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Vinyar Tengwar

[-tr

Attacainen canta

#24
Jul1, 1992

In This Issue
Cover: "Drtrtt Vacdhros grrrnd A[ir itt

by, Tom Lob,tck

E,.L.F. Ncu's

tlrl

b.l, Carl F. Hostetter


Sdrilolt Defeated: A Linguistic Ro.ieu,
"Vcrbs, S1'ntaxl Hoorar'!": A Prclirninarr,' Asscsstnctrt
b.y Patric/t \\,jnne ,nct Carl F. flostetter
of Adurraic Cr:rmutar
PuLrlic;rtions of intcrcst

Editor\ Musings
This tirnc rvc havc ,r short tablc of contcnts ftrr a long issuc. Thc arrival trotu
F,ngland of a copv of Snu'on DcJiatcdset off a firri,rus round of lingr.ristic activiq'.
rhc rcsulrs of rvhich appcar in this issue . Wc l'rcein u,irh a lingr-risitic ro,iov of ,9D,
rvhich hiqhlights rhc m:rny irnprortant addirions to tlre corpus of Tolkicnian
linguistics, including rhc long-sousl-rt second pcrs.rn plural pronoun. a long lette r
in Sindarin fion.r Araqorn to Satn, atrd several substantirrl passages ofAdffnaic. 51)
also featulcs a remalkeblv dctailed (tirough unflnished) []rammar of Adirnric,
rvhich is analyz-cd in this rssue.
Wc are vcry pleesed to have our flrst color covcr, in hotror oFthe Tolkien
Ccntcnary, thartks to thc skill artd gelterosin of Tottt Loback.

Carl F. Hgsterrer

P.S. If yorr sce nle at the Centenarv Conferencc, be surc to say rnftc gol,rlrzrtcn!

In rccognition of his r,r.'ork on thc Adirnaic languagc and in :rssisting


Christ<rplrcr Tolkien in thc prep:rrarion of Sttnon De-feated and orhcr
vtrl u urcs ol T h e H i to t1, o,f lll i dd la - c,t rt /.,,
this issuc ol Viny,zr Tertgtu,tr is dcdicatccl to
-c

Thum Santoski
"Thcrc's a blind m,rn hcrc rvith a brovn'
as bic and u4rite as a cloud.
And all 'nvc fldcilcrs, fron.r highcst to lou,cst,
\X/ritcrs of nrusic ancl tcllers ofstories,
Sit at lris lccr,

And hcar him sinq oi thc fall ot Trov."

-Edgar

Lcc Ma.stcrs

I/inyrtr Tanguar #24

July, 1992

Page 3

E.L.E lVews
Netu Mcmbers
Thc E.L.F. cxtcttds a hcarty

tn/te Koultuten t()i

. Anthony Applevard Cl4. lv'{aterialsScicnce, UMIST, i\,{anchestcr l. England.


. Sean A. Dar.'
Dcpt. of Enelish - Lingtristics, Purduc Unir'., West
Lalnvcrtc. IN 17907.

. David Ehr:enspereer 502 \(/. N4ain, #.10i, Ljrbanr. iL (r1801.


. Mattherv Feldman 86 Edgeuood Ave., Sprinsfield. NJ 07081
. Rogcr Ketrncr
44i7 Crand.# | 9, Montreal, Quebec, H4B-2X7. Canada.
.

. Valeriva l\4atorina

-)3082 3anopoxre. a/s 7218. Llkraine.

Basic Quenya
Rasic ()ucu-1,a by Nancv Maltscl-r collects Nanct"s entire "Hor,r'to SPeak Quen1,2"
oiir-rtloductorv-levcl Qtrenya lessous, which orieinall,v appgxlgd in lleyond

scries

June 1990. This conrpilation incolpot rtes to'isions and


rvill be published in mid-Aueust, and
is available fbr $ 1 0 plus postaee ($2.50 USA 1st class and Canada surfhce, $i.(l()
Canada airmail, Eulope sulface $2.75, airmail $5.00). N4ake checl<s pa),able to
Narrcy N'taltsch, P.O. Box 55372, Shernlarr Oaks, CA 91413.

Bzr fronr Auqust

19i18 to

an Elvislr/Errglish vocabr-rlarv. Basic Quenltn

E.L.r.

lWeetlngs

San Francisco Bay area


T'l-re

monthl,v San Francisco Biry area meetings of the E.L.F. are on hiatus

until SeptembeL 13, 1992.

Washington, D.C. area


Thc rnonrhll, Vashingron, D.C. arca mcctings of the E.L.F. arc on
l'riatus ur.rtil Scprcrnbcr 13, 1992.

Vin,y,zr Tengu,ar #24

Page 4

JuW 1992

Sauron Defeated
A Linguistic Reuieu
bv Carl F. Hostetter
Surron Defe,zted, tlre ninth volutnc in T/tt Histttrl, o/'fuliddla<nt'ty', scrics, u'as
I
prublished carl), this.r-car in thc Unitcd Kinedonr by HarpcrCollins. Thc first third
prcscntatiort
and
analysis oi thc
Tolkicn's
volunrc
courplctcs
Christoprircr
of rhis
"Epilosuc"
thc
unpublishccl
u'ith
Rings,
inclutling
<>F
T/,a
Lorrl
oJ'rhe
dlafi vcrsiorrs
Thc
flnal
r';l'o-thirds
consists
of
Aragortr
to
Satn.
lcttcr
ti'onr
its long Sirrdarin
dcvcloprncnt
of
thc
srory
of'
rclatcd
ro
Tolkicn's
intriguing
tcxts
scveral othcr
Pnq,ers,
Tltt
Drotuttittgo.f
T/te
Notion
Chrb
irs
do*'nfall,
including
Nrirncrror rnd
Ancrlini, arrd, nrosr irnl-ortirnt to Tolkicnian linguistics, Lou'dhnm s RLport on tl.re
Adun,tic Lnngutgc. This linguistic rcvicw c,f Stttrrott DeJt'rttd is intcndcd to
highlight thc significant:rdditions to thc corpus ofTolliicnian lattquascs, As usual,
I lcavc thc litcrary rcvicu, of S-azl ron Dr:featru/to otltcrs.l
Tengtuan
Tlrc ctrrprrs of ten,luartextsis grcatlvexpar-tdedbv Sauron DeJcnted,wlich prc.sents
ticsimiles of rhe rnnnuscriprs oItlvrr lone Sindarin texrs toge rhe rrvith the iL English
transl:rtions (pp. 130-l)and of trvo versiotts.rFan Olcl Enelish acc,rrtttt of the
DorvnF,rll of Ndme rror (pp. 319-21 ). Any rcasonablc prcsentation ot' discu.ssion

u',lrld bc far too trnq'ieldv firr the confines of this revierv. but
no doubt Arden Snrith r.r,ill have a fcrv rvorcls to say al'rout thenr in a Fttture issuc!

oFthesc lcuethy tcxts

Quenya:
Frodo crics 'AIla elenion ancalinut!" \p. 3() n. 1 5) ,rs hc and Sam p:rss through the
gatc of thc Tor,r,'cr of Kirith Ungol. This lornr is cotrsistcnt rvith his cry 'AIk
EarendelElenionAnbnlirna"(\W'R:22:i n.29); in ncithcrcascwas allachanscdil)
aiya utril aftcr Tl.,e Lord of'tlte Rizgr was in q,pe .

Thc crics of praisc at tl-rc Ficld of Konneillcn (cF. III:231) utrclenvcttt


nlrnrcrous chanqcs, as dcscrilrcd on pp.4(i-7. Thc flrst vcrsiotr of this rcads:
Long liut tlte ltalflings! Praise thrm u,itlt grut Praise! Cuio i Plteriannrtth
Praise t/,ern x1,illr gveat praise! Hrtle, /tale ctntatlt,
u,esnth halc atua to aLlre. Frdr/a anc/ Sdrtu,is! Praise t/tern! Kuiuid, huiuit!
laurea'esse Ihter t ! Prai se t/lern !

arnwt, aglar auann!

Houghrorr lv4ifllin ra,ill nor publish Sauror Dcfeated in thc Unircd Statcs until Novcnrbcr.

-flre

rcarlcr is especiallv referretl to thc excellcrrr revic'u,bv (lhristina Scull in Be.yond Brca,

lr4arch 1992.

I'rl\r 1 q()1

l:i

Thc Sindarin phlasc

n-1,x7' Tcn

is discr-rssccl bel.rrv.

(rrtr

24

Page 5

Thc Old Enelish

prhrasc is

litclally "Halc.

lr:rlc f'.rre.,.r."'r This u'as chanqcd ro "Wilnmt,ztt,


tli/t-utn,tn, Frddn ,nuJ Samruisl", u,hich is litcralll' "V''clconrc. lvclcotnc, Flodo ancl
Sarrrr,visc!".i Subseqrrcnrly thc plrresc "Lltott lteritn ho/by't/a11r"v;"s addcd. u'hich
Irrrle bccorrrc (yc), trc

is

"Lct

(-vr:)

us praisc rhc hole-dri,cller.sl"

"Kuiuii, lzuiuii! Iauren'esselhtert!" ntust lrcatt s()lltcrhitrg


(long),livc
(long)l
with nr:rnv golden nanresl This use ol leuiuiczrs,tt'r
likc "'Livc
curious,
int;rcrirtivc appcars
sincc it is idcntical in ibrrn tvitlt thc n<>un huiuit'
Tlre

Qr.rcn1,-a phrasc

'arvirkcning' (LR:-i6(r s.v. KL['-'conrc to lifi, arvakc'). The attsrvcr tnav rclatc to
thc irct rhar huiuie,likc English n,unfrsTlivl,qirscll,is zt t,,rbalnouu (i.c. a qcrund),
cF. UT:317 n.4i, u,hcrc Tolkicn
"infir.ritivc
(or
rccallirtg' < ynlfirrm"
eil-Jtal-ii'thc
rhc
gcmndial)

and in Qucnva scmtrds in -z,4rvcrc alsn inf.inirivcsr

rcfbrs to
'sunlnroll . Anorhcr nre:urs of indicating an infinitivc in Qucnva rvas u,ith thc

b:rt'c

dcscribcd in NlC:lf J n.23. A barc vcrbal stcur coulcl also bc uscd


stcrn of
as an irnpcrativc, so that NAI-. "Stcrn of vcrb'to [re' in Q" (LR:374), alstr irppcars
as en inrpe rarivc in rzar 'be it tlrat' (< rfi + i). Given this ovcrlap bcrrvcctt infinitir,'c
a ve

rb,

a.s

in thc lrure stcnr, it'"r'ould l]ot t)c .surprising if thc gcrundid/


infiniriv.r in -ia could bc uscd sinrilarl-v, so that huiuii rnight tneretr cithcr

ancl inr;rcrltivc

'ar,r,akcning', 'to arvakcn', or'Bc au'akc! Bc alivcl Livc!'dcpcnclinq on cotrrcxt. Thc


ccrmpound lnu'en'esselhtez catt bc anal-vzcd as adi. lnuren 'goldcn' + r'ssr-//'ntattrrranrcs' + irrstrurrrcrrtrrl inflcction -.aen'wirlt' . Subscqucnrlv , laurea'esselinert t t,ts
chan!:cd tct anhn.lim'esselhrcn {p.51 n. 7) *'with rnanv (oithc) brightcst nanrcs' (cf.

ancttlirna'brightcst' Il:329, L:385]).


Tlrc cntirc Qucnva phr:rsc was thcn chanscd rc "Laitallc, Initnlle, nndaue

laita!",wlich

is

csprcciallv intcrcsting bcc:rusc the cnding -//e is almost ccrtainlv rhc

lorrg-sought sccond pcrson plurrrl prouominal suirjcct cnding, thus ntcatring "yc"
*'praisc ve
= "-vou (pl.)". Tllus laitalle is atr irnpcrartivc u'irh undcrsroctd object
(thcm)' addrcsscd to thc hosts eathcred at Kortnallctr, and rl'rc passalgc calr bc

trurrslate,l "Pr:risc yc (rlrerrr). l)r:risu yc (rlrcnt), prilise (thcnr) l.,rrgl'5 This is


corrt,boratcd by a drafi vcrsion of "Ndm,irii;" in thc Tolkicn trtauuscript archivcs
:rt N'lrrrqucttc Univcrsity, u,hich has rhc lincs "Nni bintualle Valimar. Nai elle
/tinoa. '6 Thcsc lincs r',,ould rhns rncan *'Bc it that shall find Valinrar. Bc it that
"-c

't

-I'hc ()F.
phrasc tr.r du hal "6e thou Inle", lvlrcnce F-nelish &',zs.rdl wlls :r conunon
grccring..

'i (lb,u,iicunut,norn.antl

tcc.pl.u,ilcLuLt,lrz,isanoun.alsor.rserl adjectivallv,indicating;r
pcrson or tlrinq vvhosc presencc is qrectcd rvith iov; cf. Bou,nlf 368 9: gtsagr hitn t'ac
u,ordun, l'set h1a sint u'ilcunutn Denigt /?odum, "sey to thcnr also,'vith rvords, thar ther'
rrre \\.'elconrc to rhc l);rnish people ."

N-otr' rhar attdmt is an advcrb =

(l:i94, l{:(16

altda'lons'(Ll{:i4U

s.r'.

ANAD-, ANDA-) + zc'likc'

7).

('Tltis1r"sraq"fiornrhetlrafio["Nantiirit"ispublishcdhcrewithrhei,ervkirrd[)ernr;ssi()r'r
of the

'l-olkien

F-state.

Page 6

Ilin-y,tr Tcngurtr #24

JLrlv 1992

cvcn \/c shall flncl it.' lf so, thctr itr this version of hcr Larncnt Galadricl *'as
cxprcssinq a u'ish fbr thc cutirc Fclloivship. rvhich subscque trtlt'r,r'as cxprcsscd fbr
Frodo in parricular b,v thc ch;rnqe of /r irupalle l-lttl elle rc ltiruualle rrn cl a/ya, rvhich
havc the rcvcrcntial sccond pcrson singular protronrinal sutricct cnding -/.ya'thou'.
Tlre Qucnva rvas thcn ag:ritr chatrgcd rct'A laifiu,ar, lninnnr, nndaue laita!",
u4rich I rransl:rtc as *'O (wc) ,,vill praisc (thcrn), (rvc) rvill praise (thcm), prr;risc
(thcnr) lorrgl' Herc laituuarshows thc normrrl subjcctlcss plr-rr,rl fururc fbrnr of thc
vcrb = lai71a1- 'prlisc' + -uaa- (firt.) + -r (pl.). Thc Phrasc w:rs Ircxt c:l.rangcd to ',4
laita te, kita te! Andaue laituaalnel", idcntical to the publishc.l firrrn cxccpt firr'
thc lacli of thc exprcss obicct prottoutr ctrdins -t'rhcnt'. Thr.rs cxccpt fbr thc lack
oltrrn cxplicit objcct iu rhc lasr prhr:rsc, dris prassagc utusi httvc thc satnc tncatrinq
as thc flnal fomr, q'hich u,c knor.r' front Lettcrs (p. j08), rnd so ctur bc rr:rnslatcd
"Blcss thcnr, blcss thcr.r.r, long rvill u'c praisc (thern)1".
,{.r'aqorrr's coronation oath (p. 56 cl.lII)45) occurs in nvo drafi fbrms, u'ith
pcncillcd translation rhat fits botl'r: "Out of thc Grcat Sca to i\'lidc{lc-carth havc
I conrc. Hcrc rvill I alridc, and nry heirs, unto the cncling of thc rvorld." Thc oath
as firsr rvritrcn rcads 'fr Ettrello Endoreun lendien. Sinmne nlaruuAlt, ar"
hilrlinyar, henn' Iluue-netta!"Tltc vcrl-:s lendiert'l havc cotttc'- ,trrtl ntarut,an'I
rvill abidc'shorv th., usnal cc'tntracrcrl lbrm of thc fllst pclson sin{ular pronourinal
subjcct cncling. I cen shed lirtlc light on slntane 'in this plircc', cxccpt to notc.l
irossilrlc ctrrrrrcction rvith Q men'dircctiort, rcgion' (R:72) and simett'hcrc'
a

(LR:72). Thc fbrnr

hern"untr|is clclrly

art clic-lcd fortn of :rn allativc'benna

*'torvrrrd tlr.: placc'.6 The fbrnr iluue'dtc u'orld' in lhne-nrctta 'thc cndins of thc
lr'orld' occurs (u'ith long /) in both Tlte Etynologies and The Si/ruarilliort.') Thc
c,atlr rvas thcn changccl rc rcad "Et Ertrello EnrJorennn nilendie. Sinome nirn,truua
1ro bildhryar teun'Arnbar-nretta!"Hcrc t[rc vcrlrs nilendie and ninantuahz:c rhc
subjcct pronoun attilchcd as a prrcfix. sinrilar to thc prcfixion of objcct pronoulls
in tye-rny'la r:rtd tye-ruy'lane '1 lovc thcc' (LR:61).10 Th" u." of a rclativc pronoun
(cf. locativt jasserr 'in rvhich', III:394, R:(16) as a conjunction ',rtrd' also occurs
-ya
in rhc "Arctic" scntcrrcc it The Fatlter C/ni,rtmas Letters: "Mdra mesta an ri adla
tye ento, lArato nea""Gootll-ryc till I scc volr lrcxt, and I hopc ir u'ill bc soon."
Aragorn's cxclamarion at finding thc s.rpling of Nirnloth (!r.57r cf. III:250)
vi'rittcn En tilrien, u'hich r,l,as changcd to En a tiuieu tnd thcn to -Err
*'Lol I havc found itl'. Ez is obviousl\'
l?inltilaiet, all of which nm.sr surcly rncan

u,:rs firsr

8
"

Cf. Q leude'wem, tleparted'< LED-'go, f:rre, travcl'(l.R:J(r8: antl l.R:47,5(1).


Ct. q lr'z (kernett) < 'K-EM- 'soil, earth' (Lll.:3(r-i) antl heneu 'certh' (S:3(r0).
C.[ Q ilu, ililue < ILU-'univcrsc' < lL-'all' (l-ll:-3(r1: antl LI{:47, 56.72) and ililud'dte
r'vlrolc, rlrc all' in Ililua.tar (S:-3(r0).

l') Prononrinal prefixes arL'cor'rlnlon in the cottterrtporlrrv Atlttn:ric tnatcri:rl lts rvell. e.g.
ltwtekl2il 'hc-crunL", bikalba 'shc fill'.

