Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
OUTLINE
I Gede Eka
Perdana
Putra
Jeremia Jan
Nydia Amelia
Madiadipura
Yuni Dwi
Lestari
Imam Taufiq
Ramadhan
CHAPTER V
GENERATING CONCEPT
5.1 Background Of Ideas (I GEDE EKA PERDANA PUTRA)
In the previous chapter, we have identified needs of consumer on oil well
cement retarder. Interviews showed all respondents wanted retarder product that
can accelerate hardening time and increase compressive strength. Some
commercial retarder are already have good performance, but there are still some
disadvantages that can be remedied. To be able to compete with existing products,
we strive to develop the concept of retarder that better meet consumer needs. Here
are consumers demand for the retarder products that we use as a reference in
determining the final concept of our retarder products.
No
Needs
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
for WOC)
A retarder in liquid phase
A retarder that is packaged in a drum
A retarder that costs less than US$ 50 per gallon
A retarder that is not hazardous to your health
A retarder that is compatible with all cement types in HPHT well
11
12
13
14
conditions
A retarder that is compatible to other additives
A retarder that is eco-friendly
A retarder that is manufactured in Indonesia
A retarder that is inflammable
In summary from the properties listed above, by the end of all processes of
2.
Flexible usage (compatible with all types of cement and with other
additives)
3.
4.
too)?
Could the retarder be insensitive to temperature changes?
Could the retarder accelerate compressive strength development (less time
for WOC)?
Could the retarder be in liquid phase and packaged in a drum?
Could the retarder cost less than US$ 50 per gallon?
Could the retarder be not hazardous to your health, eco-friendly, and
inflammable?
Could the retarder be compatible with all cement types in HPHT well
HPHT Well
Why do we drill in HPHT well?
How does it impact to the cement?
The next step on problem decomposition is identifying the problem that will
happen if the retarder is not used in the HPHT well cement slurry. In high
temperature and high pressure oil well condition, cementing may face a challenge
of hardening faster, which means it might harden before it reached the desirable
cementing place. Therefore, drilling can not be done and casing is not protected.
5.3 Existing Ideas Concept
After identifying sub-problems derived from the main problem, we go on to
analyze the concepts of the existing products. Previously, we had analyzed
specification some existing products through by benchmarking their product
specification. In this section, we create a mind map to explain concepts of existing
product that have available on the market as shown in figure 5.3.
Figure 5.3. Mind Map for Existing Concepts of Oil Well Cement Retarder
5.4.1 Form
There are many forms which a cement retarder can be in.
Powder
Powder can be packaged in sack. It is easy to calculate the
concentration when using powder. Powder is not volatile. The leakage
concentration.
Gel
Gel can be package in small and big tube. Gel will stay on cement
longer because it is so viscous. It is easy to calculate the concentration
Adsorption
The adsorption theory suggests that the retardation occurs due to the
adsorption of the retarder onto the surface of the hydration products
thereby inhibiting contact with water.
Precipitation
The precipitation theory suggests that the retarder reacts with calcium
and/or hydroxyl ions in the aqueous phase and forms an insoluble and
impermeable layer on the cement grains. Osmosis will drive water
through the semipermeable membrane toward the anhydrous mineral,
and eventually the flow of water creates higher pressure inside the
protective coating and the layer bursts, allowing hydration to continue
at a normal rate.
Microorganism
Microorganism can have two poles: hydrophobic and hydrophilic. The
hydrophobic side will wrap the cement so it cannot contact with water
10
Figure 5.5 Mind Map for Combination of New and Existing Concepts
11
CHAPTER VI
CONCEPT SELECTION
In the previous chapter, we have obtained the combination of new and existing
product ideas for our oil well cement retarder. The many ideas are then narrowed into
few to find the best concept in creating our product. There are three steps in concept
selection in total; concept screening, concept scoring and concept testing. Each step
will be elaborated in the sections below
6.1 Concept Screening (NYDIA AMELIA MADIADIPURA)
The first step in selecting the concepts we have is by screening it. Concept
screening is used to reduce the number of concepts we had by eliminating the most
unlikely ideas, until we reached the best concept in making our product. The method
of screening, widely known as Pugh Concept Selection, is first introduced by Start
Pugh in 1980. According to him, there are several strategies to select a concept,
which are:
Environmental friendly
The product we designed should have no or low impact to the environment
Safety
The product we designed should be safe to use and has minimum risk
Cost-effectiveness
The product we designed should be cost-effective. We prefer low cost product without
sacrificing the quality
Scientific background
The product we designed should be based scientific knowledge that we already
had at this stage
Engineering ease
The product we designed should be technically feasible and is based on the
engineering principle
12
The first step of screening process is by eliminating the concepts that are
improbable to develop based on the scientific background and other factors, which
allows us to have a smaller number of ideas. The concepts are sorted into three
groups, Redundant (R), Foolish (F) or Vague (V).
(In progress)
Table 6.1 First stage of Concept Sccreening (Elimination Concepts)
Concept
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Concept
Ad
Reason
After eliminating the concepts, we now have a few concepts to undergo the
second stage of screening. The next elimination process is based on the
comparison with the existing product. If the existing product has a better concept
than our product, the concept should then be eliminated.
The second stage of screening consists of six stages, such as:
6.1.1
13
No
Selection Criteria
1
2
3
4
5
6.1.2
14
Table 6.3 Concept Screening
15
6.1.3
No
Criteria
Concept
1
10
1
2
3
4
5
Number of 0
Number of +
Number of Total
Decision
Ranking the concept can be done by summing all the criteria ratings for
each concept. After counting, the idea is then sorted and ranked according to the net
scored achieved. The concept with the highest number will be ranked first, and so on.
