RCC

Reinforced Cement Concrete - Materials
Journal
> Introduction to concrete as a material.
> Study of its ingredients viz. binding material,
fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water in
detail, along with storage of materials on site,
understanding good quality material and field
& lab tests involved
Market Survey
> Cement
> Binding material- fine and coarse aggregate
> Storage of materials on site
> Understanding good quality material
> Field & lab tests involved
Submission Detail
1. Presentation on RCC materials and field/ lab testing
procedures
2. Cement
3. Aggregates
4. Water
5. Measurement of materials
6. Water-cement Ratio
7. Properties and Tests on Concrete
8. Methods of Proportioning Concrete Mixes
9. Grades of Concrete
deo.bilwa@gmail.com/
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anitameskar@gmail.com
10. Mixing, compacting & curing Concrete
Cement concrete
1. Cement concrete obtained artificially by hardening of the mixture of cement, sand,
gravel, and water in predetermined appropriate proportions.
2. When these ingredients are mixed, they form a plastic mass which can be poured in
suitable molds, and set for standing into hard solid mass.
3. Chemical reaction of cement and water, in the mix, is relatively slow and requires time
and favorable temperature for its completion.
4. This time is known as setting time.
Setting time
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Time of initial set, requires from 30 -60 minutes for completion.

During this phase, the mixed concrete decreases its plasticity and
develops pronounced resistance to flow.
Final set, may vary between 5-6 hours after the mixing operation.
During this phase, concrete appears to be relatively soft solid without
surface hardness.
Progressive hardening and increases in strength.

The process is rapid in the initial stage, until about one month after
mixing, at which time the concrete almost attains the major portions
of its potential hardness and strength.
5. Depending on the quality and proportions of the ingredients used in the mix, the
properties of concrete vary almost as widely as different kinds of stone.
6. Concrete has enough strength in compression, but has little strength in tension.
7. Due to this concrete as such is weak in bending, shear and torsion.
8. So to use cement concrete for common structure such as beams, slabs, retaining
structure etc., steel bars needs to placed at tensile zones of the structure which may
then be concreted.
9. Steel bars known as steel reinforcement, embedded in the concrete, takes the tensile
stresses. is called Reinforced Cement Concrete R.C.C .
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A. Components of Concrete -
1. Cement Classification of cement

1. Portland cement
2. High Alumina Cement
3. Super sulphate cement
4. Natural cements
5. Special cements
The chief chemical constituents of Portland cement
Lime (Cao)
60 to 67%
Silica (SiO2)
17 to 25%
Alumina (Al2O3)
3 to 8%
Iron oxide (Fe2O3)
0.5 to 6 %
Magnesia (MgO)
0.1 to 4%
Sulphur Trioxide (SO3)
1 to 3 %
Soda and/or Potash (Na2O + K2O) 0.5 to 1.3%

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2. Aggregates
1. Aggregate is general term applied to those inert or chemically inactive materials which,
when bonded together by cement, form concrete.
2. Most of aggregates used are naturally occurring aggregates such as crushed rock, gravel
and sand.
3. Artificial and processed aggregates may be broken brick or crushed air-cooled blast
furnace slag.
4. for low density concrete light Wight aggregates, such as pumice, furnace clinker, coke,
breeze, sawdust, foamed slag, expanded clays and shales, expanded slates, etc
5. Aggregate may be divided into two groups:
a. Coarse Aggregate more than 4.75 mm are know as coarse aggregate
b. Fine Aggregate less than 4.75 mm are know as fine aggregate
6. Quality of Aggregates : norms laid in IS:383-1970 specification for coarse and fine
aggregates from natural sources for concrete
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Important qualities of aggregates

a. strength, b. size, c. particle shape, d. surface texture, e. grading, f. impermeability, g.
cleanliness, h. chemical inertness, i. physical and chemical stability at high
temperature, j. co-efficient of thermal expansion and k. cost.
Aggregate should be chemically inert, strong, hard, durable, of limited porosity, free
from adherent, coatings, clay lumps, coal, and coal residues and should contain no
organic or other admixture that may cause corrosion of the reinforcement or impair
the strength or durability of the concrete.
Strength of concrete depends upon the strength of aggregate.
The size of aggregate depends upon the nature of work.
The size of aggregate must be enough to enable it to be worked between and around
all reinforcements and into all corners of the work. For RCC work, maximum size of
aggregate is limited to 20 mm to 25 mm.
Rounded, irregular and angular are three shapes.
Gradation of aggregates has marked effect on the workability, uniformity and finishing
quality of concrete.
Grading of aggregates greatly affect strength and imperviousness of concrete.
Imperviousness of aggregates is an essential requirement, especially when the
concrete is used for water retaining structure.
This is also essential in the R.C. works of permanence, otherwise air and moisture
would penetrate with the result that outer concrete would spell out.
Aggregates must be clean and free from clay, silt, fine dust etc. so that proper mixing is
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possible.
3. Water
Water acts as lubricant for the fine and coarse aggregates and acts chemically with the
cement to form the building paste for the aggregate and reinforcement.
Water is also used for curing the concrete after it has been cast into the forms.
Portable waters are generally considered satisfactory for mixing and curing of concrete.
If water contains any sugar or an access of acid, alkali or salt, it should not be used.
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B. Measurement of material The material used for preparation of concrete arei. Cement
ii. Fine aggregate
iii. Coarse aggregate
iv. Water.
Their accurate measurement before mixing is very important so that the required
quantities in the proportion of the concrete mix are obtained.
i. Cement
Preferably measure in terms of its weigh and not in terms volume.
The volume of cement changes with the conditions of the measurement.
ii. Fine aggregate
i.e. sand measured by weight, for accurate works and by volume for ordinary
works.
However, when dry sand absorbs water from atmosphere, or when water is mixed
to it, its volume increases.
This increases in volume due to moisture in sand is known as bulking of sand.
Water particle lubricate the sand particles, causing surface tension, due to this
particles are pulled apart. Thus increase in volume results.
This bulking of sand depends upon gradation of sand.
Sand taken to be maximum at a moisture content of about 4% by weight of dry
sand.
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iii. Coarse aggregate There is no problem of bulking in coarse aggregate, and hence it may be
measured either by volume or by weight.
However, the weight of a given volume of aggregate is influenced by the size
of the measuring box. Hence for accurate and large scale works,
measurement should be done by weight.
Unit weight of coarse aggregate in loose and dry state is found exactly in the
same manner as for fine aggregate.
iv. Water
Water is normally measured by volume, and specified as so many liters per
bag of cement.
For a given quantity of water to be mixed in concrete, adjustments should be
made for the amount of water present in sand and aggregates.
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6. Water cement ratio Water-cement ratio is the ratio of volume of water mixed in concrete to
volume of cement used.
The strength and workability of concrete depends to a great extent on the
amount of water used.
As well as for a given proportion of the materials, there is an amount of water
which gives the greatest strength.
Amount of water less than this optimum water decreases the strength by 15%
and about 10% less may be insufficient to ensure complete setting of cement.
Similarly, more than the optimum water increases the workability but
decrease the strength by 50%.
The use of an excessive amount of water not only produces low strength but
increases shirking, and decreases density and durability.
Water cement ratio for RCC
0.45 for 1:1:2, 0.50 for 1:1 :3 and 0.55 to 0.60 for 1:2:4
However, concrete vibrated by efficient mechanical vibrators require less watercement ratio.
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C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Properties and tests on concrete

