Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
iw,ffi$
1ffiffiffi
Vinyar Tengwar
[-tr
Attacainen canta
#24
Jul1, 1992
In This Issue
Cover: "Drtrtt Vacdhros grrrnd A[ir itt
E,.L.F. Ncu's
tlrl
Editor\ Musings
This tirnc rvc havc ,r short tablc of contcnts ftrr a long issuc. Thc arrival trotu
F,ngland of a copv of Snu'on DcJiatcdset off a firri,rus round of lingr.ristic activiq'.
rhc rcsulrs of rvhich appcar in this issue . Wc l'rcein u,irh a lingr-risitic ro,iov of ,9D,
rvhich hiqhlights rhc m:rny irnprortant addirions to tlre corpus of Tolkicnian
linguistics, including rhc long-sousl-rt second pcrs.rn plural pronoun. a long lette r
in Sindarin fion.r Araqorn to Satn, atrd several substantirrl passages ofAdffnaic. 51)
also featulcs a remalkeblv dctailed (tirough unflnished) []rammar of Adirnric,
rvhich is analyz-cd in this rssue.
Wc are vcry pleesed to have our flrst color covcr, in hotror oFthe Tolkien
Ccntcnary, thartks to thc skill artd gelterosin of Tottt Loback.
Carl F. Hgsterrer
P.S. If yorr sce nle at the Centenarv Conferencc, be surc to say rnftc gol,rlrzrtcn!
Thum Santoski
"Thcrc's a blind m,rn hcrc rvith a brovn'
as bic and u4rite as a cloud.
And all 'nvc fldcilcrs, fron.r highcst to lou,cst,
\X/ritcrs of nrusic ancl tcllers ofstories,
Sit at lris lccr,
-Edgar
Lcc Ma.stcrs
July, 1992
Page 3
E.L.E lVews
Netu Mcmbers
Thc E.L.F. cxtcttds a hcarty
. Valeriva l\4atorina
Basic Quenya
Rasic ()ucu-1,a by Nancv Maltscl-r collects Nanct"s entire "Hor,r'to SPeak Quen1,2"
oiir-rtloductorv-levcl Qtrenya lessous, which orieinall,v appgxlgd in lleyond
scries
19i18 to
E.L.r.
lWeetlngs
monthl,v San Francisco Biry area meetings of the E.L.F. are on hiatus
Page 4
JuW 1992
Sauron Defeated
A Linguistic Reuieu
bv Carl F. Hostetter
Surron Defe,zted, tlre ninth volutnc in T/tt Histttrl, o/'fuliddla<nt'ty', scrics, u'as
I
prublished carl), this.r-car in thc Unitcd Kinedonr by HarpcrCollins. Thc first third
prcscntatiort
and
analysis oi thc
Tolkicn's
volunrc
courplctcs
Christoprircr
of rhis
"Epilosuc"
thc
unpublishccl
u'ith
Rings,
inclutling
<>F
T/,a
Lorrl
oJ'rhe
dlafi vcrsiorrs
Thc
flnal
r';l'o-thirds
consists
of
Aragortr
to
Satn.
lcttcr
ti'onr
its long Sirrdarin
dcvcloprncnt
of
thc
srory
of'
rclatcd
ro
Tolkicn's
intriguing
tcxts
scveral othcr
Pnq,ers,
Tltt
Drotuttittgo.f
T/te
Notion
Chrb
irs
do*'nfall,
including
Nrirncrror rnd
Ancrlini, arrd, nrosr irnl-ortirnt to Tolkicnian linguistics, Lou'dhnm s RLport on tl.re
Adun,tic Lnngutgc. This linguistic rcvicw c,f Stttrrott DeJt'rttd is intcndcd to
highlight thc significant:rdditions to thc corpus ofTolliicnian lattquascs, As usual,
I lcavc thc litcrary rcvicu, of S-azl ron Dr:featru/to otltcrs.l
Tengtuan
Tlrc ctrrprrs of ten,luartextsis grcatlvexpar-tdedbv Sauron DeJcnted,wlich prc.sents
ticsimiles of rhe rnnnuscriprs oItlvrr lone Sindarin texrs toge rhe rrvith the iL English
transl:rtions (pp. 130-l)and of trvo versiotts.rFan Olcl Enelish acc,rrtttt of the
DorvnF,rll of Ndme rror (pp. 319-21 ). Any rcasonablc prcsentation ot' discu.ssion
u',lrld bc far too trnq'ieldv firr the confines of this revierv. but
no doubt Arden Snrith r.r,ill have a fcrv rvorcls to say al'rout thenr in a Fttture issuc!