Jrrl'

.l

99 )

Vin_ynr Tangruar #24

Page 7

thc Qucnva cxclenration mcauitrg 'rhcrc. loolil r,.rtrdcr' (LR:J56 s.r.. EN-), r'u'hile
a irr thc sccottd vcrsiLrl is plo bablv an adci it io nal cxcla Itrarioti 'Oi' as in ,4 laituuar
*'O (rvc) rvill praisc'. Thc vcrb tiluien'I havc ibtrrrcl (it)'agirin shows thc trornral
conrr:rcrcd lirnr of rh.: f-ilst pcrson singular prrortotnittll subjcct cnding. Thc fbrrn
l?ittlniuietis rnarkcd irs ir tcrlrrltivc lcaditrg and in fact is vcrv curious. AIr :rltcrn:rtc
rcacling nitilt'iet*'I havc found ir' would lrc in conrplcte ;l{Irccnlcnt with rti/endie
'l havc ctrmc' irnci nirnaruua 'l u,ill abidc' in thc drafi versiotr of Aragorn's
corouAtion o:ltll, xnd indccd Christoprhcr Tctlkicn has inft>rmcd tttc that sr.rch a
rcading is pcrfcctll, rcasonrrblc. Givcn this, ancl rhc f:rct that both Bill \Wcldcn rrrd
Clrri.stophe r Gilson tratrscribcd this rvord :rs ninh,iet durinq thcir uork rvith rl.rc
rrrarrrrscript at Marquettc. wc ciln ircccpt the rcaclinq nitilt,iet.rs definitivc.

Thc clrafi version o['Trcebcard's praisc olt G:rl:rdricl and Celcborn. "O
uanintnr wulimalion orftari", app.:itrs on p. (t4. This diffirs lioni thc f-in,rl firrm
(lll:259) in l.uving rhc inrcrjcction Oinstcacl of1. in thc slrort lcnqth of thcsccond
ain uanimalioz, and thc usc of otttnri ' 'parcnts < ONO- 'beect' (LR:-i79) instcad
of rrcstari 'parcr)ts < NO- 'ircgct' (LR:378). Wc knolr' irt-;t-n Ler.ters (p.308) thrt
rhis nrcans 'C) bcauriful oncs, parcnts of'lrcirr-rtifirl cl-rildrcn'.,AJso, rhc firll Qucnya
trrrnslariou oitTrccbeald's long n:rnrc ftrr orcs (lll:257). cxccpI for the clctrtcnt

"blcrodtlrirsti"', is givcn (p. (r8): "lrctrullea-rnor"hnaite-quhryatelho-tirtgrtbondorrthlealepta-sauri hunt ba " "cvilcycd, blackhandcd. bou'lcgued. l'lin thcartcc'I,
cla*'fingcred, fbulbclliccl". Subscqucntlv, tingaltondo 'flinthearted' r'u',ts changcd
ro sirtcrtltonr{a and thcn tt-r thc publishcd sincaltortda (p.71 n.12).

This ncxr Qucn-va passaee is cxtracted lrour a conrbincd Qucnva and Ac{unaic
rcxt irssociated wiilt The Notion Chfu Pa1,ers (scc thc scctiotr on Adun:ric bclow).
This tcxt occurs in rwo vcrsions: a col,rrfirl tnanuscriprt on cxrunitr:ttior) papcr
photographic:r1lv rcproduced as a r*:o-;raqc fiontispriccc, and a tvpcscript vcrsiotr
givcn orr ytyt- 246-7.1 givc only rhc nranuscript vcrsion hcrc, ,rs thc onlr,'diffcrcncc
of any siunific,rucc lrcrvvc,cn thc nr'o i.s that thc ntanuscript versiort docs not gloss
drc genitivc forn ililuatdt'erx (linc 4), lvhilc thc tvpescript provic{cs a pilrtial qloss
that I havc incorporatcd hcrc.

O sauron tille nuleuntna ... lmtailer


crnrc hLrnrblc(d) thcy fcll
and
ntrhildi nu/ttthrcttna ... tarhalion
utrdcr-shtrdolv

leire aalaftrtar ... nilmelteruui


\{'ar m;rdc on-Porvcrs Lords<rf-Wcst
arda sahhante leninte ililuatiren ...
rvith-lcavc lof ?]
E:rrth rcnt
ihilyamm ... nilntendre
Eari ullier
ohta

scas should pour


ataltdrre.

fcll dou,n

inro-ch:rsnr Nunrcnor

Vin,ynr Tanguar #24

Page 8
Vabaiya

sh

flr au.al' noq'(is)

-|Lrlv

1!)92

artddre.
,Arrdore (Land c,f Giii)

atalartte.
Haiya ua/taiya sh
(is)
ln'ev
thc Do'"r,nfallcn.
far far
nou,
rr firv points need nrcntioning hcre. lt is intclesting to comfrafe sahhante
'rcrrr'. rl'hich has u vcry unusuul gcminate A, q,'ith ralthalepta'cl:ru'flngcred' ir-r
J'rcclrearcl's long nanrc tirr orcs. Also, cotnparc ltaiya wkh tl-rc adverb hitya'iar ofi,
far alr,ay' derivcd fi'orl rhe base KFIAYA- '[rr, distant' (LR:3(r4). Finallr', leruiue
*lerte'leave'plirs:r c,rmiterivc ol instrutnental
sccn)s to bc fblmcd fi'onr u noun

Onlv

postpositiort -zre.
Thclc arc nvo callicl velsions of this Qucnva tcxt. Tl-Ic e:rrliest of thcsc (p.
3l 0) is virtuallv idenrical t,r rhc flnal fbrni of Alboin Erlol's fiagnrents in Tltc Lost
Road (L.R:47), exccpt firr tl.rc chanse of //z'u'orld' to erzr'rl'orld', /Zrz'straisht' to
rZza 'str:righr' , tutrultuine'Dceth-shadow' tt't nintltuize 'death-.shrrdow'. tnellunna'us-is-lrcA\.y to trtEne lurntta'ott-us is-hear'-r.' (rlr)te th:rt nel-lumunis'rruenluntnwith assimilation.rf z/to /4, and.s,rr'nrxv'tosTrl'trorv-is'. The rrext tcxt (fr.
i 1 1 ) is vcry closc to thrrt on y-:tp.246-7, atrd so Cl.rristophe r Tolkit'n Sives only thc
variatiorrs ficrrrr tl'rat tcxt. All>oin'srmltamnabccrtne hrnnindon,still trntrirnslated,
but pelriallv glossec'l rvith an "-1y", indicatins an a.lverb; this rvas then chansed to
alzannta bcfble bcconringnu/tuntnA in thc flnal tcxt. J'hc ntntc bertlnunrcn\,!As
charrscd to Nilmehurdo and tl'rcn nilmeltentaiin thc final rcxt. Also, it can be seeu
(p. .i 1 2 ) il-t,tt haiya and uahaiyawere originally spclt D ainand ualtaia. Christoplrer
Tolkien also qivcs (p.317) a passasc in Old English rhar is a tlanslation of tl-re
original fblnr of thcsc Qucnya fiagrncnts frctrn Tlte Lost Rord.TIis Lreeins'"vith "r*'And Sauron canlc to (thc) hrrvcn'. corlcsponding to thc
Sdu)erott ctint nt hliltc"
'to (thc) havcn'
Qrrcnya "at stturort till.e nnhanma ". thus inrplyirtg a tnttrslrrtiotr of
I'or nahamua.
Firr:rllv. scveral Qucnva phrases appcar (p.290 n.(r2) in The Notion Club
lapo:i as prrccursors ro an Adunaic phresc nrcaning "The Eaglcs of thc Lords of the
V,'csr arc at hand!" The earliest of thesc was "Soroni nilueheruen etutler!"Thisis
runtrlrrsl,rt.,d, but is tlanspare ntly *'The Eaglcs oftlrc Lord ofthc Wcst con-re forthl'
l-his rves rcjectcd and leplaced with "Es sottti bentiort rrrzl"trrruslated "The Eaeles
of the L,olds are at h:rndl"; this n'as subscquentlv altered to "Soni Numeualiott
ailnet"" "The Eagles of thc P,llvels o[the West are ar handl".'fhe most curious
featurcs of rhcse passages aler thc fbnns es ... tt tand anner, botl-r rranslated as "are
at hrrnr1". ]t sccrns certain, hou,evcr'. tlr:rt this tlansl;rtiou is not literal. since both
these fblnrs cleally contain rhe elenrent az 'to, ton'.rlds' (LR:j74 s.r,'. NAr-), and
so rcqnire sonrc r,e rb of motion. Tl-rus it is ve rv likelv that rs irnd " erarc it.t fict vcrbs
nreaning'coulc or'go'. A verb "erseems vcrf,' clearly to be irrdicated bv the base
ETER-'opcn (corncout)' (LR::157), r.vl-rich obviously contains the base ET-'fbrth,
our' (LR:356), leaving *ER- to nrean 'corne'. *ER- itself scenrs to be a rhotacizcd
variant of an clernent *ES-'come, go' detected in tl-rc base ESE-, ESET-'Precedc'

L,l-,

)vL\

()Lt

L //L

l'in-yar Tcngu,ar #24

Page 9

j5(r), ls sorncthiug that p.rcccclcs cen bc said to "conrc (or go) fir'st" or "colllc
(oreo)bcfbre". Itscctnsvcn'liliclvthcnthate,s... ltrti\ndarrnet"arclitcrellv'c.otttc
rorvarcls, approach', vrrrl'ing only in thc posirion <'tf anutcl, in thc flnal consonrlnt
trf rlrc verb (ir nrav bc rhar es sottti is duc to :rssintilation ()r to :l sulrprcssion ot
rhtiracisnr bcfirrc s). Thc chicf difllctrltv of this thcorr. is that it lcavcs thc vcrb *er
(es) rvirhour xnv afrl)arcnr;',lural markcr fbr nutnbcr rgrccnlcl)t r,l,ith thc plural
(LR:

subicct sarzl.

Sindarin
Tlrc Sindalin cr,- of praisc at the Field of'Kornr:rllcn lpyt.46-7, and cf. III:l.ll)
appears,rn thc draft .ts "Cttio i ltlteriannnth An.Attlt, aglar anatm!"This is not
translated, l.tut ls the fir.st phrasc is virtuallv identical to the version in ZorR, u,hicl'r
*'N'Iav tl.rc Haiflinss
is tlarr.slated it Lcttos (p. StXl), it seems clear that this nre:rtts
(in)
livc long,
elory lonsl'. Thc change of Plteriaumtlt to thc published Plteriaht
shou,s rhc change of thc gr.ruP plur,rl, nrrrrkcd bv thc cnding -arf (thu.s 'the
Flalflings as a racc'), ro thc nrore appropriate particular plural firrnr ('thcse
Halflines').
Sindalin titles firr Frodo and Sarnq,isc ;trc given on p.(r2: Frodo is callcd
Brontae at/tart Hariltad"F,n durance bcyont{ Hopc", attcl Slnt i.s rtarttccl Hat'tltad
LIhitltiad "Ho i'rc unquenchablc". Christophcr T.rlkicn notcs (P. 70 n.6) that tlrc

rvord lrc rcads a s atbau 'bcvond' i.s unclear and unce rtaini notc the Cnonrish rvords
atltra 'across. arhrvart' and rhe advcrb at/ron'firrthcr. beyond' (LT2:i.15 s.v.

Artanor).

L'n

The chaut to Elbcrcth by the conrpan-v of Elvcs approaching tl.re Voodv E,nd
roure to the Crev [-lavcns (p. I 12. anc'l cf. lll:i0U) rvas flrst lr'ritten:
O Elberetlt Gihltoniel
Siliuren penrtar 6riel!
Gihboniel O Elberetb ...

Notc that this is ne:rrly identical to the flrst nvo lirtcs oitl're enretrded drafi firrnr
of Sanr's crv to Elbercth (WR:218), except that this passaqc has Silitn"envthere
Sanr's crr,'ltrrs sileurin. SubseqLre ntly, oriel wes changctl to iriel. befirre thc rvh,rle
r.l'rrs chanqed to its final lirrrn.
T'hc longcst Sindarin passage to date, a letter fionr Arag.rrn to Sam, appcars
versions on pp. 128-9, wirb tcngtunr texts on pp. 1 30-l . Thc le neth and
significancc oithi.s passrge rcquircs much nrore discussion than thc confincs of this
rer.icrv pclurit. so I merelv give the passaqe. its variants. and translatiorrs. iu
expcctation ofa thorough analvsis latcr. The first text oithe letter rcads:

in

rn,<r

Ia.

Page 10

ln_lttll'

CngltUIt'

!11

Jt

z't

Iulv 1992

E/essar Telcontar: Aragorrt Arat/torttiott Edbe/barn, arart Gortdor ar

Hir i MbairAunui, anglernmtlta i Vdrnltduirtiant erin dolotlter Ethuil,


egor ben genedind Drannnil erh Guit"itlt edu,en. Ar e anira enuas
suilannarJ mltellyn in pltain; edregol e rtnira tirad i ClterdirPerhael (i
serntui Panthael estuttltar aert) Condir i Draun, ar Meril bess din, ar
Elanor, Meril, Glorfinniel, al Eirien sellath din; ar Iorhael, Gelir,
Cordof, ar Baravorn, ionnat/t dh.

Pherhael nr

an Metil suilad uin arart o Mhtas Tit"itlt nelcltaerwt uirt

Echuit'.

"Aragorn Stridcr Thc Elf..ron.,,

Iiine of Gondor and Lord of

rhc

Wcstlands, rvill approach rhc Bridge of Baranduin on thc cigl'rth clav of


Sprring, ol in the Shirc-rcckonins thc scc,rtrd da1'ofApril. And hc dcsircs
ro grcct thcre all his fliencls. In espetialhc dcsires tt'r scc I'1:tstcr Sarnaist,
N'{avor of thc Shirc, and Rasr his rvifc; and Elduor, Rose, Gohliloclrs' and
Dazry his drtushtcrs; and Frotlo, t\frry, Piq.,pin and HtntJtut his sons.

To

Sanrw,isc aud Rose

first

da1,

tltc King's qrccting lronr l\4inas Tirith, thc thirry-

of th.: Srirrirrg, bcing tltc nvcnt],-third of Fcbluary in

tl-rcir

rcckonitrg."
tl-rat thc translation d,rcs nert rn:rtch thc Sindarin exactl]- in thc list of
Araqorn's titlcs, or in rhc explan;rtion of thc rccliotring of thc cletc in thc last
scntcr)cc. In particulrrr, noticc that nelchaetmt, udrich ruust sureh'bc 'thirticth', is
translatcd i1s'tllirr]--fi rsr'.
Thc scconc-lversion (ll'hich is actually thc thirrl tcxt) oirthe pass:rge dilfcrs only,
irr rvrrrd ordcr, minor variarions of von'cl lcngth, and thc pbrasc trcd Echttir[<tr
cttrlicr uirt Ecltuir.

Norc

Aragont Arathonion Edltelhnrn anglennailta iVarartduiniant erht


dolothert Etbuil (egor ben gerrcdind Drannail erin Gutirirb eduten) ar
etntas rtnira i arnn Gondor ar Arnor ar Hir iMbair Artnui suilanuai
mltellyrt in pbnin ...
n Pherhnel

ar am Meril suilad uin aran

Minas Tiritlt trclchaenen ned

Ecltuir:5L
Thc nunrbe r 6l of course rcprcscnts
te?tgwar nunt(rals r.r,crc u,rirtcn fion'r

'
le

1 6' (= thc l 6th ycar of thc Fourth Agc)l thc


fi to rig'rt in ordcr of incrcasinq significancc.

Adunaic

Tlrc tcxt ctf The Notion Chfu Papers prrovides thlee Adunaic tttteranccs: '31
hitabdaha!" *"Don'r rouch nrc!" (p. 250); "l{orVha 'nBari iAdun yanakhin"
Vest are at hrrnd!" (p. 25 I ): and " Lhidyahalubim !"
"The nrountains lean over!" {ibid.). In adclition to these, thcrc arc three versiotrs
"1-he Ergles of the Lords of the

July'1992

I,'inynr Tengruar #24

Paee I

oi: Adunaic "fragrncnts" that arc "reccivcd" by Alu,irr Arundcl Lou'dlunr in


drciuns. Thcsc fraqnrcnts corrcspond to thc Qucnva firrgntcuts discussccl abovc,
arrd in 1:rct irre intcrNvincd rvith thcrn in thc tnanuscliprt.s. Christophcr Tolkicn

givcsthcflrsrandthirdofthesctcxts,rvhichrvcr,r'ill rcfcrtoasAFI andAF3,in


firll: tlrc sccond, AF?, crn bc rccottstntctccl b1' x list of virri:rnccs rvirh AFj that
Chlisrophcr Tolkicn providcs. All of thcsc passagcs are cxaurirred in thc prr.:linrinurv analvsis of Adunaic grilmrlr:lr elseu'hcre in this isstrc. and so I trtcrcll, plcsctrt
rhcrn hcre q,ithout conlnrcnt.

Thc carlicst vcrsiotr (AF1) of'Lorvclhlrn's Aclunaic lr:ignrcnts

is

givcn on pp.

.111-12:

Knda zigiinm zabathin ]mnehhu > I nnehhu ... erulfin


...
hnnrlrlcd he-crttttc
antl so ?
.,. /u?lnrdzdn
urliibrutim dalad ugrus
undcr ltorror? shaciori,? ...
fill
rtzgaMnAdu aualoi-lmen t] ti ,.. baru.n-adirto
.. thc Lorcl o[West
lvrrs wagitrrl war? Por.vcrs ort
rrtkh/trltt7 hnnat -eob?tlnmti eruud ... rtzrV
brokc asundcr crrrth esscnt-u,ith of Gocl ... scils
nai lphurusant >l plttrrushn nbhis-nda. annduti ahallnbi.
?

