1.

Define/ Describe Plant Pathology

Plant Pathology is defined as the study of the organisms and environmental
conditions that cause disease in plants, the mechanisms by which this occurs, the
interactions between these causal agents and the plant (effects on plant growth,
yield and quality), and the methods of managing or controlling plant disease. It also
interfaces knowledge from other scientific fields such as mycology, microbiology,
virology, biochemistry, bio-informatics, etc.
Control of plant diseases is crucial to the reliable production of food, and it provides
significant reductions in agricultural use of land, water, fuel and other inputs. Plants
in both natural and cultivated populations carry inherent disease resistance, but
there are numerous examples of devastating plant disease as well as recurrent
severe plant diseases. However, disease control is reasonably successful for most
crops. Disease control is achieved by use of plants that have been bred for good
resistance to many diseases, and by plant cultivation approaches such as crop
rotation, use of pathogen-free seed, appropriate planting date and plant density,
control of field moisture, and pesticide use.
2. Trace the Historical Development of Plant Pathology
300286 BC Theophrastus, father of botany, wrote and studied diseases of
trees, cereals and legumes[14]
1665 Robert Hooke illustrates a plant-pathogenic fungal disease, rose rust
1675 Anton van Leeuwenhouek invents the compound microscope, in 1683
describes bacteria seen with the microscope[14]
1729 Pier Antonio Micheli, father of mycology, observes spores for the first time,
conducts germination experiments[14]
1755 Tillet reports on treatment of seeds[14]
1802 Lime sulfur first used to control plant disease
18451849 Potato late blight epidemic in Ireland
1853 Heinrich Anton de Bary father of modern mycology, establishes that fungi
are the cause, not the result, of plant diseases,[14] publishes "Untersuchungen
uber die Brandpilze"
1858 Julius Khn publishes "Die Krankheiten der Kultergewachse"
1865 M. Planchon discovers a new species of Phylloxera, which was
named Phylloxera vastatrix.[15]
18681882 Coffee rust epidemic in Sri Lanka
1875 Mikhail Woronin identified the cause of clubroot as a "plasmodiophorous
organism" and gave it the name Plasmodiophora brassicae

1876 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, responsible for Panama disease,

discovered in bananas in Australia[16]
18781885 Downy mildew of grape epidemic in France
1879 Robert Koch establishes germ theory: diseases are caused by
microorganisms[14]
1882 Lehrbuch der Baumkrankheiten (Textbook of Diseases of Trees), by Robert
Hartig, is published in Berlin, the first textbook of forest pathology.
1885 Bordeaux mixture introduced by Pierre-Marie-Alexis Millardet to control
downy mildew on grape
1885 Experimental proof that bacteria can cause plant diseases: "Erwinia
amylovora" and fire blight of apple
18861898 Recognition of plant viral diseases: Tobacco mosaic virus
1889 Introduction of hot water treatment of seed for disease control by Jensen
1902 First chair of plant pathology established, in Copenhagen
1904 Mendelian inheritance of cereal rust resistance demonstrated
1907 First academic department of plant pathology established, at Cornell
University
1908 American Phytopathological Society founded
1910 Panama disease reaches Western Hemisphere [16]
1911 Scientific journal Phytopathology founded
1925 Panama disease reaches every banana-growing country in the Western
Hemisphere[16]
1951 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO)
founded
1967 Recognition of plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms
1971 T. O. Diener discovers viroids, organisms smaller than viruses
3. Give the contributions of the following individual in the development of scientific
studies
a. France Bacon
Francis Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. Bacon's work was
instrumental in the historical development of the scientific method. His technique
bears a resemblance to the modern formulation of the scientific method in the sense
that it is centered on experimental research. Bacon's emphasis on the use of
artificial experiments to provide additional observances of a phenomenon is one
reason that he is often considered "the Father of the Experimental Philosophy"