Quenya:
Frodo crics 'AIla elenion ancalinut!" \p. 3() n. 1 5) ,rs hc and Sam p:rss through the
gatc of thc Tor,r,'cr of Kirith Ungol. This lornr is cotrsistcnt rvith his cry 'AIk
EarendelElenionAnbnlirna"(\W'R:22:i n.29); in ncithcrcascwas allachanscdil)
aiya utril aftcr Tl.,e Lord of'tlte Rizgr was in q,pe .
Houghrorr lv4ifllin ra,ill nor publish Sauror Dcfeated in thc Unircd Statcs until Novcnrbcr.
-flre
rcarlcr is especiallv referretl to thc excellcrrr revic'u,bv (lhristina Scull in Be.yond Brca,
lr4arch 1992.
I'rl\r 1 q()1
l:i
n-1,x7' Tcn
is discr-rssccl bel.rrv.
(rrtr
24
Page 5
prhrasc is
litclally "Halc.
is
"Lct
(-vr:)
Qr.rcn1,-a phrasc
'arvirkcning' (LR:-i6(r s.v. KL['-'conrc to lifi, arvakc'). The attsrvcr tnav rclatc to
thc irct rhar huiuie,likc English n,unfrsTlivl,qirscll,is zt t,,rbalnouu (i.c. a qcrund),
cF. UT:317 n.4i, u,hcrc Tolkicn
"infir.ritivc
(or
rccallirtg' < ynlfirrm"
eil-Jtal-ii'thc
rhc
gcmndial)
rcfbrs to
'sunlnroll . Anorhcr nre:urs of indicating an infinitivc in Qucnva rvas u,ith thc
b:rt'c
rb,
a.s
ancl inr;rcrltivc
laita!",wlich
is
lorrg-sought sccond pcrson plurrrl prouominal suirjcct cnding, thus ntcatring "yc"
*'praisc ve
= "-vou (pl.)". Tllus laitalle is atr irnpcrartivc u'irh undcrsroctd object
(thcm)' addrcsscd to thc hosts eathcred at Kortnallctr, and rl'rc passalgc calr bc
't
-I'hc ()F.
phrasc tr.r du hal "6e thou Inle", lvlrcnce F-nelish &',zs.rdl wlls :r conunon
grccring..
'i (lb,u,iicunut,norn.antl
tcc.pl.u,ilcLuLt,lrz,isanoun.alsor.rserl adjectivallv,indicating;r
pcrson or tlrinq vvhosc presencc is qrectcd rvith iov; cf. Bou,nlf 368 9: gtsagr hitn t'ac
u,ordun, l'set h1a sint u'ilcunutn Denigt /?odum, "sey to thcnr also,'vith rvords, thar ther'
rrre \\.'elconrc to rhc l);rnish people ."
(l:i94, l{:(16
altda'lons'(Ll{:i4U
s.r'.
7).
('Tltis1r"sraq"fiornrhetlrafio["Nantiirit"ispublishcdhcrewithrhei,ervkirrd[)ernr;ssi()r'r
of the
'l-olkien
F-state.
Page 6
JLrlv 1992
cvcn \/c shall flncl it.' lf so, thctr itr this version of hcr Larncnt Galadricl *'as
cxprcssinq a u'ish fbr thc cutirc Fclloivship. rvhich subscque trtlt'r,r'as cxprcsscd fbr
Frodo in parricular b,v thc ch;rnqe of /r irupalle l-lttl elle rc ltiruualle rrn cl a/ya, rvhich
havc the rcvcrcntial sccond pcrson singular protronrinal sutricct cnding -/.ya'thou'.
Tlre Qucnva rvas thcn ag:ritr chatrgcd rct'A laifiu,ar, lninnnr, nndaue laita!",
u4rich I rransl:rtc as *'O (wc) ,,vill praisc (thcrn), (rvc) rvill praise (thcm), prr;risc
(thcnr) lorrgl' Herc laituuarshows thc normrrl subjcctlcss plr-rr,rl fururc fbrnr of thc
vcrb = lai71a1- 'prlisc' + -uaa- (firt.) + -r (pl.). Thc Phrasc w:rs Ircxt c:l.rangcd to ',4
laita te, kita te! Andaue laituaalnel", idcntical to the publishc.l firrrn cxccpt firr'
thc lacli of thc exprcss obicct prottoutr ctrdins -t'rhcnt'. Thr.rs cxccpt fbr thc lack
oltrrn cxplicit objcct iu rhc lasr prhr:rsc, dris prassagc utusi httvc thc satnc tncatrinq
as thc flnal fomr, q'hich u,c knor.r' front Lettcrs (p. j08), rnd so ctur bc rr:rnslatcd
"Blcss thcnr, blcss thcr.r.r, long rvill u'c praisc (thern)1".