Chirsnr-into \Vcstcrucssc fell in Luin.


azulat{a ... ngawrulo burudan
Thc Adunai (tr4en of'W'.) castw'irrcl ... dcath-shad. 1't""1'y-is
hntlfi
n?nurn ... adut bntin aleltnini ezendi ldo
srr,right lt-r! norv .rll
on-Lls ... Wesr road lry
batinT rohhl-n(tnt ... Epltaleh
nright-flo,'v
AlIUilArln

ways bcnt-arc .. . frrr awav


iddn
aleallabEth
is Shc-that-is-ftrllcn ...
' 't -'-t
taol,
nthartit7
ePltat ePtJnteP
{,rr fir,nvaf is nou, Arhaultl (thc Land of Gift)
Iol norv

] have leconstructcd the intcrn-rediiltc text (AF.l) of Lorvdharn's Adunaic


fiagmcnrs based on thc final tcxt (AF3), u'hich it had "vcry larecly reacltcd", bv
incorporatirre allof the diff'crctrccs and manuscript dcvclopnre nts noted on p. 312.
It should be noted that the actual tcrt rnay have diflcred irt u,ord older, and th:rt
it is crrriorrs that rvhilc the developrnent ol buroda uEnud in AF3 fiorr earlier
burttda nEnu is noted, an cxpected parallcl devclopment <tf zaira nhrud in AF3
firrnr an earlicr phrasc wirh nfum is not indicatcd.
Kado zigilnm zahailt;tu mmlzleba f> .yadda > ztnahkha) ... Erulinint
dubbudam [> dubdatnl ugru-dalad , . . at'-pbnrazdn [> nr-pharazonun]

azagrira lor azaggaral aual|iyada ... bdnm an-adfin uraltltata

l/inyar Tangu'rtr #24

|age i -:

Julv 1992

uralttn) dttira snib7th-mi ?nn,6 ... aztiya dtt-pltursa ahhisada ...


nnadilnv zir7n hihnllabn l> ltihalbnl ... dulgu bnuilt .,. batih bazad
L>

uintruzTr azfila da ... [Adunni tn azilada . . . I Agaurullb buru da ft n u . . .


zairn nvnud ... adin baran Elttk izhdi yaddn:1do leatbn bat7rm loklii.
Eptntah 7d6n Yoziyan. Epttat-epltatnh Tdou AhallabEth.
r

Thc fln:rl vcrsion of Lorvdhanr's Adunaic fiagtrcnts ()ccllrs itt nvo tuxts: :I
cokrrfirl manr.rscript on cxarnit.r:-ttiol) papcr phtrtographically rcproduccd as a tr,l'opagc fiontispriccc, rrnd :r n'pcscript versiott givctt otr pp. )46-7. Whilc the
diifcrcnces bcnvccn the m,o rlrc vcrv nriuor, thcv are nunlerolrs crtouqh that it is
worthu,hilc to list thcnr both irr full.
i\4enuscrip r vcrsion (fiontispiccc)

Kado zigfinn zabatl.tin tntakltlta ...


hur-nblcrl hc-crrr.ne
and sr'r
Entlfittint dubdam ugru-dnlad ... Ar?shadovi'bcneath
fcll
p h a raz d n u t
r

iffffJ^'!, r,r':;l::!:{:-,,,'''

biirirn arradurt )/urabtan diira

sai-

Lolds of West rhcy retrt Earth with


lt7th-ma ?ruud ... azrTyn du-pltursi
assent fi'om Eru that seas should gush
hilealba...
nlehisada ... armdilrft ziran

Chasnr Anrrdut.tc the bclovcd shc f'ell


bauEbn dulgT ... bnhh hazad annirttt'trships scvctr of?
rvinds (rvcrc) black
zir azfi.lada
into

cirsrw,ards

Agarmilo

bu'6dn

nEuttd

dcath-shadou, vcry hcarry ott

us

.., zaira
longinr-l

... adfin izindi


bntnn t,7idd
wcst straight (right?) road thcn (oncc?)
m,rtdda: 7dd hntha batina hhlt1.
lvavs (arc) lrcnt
it rvcnt nolv all
tt?nud
on us

E1>halah

ila

Yoziyan.

flir ,rn'av nolv Gift-lancl


Ephal-aphalah ila lti Ahallabvth.
f;rr far

arvay

norv She thar hath Frrllcn

JuIy

1992

Vinytr Tcngu,ar #24

Page 13

Tvirescript vcrsion (pp. 24(t-7)

Ktdi zigirun zrbatltdn


:tnd so

unahhha

hurnbled he-canre

... Erulfinim
... :

ug'u-dalad ... ar-pharazdntm azaggant


?shadow urrder ...
was wafflrlg
nualdiyada ... barim an-adiln yrabun daira
against Por,"",ers ... Lorc{s of-Wcst brokc
E:rrrh
sEib?tlt-mi Ennd ... azftya du-plnrsd ahhEsada
dubdam

till

nt-with ?-fi'om ... .se:rs so-as-to-gush into ch:rsrr.r


... attadfinE zirhn ltikalkba
... bnuiba dulgii
... Nunrenor bclovcd shc-fcll dou,n ... rvinds black
... batih httzad att-rtimruzTr azilkda
... .ships scvcrr <lf
castward
asse

Agantfild

burdda nfutud

f)cath-sh:rdorv

heary ()n-us ... loneing

... zaira

nVnud
(is) on-u.s
... adfin izindi batafi taid6 ayadda:7d6
. .. w'c.st straiqht road once \4/cnt no\v

hathrt batina ldhhT

.rll

rolds

crooked

Ephatah zdin
Yozalan.
f;rr arvay now (is) Land of Cift
Ephal zphalah Tdon hi-AhallabEttt
fir
far away now (is) She-that,harh-fhllcn
+*

As can bc seen fronr rhe lcngrh of this nonethcless too cursor\,. revicw, and
fi'orn rlre arralysis of thc Adunaic granrrnar el.scwhcre in this issue, Satron Defeater/
is errsill' thc rrrosr linguistically significant volurnc in rhe Histoty of Middle-earth
serics since T/te Lost Roal. v'e all o.uvc Chrisrophcr Tolkicn :r qrcirr dcbt of thanks
fbr his continui.g cflorrs r. mrrke his father's lineuistic legacy available fbr study.
'wc knorv that, rrrther
than rcccivc prcserrrs .n thcir trirthday, Hobbits gavc
prcscnrs to others. Chrisropher Tolkien has, in rhc manner of the Hoblrits,
providcd us all with a Inost nrarvelous gift indced on thc occa.sion of hi.s fathcr's
l0Oth birthdav.

Ac:rNr'rv,Lrncl.rrxr
I u'ould like to thank Patrick \fvnne fbr his inr,:rluablc insight and assistance
irr th,: prcpar;rtion of rhis revicw.

?t'

Page 14

JuIv 1992

Vin-yrtr Tengu,ar #24

'Wrbs, Syntax! Hooray!'


A Preliminaty Assessment ofAdunaic Gramncar
inThe Notion Club Papers
bv Patrick Wynne and Carl F. Hostetter
At thnt /notnent tltere urrs ilrc sound of loud footsteps, heat,.y anrl quich,
on thc u,ooden stairs belou. Tlrre uas a bnng on the door, tnd in strorle
Lorudltarn.
'I'tte got sonrcthing neu,!' he shouted. 'A4ore

than mere uords. I/erbs!

Sytttax at /asr!' He sat dou,n and moppd hL face.


'Verbs, synt,zx! Hoorny!'mockcd Frankle1. 'Notu istt t

-The

tltat tlrrilling!'

Norion Club Papers (Part Tu'o)

LInril recentlv our knou4cdgc of Adirn:ric, the anccstral ]V{annisli touquc oF t}rc
N(mcn<ircans, has bccn linritcd to t.r Inclc handful of r,vords. But with the
publication of Sdxnon Defiatcd, rhc situ:rtion has changcd drasticrlly. Thc latcst
volumc in Christophel Tolkicn's "Histon' of N'liddlc-cartl-r" se rics provides "tt.totc
tiran rncrc words"; it offcrs us actr.utl prosc texts in Adunaicl cc,rnple tc rvith vcrbs
irnd syntoi ("Hoorav" inc'lcedl), as u'cll as dctailcd dcscriptions of Adunaic
phonology and qrarnnrar
Thc new Adunaic nratcri:rl appcars in Tlr Notion Club Papers, T/.,e Drotuning
of Anarliini, and Lou,dhatn's Report on the Adunnic Langu,zge, all intimatcly
corrnccted rvith onc ,tnothcr and rvrittctr c. 194546 dr-rrins ,r lull in thc
conrposition ot'The Lord of the Rings:

Notion Club Pap,:rs, cast in the forrn of fictional ntinutes of thc nrcctings of
Inklings-likc group ofOxford fiicnds, ccnters around the legcnd of thc Fall
of Ndmenor, glirnpses of which appcar to the Club's tnenrbers in "dccp
drcans". Onc mcmbcr, Alu,in Lowdharn, also drcarns of "ghost-rvords" in
nvo languagcs rvhich hc calls ",A.vallonian" (i.e. Qucnyri) and Adunaic.
Evcntually Lorvdhanr rcccivcs a fragmcurary bilingual texr in these rwo
languages, dcscribine thc Fall oFNrimenor ar.rd its afterrmath. Not surprisinel,v, Tolkicn $'rotc scvcral variatrt versiotrs of thcsc "Adunaic Fragmctrts".
Tlrc final form (AF3) appcars in thc text on pp. 246-7, and Tolkicn also
produced a handsomc facsimilc in [r[uc ink with intcrlincar glosscs in rcd,
rcproduccd as a Frontispicce ; this ms. vcrsiotr lras a fcrv rninor variarions. Thc
carlicst version of thc Fraqr.ncnrs (AFl) appcars on pp. 311-12 rrnd is
sr-rbstantially diffcrcnt fronr thc, final versiotr (scc bclow). AF1 rn'as Followcd
by another r.crsion (AF2) in u,hich "thc fin:rl tcxt of thc fragmcnts w:ls very

The

an

'Adunaic' is so spellcd, rvirhout a circumflex, throushout Sauron Defeated.

Wn.ynr Tengu,nr #24

Jul-v 1992

Paee 15

lirrucly rctchcci. br.rt still rvirh a Irumbcr oic-li{tfcrcnccs". Christophcr Tolkicn


ciocs nor rlivc

AF2 in its crtriretv, but instcad lists on pg.

:il2 all thc firlnrs

c"liilering frour thc flrtal rcxt. The full tcxts oFAFl, AF2. and AF:i eppcar in
tlre linguistic rcvicrv of S)ralon DcJirttedin tl.ris issuc: thc tcxt ofAF2 has bccn
rcconsrnrcted blsecl orr rhe tcxt of AF3, ittcorporatitiu all tliffcrcnccs notccl.

The Drotunittg ofAtt,zt/iutrt courprriscs fbur tcxts. As ChristoPhcr

Tolliien

rtotes,

rvriting thcse unusurrl vcrsions ofthc Nrimcnor legcnd


his fathe r's intcntion
"to
portrar-...rr tradition of \4cn, throrrgh lottg egcs becomc dint artd
\\'ils
confirsed." For cxarnprle, in thc flrst tcxt (DA 1) no clisrincriott is urrdc
bcrrvccn thc Vrrlar ancl Eldar. both bcing groupcd togethcr as "Avalei", ancl
in

ch.rring rhc catacll,'snr "Avallonda rhc Hevcn of thc Gods" is saicl ro topplc ittt,r

tfic abl'ss and bc dcstroyed altrnqu,ith Nrinrcnorl Thc uatnc.s in thesc icxts atc

cqtrrrlll' "dinr and conFuscd". N{anv arc unqucstiottablv Adunaic (Zigilr)t


othcrs appcxr to Lrc atrcietrt lvlannish borrorviltgs froln Elvish, rctaitttttg
rrrcc-liirl irrrd lorrg final volvcls lost or short.:ncd in Qr-rcnya (MnnnuV, MEleho)t
arrd somc,rppc,rl to be actu,rl Prirnitivc Qucnc-lian ibrnrs, e .g. Eledtii, thc tratnc
of the Elvcs "in thcir orvn tonguc oiolcl" (J58).

Lotud/nrn's Rclrort on tlte Adutaic Ldn{rd{e purports to bc Alu'in Lowdh:rnr's


dcscription ofAdunaic. prcsr.rnrabll'prcpared to bc tc,rd ro tl.rc Notion Clul;,
alrhouqh it is not clcarr horv (or if) Tolkicn intcndcd to fit it into thc narrativc.
Ir bcqins rvith a discussion of' thc origins of Adunaic ancl its :rncicttt
ccrnnccrions with both Elvish and "Khazadian" (i.c. Du,an,isl.r), thcn dcscribcs Aclun:ric phonolog.v and thc casc systcm, includine lltlr.ncrous paradisms, befbrc brcaking olf at the bottonr oithc scvcutccnth page.

Thc following ovcrvicrv rvill attcnrpt to detrtonstratc hou, thc granrrnar of


rrs dcscribcd it Luu'il.,nn i Repurtis applicablc to thc various scntctrccs itr
thcAdtrrraic Fraglncnrs and thc rcxrs. Lowrlham's Repurt is quitc thorough in tts
trearrncnr ofAdunaic phonolog,v and rhc nor.rn s-vstcrrr, but unfbr tunately Tolkicn

Adurrric

e[>arrdoncd t]rc rvork bcforc dcscribin{: othcr aspccts of thc language . He did lcavc
"a fcu'vcry rough jortings" on the vcrbal systcllr, but lbr thc nrost prlrt \4,c nrusf rcl]/

on cxanrining p:1tt(rn)s ofrword-fbrnr and svntax in thc scntcnccs thenisch'cs to


undcrstaud thc vcrbs and othcr clctlcnts of tltc grantnirr. As a rcsrtlt, our
discussion of rhc v.,rbal sysrcm is

flr

rnorc h-vpothcticrrl (and exp-rx15ii'c) tl-ran tirat

of thc noun.
Our discussion ofAdunaic is furthcr complicatcd by rhc fhct th:rt its srarnnrar
cxists in at lcast rw,o variant vcrsions. Christophcr Tolkicn llotcs or] pg. 438 that
"a nrajor changc in rnv Fathcr's conccpltion oithc strLtctt-trc cntcrcd as thc vvorli
proqressed: firr thc Adunaic noull :rt first distinguished fivc czrscs, Norttral,
Subjcctivc. Gcnitivc, Dativc, and Instrutncntal." (4jlJ) This structurc is thc otrc
sccn in rhc carlicst vcrsion of the AdLrnaic Fragnrcuts (AFi), rvlrich lttrs nouns
irrflccred in all fivc of rhcsc cascs. Lou,dlt,zni Report.ltorvcvcr, prcsclrts a latcr,

Ilinyar Tcngu,ar #24

Page 16

lulv 1992

dillcrcnt fbrnr of rhc grlmm,rr, onc in r.l,hiclr Adunaic nouns disrinquishcd onll'
rhrcc c:rsc.-Nornral, Subjccrivc, and Ob.icctivr-:llld gcttitivc, dlrivc. and
instrunrctrtal fuuctiotts u'crc handlcd by ,r s1'stctu of aflixes atrd lvord ordcr. lt is
this latcr, final firrnr oiAdunr-ric gmnlnlar that u,c scc in AF-J arrd itr thc Adr.rnrric
phr,rses sprirrlilcd thronghout the rcxt of Tltc Notion Chb Papcrs. This division of
thc grarnrnar irlto r14/o "phascs" has nradc it trcccssary to sinrilarlv dividc our rcporr
into r,,vo parts, P:rrt I analvzing thc "final-fbrln srattlltl:lr of AF3, ancl P:trt II
analvzing rhc "carly" gr:lnrrnar of AFI.

Panr 1: TuE "FINnL-FoRv" GRevtten oF AF3


The Noun

l.

General featu"es.-According

[.,tturc.

ol-

tt

Lotudhrtrn's Report, these arc the rieneral

rltr' Atlrrrlaic tl()tlll:

. Strottg us. \Yeak.- Noutts arc e ither Strung<tr \'Y/ealc. Strong trottns fornr the
plural and certain othcl firrrns b1,'nrodif)cation,rf thc lastvo'ncl of thc
stent: c.g. zadaz 'house ', pl. zadin;l-:rtd nllu'nt<t<trt'

, prl. 27fi. \fle:rli rrouns


of
firrrr rhe plural :rnd othcr firrnrs bv addition inflectional srrlfixcsr c.q.
batin'ro;td' , pl. batanl, and min6'spirit', pl. nnnoi.

ctr Neutcr. ttnd


on biological rathcr than qranrnr:rti-

GcTdcr.-Nouns iu'c eithcr Mascu/ine. Femin.ine, Contmort,


this firur-firld

ge n.1cr sy.stem i.s based

cal gcndcr. Thus tl-re proper rranlcs oi prersons ('Ar-Pharaz.t)n, ArZimrahil'), nouns dcnoting rnalc or fcnrale firnctions ('son, nrothcr'),
,rnd nouns specif\,'ine male or femalc animrrls ('srallion. bitch') are
N{:rsculinc and Fcrlinine. Narural objccts or abstractiotrs can also bc
personified as Masculine ot Femininc: thus Ncut. agan.'death' > Masc.
Agan' Dea*t' : xtd adi. anad uzz'rvestcrtr'

> F cnt.

AnadurrZ'\festcrttcssc'.

C<lmmon rrourrs rele r to aninrals or peoplc u,ith no ser specifie d, e.g. ana
'lrrrnran 6eing' , Aduuaim 'Men of \X/esterlress c' , and harnb'lrorse' (as
opposed to M:rsc. karbil'stlllion '. Fem. h,zrbl'nare'). All other nouns
rcfe rrirrg ro inan irna te th ings are Ncu ter , e.g. ginli' strtr' ancf ltuzun' car' .
o

[/n6t2av.- Nouns distingui.sh threc

nurnbers: Singular, Phral, and Dtn/.

Llsually the singular is thc normal fcrrm lrrotn which the others

are

nrarked in Strong t'urttns bv changing the last vrq,el


oi tl-rc stern to T (sg. utule' orc' . pl. ufik) and i n V/cak uotttrs b\'' addition
of the.sutfix -1 (sg. bar 'lord'. pl. bafi).The dual is expressed bv a suffix
de

livcd. The plural

is

all norrns, Stronq and \Y/eak. It means'both' or'the ru'o'and is


normally only used "of thing.s that go in natural or customar)'pairs", as

-atin

huzun'ear', dval huznat'thc

rur''o ears

(oione

per.son)'.

l/in.ynr Tcngu'ar #24

July 1992
. C,lsr.- Thcre

Paee 17

,rrc thrcc cases: thc Nornral, thc Sulricctivc, rrnd tlte (Jlricctivc.

Thc Nonnal :rnd Subjcctivc cascs ltavc sit'tgitlirr, plural, and dual iirrrns,
l'rtrt thc L)bjccrivc onll,has:r siuqular fbrnr. Thc tuncrions of thcsc cuscs
.tre discLtss.:d in dctail bclorv.

The Normal Case

2,

Frutctions of'tbL Nu'na/ casc.---Tlte Norutal cnsc is "ttortttal" in th:rt it is


rrrrrnarkcd by anv clistinctivc inflcctional cnding. Lrnt'rJ/tam's [?cport lists fivc
firncti,rns of thc Nornral case: i) Object. ii) When placed bcfirre anothcr ttotttr,
it stands in apposition or acts As A gcnitival adjcctir.c to thc firllou,ing notrn. iii)
I'redicatc. iv) Subject. r,) Base to rvhich sr:rnrnratical afllxes ale addcd.
Exarnples of .rll flvc of thcsc firnctions occur irr AF-l:

3.

