradays Law:
v
ECE 221
d
= N
dt
= N Pi
d (N Pi)
= N
dt
di
dt
di
dt
= N 2P
= L
i
1
L
1
11
12
Mutual Inductance
+
v
1
1 = 11 + 12
12
11
L
2
+
v
2
+
v2
-
M21 =N2 N1 P12
Ver. 1.31
We can decompose the magnetic flux induced in one coil into two
components
1 is the total flux produced in coil 1
11 is the portion of this flux that links only coil 1
12 links both coil 1 and coil 2
The coils are not connected electrically

ECE 221
+
v
1
Mutual Inductance Continued 2
i
1
di1
v2 = M21
dt
is the open circuit voltage
Ver. 1.31
the mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1
di1
v1 =L1
dt
M21 :
Note that
v2
What if a current was applied to coil 2 as well?
ECE 221
Superposition applies
+
v
12
11
di1
dt
v2
=L1
Mutual Inductance Continued
L2
v2
i2
di1
dt
Ver. 1.31
= (N2 N1 P12 )
d (N1 P1 i1 )
=N1
dt
d (N1 P12 i1 )
dt
= N2
ECE 221
+
v
L1
Mutual Inductance: Two Sources
d1
v1 =N1
dt
d12
v2 = N2
dt
di1
dt
= M21
v1
= M21
di1
di2
M12
L1
dt
dt
di1
di2
+ L2
dt
dt
v2
We will assume M21 = M12 = M
If assumption holds, the coils are called a linear transformer

M is called the mutual inductance
Like inductors, is measured in units of henrys (H)
ECE 221
Ver. 1.31
Polarity of coupling term depends on how the coils are wound

11
22
12
21
Linear Transformer: The Dot Convention
i1
+
v
1
i2
+
v2
-
The dot convention determines the polarity of the coupling

Dot Convention: If a current enters a dotted terminal, it induces
a positive voltage at the dotted terminal of the second coil
i2
i2
L2 v2
+
+
L2 v2
-
i1
v1 L1
+
i1
v1 L1
+
i2
L2 v2
i2
L2 v2
Example 2: The Dot Convention
ECE 221
Ver. 1.31
If a current leaves a dotted terminal, it induces a negative voltage

at the dotted terminal of the second coil
i1
+
v1 L1
-
i1
v1 L1
+
ECE 221
Ver. 1.31
Write the defining equations for each of the circuits shown above.
i
+
v1 L1
i
+
v1 L1
-
i
2
L2 v2
-
+
L2 v2
-
v1 L1
v1 L1
i2
L2 v2
i2
L2 v2
Example 1: The Dot Convention
ECE 221
Ver. 1.31
Ver. 1.31
12
10
P1 = P11 + P12
Mutual Inductance & Self Inductance

L1 = N12 P1
P2 = P22 + P21
= N12 N22 P1 P2
L2 = N22 P2
L1 L2
= N12 N22 (P11 + P12 )(P22 + P21 )
= k
ECE 221
1
= M2 2
k
L1 L2
for a linear system, P12 = P21 and

P11
P22
2
1
+
1
+
= N12 N22 P12
P12
P12
L1 L2
Since M12 = M21
L1 L2
1
k2

P22
P11
1+
=
1+
P12
P12

L1 L2
= k
Coecient of Coupling (k)

1
k2
M
1, k 1
k is called the coecient of coupling

Since
k is non-negative since P > 0
If two coils have no common flux, k = 0
If both coils share all flux, k = 1
ECE 221
Ver. 1.31
It is physically impossible for k = 1, but some magnetic cores have

k very close to 1
Linear Transformers: Energy Continued
=
t2
t1

t1
p2 d

I2
M

0
I2

d
i2 di2
di2
di2
I1 + L2 i2
d
d
di2 + L2
The energy stored in the coils during the second period is given by
t2
w2
=
= M I1
= M I1 I2 + 21 L2 I22
=
=
M I1 I2
w1 + w2
2
2
1
1
2 L1 I1 + 2 L2 I2
ECE 221
Ver. 1.31
Then the total energy stored in magnetically coupled coils after the
currents have been applied is given by
t1
Linear Transformers: Energy
v1 i1 d =
0
t1
di1
d
i1 d = L1
I1
i1 di1 = 21 L1 I12
Suppose no energy is stored in the coils at t = 0 and over some period

of time t1 the current in coil 1 increases from 0 to I1 while the current
in coil 2 is zero, i2 = 0. The energy stored in the coils over this period
is given by

w1 =
= M
L2
v2
i2
Ver. 1.31
di2
= M
dt
di2
= L2
dt
di
di2
2
I1 + L2
i2
dt
dt
Now suppose the current in coil 1 is held constant, i1 = I1 , while the

current in coil 2 increases from 0 to I2 .
di2
di1
M
v1 = L1
dt
dt
di1
di2
+ L2
dt
dt
v2 = M
ECE 221
p2 = v1 I1 + v2 i2
+
v
L1
Linear Transformers: Energy Comments
w = 21 L1 i12 + 21 L2 i22 M i1 i2
The polarity of the shared term depends on how the coils are
wound
Can the energy stored ever be negative?
Recall that M = k L1 L2
ECE 221
Ver. 1.31
This limits the expression above to non-negative values only