b. Franz Unger
Unger was one of the major contributors to the field of paleontology, later
turning to plant physiology and phytotomy. He hypothesized that (then unknown)
combinations of simple elements inside a plant cell determine plant heredity and
greatly influenced the experiments of his student Gregor Johann Mendel. Unger was
a pioneer in documenting the relationships between soil and plants (1836).
c. Hans and Zaccharias
They invented the first microscope in 1590.
d. Leewenhoek
Antonis discoveries are important because they began the study of bacteria and let
us know that there are many more things to consider than just what the eye can see.
Because of his research we were better able to fight against sickness caused by
bacteria because we knew, at least more than before, what we were fighting against. He
was the first person to view a living microorganism and describe it. He discovered
infusoria (protists), bacteria, vacuole of the cell and spermatozoa.
e. Pier Antonio Micheli
His Nova plantarum genera (1729) was a major step in the knowledge of fungi. In
this work, he gave descriptions of 1900 plants, of which about 1400 were described for
the first time. Among these were 900 fungi and lichens, accompanied by 73 plates. He
included information on "the planting, origin and growth of fungi, mucors, and allied
plants", and was the first to point out that fungi have reproductive bodies or
spores.[3] His work was met with skepticism by other botanists of the time.
He discovered the spores of mushrooms, was a leading authority on cryptogams,
and coined several important genera of microfungi including Aspergillus and Botrytis.
f. Tillet
Mathieu Tillet was a French botanist, agronomist, metallurgist and administrator He
Proved that Bunt of wheat is contagious or infectious and can be controlled by seed
treatment.
g. Targioni - Tozzetti
Adolfo Targioni Tozzetti was an Italian entomologist who specialised
in Sternorrhyncha. He was Professor of Botany and Zoology in Florence, associated
with Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze where his collection remains today at La
Specola. He was especially interested in pest species, mainly mealybugs, scale

insects and other pests that attack citrus and peaches. He described many
new taxa.(Taxonomy)
h. Fontana
Felice Fontana was an Italian physicist who discovered the water gas shift
reaction in 1780. He is also credited with launching modern toxicology and
investigating the human eye.
i.

Prevost

Jean-Louis Prevost was a physician and biologist Swiss. Who highlights the role of
the fertilizing sperm.
j.

The Turlasne Brothers

Charles Tulasne was a French physician, mycologist and illustrator he worked with his
older brother Louis Ren Tulasne (18151885) in the field of mycology. In addition to
assisting his brother with the classification and study of fungi, Charles Tulasne
collaborated with Louis on numerous scientific publications. He is known for his
excellent illustrations, particularly in the three-volume Selecta Fungorum Carpologia.
Regarding the artistic quality of his work, Charles Tulasne is sometimes referred to as
"The Audubon of Fungi".
Louis Ren tienne Tulasne, a.k.a. Edmond Tulasne was a
French botanist andmycologist, Tulasne's specialized study was the science
of mycology. His microscopic investigation of fungi, particularly parasitic species,
contributed much to the understanding on the complexities of their nature and
development. He is credited with introducing the concept of "pleomorphy" in regard to
fungi. A number of mycological species, as well as the
genera Tulasneinia and Tulasnella (family Tulasnellaceae) are named after him. He is
credited with providing classification taxa for the following
genera: Crucibulum, Glomus, Sebacina, Terfezia, Tilletia and Hypomyces (the latter
genus with Elias Magnus Fries). He also produced some important works on flowering
plants. For example, in 1855, he published two papers on
the magnoliid familyMonimiaceae, in which he included what are now
the Lauralean families Siparunaceae and Atherospermataceae.

k. Heinrich Anton De Bary

Heinrich Anton de Bary was a German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist,

and mycologist (fungal systematics and physiology). He is considered a founding
father of plant pathology (phytopathology) as well as the founder of modern
mycology. His extensive and careful studies of the life history of fungi and
contribution to the understanding of algae and higher plants were landmarks of
biology. De Bary was devoted to the study of the life history of fungi. At that time,
various fungi were still considered to arise through spontaneous generation. He
proved that pathogenic fungi were not the products of cell contents of the affected
plants and did not arise from the secretion of the sick cells.
l.