Tlte Norrn,tl cnse,ts object.- A noun in the Norrnal casc is trsed to inr-iicate thc
obiect of :r verb. AF.l has onlv onc cranrple of a transitivc verb u'ith a t-lirccr
1r[rjcct:

baritn an-adiltt

)/

ura lrtant da;r"a

'Lords ofl\X'cst bloke Earth'


Herc tlrc,rbjcct noun daira'Earth'fbllows il:'e vcrl'>yurabrarz'brol<e',,rnd rhis
q'ith thc st:rtcnrcnr in Lour/lnru\ Reltort th.tt a Norntal ttotltt "llevcr
inrn.rcdiatelv prcccdcs a verb" u'hcn inclicatinq the objcct (428). Jlr AF3 is
granrmaticall-v in accord rvith Lou,dhtttn's Report, rhen diira ntust bc a Norntal
firrnr. although there is no other occrlrrence ofthc rvord to conflrm thisagr-ccs

4.

The Nonna/ cast trs gettitiual ,zdfrctiue.-A troun itr thc Nornral case placed
befirre another noun crlr] ilct irs.r posse.ssivc gcnitivc or adjcctii,al modiflcr of

rhe fbllowing noun (;idjectives irt Atlunaic normally preccde nouns). All
Adunaic cardinal numcrals, save 'onc', are lrouns; thus 'seven stars' is expresscd
bv Nornral pl. gimli 'stars' ;tlaccd in scnitiv;rl position befirre thc noun /tazid
'scvcn : gimli ltazid'seven r>ist,rrs'. In AFi'scvetr'is given as bazad:

ltalih ltamd
'sltips seven', i.c. "'ser.en of ships'.

5,

The l\iorn,zl t'nst as predisasr'.-fi ttoutr in the Subiective casc can represent the
vcrb'to be'as copula, u'ith a firllorving lroun in thc Normal case as prcdicate.
c.g. Ar-Pharazinun Bdr 'nArurdunE 'King Pharaz.on is Lord of Alradunc'

(418). Tu,o exarnples of Nolnral prcdicate nouns appear in AFj:


EpltaIah7dou l'oziyan
a'w,av nou, (is) Land of Gift'

'fir

bal ap halah 7 dou b i-Ahal Ia betlt


'frrr fhr au,av nori' (i.s) Shc-thar-hatlr-[rllen
Ep

Page 18

JuIv 1992

Irin!,zr Tangutar #2+

lrr tlrcsc plrrascs Tdin'now (is)'appears to be thc Subicctivc inflcxion of 7zy'a


'tr,tt,'(rr forn.r al.so fbunel in AF3) rcprcscnting thc coprula (cf. miuo'spirit',
Subjcctivc rninort. 4 38).

6.

T/.,r Norrual ctsc ns subje t1.-\fl[1.,t ',.,ing as sub ject, a noun itt thc Norntal cirsc
"inrnrcdiatcly prr:ccdcs,r firllv inflcctcd vcrb"i (418), Incanirtg tlt.: r'crb Irtr.rst
havc tlrc appropriatc pronon-rinal prclixcs (rhcsc appcar to tri:rtch tlrc ttoun itt
gcrrdcr arrtl nuurbe r). c.e. bar ubnllaEa'thc lord ftll'" (42u-9), r,r'ith &Zr = 'thc
lorcl', z- = 'l.re', and hallaba 'fcll'. Thc Protromittal prcfixcs firLrnd in AF-i rnd
thc,tccotttp,tttvittg tt.rrr.ttivc trc:

Singular
l!'{rrsc. rt-, /trr'hc'
Fenr. /ri-'shc'
Neut. a-'it' (nrs.)

Plural

yu- t'iltev'
7a- ''rhev'

Tlrc plural fbrnrsyz- :rrtdya- *'rhcv'arc not explicitlv translated by Tolliicn,


Lrur their nrcaning is clcer lionr thc nutrber and gcncler o[ thcir :rssoci;ttcd
subicct nouns. Tlro, appcar to incorpor;rtc thc Masc. :rnd Nctrt. gcndcr sitrrs
tt ,trtd a, rcspcctivcl-v. Exanrplcs of rhcsc prononrittal prcfixes used in AFi to
acconrpany Nortnal subicct lloLlns :rrc:
armdfirft ziran ltihailn ba
'Nunrctror lrclovcd shc-fcll dou'n

adut izindi batan taido

ayadda

'*'csr srraight road oncc u'cltt' (rns.:

UrVdynlzahtbim!

Fcn. Anarlibt? 'Wcstcrncssc' @26\


Ncur. batan 'road, parh'(431)

'it rvcnt')
Ncut. pl. zrTrl'nroutrtaitrs'J

'Thc mor:ntains lcan ovcr.'(251).


7

T/tr Nonntl cate as base,fitr a.ffnes.- Thc Nomral fbrnr oFa ttot-tn scrvcs as thc
basc to u,hich post;rositiotrs and prcfixcs arc addcd. For cxrrrnple.in aualoiyndn
'agaiust Porvcrs' the postpositittn -ada'ag:rittst, tou'ards, into' is sr-rffixcd t.r

Norrrral plurtl Aual|i' thc Valar' rather tiratt Subicctivc

y-,lurrtl

Aualdim. (Thc

llv "irnrncciiatclv prcccclcs...a vcrb"'l-olkicn apparcutlv tncattt tltat:utothcr ilaair should


nor intrude benl'een a Nr>nn:rlsubjecr ancl its verb; ofthc scntcnccs u'ith N..ormal subjects
inAFj, crnelrasanacljectivr-a7r'Zz'beloved'andilncltherannclverbtiidd'<tnce'betrveet.r
thc subject ancl r.crb.

-1'h..genderofthisrrounisnotgir.enbutcanbeitrtcrrcclfronrcontext-cL\1. Ur7lmust
be cognare rvith the El.larin base OROT'height, nrount:rin', or else it is a tlirecr
borrou,inll clf N arzl'ruountrin'-"Avallonialt Z and ri are usuallv represenied bv r ancl
z, rcspcctivelv" G)3). Yakalubim'rhcv leltt ovcr' is prob. lit. *'thev are filling'. prese nt
conrirruerivc plural of'KALAB'frrll' (416): cf. Sl8.

July 1992

l,'i n,y,zr Te n,qu,a

r #24

Paec 19

thc noun anc{ Postl-osirion is a ttortnal inflcctional dcveloPlricut


bcnvccrr i and a fbllou'inq vorvcl orher rhirn i.) Scc S12 tbr a firll discr-rssion of

-y bcrw'ccn

postpositions.
Sirnilarli'. thc gcnitival/atl jccrival prcfix an- is addccl to thc Normal firrnr
of ,r rrrtrrrr. c.g. Nonrrel pluralAdfufii 'l\4cn of:Wesrcnrussc fbrurs rhc lrasc fbr'

thc slcnirive plLrral in Ari'nAdinrti 'King of the Anadr.rnians' (not


*'
Ari i tAdil nilzr u'ith Strbiectivc). Cf . \\ I 3.

The Subjective Case

8.

Case ntarkers rf'tlr Subjecti2,e.-J|1g Subicctivc crrsc is nrarlied in a varietl,'of


11,111,5.IIsi11o11l:rrNcutcrnounsitisindicatedbva-fortificationoithelastvor,vcl
of tl-re stcrn in Strong n,runs (c.g. zadatt'lx'tttsc'. SLrbi. mdan) or suffjxiorr of
-a in Weak nouns (c.q. batdn'rcnd'.9il.'i. bntana). in singular'l\'lasculinc,
Fcnrininc, :rud Common noutrs (Strong or Weak), the sufllxes -utt, -ht, antf
-(rtht tre uscd, rc.spcctive ly. I n thc plural, Neutcr Subiectivcs have the strflix -4,
rvhilc \4ascrrline, Feminine, ancl Contmon Subjcctives have the suflix -iz.

These endings rz,,ere in origin pronomintrl affixcs.

9.

oia vcrb is in thc Subiective


tlrc vcrb docs trot rcqrrit'e prnrnomitt:ll prefixes, although such prcfixes are

Thc Suhjectit,c casc as subject.-Wl.ren the subject


case ,

oficn includccl. Thc Sublective casc places thc empl-rasis of a setrtence on thc
srrbjcct rarhcr thau thc vcrb: contrast bZr uhallaba'the lord iell' (Nornral
subjecr) wirh binm (u)hallaba 'it q.as thc krrd r'vho Fcll' (Subyective subject).
This crlpha.sis on the subject is firrthcr intcnsified rvhen the Subiective and a
prononrinal prefix are used together.
Str/lr,'rit',: srrbictt l\'lTH tt prcf )xcd t,crb:

Nafiha hB1ri 'nAdtut

yarfihltin

Neut. pl. Nafiha 'Eirgl!'5'+

'The Eagles of thc Lords of t['re'West


:rrc rrr lr:rnd!' (251

Kndo zigurun zabathan unakklta


so IS;ruron] hunrbled hc-canrc'
"rnd
bAritn an-adun yura/ttant
'Lords of-West broke'

i 'l'lrc

\4xc. zigfir 'wiz.ard'


lVIasc.

(4.17)

&Zr'lord' (437)

suFfix -r in pl. NarTka'F.agl.cs' rn:rrks it :rs l Ncuter Subjcctive firrnr: cf. \8. In
Adurraic thc n,uncs of anirrrels u,cre trsudlv N'lasculine, Fctttinirtc, trr (bnrtnort. but
'Flaglcs' hcrc docs not rcfir to actual bir.l; but to cloucls conring out of thc Vcst. C f. I nrlcx
ll s.t,. Eaglc(s): "All rcflLences are to the grear cl,rucls, rrnd rrosr to Tlr E,rglt's of t/te Lords

(of'rhe

\Y'est) ".

r)^-^
1n
r d6L rv

T"l. I99?

l/in.y'tr Tcngu,ar #24

gtbjrcriua ntltject \YITHOLil.d


!rcrtxill urh:
?ru

/t7 t t irt

d ub dar

n ugr u- d a lad

'IChildrcn of Cod] li'll

lshado'"v

undcr'

nr- p h arnzdtlu n aza garai

'[iing

10.

fisr

oJ'

tlr

a u I o iy ad a
Pharazotri u'as t';rrrirtg eqairtst Pou'ers'

Srbjectiue to rrS,resuil

tlu npttla.-ln Adunaic a ttgttn itr tltc

Sub jcctivc casc c:ur rcprcscrnr thc copula

whcn fbllctrvc.l

b-v

atrother rtoutr itr thc

Nornral casc :ls pledicatc, c.z. Ar-Pltarazoutn hatbupltazgan'King ArPhirrazon is (lvas) a Conqucror'.

AFi

h:rs exan-rplcs of a

sinrilar construction rlr

which a Subjcctive noun/copr:la is folloivcd tr1' an adlccrivc or inflcctcd


pronor.ul as prcclicatc:

. baunbrt

rlulgT'w'inds black'. Thc forn <tf ltauiba 'r,r,inds' indicartes a Ncuter


tltis linc nriqlrt havc bcen intcrtdcd as *'TLrc

Subjectivc plural. Thus


winds u'crc black.' Hou,cvcr, tlicre is alsct an Olcl English vcrsiou of thc
Adunaic Fraqmcnts, attrilrutcd to Lon'dhanr's fathcr Eciu'in, anc] this
givcs firllcr fornrs ctf sotnc of thc fiagruclttlr]- scntcllccs itr thc Qucnl'a
and Adunaic tcxts, including "black lvittds arosc attd drove ttrv:ry
,lhvinc's scvcn sl-rips" (25ti). This Inav itrdic:rte that in baaibn
dulgl. . . balih hrtzad at-ninrrtair aziladn "rvinds black. . .ships 5c1'g11 of
lAlhvincl casnv:rrd', bnufibn dulgT is sinrplv 'black rvinc.ls' actinq as
subjcct to a vcr[-:.rr vcrbs ('arosc and drovc alvav') ottrittcd in thc lecuna.
'ziirn nEnud'longing (is) on-us'. For ziir 'ycarning'< ZIR'love, clcsire'c[.
423.
.1da hAtlta brtthta lobhT'now' all roads cr,r,rkcd'. Thc Ncut er noun batErt'roird,
path' is \ilZcak and accordingll'has rhe plr.rral forms bntani (Norrnal),
batintya (Subi.). Hrxt'cvcr. nouns of this n.pc (disvllabic u'ith :r long
flnal syllablc contirinins a) coultl ,rlso fbrm Strong plurals, "cspecially irr

rlrc oldcr tcxts", i.c. Nornral bntn, Subj. barlna (cf.4,15, notc i(r).
Appropliatcl-v. it is this arch,ric Strotrs Subjcctive plural batintt wc
cncountcr in AF3. Thc iirll setrsc of thc sctrtctrcc is givcn in Edrvin
Lorvdl'ram's OE vcrsion: n()\\,:lrc all u,ays crookcd' (259). Contrast this
thc c:rrly vcrsion of this phrirsc in AF i. in r"'hich thc Norn.ral plural
bat7nT'roads'is usccl, trccessitatins tl.rc cxplicit prcsctrcc olttltc copula (in
tlre' fornr of a suffix -uarn 'arc'): ido hat/i l;atan7 ro/e lfi-rmm'lol. nolr' all
u'ays bcur-arc'.
r,^.'ith

Tlre initial n-in a*tgttttt'rvas rvarriuq' is p,rrt of the verLt sten nzgnrii- 'rvagc'u'ar'' (4:it))
and nor the pronorninal plefix rz' 'it', which itt anv case rvoul.l not be in accorcl rvith the
Ir :rscri I i Irc sultject ar-plnrasdn un.
1

Viny'zt T'engu,ar #24

Juil' 1992

Page 21

The Objective Case

ll.Thc

Objcctive casc is nrarkcd bv the nrorphente zr, cithcr insertcd as thc last
voq,el of the stcr-n befirre thc fin.rl collsoniuf (ts zadan 'housc', Ol->i. zadun.)
rrr added trs a suflix (as ltar 'lord', Obj. bint-). Arr Otrjcctive nottn is tt.sed as
rhc flrst elenrent iu a cornpouncl rvord or cxpres.siotr. *'ith thc sccr.lnd clenrettt
bcing a vcrb,rl u,run or other iirrrn with a verbal sense . The Ohjective noun rI)
such ,r c.rrnp,orrnd l-ras an "objcctivc-gcnitivc" scnse. i.c. it exple.sses tlrc
glanllrr;ltical object ofthe vcrbal norion in thc sccoud clenrelrt. For exanrplc,

in XIinul-Tar"ih 'Pillar of Fleaven'. tarih has the vcrbal sense 'thxt \.vhich
sr.rpports . hlinul, Obj. forn oi mhml 'lrcltvcrr , expresscs thc rccipient olthc
rrction. s<r dt:n Llintrl-Tar"#is'thatrvl-rich srtpports lreavetr'. LIsine rhe N<lrmal
tirrrrr of rlre initial noun rvould rcsulr irr a diflcrcnt nrcanins. i.e . Mhml-Tarik
lvould trtcatr 'heavertlt'
(r'vith Normal minal tctittg as an atljectivel cf.

$4)
pillar'. "sc. a pillar in the ski', or ttracle of cloud". (429).
Thete is oulr.'ottc example of the Objectivc in AF3:
balik hazad an-nimrttz7r azfrlnda
'ships seven of INinrruzirl easnvard'

Nintruziris the Adunaic equivalent of Qucnva Elendil'Elf-fricnd' (403). Thc


irritial clcment nintrtt is thc Objcctive firrttt <tl nimir 'Elf (liteLtllv 'Shininq
C)nc', < NIMIR'shine'), and the l:rtter clcnrcnt zir'friend'has thc verbal scnsc
*'r>nc

i,""'h<r

lor.cs'

(. ZIR'lovc,

dcsire '). Thus Nimru.ziir mcatrs

*'He who iovcs

E.lves' . Nimrzr.isasingtlar()bjcctive firrm, sincc thc C)bj cctir.e case has no dual
or plural fbrms. and it is intercstinq to n()tc that it is used in Ninrrnirwith a
plural serrsc, i.e. prcsurnablv Nimruzir lovctl Elves in general, trot iust a
p,rrticulal irrdividual. \Xzith this !\re can cornplrre the flcqucnt trsc of singul,rr
firrnrs to den()te plurals in Quenl'3 conrpounds. e .g. ValarJuertla'Account of
tlrc Valar', Ahntlindab 'The lv{usic of the Aintrr', ctc.

Postpositions
12.Lou,dlnrn\ Report statcs thar "Adunaic prcpositiotts arc

ilt Ltcl

usur-rlly

'posrpositions' following thcir noutr" (4J5). Tolhicrt lisrs scvcral cx:rnrplcs oi


tlrcsc "advcrbial 'prcposirionirl' :lffixcs"-a- 'frour', ad, ada'to, tou,arcls', zrZ

'wirlr', and z?'in' (429)-and:rll of thcsc appcar in AF.l


sh.xvs rhat thcsc postpositions arc atrachcd to nouns

as

cxccprt

forz7. AF3

suffixcs. Sonctitnes rhc

bounclary bL:twccn nontr atrd postpositiort is inclicatcd bv ri ltyPhclt, c.g.


saibZth-rnfr 'assent-r,r,ith'. but nrorc,.rficn the rwo clcmcnts rncrgc into a singlc
rvcrrd. as ndlnsada 'into chasm'. Thc Nornral fbrur se rvcs as thc basc to r,r,hich
rhc prostprositions :lrc addcd. Exanrples occurring in AF-l arc:

l'inlar

Paee 22

T'l\r

Tengw,r #24

I ()q

-add'..rgi\inst, i1to,-ward' in amlo4,nda':rgainst Porvcrs', ale/tasada'imct


clrirsrrr', nziilada'ctsrtt,;rtl' .In aunliiyada drc Nornral plvrtlAual6i'thc
Valar'+ -ndahl.sa7Lrenvccn thc noun and thc prostprosition. Lou,dlnm'-r
Report cxplains that "in cotnposition or inflcxion...a Y lvas dcvclopcd

bctwccn I and a ftrllowitts vt'ru'cl (othcr th:rn 1)."

.
.
.

da la

d'

.:r''tdcr'

(4

j4

notc 8)

in u gnt- dala/'shadou' u trclcr'.

-rrtd' wiil.,' in saibZt/t-ma'asscu t-u,i th'.


'fl-orrr' in ?ruud'ICod]-fionr'. Foornotc

-rJ

I of Lotudhani i Rrparr stetc.s that


"in cotnposition or ittflcxion a'glirlc'\{"rvas c'lcvclopcd Lrct'"vectr LI :rttcl
a fbllorving vtxvcl (other than L)) and thi.s dcvclopccl into a full
consonallt...Thc best rcprcsctrtatiotr of Ac-lunaic \\'' in English lcttcrs is
probabl-v ir,: but I havc uscd z,in thc Anglicizing of Adunaic ll:.tr.ncs.
Thus ?ruao probably rcprcscnts rhc dcvclopnrcnr tEnt-d > 'Enuui >
Erutt6.