Table 6.4 Concept Rank
Ran
Concept
No.
6.1.4
Concept
6.1.5
Net
Score
16
(in progress)
6.1.6
b.
17
e.
f.
g.
18
concept. We gives five parameters for each criteria. The scoring parameter for
each criteria are :
3 = same as reference
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Rating
Improve
Control
Ability to
Compatib
Criteria
Compatibl
compress
thickeni
use in
le with
e with all
ive
ng time
high
other
HPTP
temperat
additives
cement
properl
type
strength
ure
Safety
Eco
Has
Easy
in use
friend
packag
to
ly
ed
use
Can
be
use
for
other
purpo
se
Cost
20
21
6.2.3
be applied to our product. We rank each concept by summing the total score for
each concept. Total score is calculated by multiply weight factor with rating.
The best concept is the concept which has highest score.
6.2.4
22
Table 6.2.4. Concept Scoring
Concept
Criteria
W
R
Improve
compressi
ve
strength
Control
thickening
time
Ability to
use in high
temperatu
re
Compatibl
e with
other
additives
Compatibl
e with all
HPTP
cement
type
Safety in
use
Eco
friendly
Has
packaged
properly
Easy to
use
Can be
use for
other
purpose
Cost
B
TS
C
TS
D
TS
E
TS
TS
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*Notes :
W = Weight
R = Rating
TS = Total Score (TxW)
6.3 Concept Testing (IMAM TAUFIQ RAMADHAN)
After completing some of our concept selection series which include concept
screening and concept scoring, we conducted a concept testing as the last part of
concept selection. We came to the consumer with our proposed concept and we
tested the acceptability of our product to them. In doing concept testing, we went
with the following steps:
6.3.1
proposed fulfilled the consumers needs and to see their interest on our product.
To answer the aforementioned questions, we needed to ask respondents, which
are our market target, with list of questions about acceptance of our concept
through questionnaires. Firstly, we explained the concept that we proposed,
starting from the work principle until the cost and benefits of our product.
6.3.2
existing user and experts of oil well cement retarder. We also gave questions to
determine both their profession and the frequency to which the user uses an oil
well cement retarder, thus assuring the validity of their insight. In addition, we
also gave open-ended questions that can only be answered if you have a
specific knowledge about oil well cement retarder.
6.3.3
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explained in the previous part. Here are the pie charts that described the
distribution of respondents professions, respondents usage frequency, and the
methods they use to acquire a retarder.
Profession
17%
Field Specialist
Cementer
83%
25
Frequency
40%
40%
Often
Sometimes
Very often
20%
33%
67%
26
27
6.4.1
Product Position
In order to compare our product with another existing retarder, we use
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Chart Title
Diacel HTR-100
CH210L
Own Product
Temperature Range
5
Price
The rating is given from 1 to 5. Rating 5 is given for the best, while
rating 1 is for the worst.
Temperature Range
Most of our consumers felt that current retarder are not able to withstand
the extreme heat of some oil well in Indonesia, thus making this an important
factor in mapping out our own product. Even though existing retarders are not
perfect Halliburtons Diacel HTR-100 works in most high temperature well
thus making it earn the score of 4. While CH210L only scored a 1 on the scale
due to its limited usage (i.e. only for well with temperature below 90 degrees
celcius). Our product scored a 5 in this aspect due to its ability to withstand
High Pressure High Temperature wells.
29
100 scored a 4 due to its balanced ability to control both of these times. Our
own product on the other hand scored a 5 due to the strong nature of our base
component that extends the thickening time significantly according to the
consumers need but hasten the thickening time.
Ratio of Change of Consistency and Change of Temperature
We need an insensitive retarder when it comes to this one. CH210L once
again scored a 2 due to its sensitivity to temperature change. Diacel HTR-100
on the other hand score a 4 because it was significantly better than CH210L but
didnt score a 5 like our product because it is still in a way sensitive.
Price
Diacel HTR-100 is the most expensive one on the bunch thus scoring a 5,
which is the absolute highest for someone to want to buy a retarder and
CH210L on the other end with the score of 1 due to it being the cheapest
retarder in the market. We realized that our product cant be that cheap and
therefore is not that cheap, ergo scoring a 4.
A very flexible temperature range, one that encompass the most common
to the hottest well available in Indonesia
Precise control over thickening and hardening time, one that fulfills the
initial function of a retarder but accelerates the compressive strength
development in an unprecedented feat
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Can be used with just about anything known and used by mankind today
in the oil refinery industry.
6.4.2
Unit
PERFORMANCE
Temperature range
Concentration
Thickening Time
Concentration of lignosulfonate
Ratio of change of consistency and change of
Score
Own
C
Gallon/sack
Hour
% BWOC
65 232
0.005 0.25
5 24
0.5 0.6
BC / oC
0.3
Hour
12
Liquid phase
y/n
Package Volume
Gallon
55
US$
18 23
Availability in Indonesia
y/n
Number of steps
dimensionless
Acidity
pH
7.4 7.8
temperature
Hardening time
RETAILING
PERCEPTION
31
Percent volatile
LD50
ppm
40,000
Solubility
100
g/kg
NFPA scale
y/n
y/n
y/n
y/n
y/n
y/n
NFPA scale
mg/m3
PROPERTIES
REGULATION
Concentration of Calcium sulfate hemihydrate less
Concentration of Sodium hydroxide
mg/m
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33
34
35
36
37
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