Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CULTURĂ GENERALĂ
COMPUTER BASICS
You ask yourself what can a personal computer do for you. Well, it does a lot. It
can replace the daily planner, address book, phone book, calendar, notepad, files,
folders, papers and more. You can use your PC to watch TV and DVDs, listen to
music or the radio, organize your photographs in virtual albums, send mail and
even call long distance your friends. Before we do that, let's compare the different
parts of a personal computer to their real-life counterparts found in most offices.
-1-
“creier” vedeţi mai jos. Cei doi mari producători de CPUs sunt Intel şi Advanced
Micro Devices (AMD). Ambii producători fac circuite integrate (cipuri) excelente
şi performante. Majoritatea computerelor din zilele noastre sunt echipate cu dual
core CPUs. Un procesor dual core CPU se referă la acel CPU care include două
procesoare complete într-un singur circuit integrat (cip). Procesoarele dual core
reprezintă de fapt două “creiere” complete, în loc de unul singur. Gândesc mai
bine două capete în loc de unul? În cazul de faţă, categoric da. În special pentru
cei care lucrează mult cu aplicaţii video sau cu jocuri pe calculator. Aveţi nevoie de
un dual core CPU ca să lucraţi la calculator? Nu, probabil că nu aveţi nevoie. Totul
depinde de ce faceţi şi la ce folosiţi calculatorul.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the computer's brain. It is not as fast or as
powerful as the human brain but it does something that the human brain cannot do.
It blindly processes millions of instructions per second consistently and correctly
and remembers the results. In this respect, the computer is a rather dumb
machine. It processes all of this information but has no idea what it all means. You
have below some examples of such a “brain”. The two major manufacturers of
CPUs are Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). Both make excellent
integrated circuits (chips) and feature outstanding performance. Many computers
today are coming equipped with dual core CPUs. A dual core CPU refers to a
CPU that includes two complete processors in a single integrated circuit (chip).
Dual core processors are well-suited for multitasking environments because there
are two complete execution cores (brains) instead of one. Are two heads better
than one? In this case, absolutely. Especially if you're doing extensive video work
or playing demanding games. Do you really need a dual core CPU to perform the
majority of PC tasks? No, probably not. It all depends on what you use your
computer for.
-2-
RAM (Memoria) = BIROUL
Memoria (RAM) se referă la stocarea de date care pot fi accesate în orice ordine
sau la întâmplare. RAM într-un computer înseamnă memoria principală sau spaţiul
de lucru şi este folosită pentru afişarea datelor şi pentru lucrul cu baza de date…
ca un fel de birou. Acest tip de memorie arată ca nişte benzi şi au dimensiunea
unor lame de gumă de mestecat. Majoritatea calculatoarelor personale au sloturi
pentru adăugarea sau pentru înlocuirea memoriilor (RAM). Memoriile (RAM) pot fi
pentru citire sau pentru scriere. Memoria (RAM) este ştearsă când se închide
computerul, similar cu ordinea de pe biroul personal.
De ce memorie RAM aveţi nevoie? După CPU, RAM este cel mai important factor
pentru performanţa calculatorului. Dacă aveţi un sistem de operare Windows XP,
Microsoft recomandă un minim de 128MB (megabytes). Nu este tocmai suficient
pentru Windows XP. Pentru o performanţă optimă cu aplicaţii standard desktop, se
recomandă 512MB. Dacă aveţi un sistem de operare Windows 95/98 (ceea ce nu
recomand) vă descurcaţi cu un minim de 128MB. Subliniez din nou, pentru cei
care lucrează cu aplicaţii video sau cu jocuri pe calculator, memoria (RAM)
necesară normală este 1-2GB (gigabytes).
Random Access Memory (RAM) refers to data storage that can be accessed in
any order or randomly. RAM in a computer is considered main memory or the
working area used for displaying and working with data...sort of like your desk.