, r -d'or\'

irt

n?nud'on-us', Pclhlpr cognltc u'ith -ada'u-:tv trds, iu to, agrrittst'.

The Genitival Prefi-x


nitival rclationship benveen nvo nouns can lre inclicated
b1'rvortl ordcr. Adunaic also cxplesses thc gcnitivc by nreans of the genitir.al/
adjcctival prcfix arr-, rl,hich is not a prcpositi<>n (as shorvn abovc, the flnal firrnr
of Adunaic sccnls ro relv e ntirch'on postpositions) but r;lther "thc equivalent
of an iuflerion or sufllx" (1i35). Like thc postpcisitir)ns, this plcfix is added to
rhc Normal filrm of the nourr. lt in.-licates a somelvh:rt lesser contrcction
bcnveen rlvo nouns than docs the r.r'ord'order gcnitive. The initial wru,el i.s
ofren elidcd; thus .BZr 'nArutdune'Lord oiAnad unc' . thini itAnan 'Land of
Arnan'. The gcnitivc of plural nolrns can only be exprcsscd rvith this prcfix, as
inAti'nAdilttZi.'Kineof theAnrrdrrnians'.The eenitival noun niarl;eclbvzrrzfirllorvs rhe noun rnodifled in all thc examples. This prefix appears in ru'o
plrrascs in AFi (thc third is fionr the rext):

13. As describcd in

\4,

a ge

baritn an-adun
'Lord.s of-tWest'

bnfi lt ltazad arr-n

i tn r uz7r
'ships seven of IElendill'

Nanha 'nBari \rAdun


'Thc Eagles of the Lolds of drc \West'

(251

I/'

Jui-v 1992

vtn_7t.7r

L1

L'ngl('/11'tt

!+,:

Paee 23

Adiecti'r'es
14.Thc phr:rscs in AF3 rvith :rtliectives arc:

adin izindi batin taido

a.yadda

'ri,cst straiqltt roltcl ottcc u,ctrt'

harba bafind lohlfi


'n,ru' all roads crool<cd'
t

-t
autgt0/ltu10a
'rvind.s black'

Agann7lo buroda nVnud


'

f)eath'sh:rdorv hc:tra' ort-tts'

Accortling to Lou,tlltam's Rcport. "rrdicctivcs tr.rrnta]lv prcccdc trotttrs" itt


Aclrrnaic; iltus izhtdi brttin'strigb.r road'and hatlta ltaiina 'all roads'. Thc
rr.rrnral order is revcrsed in ltauiba dulgT 'l'iack rvinds', pcrhaps bccausc
lrauiba'wincls' is a Subiective noun representing thc coptrla, mcaning rhat
dulg7, aspredicatc. hirs to follorv rathcr than preccdc thc troutr (cf. \5 and $10).
The sentence hatlta batlna lobhl'all roads are crooked' is the srrme sort of
acijectivc loh/fi 'crool<ecl' firllor,r'iIrg Subjectivc
baiina'r<tads arc'. and Agawmlo buroda'l)eath-shadorv l.re:rvy' is a sinrilar
rAgattniilu.
exarnple (t4gannalo appear.s to bc thc Sublcctive fbrnr of Neuter
c<rrrstrrrcti<rn,

u'ith prcdicatc

Cf. afilu 'dark'pg. 3(Xi, r,vhich appcars in the Subiective in AFI: agawtulo
'dcath-sh:rde').

J-here is no gcnder agfecnlcnt benveen Adunaic adlectivcs atrd n,rtttrs,


since adiectivcs clo n<.lt distingrrish qettder. There is, horvevcr, agt'ccmctrt itt
nunrber. at least unde r celtain circunrst:-rnce.s. Singular atl jecrives encl itt a short
vowcl. ctfteu the sanre as that of thc .stem: Itatlta'r'il' and izindi'straight',
lturoda'hcaw'. Tl'rerc are so,eral ad je ctivcs e ncling in lone -7 r,r'hich aPpear to
bc plulals-this long -7 is no doubt thc satnc ending sccn in plural nouns. Irt
rrt least one instancc vve havc both the singular and plur,rl firntts of thc santc
ad jective : sg. hatln'all', pl. hatlfi \the lattcr in AF I ). In thc ex:rnrprlcs u'c havc
ol',r prcdic,rtc atlicctivc Iitllotvine thc copul,r 'to bc', tlrc a<ljcctivc agrccs itt
rrrrrnber rvith the subiectl thus in bafum lohlfi'roads ;rrc cr<>oked', batfufi
rohh'i-nam'\.\'avs arc bcnt' (irt AFI), and baunba dulgt'winds are black', all
lrave plrrlal subjects ancl plural prcdicates, whrle Agarnfilo buroda'Deathshado*' is heavr,' has a singular sutrjcct u,ith a singular prcdicate. Ad.iective.s in
n.:rnral position apparentlv do not have to agree rvith tlre noutr in nunrbcr:
conrpirre izindi batatt 'stlrrisht road' (sg. + sg.) with hatlta baiina' all loads' (sg.
+ pl.) and (in AFI) hatln batanl 'all r,r'evs'(pl. + pl.).

Paee

24

\''inltar Terrytunr #24

July'1992

Likc trouns, adjcctives can inf'lect fbr ctrsc. For cxanrplc, iziudi'srrilgltr,
apprcrrrs in thc Objcctivc case (rtrarkccl [rt' sr.rf]ir -z) in tht cottrpottttd
t-rctv n i zi t d u - b?tlt' 'luc -sa,icr, plo phet' (417).

right'

Verbs
15.C/nssts of-At/uttaic :tgt"l)5.-\NIe have n.rrcd

that although

LrnL,ol/trtru':

Rcportis

quirc thorough in it.s trcaturcnr,rf thc phor-r.rlog1. end notrn svste nr of Aduttaic.
T,rllticn \\,rote next to nothinq about,rtlrer aspccts oIAdunaic gratnnrar. The
onlv dcscriptiott oithe ve rt't,rl svstet-u consists of "a ferl' vet'1' rough iottings", ;rnt1
alrhoueh Chlisropher Tolltien sa1's that thesc lrotes are "too illcgiblc to nrakc
lnrrch of.' (4:19) he h,rs nr,rrragcd t() extr:rct a fiir anrortttt of trscful itrlrtlrntarion
fnrnr thcnr. Hon,cve r. applvin' this infirrn'ration to the text.s is problenratic; fi.rr
just as the Adunaic noutl svstelll eppcars to have nvo disrinct cottceptttal
phascs, Toll<ie n mav also lrave changcd his conception of the Adunaic vcrbal
svstcm as he de vcloped the lan.tuasc. Thcre arc vcrlt conjugations in AF 1 q'hich
do not appeal in AF:i, and vice vcrsA. Do the "rottsh jottings" therefirlc
clescribe the vcrbal svste nr of AF I or that oiAF3? At this point there secms no
rvav to tell. and so rve havc lttcmptrd to apply thc irtfirrnration in Tolkiclr'.s
r'rorcs ro both the earlv and late Adun;ric vert-url ntatct'ial as bcst rve can. It rnay
r,rltinratclrt turn ()ut that sonrc or all of the apparcnt discrcpancies bcnl'ee n the
verbs in AFI and AF3 arc rec,rncillble.
According to Tolkien's notes, Adrtttaic has three classes of verbs: i)
Bictrnsonant:rl (as ftlz'hold'): ii) Triconso nanral (as hnla&'fall d.ru'n'); and iii)
Dcrivarives (as azgara- 'watae war , ugruda' 'overshatlow') . Lotudharn's Reltort
sey5 1l-r,r, Adunaic verbs :rre nrost ofien tricolrsonantetl (c.g. SAPHAD 'trndcrsrand', NIMIR'shine'), altlroLreh a few ofthe conrrn()rlest vcrlrs are biconsonantal
(e.g. NAKH 'conre, approach'. BITH'say').
Derivative verbs seenr to be cornpounds of at least tq,o elcmeltts. Fot'
ex,rnrplc, ugntdii-'overshadorv' clearll' contains rrg'r"z 'shadow' (cf. ugt"u-dalad
'shadolv-under' in AF3), and thc afHx -/Z- nray be cognare witl.r thc Postpositiorr

ad. ada 'trxvards, again.st. into'. as tn akhasada 'into ch;rsm', so that tir
'overslradrrrv' sorlething rvould bc to ptrt it 'itttrl shldou" .t'In azgard-'wage
w:-rr' the

initial clemctrt " rlzgd

rrtztv r-neatt

*'lvar', u'ith -r7- sonte sort ol:causativc

sufllx.
apPcar in AF.3: i) Biconsonant:tl tumhhlta'heltihnllaba'shc-felI-dorvn'(< KALAB). and
ii)Triconsonantal
carne'(< NAKH),
(< t I zgdr at -'wage n'ar').
u'a
rri
ns'
aza
ra'r,r,as
i i i ) Dcriv:rtive
gga

All three classcs.rf verb

('

The suffix -ry't- rnighr instead


scerr

be cognirtc

with the primitir'- F.lclarin c:rusative nrarkcr

in (] tuha-'nt;rkt cotrc. scn.l fi,r fitch. sultlttlo.' < T[JL- 'cotrtc,

'-ri

approltclt'

(LI{:39i). a.ndN tangarlo 'to trial<c tirnr. con0rni, csrablish' . tauc'tlrnt'.'L'hus ugudi'
*'to rrtakt- slru.lowr,, causc to bc in sh:rclotv'?

Julv i992

Ilin.1,av Tangu'nr

#)4

Paee 25

16 LIool

arucl r,r/lcr.-Adunaic vcrl:ls h:rvc rrt lc,rst thlcc nioods. Thc indicativc
nrood, that used to nrakc objcctivc st:rtcnlcr)ts. is nor nrcntioncd in Toll<ien's
rrcrtcs buI is clcarly cxcrnplificd Lry'such simPlc oLrjcctivc scntcnccs x auadfird
zTran ltihalbn'Anadr.rnc thc bclovcd shc fcll' (urs.). Thc trotcs st:rtc th:rt

juncrir.c and oprmtivc rnorlds, "rcpresctttcd bv ar.rxilialics".


The subjunctivc can bc usccl to indicatc doubt, rentativcur-ss, or prurpose , as iu
L,ttin Vmii ut atu/iis nti/ti'I' nr cotnitrq so that l'ou rnight hcer nc' ,widt tuc/iis
'yor,r rnight l'rcar' in thc subjunctive. If thc Adr-rnaic subjLrnctivc also inclicatcs

Adunlic,rlso

h:rs sr,rb

purposc, iltcn du-phursa'stt-,rs-tt,-gush' in AF-i nta-v Lrc an cx:rnrplc of- this


rnood, rvith r*r- rhc.ruxiliary-Irotc that du-pltursn providcs thc purpose, oithc
prcccd irru cl,ru st Bilrirn art-rrdilnyurahtant diira...azr4tadu-?ltursaa/eltasada.
t'The Lolds of the ti/est rcnr thc Earth...that the scas should gr-rsh itrto thc
Chasnr...'. As firL thcAdunaic oprativc (ain optativc nrood cxprcsscs a clcsirc or
ri,islr), thcrc arc no ccrt:rin cxanrplcs. Jcrcnrr-'s cxclamation Ba hitabdalt!
(250). apprarctttlv *'Don't touch mel', coulcl conccir.lbly bc :ru optativc
construction, wi*t ba rhc aLrxiliarv and thc rvholc prhrasc tncatritrg some thinq
likc *'N'tay vou l]ot touch nrc!' Horvcvcr, onr uudcrst,urding of this prhrasc i.s
admirtedll' thr fronr ccrti.rin, and othcr cxplan:rtions arc quirc possitrlc.
Thc rcrnr uoicc rcFcrs fo rhc granrn.l:rtical fbcus of thc action of a vcrb, and
nrany languagcs disringuish bcrrvccrt .trt rtctiue t.,oice ("1r,r'ash") trnd lt passtut
nice ("I am rvasircd"). Sonrc liurguages also havc

a zr

cdio-passirc or mir/r11eruict,

indiclting that thc subjcct itsclf is thc fbcus of thc vcrbal acrion ("1 u,ash
rnysclf''). Tlrc activc voice ir.r Adunaic is attcstcd in Birhn att-adin yuralttam

daira *'Tltc Lords of thc \\,'cst re nt thc Earth'. Tolkicn's notcs also nrcntion
:r passivc voicc, "rendcrcd Lry thc irnpcrsond vcrb fbnns'rn.ith subjcct irr
accus:rtivc"'.8 Bv "accusativc" Tolkicn probalrl-v tncant thc Nornral casc, sincc
that is r-rscd to c{enotc direcr objcct.s. Unlbrtunatcly, no cxarnplcs of thc passivc
occur in the tcxts.

17.Tense.*-Jolliicn's "rough jortings" stirtc that Adr-rn:ric hirs fbur tcnscs:

i)

'

Thcaorist. This issaid to corrcsponcl to thc English prcscnt tcnsc, "trut used
nrorc oftcn th:rn that as historic plcscnt or pasr in tr:rrr:ttivc". Thc aorist
could bc uscd irs a firturc tcnsc as wcll (cf. iv bc:lorv). Thc notcs also sav that
the future tcn.sc is rcprcscnted Lry an auxiliarv, thor.rqh whctlrer this mcans

'l hc Enelish translation nrighr indicatc this phrasc is au inrpcrarivc, though no Adun:ric
inrpcrarivc nrood-rh,rt uscd firr giving tlirccr conrrnancls-is rncntioncd in rhc norcs.

8 (lf. Ilernard (lonrrie's

Lattguagt Lirtiuersals aud Littguistic 71pologl. pg. 14: "A nurnber


rvorlcl's lenguaqes havc a so-callccl irnpr'rsonal passivc construction, in u4rich, in
surilicc structurc, thc r,erb h,rs nt> or.crt subject, the agetrr bcitrg explcssetl, iiat all, as an
aqentive phrusq hor.r'ever, thc objccts oi thc verb, inclutlinq the diicct object of a

ofthc

transirive verb, reuain just as in the ordinarv activc scntence." A'nrong the l,rnguages
usirrg :ur iurpersonal passive is Welsh.

Vinynr Tcngu,ar #24

Page 26

ii)

July 1992

thc auxilian' is adclccl to thc rrorist "rvhcn aorist = fururc" or to sonrc othcr
fbrrn ol'thc vcrb is nor clcar.'r
Thc continuati\.c (prescnt)

iii) Thc continuarir.c

(past)

iv) Thc p:rst tensc. "oftcn uscd as plr.rpcrfcct trilrcrt aot'ist is usccl = P:tst. or
firturc perficr u4rcrr ,rorist = futurc" (4J9).

irs

Llnfbrrr,rnatcll,', rhc norr:s clo not providc spccifics about thc inflcctional fbrnrs
bv which thcsc tenscs arc trtarkcd. \X/c can, lror.vcvcr. tnrrkc sotnc cducatcc{
glrcsscs about lrorv thc tcnsc systrln dcscribccl itr thc notcs is cxcnrplificd b1' thc

vcrl;al ftrrnrs in AFJ.


18,Tbe ililtilnrdtiu(

lr.tott tense-Jhcrc arc nt'o cxirrtrplcs o{'Ac'lunaic vcrlrs


rr:ulslrircd by thc Enelish L)rcscnt rcnsc, not in AFJI{) itself but in thc rrarrarir,c:
NarTha \tBari 'nAdiln yatmhltinr
'Thc Eaglcs of the Lords o[ rhc \X/cst arc at hand!' (251)

Uid yahalubirn!
'Tlic nountrrins lcan ovcr.' (ibid.)
The gloss of yauihltint as'Irhc1'] arc at hand' rcflccts E,nelish idiom ratlrcr than
thc litcral nrcaning, sincc thc root is clcarly NAKH 'conrc. apprro:rch'. This
scrlrLucc is urtcred b1. Loivdharn as hc looks out a rvindou' at or-ninor,rs blaclr
'Wcst.
Sonrc t\.vcnry pagcs carlicl in
clouds (thc 'Eaglcs') :rpproachins fi onr thc
thc story a virtuirlly idcntical incidcnt occurs; as a grcat cloud comcs r-rp frorn
thc Wcst Lor.r,dhanr spcaks "'"r,ords in an nnktrorl't.r tonguc', thcn crics c-rut
Be/nld tlte Ertgles of thc Lorr* of iltt Wtst! T/tey ttre contingouer Niltnettor! in
English. Thcrc sccnrs lirrlc doLrbr char Lowdhanr's "u,ords in an uttktrorvn

ronguc irrthiscarlicrp:rssilgclvcrcAdu'nicNariha'nBnri'nAdiluyanilzhint
ltntl thar yandhlthn is Iitcr'a.lly'rhc)' are coming'. Sincc 'thcy are coming' is a
corrtinuativc construction in Enelish. thc implicatio n is il:rat yrlnihhim is xl
cxanrplc of tl-re prcscnt col)tinuarivc tcnsc rirthcr than thc :rorisr.

ynhalubim! 'Thc mountains lcirn ovcr nn]r also i'rc


plausibl,v iltcrprctcd 2rs;l prcscnt contirru:rtivc. The vcrb hcrc tnust bc KAIAB
'ftil',w,irhyahalubimlicrallr- nrc:rnitrq *'thct'arc fallins'-nroLrtrtains that arc
in thc proccss of firlling would certair.rly apprcar to 'leatr over'.

Tlrc

vcr[-,

in

UrVd

'' Ifrhc latter is tlre c:rse, ther) Aciunaic


and another exprcsscrl
lo T'hc prcse rrr-te nsc
Srrb jcct

Ir:rs /rc,r,

br':lr auxilian'addcd

future tellses, olrc exPressed tly thc rrorisr


to sorrtc other (unspccilicd) r,ertr firrnr.

copull'is'does eppear in AFj, but onlv rrprescntetl [l'a rroun in the


lre irr t prcscnt as an cxplicit fo rnr, e- g. ziira il|ilud 'longing

ivc c:rse rarhe r than


(is) on-us'.

I:in.ytr Tangu,ar t24

Julv 1992

Page 27

Assunring."vc havc correctlv'idcntillcd thc tcnsc oftthLisc t\4'o firrrns, u.c c:rn
notc thrtt in firrnring thc Prcscttt cotrtitrulrtivc, bicortsonatlt,tl NAKH 'crlrnc,
rrpproach' lcngthcns its CV (Characrcristic Vou,cl)il, rvlte rcrs tricotrsotr:rntal
KAIAB'fhll' has no CV lertgthcning bur instead tlic sccotrd vorvcl bccontcs rr.
-y'- is apparentlv a firrrhcr
(sincc
-arcpllrccd
lry
in p'trctcritc]l firrrtrs, i.c.
it is
indicator of thc tcttsc
'thcy
(cot-uparc sittgnlar and
nurnl'ter
rnarks
p[ur,rl
rcnr'), antf tn
thc
yurabtam

ln both fornrs thc sLrfllx -lzr is adclccl. Thc elcmcttt

flll', yuralttam

plr,rral prctcritc fbrms ltihalba'shc

yahalubhn

yanahlthn t.:n<l
u,ith tcnsc (cf. \6).