,{.r'aqorrr's coronation oath (p. 56 cl.lII)45) occurs in nvo drafi fbrms, u'ith
pcncillcd translation rhat fits botl'r: "Out of thc Grcat Sca to i\'lidc{lc-carth havc
I conrc. Hcrc rvill I alridc, and nry heirs, unto the cncling of thc rvorld." Thc oath
as firsr rvritrcn rcads 'fr Ettrello Endoreun lendien. Sinmne nlaruuAlt, ar"
hilrlinyar, henn' Iluue-netta!"Tltc vcrl-:s lendiert'l havc cotttc'- ,trrtl ntarut,an'I
rvill abidc'shorv th., usnal cc'tntracrcrl lbrm of thc fllst pclson sin{ular pronourinal
subjcct cncling. I cen shed lirtlc light on slntane 'in this plircc', cxccpt to notc.l
irossilrlc ctrrrrrcction rvith Q men'dircctiort, rcgion' (R:72) and simett'hcrc'
a
hern"untr|is clclrly
*'torvrrrd tlr.: placc'.6 The fbrnr iluue'dtc u'orld' in lhne-nrctta 'thc cndins of thc
lr'orld' occurs (u'ith long /) in both Tlte Etynologies and The Si/ruarilliort.') Thc
c,atlr rvas thcn changccl rc rcad "Et Ertrello EnrJorennn nilendie. Sinome nirn,truua
1ro bildhryar teun'Arnbar-nretta!"Hcrc t[rc vcrlrs nilendie and ninantuahz:c rhc
subjcct pronoun attilchcd as a prrcfix. sinrilar to thc prcfixion of objcct pronoulls
in tye-rny'la r:rtd tye-ruy'lane '1 lovc thcc' (LR:61).10 Th" u." of a rclativc pronoun
(cf. locativt jasserr 'in rvhich', III:394, R:(16) as a conjunction ',rtrd' also occurs
-ya
in rhc "Arctic" scntcrrcc it The Fatlter C/ni,rtmas Letters: "Mdra mesta an ri adla
tye ento, lArato nea""Gootll-ryc till I scc volr lrcxt, and I hopc ir u'ill bc soon."
Aragorn's cxclamarion at finding thc s.rpling of Nirnloth (!r.57r cf. III:250)
vi'rittcn En tilrien, u'hich r,l,as changcd to En a tiuieu tnd thcn to -Err
*'Lol I havc found itl'. Ez is obviousl\'
l?inltilaiet, all of which nm.sr surcly rncan
u,:rs firsr
8
"
l') Prononrinal prefixes arL'cor'rlnlon in the cottterrtporlrrv Atlttn:ric tnatcri:rl lts rvell. e.g.
ltwtekl2il 'hc-crunL", bikalba 'shc fill'.
Jrrl'
.l
99 )
Page 7
thc Qucnva cxclenration mcauitrg 'rhcrc. loolil r,.rtrdcr' (LR:J56 s.r.. EN-), r'u'hile
a irr thc sccottd vcrsiLrl is plo bablv an adci it io nal cxcla Itrarioti 'Oi' as in ,4 laituuar
*'O (rvc) rvill praisc'. Thc vcrb tiluien'I havc ibtrrrcl (it)'agirin shows thc trornral
conrr:rcrcd lirnr of rh.: f-ilst pcrson singular prrortotnittll subjcct cnding. Thc fbrrn
l?ittlniuietis rnarkcd irs ir tcrlrrltivc lcaditrg and in fact is vcrv curious. AIr :rltcrn:rtc
rcacling nitilt'iet*'I havc found ir' would lrc in conrplcte ;l{Irccnlcnt with rti/endie
'l havc ctrmc' irnci nirnaruua 'l u,ill abidc' in thc drafi versiotr of Aragorn's
corouAtion o:ltll, xnd indccd Christoprhcr Tctlkicn has inft>rmcd tttc that sr.rch a
rcading is pcrfcctll, rcasonrrblc. Givcn this, ancl rhc f:rct that both Bill \Wcldcn rrrd
Clrri.stophe r Gilson tratrscribcd this rvord :rs ninh,iet durinq thcir uork rvith rl.rc
rrrarrrrscript at Marquettc. wc ciln ircccpt the rcaclinq nitilt,iet.rs definitivc.