Julius Kuhn

Julius Gotthelf Khn was a German academic and agronomist and he is one of the
founders of Plant Pathology. He was trained in Bonn, starting at age 30 and was
awarded his doctorate, which focused on diseases of beet and canola at Leipzig.
Kuhn published more than 70 papers on mycology and plant pathology over the
course of his career.
m. Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his
discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial
fermentation and pasteurization. He is remembered for his remarkable
breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases, and his discoveries have
saved countless lives ever since.
n. Burril
Thomas Jonathan Burrill was an American botanist and plant pathologist who first
discoveredbacterial causes for plant disease. He introduced Erwinia
amylovora (called by him Micrococcus amylovorus) as the causal agent of pear fire
blight.
o. E. F smith
Erwin Frink Smith was an American plant pathologist with the United States
Department of Agriculture. He played a major role in demonstrating
that bacteria could cause plant disease.
p. Ivanowski
Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovsky was a Russian botanist, the first man to
discover viruses (1892) and thus one of the founders of virology.

q. Stanley
Wendell Meredith Stanley was an American biochemist, virologist and Nobel laureate. His
researches on the virus causing the mosaic disease in tobacco plants led to the isolation of
a nucleoprotein which displayed tobacco mosaic virus activity.

r. Bawden
Sir Frederick Charles Bawden was a British plant pathologist, of a pioneer in the
field of plant viruses was. With Norman Pirie he isolated the tobacco mosaic
virus (TMV).
s. Gierer and schramm
(1956) Alfred Gierer and Gerhard Schramm isolated RNA from tobacco mosaic virus
(TMV - infects plant cells), When this purified RNA was applied to plant tissue, the
plants developed the same types of lesions that occurred when they were exposed
to intact TMVs. Gierer and Schramm correctly concluded that the viral genome of
TMV is composed of RNA.
t. Needham
John Turberville Needham was an English biologist and Roman Catholic priest.
He was first exposed to natural philosophy while in seminary school and later
published a paper which, while the subject was mostly about geology, described the
mechanics of pollen and won recognition in the botany community.
u. Berkeley
George Berkeley was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the
advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by
others). This theory denies the existence of material substance and instead contends that
familiar objects like tables and chairs are only ideas in the minds of perceivers, and as a result
cannot exist without being perceived. Berkeley is also known for his critique of abstraction, an
important premise in his argument for immaterialism.

v. Cobb
Nathan Augustus Cobb (30 June 1859, Spencer, Massachusetts 4 June 1932, Baltimore,
Maryland) is known as "the father ofnematology in the United States".
He provided the foundations for nematode taxonomy and described over 1000 different
nematode species. An individual with a variety of skills, he made significant contributions to a
number of scientific disciplines and the USDA Nematology Lab, originally established with
him as the director, continues today.

w. Stahel

Gerold Stahel ( Gossau , 29 June 1887 - Quinten , 13 January 1955 ) was

a Swiss plant protection . Stahel worked most of his life in Suriname and has since
contributed significantly to the scientific and agricultural research. In 1919 followed the
appointment as head of the Agricultural Research Station. The first major study of
Stahel was the curl auctions disease of cocoa . A year after his appointment, he
discovered the causative agent, the fungus Marasmius perniciosus , and distribution
method of the fungus. In addition to his studies in cocoa did Stahel also investigating a
leaf spot disease of bananas , the sieve tubes disease of coffee and diseases
in citrus . He also made selection work at coffee and cocoa, he studied the culture of oil
palm and citrus. The intensive rice cultivation had his attention.
The forests of Suriname had his full attention. He, along with Dirk Cornelis
Geijskes done much research into the lifestyle of leafcutter ants
x. Davis
William Morris Davis (February 12, 1850 February 5, 1934) was
an American geographer, geologist, geomorphologist, and meteorologist, often called
the "father of American geography" Davis' most influential scientific contribution was the
"geographical cycle"( cycle of erosion was a model for stream erosion and
landscape ).
y. Diener
Theodor Otto Diener (born February 28, 1921)[1] is an American plant pathologist and was the first
in the field to describe viroids.

z. Pierre marie alexis millardet

Pierre-Marie-Alexis Millardet was a French botanist and mycologist, Millardet is chiefly
remembered for his work dealing with plant pests. In the 1860s the vineyards of France
were infested by the destructive Phylloxera, an aphid-like pest inadvertently introduced
to Europe from the United States. Millardet and fellow botanistJules mile
Planchon (1823-1888) controlled the infestation by using American grape vines that
were resistant to Phylloxera asgrafting stock.
He was also responsible for protecting grape vineyards from downy
mildew fungus (Plasmopara viticola). He accomplished this feat by implementing
a fungicide consisting of hydrated lime, copper sulfate and water, a mixture that was to
become known as the "Bordeaux mixture". It was the first fungicide to be used
worldwide, and is still used today.