14
16
Time Domain
i
1
L
1
L
2
i
+
v2
Time-Domain Analysis
+
v
1
v1
= M
di2
di1
M
L1
dt
dt
di1
di2
+ L2
dt
dt
v2
ECE 221
What is v1 if i1 = A1 cos(t) and i2 = 0?
I1
jM
jL2
I2
+
V2
-
jL1 I1 + jM I2
jM I1 + jL2 I2
jL1
Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis Continued
+
V1
-
=
=
Frequency Domain (Phasors)

V1
V2
ECE 221
The dot convention still applies (not shown)
Ver. 1.31
Ver. 1.31
Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis
di
di2
1
v2 = M
+ L2
dt
dt
di1
v2 = M
dt
v2 = M A1 ( sin(t))
What is v1 if i1 = A1 cos(t) and i2 = 0?

di2
di
1
M
v1 =L1
dt
dt
di1
v1 =L1
dt
v1 =L1 A1 ( sin(t))
v2 = M A1 cos(t + 90 )
Ver. 1.31
v1 =L1 A1 cos(t + 90 )
V2 = jM I1
What is the relationship in the phasor domain?

V1 =jL1 I1
ECE 221
Superposition applies so if i2 = A2 cos(t),
is
10
2 mH
4 mH
iL
8 mH
30
Example 3: Linear Transformers & Phasor Analysis
vs
ECE 221
Ver. 1.31
Find the steady-state expressions for the currents is and iL when

vs = 70 cos(5000t) V.
18
20
Zs
I1
Example 3: Workspace
ECE 221
R1
jM
I2
jL2
Linear Transformer
jL1
R2
ZL
Ver. 1.31
Linear Transformer Analysis: Typical Conguration
Vs
Transformers are typically used in only few types of circuits

The most common configuration connects a source to a load
Useful to decrease (or increase) the voltage across the load
Why not just use a voltage divider?
ECE 221
Ver. 1.31
Should know how to analyze this type of circuit thoroughly
+
V1
-
I1
jL1
I2
V2
V1
jM I2 + jL2 I2
jL1 I1 + jM I2
I1
V1
j(L1 -M )
jM
I2
V2
j(L2 -M ) +
Phasor Analysis: T-Equivalent

jM
jL2
V2
Frequency Domain (Phasors)
Vs
ECE 221
R1
jM
I2
jL2
Linear Transformer
jL1
R2
Linear Transformer: SourceLoad Analysis

Zs
I1
Resistance of primary winding

Resistance of secondary winding
Self-inductance of primary
Self-inductance of secondary
Mutual inductance
Source impedance
Load impedance
ECE 221
ZL
Ver. 1.31
Ver. 1.31
24
22
The T-equivalent is only valid if bottom terminals are connected

-equivalent (see text)
There is also a
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
R1
R2
L1
L2
M
Zs
ZL
Zs
R1
jL1
jM
I2
jL2
R2
c
ZL
Ver. 1.31
Linear Transformer: SourceLoad Analysis Continued
Vs
Linear Transformer
= (Zs + R1 + jL1 )I1 jM I2
Vs
Zs + R1 + jL1
= jM I1 + (R2 + jL2 + ZL )I2
Z11
R2 + jL2 + ZL
0
Z22
= Z11 I1 jM I2
= jM I1 + Z22 I2
ECE 221
Vs
0
Zs
I1

=
=
R1
jL1
jM
I2
jL2
Linear Transformer
Vs
Z11 Z22 + 2 M 2
=
Z22
2 M 2
I1
Z11 +
Z22
R2
2 M 2
Z22
Zi Zs = R1 + jL1 +
ECE 221
ZL
Ver. 1.31
Linear Transformer: SourceLoad Internal Impedance
Vs
Zi
Zab
I1
Vs
I2
Vs =
0 =
I2
ECE 221
Z11 I1 jM I2
jM I1 + Z22 I2
jM
I
1
Z

22
2 M 2
I1
Z11 +
Z22
Z22
Vs
Z11 Z22 + 2 M 2
jM
Vs
Z11 Z22 + 2 M 2
Ver. 1.31
Linear Transformer: SourceLoad Analysis Continued 2
Zs
I1
Zab
ZR
ECE 221
R1
jL1
jM
I2
jL2
Linear Transformer
R2
2 M 2
R1 + jL1 +
Z22
Zab (R1 + jL1 )
2 M 2
2 M 2
=
Z
Z22
|Z22 |2 22
ZL
Ver. 1.31
Linear Transformer: SourceLoad Reected Impedance
Vs
26
28
500
I
1
200
100
I2
j1600
j1200
j3600
800
-j2500
Example 4: Linear Transformers
3000 V
Find the following:

1. Self-impedance of primary & secondary circuits
2. Impedance reflected into the primary winding
3. Impedance seen looking into the primary terminals of the
transformer
j56
j50
31
I2
j100
j40
20
Example 5: Linear Transformers
ECE 221
4. Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals c,d

I1
7600 V
(rms)
Find the following:

1. Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals c,d
ECE 221
2. If ZL is set equal to Zeq

, what is I1 ?
3. What is I2 ?
Ver. 1.31
ZL
Ver. 1.31
ECE 221
Example 5: Workspace (1)
ECE 221
Ver. 1.31
Ver. 1.31
32
30
ECE 221
i2
Ideal Transformer Analysis

N1:N2
Ver. 1.31
i2
Introduction to Ideal Transformers

N1:N2
v2
i1
+
1
Ideal/Linear transformers are similar to ideal/real models of

operational amplifiers
N1:N2
Ver. 1.31
Both ideal models make assumptions that simplify analysis
Ideal approximation: all of the flux links both coils
ECE 221
Ideal Assumptions
Large reactance: L1 , L2 , M
Perfect coupling: k 1
Primary and secondary are lossless: R1 = R2 = 0
Ideal Transformers: Comments
i1
v2
v2
i2
N1
1
=
=
i1
N2
n
The ideal transformer cannot store energy

Note direction of secondary current
ECE 221
Sometimes only the turns ratio is given: N2 /N1 = n
Ver. 1.31
The phasor domain equations are identical to the time domain
Defining equations for ideal transformers do not include time
N2
v2
=
=n
v1
N1
v1
i1
v2
=
=n
i2
v1
v1 i1 = v2 i2
p1 = p2
Ver. 1.31
ECE 221
d
v1 = N1
dt
d
v2 = N2
dt
N2
v2
=
=n
v1
N1
34
36
i2
Ideal Transformers: The Dot Convention

i1
i
+
i
2
1:n
i2
Example 6: The Dot Convention for Ideal Transformers

1:n
v2
v1
+
v2
N1:N2
v1
+
v2
i2
v1
v2
v1
v2
v1
ECE 221
I1
ZR =
Zs
a
1:n
c
+
V2
+
V1
I2
V2 1
V2 1
V1
ZL
n
=
=
= 2
I1
I2 n
I2 n2
n
ECE 221
ZL
Ideal Transformer: Reected Impedance
Vs
Ver. 1.31
Ver. 1.31
40
38
Ver. 1.31
1:n
i2
Ver. 1.31
i1
1:n
The dot convention determines the polarity of the defining

equations
Dot Convention: If v1 and v2 are both positive or both negative
at the dotted terminals, use +n. Otherwise, use -n.
ECE 221
If i1 and i2 both enter or both leave the dotted terminals, use -n.
Otherwise, use +n.
i2
Example 7: The Dot Convention for Ideal Transformers
i1
-
v2
1:n
v1
1:n
v2
+
v1
i2
i1
i2
i1
v2
v1
1:n
v2
1:n
v1
-
ECE 221
vg
0.25
i2
237.5 m
+
v2
10:1
v1
-
125 H
Example 8: Ideal Transformers

5 mH
i1
25
20
j50
1:4
160
Example 9: Ideal Transformers
ECE 221
If vg = 2500 cos(400t) V, find i1 , v1 , i2 , and v2 .
2500 mV
(rms)
ECE 221
Ver. 1.31
Ver. 1.31
Find the value of C that maximizes the power absorbed by the 160
resistor. What is the average power delivered for this value of C?
Replace the resistor with a variable resistor and find the value that
maximizes the power delivered? What is the maximum average power
that can be delivered?
ECE 221
ECE 221
Ver. 1.31
Ver. 1.31
44
42
ECE 221
Ver. 1.31
45

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Magnetically Coupled Circuits Overview

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Introduction to Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Magnetically coupled coils are conceptually similar to two

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Magnetic coupling is widely used in power systems

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Consistent with what we already know about inductors

3 Portland State University

The relationship between the flux and the current is constant

The flux (& current) have to change to induce a voltage

Magnetically Coupled Coil

Magnetically Coupled Coil

voltage in volts (V)

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Portland State University

Portland State University

M21 =N2 N1 P12

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

The coils are not connected electrically

Mutual Inductance Continued 2

is the open circuit voltage

the mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1

Portland State University

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

What if a current was applied to coil 2 as well?

Portland State University

Mutual Inductance Continued

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Mutual Inductance: Two Sources

5 Portland State University

We will assume M21 = M12 = M

If assumption holds, the coils are called a linear transformer

Like inductors, is measured in units of henrys (H)

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Polarity of coupling term depends on how the coils are wound

Linear Transformer: The Dot Convention

The dot convention determines the polarity of the coupling

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Example 2: The Dot Convention

If a current leaves a dotted terminal, it induces a negative voltage

Portland State University

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Portland State University

Example 1: The Dot Convention

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

9 Portland State University

Mutual Inductance & Self Inductance

= N12 N22 (P11 + P12 )(P22 + P21 )

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

for a linear system, P12 = P21 and

11 Portland State University

Coecient of Coupling (k)

k is called the coecient of coupling

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

It is physically impossible for k = 1, but some magnetic cores have

Portland State University

Linear Transformers: Energy Continued

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Portland State University

Linear Transformers: Energy

Suppose no energy is stored in the coils at t = 0 and over some period

Magnetically Coupled Circuits