'thc-v rcnt'). Thc

ya-

it

is a Ne utcr pronontitr:rl prcfix and has nothitrg ro do

Lg.Thecontinutttiu(pnsttettsr.-Thcprctcrite vcrbsinAFiand Lotud/lant'sReporr


Fall inro rwo strr.rcturul catcgorics: i) "gerninatc" firnns, i.c. thosc with doubline
crf :r brsic ccrnsonant (as untthhlta'hc-canrc' < NAKH , ltiballttbn'sltc-fcll dow'rt'
j
< KATAB), anil ii) "contr':rcted" fornrs,l in u4rich thc CV Lrcr'"veerl thc last nvo
corrson:rnts in a tricottsonantal ltasc is supprcsscd (its usaphdn 'hc uttde rstttod'
< SAI'HAD'understand').

Thc fbllori,ing ccrninarc prrctcrite vcrbs appcar in AF3 (onlv sinsular


tirrnrs occur):

zigfirun,.. tntalelelta
'lSauronl ... he-carn.,'
r- p h rt r azd rtlr\ t 6zrt Krlfti.
'IKing Pharazoul w,:rs warring'

tl.

atndfirfi ... ltihallaba


'Nur.ncnor ... shc-fcll dorvn'
bntan
'roacl

... ayadda
... wcnt' (ms. 'road...it

"vcnt')

bar uhallaba
'thc lorc-l fill' (429)

ll"[n

an Adunaic Besc thcrc is a (-haractcrisric Vowcl ((]V) rvhich sharcs with rh.
consonanrs in cli:iracrcrizirrrl or ide nriA'inq the [Jirsc. fhus KA.]iAll ancl Kli{lB are clisrinct
Rases ancl rrray have rvhollv unrclatetl rneenirrgs." (415)

Irr tlris erticlc rvc lvill use thc tenn prz'tt'rite tct rcfer to anv Adunaic verb that is tlanslatcd
bv rhe lr,rst tense in English, e ncornpassinq rlrcAdutr:ric past cot.tritruative, aorist, and past
tenses. Th.. rernr /r?.r/ tensc wrll onll'tre used to refbr to the sp.'cific Arlunaic past tcnse
rctrrrctl to irr Jirlkien's notes.

lt -l'lic

ternrs "genrinate" ;rn.l "contracted"

coinages.

witli

ref-erencc

to verb lorrns ilre our own

llitt1,a7' Tetrywir #24

Pase 28

Julv 1992

ln tlrcse lirnns gcrninarion occurs in rhc flnal consonanr ofbicorrsonanral brrscs


(tnahhlta < NAKH. ayadda < +YAD) :rnd in thc nrcdial cc,trsonant rtf
trictrrrsorrarrtal bascs ancl Dcrivativc wr|ts (/tihallaba, uhallaba < KALAB,
(tzttgf(trn < azgnri-).,A.ll of thcsc fornrs cnd in -4, which cor.rlcl bc suffixion of
*YAD,:rncl azgard-),t+ <tr
thc CV (rvlrich is a rhrouqhout: NAKH, KALAB,
rl'irh
thc CV oi thc b:rsc (cotriparc this u,ith
addition of a sLrfllx -a not :rssociatcd
rhc cnclins of thc contracrcd fbrnrs, 520)
Of the tcnscs siven in Tolkicn's notcs, thc.sc fbrnrs could bc thc Adtrnaic
aorisr, past conrinutrtivc, or pest tcnsc. Thc l'tcst clr-rc to thcir idcntitl'rs
y'rrLtvidcdbv azaggarz, tr:rnslatcd bv thc E,nelish past Lrontir)uativc cotrstrttctiotr
'was rvarrirrg'. Thc obvious cotrclusiou is that azaggara is aur -Aclunaic past
continuarivc. Intcrprcting genrinatc fblrns as prrtst cotrtittu:rtives fits in i.l'cll
witlr tlrc contcxt of nyadda 'u,cnt', pcrhafrs nrorc litcr:rlly "used to go',15 firr

in arlfin izindi hatan tZido ayadda *'a straisht ro:rd once r.r,ctrt Wcst' thc
rcfcrcncc is rtot to a siuglc past cvent, Itut rlther to atr otrgoittg st,rtc o[afflirs

irr tlrc pastr t'oncc a straighr ro'td uscd tago \X''est'. Thus also anndilnv zirin
ltihallaba"'Nrinrcnor the Bclovcd rvas falling'dranraticall), dcscribcs Niunctror
in rhc actu:rl pr()ccss of plunginn inro tl-rc ahyss. A contitruativc scnsc ntight
srrikc rrs ns sonrcrvhat odd in Kado zigfinm zabntlt4n u.nahh/ta *'And so
Srruron, hr,rnrbled. u,as coming Lto Nrinrcnorl'. It tttav lrc significant that all
rlrcsc gcrrrirratc vcrbs (savc'll'agc rvar') rcicr to rnotiou-arnte, gr,,.fal/ r{orur,.
This coLrld indicarc a qcncral as.sociatiott of vcrbs of motion rvith thc cotrtitruativc in Adun:lic-norc also that thc cxirnrplcs wc lravc of nvo of thcsc satnc
vcrbs in rlrc prcse nt tcnsc ilrc also coutinuarivcs: yanihbim "'rhcy arc conrittg'
*'thcv lcan ovcr, thcy arc f-alling' (cf'. Sl8).
nnd yahalubim
Gcrrrinirtion is also r,rscd in Elvish to dcnotc continuous action, pcrhaps
inc-licating that both Ac-lunaic and Elvish inhcritcd this graruntatical dcvicc
fiorn tlrcir coulr'non :lnccst()r. Lotud/tnm\ Report dctails thc ancicttt kinship
brt.,4,ecr)

Adunaic and Elvish or "Nintrian" (< Nitn7r'Shining Oncs', thc

Adunaic narnc for thc Eldar):


".

. . originallv, or ftr back bcyond thcsc rccords, Avallonian IQrrcn,va]


AcLrulic rvcrc itr sotnc'n'ay rclatcd.. . . thc elimpscs of thc 'Nimrian
tonqlle fQucnya] that wc havc rcccivccl shorv us a langr.ragc, itsclf
cloubrlcss rnuch changcd , rhzttis clirect$ dcsccndcd i'orn thc prirncval

rurd

Nin.rrian IPrinritivc Qucndiirn]. Fronr thirt Nirnrian lPrinritivc


br-rt still olderthan rheAvallonian lQucnval,
the anccstor of Adr-rnaic u,as Lrarrlr- dcrivcd." (414)

Qucndianl in,rlatcrstagc,

t'' J lrouqh this u'as not usudlv pcrmitted: cl. 122: " ...a basic fbrnr does nor usuallv have
tlie (lV repeated more than trvice (as LiKLiLilLl, NULLJBU)".
li 'l'hc l.arin inrpe rficr tcr.rsc inr'licated continuous;rction in rhc past, e .g.76ar'it u'as going'.
Ir could also denore repcarcci or habitu:rl action, so that 71,,arcoulcl also merur'it kept
qoirrg' or

'ir

usecl ro qo'.

Julv l99r

Vinlrar Tengu,nr #24

Page 29

Arnong Elvish verbs u,c {lnd ccrtaitr fblms Toll<ien hrts labeled :rs
"ficque n tative ", nr e:rtriug they exf')rcss the ficque Itt or ctrtt iin rtous rcpr-1isi911 .f
an acriou. Elvish Frequcntrrtives:rle filrmed in a numbct .rfu'ays, itrcludint by
gcrnirraticrtt. For cx;rnrplc, the Er.ymrtlogirs qivcs an Eldarin base BAT- 'rrcad',
n,lrich yiclded a plimitive verb'batta-, "n'ith nredial consonant le rrgtl-renecl in
ficqrrcntativc firt'ntatiott". In Old Noldorin thi.s trccatne hanh6- 'trarrrplc" i.c.
*'t,r rread on continuouslv'. Th.c dcrivati.rnal proces.s .seett itt bicotrsotraut,rl
BA'f- 'tread' > gcrninutc -hatta- "'to tread on contiuuouslv' is lernall<ablv
sirrrilar-t() thit scclr in thc Adurraic vettrs discussctl abovc' c.g. biconsonantal
*'ltc lvas cttlttitrg"
NAKH 'corne , apprroaclt' > qetuinate unahlelta'hc-cattrc',
genrination
tt.r indicatc continuousTra:t
lvith tl-rc diffcrcrrce thar Adunaic uscs
action.

20.7'lr

artrist or 2t,tst ys715g.-ln rhc

contrrcted firrrns, tltcrc arc both silrgular and

plural exanrplcs:
Sittgu/ar:

rnidfirt? ... hihalba (rns.)


'Antrciunc ... she fell'
hdtt (o r ttsaptlta)
'hc undclstood' (41I )
us aP

Phu'al:

vntlihtint dubdnnr
'IChilclren of C.rdl fcll'
bArhn .,. 1urtthta?n

'Lords ... brokc' (ms.'Lords...thev rent')


Besides supprcssion oitlre secorrd vor,r'el itt tl-re base, thesc iirlms all end in a
sLrffix-a (sg.) or -atn (p|.). Tlris is not nrcrclv srrflixion of thc CV. fbr rhe CV
-DUBLlD) is z, and
of the base fronr u,hich dubdnm is firrmcd (epparently
r*
dubdam ends with tlie plural strflir -azl n<tt -um.
lf oul itlentification of the gcrr-rirratc firrrns as the contitru:rtive past is
c()rrccr, thcn by the process ofelinrination these contracted fbrrns could bc
cirher the aorist ()r the p:tst te lrse. Unfi>rtunately, thcre is little evide ncc in AF3
itsclito hclp deterrrine q'hich of thesc rw() tellscs the contracted fbrms I-nay
represent. Ifr,ve assumc rhat the vcrbal svstent of AF1 is fitr the rnost parr irr
accord rvirh rhat of AFj, rhen thc carlicst ve rsion oFthc F lagnre nts nray provit-lc
srrnrc clues. 1n AFI there are pretcrite fornrs marked l'>y -ni, e.g. ahbaini'lirl
lali 1.p. \\28). Since this -zi appcars to be cosnate with the Qucnya past-tensc
nrarker -le (as in ortane'lshel lifted up', thesc -rrl firrtns tn,rv lre t]re Adtrnaic
[-]nst rcltsc ntentioned in Tolkien's notes, u'hich mcans thc contracted pretclites

lrinyar Tetrywtr #24

Paee 30

July 1992

aorist firrnrs. An cxarnplc olra contracted lorrl ttrrrtslltecl as


rvould be conclusivc, sincc thc aorist cor-rlcl indic:tc the prcse nt
as r,vcll ls "historical prcserrr or past in n:lrr;rtive". Thc onh, clefinite cxanrl,le
<rlr;r prcscnt-tensc verb in Adunaic is thc coprr.rla suFFrx -nam 'arc' in AF I , i.c.
batatfi roh/fi-tnrn'wirys bcrrt-arc'. This ends itt tltc s:uttc plur:r1 suflix -aal as
thc contractecl fbrrns but cxhibits no evidence of corttraction. Since conrr:lctiorr u,ould cvidcnrlv not bc possiblc in a urticortsonatttal l>nse, an associrrfiotr
ltcnvccn -nrnn and thc contracted firrrns is possilrle lrut cannot bc uitinrately

in AF3

cor-rlcl bc

;l prcserrt tensc

dcrrronstratcd.

\fc

havc discusscd thc possibilitv thet Adr-rnaic associatcs vcrt>s

oinrotiorr

rvith rhc continuativc tcnscs (past:rnd prcscnt). ln AF2. thc gentittatc lxtst
ctrrrtirru:rtive lornt dubbudarz is used in the pl"rrasc ?rulinim dttbbudnrn u.grurtahd ''thc Chilclrcn of God fcll fu,erc flllingl uncler the shador'v'. Horvcvcr,
hcrc 'fill' dt>cs not re ftr to the prhv.sic:rl act oi filline dorvn but rattre r to t'ttot il
dccline f rorn

rr

hiqhcr to

,r

kx.r,cr state , thc

death.lt'This nrry:lccolulr firr Tolkie


tcrrse) ftrrnr dubdam in AF3.

Childrcn olrCod bccorning afiaid of

changing this verb to thc (aorist or pest

Participles
2l.There arc nvo exanples of pasr participlcs in AF3:
zi gilrur t m b atb An

tn

mh lt h a

'fSaulonl hunblcd he-canrc'


arutdmft

nrin

lti ltallaba

'Nurncnol beloved slre-Fell dnrvn'


Zrdn'Ltelt'tved' is clearlv derivcd lrorn thc

bzrse

ZIR 'love, desire', also the

crfa/r'fi'iend'inNhnruzir'Elf-ficnd. L,le ndil'. Botl.r past participlcs:rre


rnarl<ed by thc suflix -du, and both firllorv the noun. Contrast this u,ith

sorrrcc

adjcctivcs. rvhich norrnally precede the troutr. Thc participirrl sufllx -Zz could
be cognatc u'ith the gcnit ival/ad jcctival pret\x an- (cf . g l3)-nouns rnrrl<cd b1'

an-

nlso

firllorv

tl-re

noun modificd.

r(' 'I'his is not to sav that a languagc cannor usc the sarne verb fbr both senses of

'f,rll'l Enelish
cert;rirrlv does, ,rs eloes (]ucnva: cc)nlpare Lturid lautar /assi'like gold lill rhe le;rves'
(phvsicel) rvith lr'laelor's l:rnrent the Noldolgtk 'The Fall oltthe Noldor' (rnorel). But
apparentlv Adtrnlic nrakes a vcrbal tlistinctiorr in the tw.o types of 'fall'.

Irrlr' I ()9 l

I/inynr T'cngu,nr #24


Pnnr [I: Trrp.

"E,q.RLt'" GRAN,Irr4AR oF

Pase 31

AFI

Nouns
ctlsc s.ytt(nt itt AFl.-In corltrast to thc threcfirld Nornral-SubjectivcObjectivc c:lse systenl of thc "flnal-firrrn" gtanrnrar, Adrrnaic in irs c:rrliest
conccpturrl staqe has,file cases: Norn'ral. Subjective, Ccnirivc, Dative, and
]nstr-urne rrtul. As we n()tcd in orrr introductiorr, tlris five-case systetrt is tlre onc
usetl in AF 1. A nurnbe r,rf "rorreh pr.e,cs" descritring this carl" conception have
survivccl. ancl Christoplrcr'folkicn provides us n,ith onc sanrple paracligrn, that
of N'l:rsculinc bAr'lord' (4.18-9):

22.Tltc

Sinqular N.

bnr

S. Ltanm
L. bdro

barus
I. ltarutna
D.

Dual barut l'lulal biri

barut

barim

oarot

odt'ryont

ltinrcit
birumttt

birutnaht

bArisim

Irr fu{asculinc nouns the Cenitive inflection i.s a (pl. -ont): rhe Dative -s, -se (pl.
the Instrumcr-ral -ma(p|. -maht).Here barhas an inflcctional stcnr
*
bd.ru.- t,'t rvhich thesc case endin.gs (or numbe r markcrs) arc addcd: l)ativc sg.
-si77x)lztn<l

hinr-s, Nornral duil bdnrt. etc. Thc flnal vowel of tl.ris srenr is dropped with
s.q. bat'a. Norrla] pl. bnr-i, ctc. Thc flnal vowel in
srrclr inflectionll ste ms mav br deterrnined by eencicr, i.e. -u-in - banr- cotld
ccrtain cndinss: C,enirivc

be thc N'lirsculinc sendcr si.en r.r. Horvever, Instrurnental solt7tltuntZ 'assentwith' nray argue again.st this: it is probably a Neutcr nor.rn (cf. \l), vet it also
has a stern in -z-.
The distinction bcrw,cen this earl-v systcnr of crse-enclings and the later

svsteur of suFfixed postpositions is subtle but inrporrrrnt, and rhe carly


Instnuncntal casc prt.rvidcs an cxcc]lcnt exanrple of thc dilfcrencc. In thc finalfirrrrr grarnmar. rzrT'rvith' is a suffixcd postpositionl in saib?th-tna 'rvitl-r assenr'
irr AF3 it is added to a noun in the Norntal cttse, and the noun and postposirion
renr:rin esscntialli- di.stinct, as intlicated bv the lrypherr. ln the earlr,'-fbrnr
gramnlar, thc Instrumental ending -rna was "in origin an aggltrtinatcd postposition", but it bccanrc a Full-fledgcd case endirrg and therefbre is addcd to an
inf/actional stem rather than to another case iorm. Thus in thc Instrunrental
singtlar bdnmra, the ending -rza is added to the stenl bfint-, t:lL'ttt<'t the Normal
case firrnr I'Zr. Similarly, in sobVthuma'r,r,ith asscnt' -zra is apparently added

to an inflcctional stenr "sobEtltu-.


]t is a universal characteristic of languages that when a languagc l'ras
morphen.res fbr both nunrbcr and case-and iiboth follorv, ol both precedc,
the norrn 51g1-11-1|rgn thc rnorphcnrc exprcssing number alnrost alr'",ays stands
benveen the n,run stenr and the nrolphenre crpressing casc. This N()LJN +
NLJN4BI'.R N1()RPllF.N4F. + CASL, N4t)lll'}HL,N,lf'.

stmcturc is donrinant (though

Paee 32

Vinj,ar Tengw,zr #24

Julv 1992

lry rro rncens cxclusivc) in Qtrcnva, c.g. eldn 'Ell- has tltc d;trivc plwtl eldain,
rvitlr ;lh,rral nrorprhernc -i- standiug berwccn fhc noutr stcn elda atid thc casc
nrorprhcnrc -2. This stnrcturc also c]orninirrcs thc Aclr.rruic plLrral fr.rrnrs, rn
whiclr tlrc plural rlorphcnre -y'- conrcs bcr'"vce n thc noutr srent ttir(u)- and thc
casc cnc'linqs -hn. -fun, nnd -sinr (u'hich thctusclvcs end in a sccolrd plural
nrarkcr -zl/ ; this sort of rcc'lunc-l,rnci' is,rlso fbuncl in rhc Qucnva dcclcn.sional
svstcnr). Thc lrtstmnrcnt:rl exhibirs a diltcrcnr ordcr of tlorphcnrcs: NOUN +
CIASE + NUN'lI3F.l1 (birtt-na-itt), pcrhaps ou'itrg to irs oriqirrs as an.rgulutin:rtccl postposition. This srnrc N()LIN + (IASE + NUN'lIlER structure occurs
rhrouglrcrtrt the dual (as in Dativc dual baru-si-t), standing in nrarkcd colrtr:rst
ro thr: nrole rypical N()Lll.. + NLIN'IBL.R + CASE strtlcturc scctr itr tlte Qucnva
duals-conrpare Q ucnitivc dual cirya-t-o *'of nvo ships' i,r'ith Adunaic
gcrritive duzl bar-o-t -'of thc rvi'o lolcls'.
Thc Nomral and Subjccrivc crscs appcar to function in AF I in nruch tl-re
salnc llranncr as in AF j. Thc fbllor,virrg cottttue Irts u'ill fbcus ort thc tlrrce cascs
uniqrrc to thc cJrh'noutt dcclcrtsiott.