You open up all of your files, papers, reports, etc. and place them on your desk to
work on. RAM performs the same function. This type of memory comes in sticks
and are about the size of a few sticks of gum. Most PCs have slots for adding and
replacing RAM. RAM can be both written to and read from. RAM is erased when a
computer is shut down effectively clearing your desk.
How much RAM do you need? Next to the CPU, RAM is the most important factor
in computer performance. If you are running Windows XP, Microsoft recommends
128MB (megabytes) as the minimum RAM requirement. This is not really an
adequate amount for Windows XP. For optimal performance with standard
desktop applications, 512MB is recommended. If you are running Windows 95/98
(and you shouldn't be), you need a bare minimum of 128MB. Again, video-
intensive work or gaming requires more than normal amounts of RAM perhaps 1-
2GB (gigabytes).
-3-
CE ÎNSEAMNĂ BYTE?
• Cea mai mică unitate de stocare memorie se numeşlte BIT. Un bit conţine
fie UNU fie ZERO.
• Opt bits reprezintă un BYTE. Destul spaţiu de stocare pentru o literă din
alfabet.
• 1.024 bytes reprezintă un KILOBYTE (KB) sau aproximativ o pagină de
text.
• 1.024 kilobytes reprezintă un MEGABYTE (MB) sau aproximativ 1.000
pagini de text.
• 1.024 megabytes reprezintă un GIGABYTE (GB) sau aproximativ
1.000.000 pagini de text.
• The smallest unit of memory storage is called a BIT. A bit either contains a
ONE or a ZERO.
• Eight bits is one BYTE ("bite"). That's enough storage for about one letter of
the alphabet.
• 1,024 bytes is one KILOBYTE (KB) or about one page of text.
• 1,024 kilobytes is one MEGABYTE (MB) or about 1,000 pages of text.
• 1,024 megabytes is one GIGABYTE (GB) or about 1,000,000 pages of text.
-4-
the letter "X" appear on the monitor when you press the "X" key. This
memory cannot be changed, so losing power does not affect it.
• CMOS stands for Complementary-symmetry/Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor! Sounds impressive, huh? Don't even try to remember
that. It stores information about your computer system as well as the
current date and time. Like RAM, this memory needs electricity to keep
working, but it only needs a very small amount. A small battery will keep it
running for 4-5 years. If the CMOS battery dies, your computer may not
start up correctly. You will have to have the battery replaced, and, you will
probably have to re-enter the setup information about your computer
system.
-5-
Se deschide o fereastră ca un fel de diagramă-arbore ca în figura de mai jos. În
stânga, selectat în roşu este dosarul (folder) (Windows). Sub el se află sub-
dosarele aferente Windows. În dreapta sunt doar sub-dosarele.
A window opens with a sort of diagram like a tree as in the example below. The
red selection to the left-side indicates the folder (Windows). Under the folder
Windows there are the sub-folders related to this folder. To the right-side there are
only the sub-folders.
The hard drive is a permanent storage device. It's called permanent because,
unlike RAM, the data remains on the hard drive even if your computer is turned off.
-6-
However, hard drives will eventually fail. That's why it's so important that you make
copies of your important data. This is called back up. The inside hard drive is
shown below.
= + +
There are literally hundreds of printers available today. Unless you have a
compelling need for a separate printer, fax machine, scanner and photocopier, I
recommend one of the fine multi-function printers available.
-7-
TASTATURA = MAŞINA DE SCRIS
KEYBOARD = TYPEWRITER
Tastatura în sine nu s-a schimbat în ultimii 100 de ani. Dacă v-aţi descurcat cu o
maşină de scris, vă descurcaţi şi cu tastatura de la calculator.
Basic keyboard layouts haven't really changed in the last 100 years. If you "hunt-
and-pecked" on a typewriter, then you'll "hunt-and-peck" on a computer keyboard.
MODEMUL = TELEFONUL
MODEM = TELEPHONE
-8-
today at prices that are extremely competitive with dial-up service. Other examples
of modern modems:
http://iris-milkywaygalaxy.blogspot.com/
Mona Bernhardt-Lörinczi
-9-