Methods of proportioning concrete mix
Grades of concrete
Mixing compacting and curing concrete
Steel reinforcement
Properties and tests on concrete Important properties which govern the design of concrete mix are
1. Strength
2. Durability
3. Workability
4. Economy
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C. Properties and tests on concrete -
Important properties which govern the design of concrete mix are

1. Strength
2. Durability
3. Workability
4. Economy
The aim of proportioning a concrete mix will be to find the economic properties of
cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water so as to get a mix of a given
strength, proper workability and durability.
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1. Durability
A. is a property of concrete by virtue of which it is capable of resisting its
disintegration and decay.
B. Concrete should be durable with Various weathering conditions such as
atmospheric gases, moisture changes, temperature variations etc.
C. Durability of concrete may hamper due to following reasonsi. Use of unsound cement, due to which chemical reaction get delayed,
undergo volume changes after the concrete has hardened.
ii. Use of less durable aggregate, which may either react with cement, or may
be reacted upon by atmospheric gasses.
iii. Freezing and thawing of water sucked through the cracks, by capillary action
causing its disintegration.
iv. Expansion and contraction resulting from temperature changes or alternate
wetting drying.
D. Water required for chemical reaction is about 25% of the weight of the cement.
Excess of water present in concrete later evaporates, leaving voids and pores.
These pores later responsible for decay of concrete.
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1. Workability
A. The ease with which concrete my be mixed, handled, transported, placed in
position compacted.
B. According to standards workability of concrete is that property of concrete
which determines the amount of internal work necessary to produce full
compaction.
C. The greatest single factor affecting workability is the amount of water in the mix.
A workable concrete does not show any bleeding or segregation.
D. Bleeding of concrete takes place when excess of water in the mix comes up at
the surface.
E. Segregation is caused when coarse aggregate separate out from the finer
materials, resulting in large voids, less durability and less strength.
F. Tests to measure workability of concrete
i. Slump test
ii. Compacting factor test
iii. Vee-Bee test
iv. Vibro- Worcability
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Slump Test
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Various factors which influence Workability

i. Water in the mix
ii. Maximum size of particles
iii. Ratio of coarse and fine aggregates
iv. Particle interference
v. Particle interlocking
vi. Admixtures
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D.
Methods of proportioning concrete mix
a.
b.
c.
d.
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Arbitrary method
Minimum voids method
Maximum density method
Fineness modules and water-cement ratio method
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E.
Grades of concrete
Grades of concrete lower than M20 shall not be used in RCC work
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F.
Mixing compacting and curing concrete

Curing concrete
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http://www.slideshare.net/clairecalipesu/03-concrete
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Reinforcement steel and steel-mesh reinforcement, along with role of

reinforcement in RCC
1.
2.
Reinforcement types & classification

Field/Lab testing procedures involved
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1. Details up to Plinth Footings

2. Columns
3. External & Internal plinth beams
4. Plinth Formation with details for toilet block
5. One way Slab
6. Two-way slab
7. Cantilever slabs
8. Column-beam-slab junction
9. Details for toilet block
10. Lintel & weather-shed
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Reinforced Cement Concrete - Materials

Time of initial set, requires from 30 -60 minutes for completion.

Progressive hardening and increases in strength.

1. Cement Classification of cement

Iron oxide (Fe2O3)

Sulphur Trioxide (SO3)

Soda and/or Potash (Na2O + K2O) 0.5 to 1.3%

Important qualities of aggregates

Properties and tests on concrete

C. Properties and tests on concrete -

Important properties which govern the design of concrete mix are

Various factors which influence Workability

Methods of proportioning concrete mix

Mixing compacting and curing concrete

Reinforcement steel and steel-mesh reinforcement, along with role of

Reinforcement types & classification

1. Details up to Plinth Footings

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