23.The Genitiur.//r..-Thc AdLrnaic grrlitivc

c:rs.- cnding -a is probatrlv cosnatc


(thc
(Spokcn)
fbrm
in Book Qucnya'rvas -6 ). Trvo
-a
the
genirivc
rvith
Qucnva
gcnitivc
occur
in
AF1,
both
singular: baruraduno'rhc
of
thc
cilsc
cxarriplcs
Lold of Wcst' ztncl sdb?tbuni eruud 'rvirh rtssetrt of God'. Thc gcnirivc is also

used as a patronvnric in

Indilzar Azrabtlo ''Indtlzar lson] of Azrabdl' (J(r5),

thc Adurrrric narnc of Elros in thc sccond rcxr c:{'T/.,e

DroutningoJ'Andd|tni.This

htdilzrtrAzrabtlobin *'sotr of,{zrab0l' (3S:, \26), rvhich


rvas irr rurn rcplaccd 6y Gimilzir. Thcsc cxanrplcs show thar thc gcnitivc Iloltll
tvpic,rllv follows thc nolrn nrodiflcd, thoush it appcars initiallv itr thc corny'tound Azrabilohh.
nanrc rvas chartgcd *t

24.Tlr Datit,e case.---The Dativc case

is nrarkccl b1' -r, -t" in thc singular, -sir in

thc dual, .utd -sint in thc plural (ar lcasr in Nlasculinc ttouns). There is onc
cxarrrple of a Dativc singular in thc prcpositional phrase dalnd ug'tts'undcr
lrorrcrr? shadorv?'inAF1 (c{. trgru'c1xl<', pg. i06). Usc of thc dativc firllowing
a prcposition occurs in othcr langr.ragcs, c.g. thc cquivalcnt phrasc in Germatr
rvould bc untar rJun Sc/ntten'under rhc shadorv', v'idt den Schrrttm'dv:
shadorv'in thc dativc 'tfrcr unter 'utrdcr'. Sinrilarlr', Old Elrglish uder pirt
sceadehas thc dativc oi s?o scendu.IIr AF3 dalndis Ltscd,rs a/r.r/-posirionugnt-dalad'?sl'radow r.rndcr'-applied to the Nonnal fornr of rhc noun.
A possiblc cxanrple of a Dativc plulal is aualoi-si 'Povn'crs-on' (enrcndcd
ftorn aaaldi-mez). \X/c nrigl-rt expccr thc cntling -sinl r:rthcr than -sl. Hotl,cvcr,

Christophcr Tolkicn says that thc Dativc cnding was -.r, -re (pl. -.rinr) "in
nr:rsculinc nouns" and rhisu,ording scclns to irnply that thc cndings nrieht vary
in othcr scrtdcts. This nrisht also bc atr cxanrple of Tolkicn altcring thc c:rsc
svsrcnl, q'ith Dativc plr-rral -sy' rcplacing (or rcplaccd bi,) -sirz. Thi5 pl11, prarallcl
the variation sccn irr plural cndings of ccrtaitr Irouns itr thc tcxts, c.c..Aual6i
thvorcd in thc carlicr texts w;rs rcplaccd by Aualiint in rhc latcr tcxts.

Vin.yar Tengtuor #24

Julv 1992

Paee 33

25.7/.,e Instrutnental casr.-Thc Instruntctttal casc is trtarket-i b,r'-zra in the


sirrgrrler. as in bdnntm. Anothcr cxnnrprlc occnrs irt AF1, sob7ituzrZ 'rrssctrtrvitlr', trut hcrc thc sr.rffix has a long vou,el. In Lou'r./ham's Rcport tltc cqLrivarlcnt
posrposition is rnd, rvith a long vorvcl (421)), u,hich is also thc fbrnt tltat occurs
irr AF3: siib?tlttni. Thc (]ucnva cquii'elcnt ol sobEtltttnti is letime 'witlt
lc,rvc',,rnd it is liliclv that Q -me'witI'r',rrrdAduttaic -nti'tvtdt'Arc c()qllatc
snflixcs. Thc pr[npxl Iustlutnctttal cnding is +nahr. This plural cnding -iz is
rrnusurtl; .:lsclvhcrc Adunaic plurarls ttrost olten cltd in -i (7) or -zl. Thc origin
of the Instrunrenr,rl as an rrgglutin:rtecl prostposition nr:tv bc :.r [rctt.,r in this
awpicrl plur,rl endine. Thc Fcnrinirlc lrouIr rzlZ'su,ce thcart, bclovcd' (c{. Cn.
r',y'r^i/'srveethcart, bclovcd'. LT2:34j) has thc Nortnal ancl Sulricctivc I'lural
f<trns izr?rrj ttnd izrvnTtn, atrc] thc cndinq -tt7,'ttittt cotrld [-tc rclated ro -/rr in
plural -tnnin. In thc E,lclarill tongucs thc plural t-n:rrker -/rr is cotnuron,
cspcciallv in rhc so-crrllcd "Low-ch,ctr" lansttitscs, e.g. Dor. Eldin'Elvcs'
(LR:356), Gn. Attgorodirr 'Thc lron llllountarins' (LT2:i54), ancl Sincl,rrin
Drtiin'Druedain' (LiT:-i85). Accordinq to Appcndix F of LotR, Rohirric and
thc laneuagcs of nrost Mcn in thc rtortlt-rvcst of N,{iddlc-earth wcrc "rclatcd to
thc Adirnaic" (lII:a07), ancl r,r'c also find thc prlural ntarker -r'rr in Rohirric rlgiz
'wclses. Drr,icdain' (UT:387)-notc that this is thc actual 'nl'ord in Rohilric, nor

Tolkicn's

usr-ral Anglct-Saxotr

tratisirtiott.

Adpositions
26.The preposition dakd 'undcr' has heen discussed above (cf. S24). 'fhe
firllor,r'ine postPo.sitions also occur in AF

l:

. -ada'rnto. -u,ard' in

ahhtu-ada'Chasrr-into' xtd azfilada 'easrward'. A


sh.rrtened iorrn -ad occurs itr Gimlad 'Staruards' (cf. singular gimli
'star',4:ll) in a rider addetl to the secortd text of Tlte Drou,rtirtg o.f

An,tr/iitti.
. -nten'on' in aualdi-tnen 'Poq,ers-er1'

(> aualoi-si\. This appears to be cognarc


w,ith the Eldarin base MEN-. r,vhcnce (!nren 'placc,.spot'(LR:.172; in
R:71 it is glosscd as'region, direction'). Its use as a locative suflix (it Inay
al.so have had an allative settse) is echocd in Qsl'rzrrr'hcle'.
. -m'on' in nEntmt 'on us . This aPpc:rls ro be lelatcd to, or a shortcned firrnr
of', the suffix -nxen'on in ru,al6i-merr 'P,rr.r'crs-ott'. (C{t a,y'a'into. -n'ald'

rvith shorte ned f,trn -aA.


Verbs

AFI.-Iusr as thc carly dcclcnsional systcnr of.nouns in AF 1


isc-lif[crcnt trorn thc final fbrm sccn inAF3 utdLou,dham\ Repart,so thcvclbal
svsrcnr in AF l sccms tct diffcr fronr that oithc lat, r mltcrial. In Sl9 wc not.:d
rhat rl-rc prrctcritc fonns in AF3 firll into two grourrs: gcnrinatc forms (prob:rbly
thc p,rst corrtinuativc) and contr,rcted lbrrns (thc aorist or p:tst tcnsc). ]n AFi

27 . Preteritc Jitrrns itt

Pese

l/inyar Tenwtr #24

-14

Jul1. 1992

ri,c also flnd l division of the prctcritcs itrto nvo clistinct structural groups: i;
grrrrirr?rtc fbrrns, rvith doubling of a basic conson:rllt (ts unebhil 'hc-catnc' <
'NEK:l; a/eallabi'lcll in ruitr' < KATAB), and ii) "z-prcrcritcs". cotrt:rittitrs an
cle

nrcrrt -ni-. -ni- (.ts ttdibanin'fcll': azgaran1du'wzrswttgltg \var' < rtzgara'

'w,eqc rvar').

2S.Prtcrites iu -rti-

anl -rti-.-The

"rr-prrctcritcs" in AF1 arc:

Singuhr.
a

'

t azga rani du
[;\r-Pharazcin] lvas lvagittg war'
t? l)a rttz1l

batart ahhahti
'r'oad lat,'

Plural:
eruhTn

uliibauim

'lChildrcn of Godl Lll'


Thc clcmcnts-nfi.- and -zr'- in tltcsc firrnr.s, if thcv arc prcteritc tlarkcrs,,rrc
protrabl-v cogn:ltcs of thc Qucny:i past-tcnsc tuarkcr -rra, :rs in ortta-'l'>cget',
p2t.r.

ontdne (LR:379),fnrya- 'sufficc',

ofAdunaica[]aiui'lirl

la1,'xn.1

p.*.ftrne

(LR:.iiJ I ), ctc. Thc strucrlrrcs

udilbanim 'Irhcy] fcll'arc rcnrarkablysirnilar

to thosc of rhc Qucnva p:rst-tcnsc

vcrl-;s

hahainez'Ithcy]

ro,erc

lyins't8 atrd

lantarrcr 'Ithcr,] lcll' (246):

a hhai ni - '{itl
? 'lic' pr.r.

tt dubn ni zir 'lthevl


? 'fall' p:r.t. pl.
rlre,

ha hai ,rc zr '[thcv]


frcq. 'lic' pra.t. pl.

lav

fcll'

wcrc lyine

knta ne r' '[thcr'] flll'


'1:lll' pa.t. pl.

If thc Adunaic prrctcritc nrarkcr -zi is a dircct borrorvitrg of Qucnva -za,


clrangc in vorvcl rn,ry l-rc cxprlaincd in Lorudhnm's Rcport, u'hich notcs rhat

i and d arc usuallr,'rcpre.scntcd by I and z, rcspcctivcly fin


Adtrnaic]". If -tta-in nzgaranidtt is this samc pretcrirc markcr, rvc arc lcft to
".Avellonian

l- lr

rccrns likclv thet *NEK'cornc' is ;rn c:rrlv conccptiott of the latcr basc NAKH 'conrc,
fiir the prescr.rc.'of e short ein'utrchku'is not in accord rvith the phonologv
crf Arlurraic rrs describecl in thc latc nlrtcriill. ()f . Lotulham s Report pg. 42J: "Tlte
hngueqe...possesses no short Z or l)".

approaclr',

i3 Kakahrcn occurs in dte Koiuicnlni St'ttenre: Eh{ar ando knkainen lornlyar '-I-he .'lves
rvere lonq lvinq aslccp. . . ". apparentlv thc fretluentative fbrnr ofthe verb scen in thc base
I{AY-'lie tlLtrn', halzai- 'to be lvinq', p;t:. kalzaine 'rvas lvin.'. pa.t. pl. knhaineil'wcrt
lving'. (if. "-T'he L-lves at Koivierritri: A Ne'rv Quettvit Sentettce", i7#14. pe.7.

Vin.ynr Tangtuar #24

Jul-v 1992

Paee 35

fbl thc lctng 7 rathcr thatt short i. Lou,dlnnti Report also sal's that
"sr..,nrctitttes (csPcciallv itr tttrstresscd s),llablcs bcfbrc r, or
Qrrcnya iencl Jalso
rvhcrc rhc Adutraic systcur favoLrrs it) . . . rrprpcar as a." (413 ) Sincc thr consonan t
/is closc in arricul:rtion 1p r (in fict prinritivc Elvish inrcnocalic and finrrl /
bccarnc r in Qucrtvl, as'lida > lira'tl.tr', "tad > tar 'thithcr'), this r.night
?rcc()unt

rlccourlt fbr a shifi frt,nt *-ne-d- > -nad-. But a firllou'ine r (or r./, or lnv
col)sollirnt, fbr thar nrartcr) is not ucccssrrrJ' firr Qucnya I lnd ri to bccottic z
in Adunaic, since this coulcl also ()!:cut "whcre thc Aciunaic systcnt favottrs it".
TlrLrs rn,c sce rhat thc Qr,rcnl'a comitetivc postpo.sition -me'wirh' (ttsin leuhue
'u,itlr lcavc') appcers in Adunaic in thc lorrn -mfr'wiilt' (as in saibEtb-nm

'asscnr-u,ith' in AFj).
Tlrc clcnrcnt -d- in ttzgaranidu tppcarsto bc thc tnorplrctnc nrarking thc
vcrb rts contirLl:ltivc. i.c. -771 = pre tcritc , -rmd- = pest conrinuerivc 'rn'as X-ing'.
Notc tlrc intcrnlediatc l<trrn azagt"ira (given rvith azagglu'a, thc ftrrtrt scctt itr
AF3, as an:ilrcrnativc). in rvhich rhc -r- ntly bc a variant of tirc continr,rerive
rrrarkcr -d- in nzgarartrtdu. Advlnic cclntinuetivc -/- apparctrrly had a cognatc
in prinritive Elvish. In thc Etyrnologicsu,c f-inil thc lr,rsc IAB-'lich', rvhcticc rhe
*
Qvcrb larin'I lick', rvith the usual shift of carlv intcn,ocalic b > r,in Qtrcnva.
'to
lick', in rvhicl-r thc originel
Tlrc cntrr also givcs a fi'cqucnt:rtive lornt lnpsa
*l' oFthc basc has beconrcp, rvidr a suflix -rzz indicating tltc continuous actiol).
Wc krrow fl'orn thc dcriv:ttion oI:Qlipsa'soa1,' fi..rttt plinritivc *libda (s.v.
119:-) thet rhc prirnirivc consonanr cltrstcr *D/ [r.:c:ttttc ps in Qtrcni,a.
Tlrcrcfrlrc f-rcqucntativc /apsa'to lick' rnay havc cotrtc fiorn earlicr * Iabda,witlt
-da l-tcing a f rcqucnt:rtive nlirkcr i n tl-r.: pri nt i t ivc latrgurrgc.

29.Gninnte Strettritrs.*Jlte qenrinatc ;rrctcritcs in AF1

ziginm ... unehhi (< hutrchle u


'ISauron] ... hc-catnc'
baruu-adfino rahhltatu
'thc Lord of V'csr brokc

arc:

asLrnc-lcr'

anndini alealLtbi
'Wcstcnrcssc

azr?

ruai

fill in ruin'

phutrusin

(<

pltuntsanr)

'scas rnight-flora'

As *'c havc shrxvn in 5\19, thc scnrinatc fbrrns in

AFi arc probablv

prast

continuativcs. In rhc c,rrl1'grantnrar, u'c h:rvc rcut:rtivch' idcntillcd tl-rc -/- in


azgnranidu as a continuirtivc nrarkcr. This docs not ncccssarill.'tttc:rn that thc
gcnliniltc firlms in AF1 coulcl not bc past cotrtit.tr,rativcs :ts rvell, sitrcc thcre is
no rcason to assunlc thar anl'givcn tensc could only bc lornrcd in otre rr"'ay. Itr
Qucnya. lirr cxamplc, thc p:rst tcnsc is firrnrcd in at lcast rwo wa-vs, c.g. nile
'canrc' with lonq volvcl and flnal -e, vcrsus ortane'ltas upliftcd'lvith final -ze.

Vinynr Tengu,ar #24

Page 36

JLLIy 1992

ln Latin, r p?rsr-rcl)sc sr-rbir-rnctivc n,,rs uscc{ rvith:t past-tcrtsc Inirin vcrb to


cxfrrcss rhc result or purposc of an action in thc Lrast. Sinrilar sctnrrntic
rcasorrirrg nray crplain thc change of (apparently) prescnt-tctrsc Plturus{tr,l
'florr,' to rhe prcterirc plturttsirt. Thc irhlasc nai plturnnini is translat.,d
"rnight-f1orv". In rl'rc English phrasc, thc p356 tctrsc is inc-licarcd lrv "nrighr", rhc
prsr tcnsc of "uray", ancl "flolv" is a prcscnt infinitivc. This siruation is ro'crscd
in rhc Adunaic phr:rsc. Notc th,rt nai.wlticb. is :rlrnost ccrtainly lrorrorvccl fionr
(f zai'bc it tirat', has rto ptast-rctrse tnrtrker attd so thc piist tellsc trtust [;c
intlicrrted b1' t[r" ttr,,tn vcrl:'t plturnrizl. Thc variant plturttsam is ttot ttcccssarilv
incorrect; as rvc lvill suggcst bclorv, it nrav be au aorist ftrrm, onc able ro irldicarc
cirircr prcscnr or past action. lndccd, Tolkieu nrav hzn c chanqcd prcstrlt/aorist

phuntsnm to prctcritc pburrusint

sirnp-tlv

to ctttrform w'ith thc crplicitlv

pretcritc lbrnrs o[ thc othcr vcrbs itr thc frassagc.


30.Tltc Trresent tense in AF l.-Wc havc nvo:rpparcnt cxamprlcs of thc prcscttt tcnsc
in AF1. Thc first occurs itr thc copula suiflx -rtam 'arc'itr batiuT rohli-nant
'rv,rys Lrcnt-,rrc'. This firnn c,rtt be atralyzed as'"-rla'is'ph"rs rhc vcrbal prlural
rnarlicr -rn, ttnd thcrc catr bc littlc doubt rhat Adun;.ic'-na'is' , pl. -nam'arc' ,

iscoguarcvu,itlrQucny:r ni'is',pl.aar'arc'.l9Thcothcrcx:lr]lplcoccursitrazr?
tmi pbunrant 'lso tl'rat thc] scas nright-flou,'. Thc clctne nt nni'nlieht'

is

clcarlv'

sulrjuncrivc auxiliary (llkc du- in AF3). rnd it is probably l borrorving of Q


nai 'L'tc it that, nraybc'. Thc vcrb p/turusam has no prcrcritc marrkcrsgenrination, colltracrion o1: thc stcnr, or addirion oF -rta or -2rl\,"llich
indicatcs that it is a prcscnt tctrsc. Thc cndinq -a, pl. -am occr-rrs frcqucntly in
r.crbs translated as prctcritc in thc lertcr nraterial , c.g. ltihalba, unahhha,
yurahtan, dubdam. If thcrc is continuiry bcnvecn thc vcrbal systcrns r:f AF I
arrcl AF3, rhis lnav' nrcall rh:it -nam and plturusnnt irrc aorist, dcnoting e ithcr
prcscnr Llr p:1sr irction. Ccrtain Qr.rcn-va verrhs, includillg sonlc'*'ith stctns
crrding in -a such ls ant/t- 'givc', arc "eorist" in thc Adr.rnaic scnsc of indicatinq
borlr pre,scnt ancl past-conrparc prcscnt-tcr\sc lar i uilya anta niqilis'tt>
wlrorrr tlrc air gllcs kisscs' (N4C:215) with p:rst-tclrsc fuIandu.khni anta mdri
Ambalar 'tl'rc East raiscd li.c. garci black shadorvs out of Hcll' (l\4C:12 1).
a

3l.Pronornittrt/ ffixu in AF1.- In AFI thcrc occur th.: fbllo$'ine cxamplcs of


Normal subjcct noun + vcrb:

.t

Normal sttbjectr ht AFI:


arpharazdn azgaranidu
'[Ar-P]raraz6nl rvas rvaging rvar

Ir.n:rsc. subjcct]

l" 'l'his plu.al firrrn occurs in -l olkicn's rcadinq of ,V,riz,llr '' on thc rccord albunrs
l.ut out
-l
bi' (,acdmon Iiccords in 1975. hcrc thc sccc,ncl litr: of thc poerrr varics From the
-fhe
uncountable veirrs arc likc
ptrblished 1:s15ion: In-yat iltuiti nar ue nhnar aldnrot! "
tlre wings crf treesl'. Ci. Att Innor/utiott ro Elt.,islt, pg.

i.

Irrlr' -'-I991

l/i n-t,,tr Tcn gu'n r

J*-',

24

Paee 37

enlfirt udubanint
'IChilclrcn of Cod] f-cll'

lconr. subjcctl

ttttttdfrni aleaIIabi
'\\'cstcrncssc fcll in ruin'

[ltnr.

sLrlrjcct]

battu ahhahti
'roacl lalr'

Incut. .subjcct]

nzrE ntti pltur"rrcirn (< pltuntsatn)


'scas nright-[1on,'
,
D

itll - I -I
I

Incut. sr-rbjcctl

-t t- -t
Rltl I A r il

1'O

'wavs bcnt-arc'

ineut. subjccrl

Irr thc flnal f-ornr of Aduneic qratntnar. e Nort-nitl subjcct troun rcclttircs a vcrlr
rvith prononrinal prcfixcs uratching thc sulrjcct in gcrdcl and nLrrnbcr. If thc
Nornral crrsc iu the carlt'conccption of Adr.rn:tic gr:unnrirr firnctions sinrilarly,
n'c shoulcl cxpcct to scc protronrit-tal prcfixcs

r-rsccl

r.vith the vcrbs itbovc, :rttd

ilt

f:rcrwe dct.ln brttanalzbnini'lrttcl road lay', Ncuter bntinis acconrptatricd ltv


thc Ncutcr prcfix a- 'it' in ahlnini (cf. ayadda'ir wcnt' itr AF.l). Horvcvcr, that
thc carly systcnr lnllst also havc allou,ed protrotnitrrrl stffi-ves is sholvrt b"rtrplnrazfut /tzgltrdilAdu'fAr-Pharazirnl u'as rvaging u';tr'. Tlte lv{:rsctrline
Nornral srrbject rtplnrazon rcquircs a N4asculinc protronrittel trt:rrke r otr the
ve rlr, but thc a- in azgnranidu is ttot a pronorninal prcfix; it is Part of rhc
De rivarivc vcrL-> stcrn azgnri- 'rvagc u,ar' (4-19). Wc can concludc fionr this thar
tlrc flrrai -z se n/cs :ls thc r cquircd N{asculinc ;rrottotrtitr:rl nrarkcr \u, i, and a are
rhc N{asculi nc, Fcnrininc, and Ncutcr/C()[11]loll gcndcr rrtrrrkcrs).
A sirrrilar cxarnplc occurs in arndiirti a/zallrtli'Wcsrcrncssc fcll in ruin'.
In Lou,dlnm\ Report (426) annduni is givcn as a (scndcrless) adjccrivc, with
AtmdfuE '\{,'cstcnrcssc' tlrc Fcnritrinc pcrsonificetion. The appcarancc of
ililtdfiTti 2rs tl'r.: sirbjcct of ,r sentctrcc in AFI indic:rtcs that thcrc ir is acting as
:r lloul) rathcr thzur an ldicctivc, :rtrd thc transl:trion "Wcstcrtressc' probabll'
indic:rtcs thar ir is Fcrlininc (i is also !r conrnl()n cndinq itr Fcnrininc flrrnrs).
Sirrce a is rhc rrrarkcr fbr Ncutcr atrcl Comtnotr nour)s, thc a-in aballnbiisrtt'tr
thc prononrir-ral rnarkcr br-rt probably a cognatc of the Qucnvl cmphatic prrcfix
a- 'corrrplctc'sccn in ntnhane, thc Quenya vcrb Ltsccl to tratrslatc ahallabi.ln
tlrc tcxt Lowdhanr says oirhis word: "For in Avallonian atalante is a u,crrd
firrrrrcd rx)r'nr;rllv llonr a cotntno nl'>ttsc talat" ropplc ovcr, slip down": it occttrs
irr Tcxt I in an cmphatic vcrbal tbrm dtahnrxe "slid dorvn in ruitr", to bc
"a-prrefix = complctc" is ntcrttioncd in rhc Etyrnologies s.v.
;rrecisc." (249)Thc
'ro
TAt-,iTslc,p.:, lcan, tip'. That the a- in abalhbi is also an cnrphatic prrcfix
is suugcstcd by its translation irs 'fcll in ruitr' rather thatr sinrply 'fill' or 'fi'll
dorvrr'. Thcrcfbrc, it is nrost likelv th,rt the flnal -i rn nhallabi is a Fcnrininc
prononrinal suffix.

\'-inyar Tengwtr #24

Pase 38

JrLlv 1992

In enrlfnt udubanitn 'rhc childrcn of God lcll', thc subicct erulfirt shotld
lrc Ctrrrrrrrorr, sincc Lou,dltrnru's Raport statcs "Conrtnor) arc...thc tr,rnrcs of
petrprlcs (cspccirlli, in the Plural, ;tsAdilttiitrt)." ('1.16) Lou'r//.,arn's Rcp67'7 1156
starcs th,rr thc cndings of'rhc Sr.rbicctivc clsc wcrc in origin pronotninal affixcs
(415). Thc Subjcctivc plulal cnding of N4asculinc. Fcnrirtittc, atrd Cotntnotr
n()uns \4,:1s -irn, and rhis old prrononrinal aflix is probabl"- thc flnal clcrtrctrt itt

udubartint

It
'scas

as

u,cll.

is cirriorrs then rhat

niiglrt-flow'.'"vhich

tliis siunc sr.rffix -ilz occltrs itr ttzrE nai plturntsim


Ncutcr plural subjcct, azrz'scas' .lt nra1'bc tl'rat

has a

the rc is nt't gcndcr r-lisrinction

in thc prlural frrononrinal suflixcs, at le:rst bcilvccn

Conrnron and Ncutcr.


Therc arc tu'o cxatnfrlcs in AF1 of'Subjcctivc subjcct nouns:

zigilnm ... unehltii (< burchhu

'ISauron] ... hc-catnc'

Inresc. subject]

bannt-adwto rabbhntu
'rhc Lord o{:'Wi cst brokc irsundcr'

Inrasc. subjcct]

In thc f-inal firrrn of thc grallll)rAr, a Subjccrivc subjcct noutr docs trot rcquirc
plononrinal prcfixcs on thc vcrb, though prcfixcs c.oul.l b., inclLrdccl fbr
crrrplrasis. Tlris is rvhat rve sce inzigilruu...uuehlti(< hurrchleii) 'ISatrron ]. .. he canrc', r'u,itlr rhc N'lasculinc prouonrinal prcfix z- \or ltu-).In birun-arlun
rnhhhatu rlte final
vr'rrr'cl stands

-i

rnay lrc

:r

N4asculinc prronominal

suf]k. althoush its lons

in contr:rst to thc short vorvcl in thc prronomitral sufflx in

azgarariduanc-l thc shorr vr-rvvcl oltthc prcfi xu-in unehhil. 1t is intcrcsting that
lrorh of thcsc phrescs havc vcrbs cnding in -e7 l perhaps in thc errlv gratntn:rr
a spccial verbal cnding is used in accord rvith a Subjcctive sLrbjcct.

And so wc must concludc our discussion of thc grernnrar (or more accuratcly,
thc grdrnnntrs) of Adun:,ric. Wc hopc that Mr. Lou'dham, that plcuricr;\c-lunaic
gr:unnrarian, would approvc of our humblc clforts toward furthcring our utrdcrst:rndins of thc stransc and bcautitul tonsuc of Akallabcrh thc Dorvnfallcn. As
lcngthl,;rs this:rnal1'sis has bccn, it balcly scrittches the surface-rnuch morc
rcrnains to bc u,ritrcn about Adunaic's intricatc laramln:rr, its complex prhonoloeicrrl strr.rcturc, its hisrorical rclationsl.rip rvith Elc.larin and Khazadian, and its
sizcablc vocabularr- (in fict, a conrplcte Adunaic n'ord-list was prcparcd to
accompany rhis arriclc bLrt had to bc onrittcd duc to lack of spacc). That Tolkicn
lvas ablc to conccivc ancl clalrorarc such a fully do,elopcd languauc, irll u,irhin rhc
spacc of a feu, rnonths in carlr' 1946, attcsts to his astonishing linguistic gcnius:rnd
his unflagging crcativirv. Wc crn only ccho thc words of Philip Franlilci,, u,ithout
thc ironv:

"No*, isn't that thrillinel"

Vin-y'tr Tengtuar #24

Julf i 992

Paee 39

Pub lications of Interest


L)tt to s1,,ttr lintit,ttiot:, tltt' t'/itor catrrtot t/torou,:l.,lJ rcuiatt' rt// ptrlt/it'ttioiis retrittul: tltt
,fil/otuing rn'ittL'i unphtsi:c thost ltublii'rttiotts ,trtt/ iten: thnt tlte ditor.ftdi u.,otrll lrr' ,,.f'
sptci,t/ ittrcrtst ro rtntnltrrs oJ'tl,c F,llisl, I.itt,{rristic l'allorusltip.

Cirth dc G,trtdalf

I\IA = Rack

Isstrts

Ardilah/t.

Cerclc d'ctudes de Toll<ien cn BclgiqLrc. Ptrblishcd bi-

nr,rnthlr'.
Er./itor: Nadtalic Kotori,ski. Subscrilttiotts /r.,: tbe cditor at r5, rue Vicror
Canrbicr, Bte 7. I I B0 Bruxelles, Bclgiunr. ,4wtu,zlsubso'iStrion: Belgivnt 450
FB, 5(X) FB clscrvhere.
No. 20, L|41, 1992: Cotrtinues thc presctttatirtrt ctf Le Quan.y,t: tne grammairc,
Nlthalic's Frcnch translation oiNano' t\4artsch's "(]ucrrva L,attguage Lessorrs" fl'onr Be-yond Brea. LcEort 20: Etytnologies, Suppleruent: Lenition du
Sittr/arin.

Mythlore, AJournal of J.R.R. Tolkicn, C.S. Lcrvis, Challes \Tillianrs and

thc

Genres of Myth ancl Fantasy Sttrdics. Publishcd quarrcrll'.

Editor: Ckn Goodl(niqht.

Subscriq,rions

ta; P.O. Box 6707, Altadcna, CA

gl003.Artrtualsubscription: $20; add $li firr USA or $ti.50 fbr C:rn:rclian First
Class de liye ry; <lr,e rscrs airlteil: E u16pc altd Latip Aurcrica $ j 5. Australia and
Asia $40. B1l.
No. D{IX, Srnmto 1-99J: Special issue irt hottor of the Tolkicn Centcnarv,
fcaturirrg rrruncror.rs tributes to Tolkicn fionr thc reaclers <>lt IVI_yt/thre. Tltc
front cctvcr has a qorseous cokrr painting by Bonnic Callahan. depictinq
Tolkicn at his u,riting-desk, and our ()wtt P:rtrick \['ynnc outdoe.s hinrself i,ct
again rvitl'r a stunrting full-color drarving of l\4:rnrvd on his throne. The

ertrvork alonc is rvorth thc subscription cost! Paul H-vde's "Qtrutti


Latnbanlilliotz" colurnn prcscnts and ;utalvzcs ,r chart oi thc Gondolinic
Runcs scnt to hinr [.ly Chri.stophcr Tolkiert. Thcre is ,rlso atr extctrsivc listing
by Clen Coodliriqht of firreign cc{itions of Tolkicn's works.

Quettar: Bnlletin of the Lingrristic Fcllorvship of tl.re Tolkicn Socie ty.


Editor.Jrlinllradficld. Subsniptiotts to.'thc cditorat Univ. ofEdinburgh,

Dcprr.

of Cornputcr Science, Kins's Buildings, Eclinburgh EH3 9JZ, UK. \(ritc firr
details. ^81,4.
Nt. 43, ./rutc 1992: Long and idios-vncratic trcatnrent of Qucnya qrarrttn:rr itt
"Qucrrr';r Grartrtnar Rc-Exanrined" [r\,
Conceprtiottist Anthor-ry
".6"u,
Applc-vard, fnrrrr Julian's Tolklane Internet nrailing lisr (loin l;y postine to
tolklang-requestGuk. ac . ed. dcs). Lettcrs f rorn Criag N'{arnock on
Qrrcnya morpholopy and thc Qucni,a perfcctive aspcct. and fiorn l>oth Craig
and Arden Smith on Elderin color terrns. Arde n succir-rctly denronstrirtcs thirt
Proro-Eldarin u,as at lcast a Stagc VI lanuuagc in Bellin and Kav's.systenr of
color terrn developrnent. Rcviervs of \rinyar Tengu,ar nos. l(r-20.

Wnvar
Tensu,ar
JO
I-/t a

o n tl f jt' neuts - lettcrs' af' t lt e E lu is h L i t ryu i t i c F c l l o us lt i p,


a Speci,tl Inrerest Groip of tlte Mythopbcic Sociery.

irn

Vinvar Teng,nval

is

a refireed.lourttal irdcxcd b], the

N4odern Lansuasc Association Inrcrtrational Bibliogrrlphy

Eliutr: Ciul F. Hostc'ttel, 2509 Antbling Circlc, Crotion, N'lD 2l 114,


pant'l: Ohristophcr (lilson, Ardcrr

ll7yi711t

ll. Smith,

ancl i)atricl<

LISA.

Vvntrc.

'l'onr Lob,rcli.
A4ntlrcdd: bv
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airrnail. l)ctluct 25(]b iforderiug a cottrplcte set ofback issucs. All priccs incluth lrost,rgt.

[\tlmants:
All pavnrents rnust be in LJS dollars. Overscas ntentlrers mav u,ish to nrake
-p,rr',u.,rr,
uie iirtcrnarional llostarl tnottcr, <'rtltr. t\4rzkc cht'cls 1:,t-t,nhlr to i,hrl F. Hrtstettcr.
Sttbnissions:
lantu:rges.

Vrirten mrterial should in soln.'nlallllcr

cleal with Tolkien's invcntcct


All subrriissions must be tvped, or nrust be exquisitelv legible: the eclitor rvill

nor clcciplrer lorver-qlvphics. 'l'hc editor reservcs the rieht to etlit arry tnateri:rl (except
artrvork) tirr purposes ofbrevitv and relevancc'. IlLiveter strtiles ugrotr sutrtrissiotts ott
N4acintosh or 720K (-1.5") N45-lX)S disks in N'licrosofi \Uord, N'lacVritc, or plain tcxt
(ASCII) t-oln;rts. Arrrvork should be Tolkienian irl nature.

The

deadlineforW #25

is September

l,

1992.

(.op.vritltt of all tn,tttrial nbmittel is rttainel b-y tlte nu.thor or artist, althoughYT r6il1/6 tht
righr to reprint thc materirtl at tny rimt. Achnou'lelgenrcnt r/t.tt ot'iginal mateia/ subsequutl.y

rcprittcd tketul.,cra.frrst appeared inVf- u'oild

be

u'orks o.f'J.ll.ll. or

of'tlrir

L.J.ll. 'l'olkien

arc rop.yrigllt

utelczm( cotu't$y.
I'uhlishars.

All quttationst'^ott thc

All otl.ttr nnterial ii Q 1992 Vinvar 'l cngrvar.


Bibliographical Abbrcvi.rt iorrs

H
|
Il
III
R
S
LI'l'
L

MC
l.l'1
L'l-2

Tl,a Hobltit

LB

I'cllou'sl;ip o.f'the l?ing


The'l-u,o Tou,ers

SN4'|'hc.9l,apin,t ofil[iddlucartlt

'l'he

Thc kttmt oJ-tl.tt King


Tltc Road Go,:s Euar On

l.ll
ItS
TI

The L,ttts of Rclerianrl


'l-ha

Lost llo,zd

Tfu Return of the Sl.udotu


Tl.,t 7i'eann of Iseny,arul

\X''R Z,r Var of'tlr Ring

Silnarillion
Llnfnislrd'l'a/es
7'ha

Tlry Lettas of./.R.R. 7-olkien


Tlr l\Ionstets anl tltc Critics
7-he Boolr o.f'l,ost Trlu, Ptrt Orrc
'l'he
Book of Losr I-abs, Part'l'u,o

SD
QL
GL
Et

Sduron Defian'd
'l'l,e (2anya Lcxicott, App. L;1-l er2
Thc Gnontislt Lt'xicott., A1,7t.
Thc Etymohgies, inL.R

is pror/uttr/ b.t, tlr Llitor ott an Applt lulncintrrlt II 1tt;r:onnl rcnputtt',


t l,,tCir Silr\,1's.tut !.,rrttri', NIicro:oft \\)'rnrl j.0 anl A/rlu: Iltgtl'l,t*l't.).

Vinvar Tcn!$,rr
ttsittg

LTI

\''T

ls.eer

iu tfu Artoht (l,trntttond

Posr.Su'ipt

NEO Sibnturita)
'\(orhl 90

ttpclicr, ,tild ?riiltel oil ilil

kw

printa'.

et'2

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