Thc clrafi version o['Trcebcard's praisc olt G:rl:rdricl and Celcborn. "O
uanintnr wulimalion orftari", app.:itrs on p. (t4. This diffirs lioni thc f-in,rl firrm
(lll:259) in l.uving rhc inrcrjcction Oinstcacl of1. in thc slrort lcnqth of thcsccond
ain uanimalioz, and thc usc of otttnri ' 'parcnts < ONO- 'beect' (LR:-i79) instcad
of rrcstari 'parcr)ts < NO- 'ircgct' (LR:378). Wc knolr' irt-;t-n Ler.ters (p.308) thrt
rhis nrcans 'C) bcauriful oncs, parcnts of'lrcirr-rtifirl cl-rildrcn'.,AJso, rhc firll Qucnya
trrrnslariou oitTrccbeald's long n:rnrc ftrr orcs (lll:257). cxccpI for the clctrtcnt
"blcrodtlrirsti"', is givcn (p. (r8): "lrctrullea-rnor"hnaite-quhryatelho-tirtgrtbondorrthlealepta-sauri hunt ba " "cvilcycd, blackhandcd. bou'lcgued. l'lin thcartcc'I,
cla*'fingcred, fbulbclliccl". Subscqucntlv, tingaltondo 'flinthearted' r'u',ts changcd
ro sirtcrtltonr{a and thcn tt-r thc publishcd sincaltortda (p.71 n.12).
This ncxr Qucn-va passaee is cxtracted lrour a conrbincd Qucnva and Ac{unaic
rcxt irssociated wiilt The Notion Chfu Pa1,ers (scc thc scctiotr on Adun:ric bclow).
This tcxt occurs in rwo vcrsions: a col,rrfirl tnanuscriprt on cxrunitr:ttior) papcr
photographic:r1lv rcproduced as a r*:o-;raqc fiontispriccc, and a tvpcscript vcrsiotr
givcn orr ytyt- 246-7.1 givc only rhc nranuscript vcrsion hcrc, ,rs thc onlr,'diffcrcncc
of any siunific,rucc lrcrvvc,cn thc nr'o i.s that thc ntanuscript versiort docs not gloss
drc genitivc forn ililuatdt'erx (linc 4), lvhilc thc tvpescript provic{cs a pilrtial qloss
that I havc incorporatcd hcrc.
fcll dou,n
inro-ch:rsnr Nunrcnor
Page 8
Vabaiya
sh
-|Lrlv
1!)92
artddre.
,Arrdore (Land c,f Giii)
atalartte.
Haiya ua/taiya sh
(is)
ln'ev
thc Do'"r,nfallcn.
far far
nou,
rr firv points need nrcntioning hcre. lt is intclesting to comfrafe sahhante
'rcrrr'. rl'hich has u vcry unusuul gcminate A, q,'ith ralthalepta'cl:ru'flngcred' ir-r
J'rcclrearcl's long nanrc tirr orcs. Also, cotnparc ltaiya wkh tl-rc adverb hitya'iar ofi,
far alr,ay' derivcd fi'orl rhe base KFIAYA- '[rr, distant' (LR:3(r4). Finallr', leruiue
*lerte'leave'plirs:r c,rmiterivc ol instrutnental
sccn)s to bc fblmcd fi'onr u noun
Onlv
postpositiort -zre.
Thclc arc nvo callicl velsions of this Qucnva tcxt. Tl-Ic e:rrliest of thcsc (p.
3l 0) is virtuallv idenrical t,r rhc flnal fbrni of Alboin Erlol's fiagnrents in Tltc Lost
Road (L.R:47), exccpt firr tl.rc chanse of //z'u'orld' to erzr'rl'orld', /Zrz'straisht' to
rZza 'str:righr' , tutrultuine'Dceth-shadow' tt't nintltuize 'death-.shrrdow'. tnellunna'us-is-lrcA\.y to trtEne lurntta'ott-us is-hear'-r.' (rlr)te th:rt nel-lumunis'rruenluntnwith assimilation.rf z/to /4, and.s,rr'nrxv'tosTrl'trorv-is'. The rrext tcxt (fr.
i 1 1 ) is vcry closc to thrrt on y-:tp.246-7, atrd so Cl.rristophe r Tolkit'n Sives only thc
variatiorrs ficrrrr tl'rat tcxt. All>oin'srmltamnabccrtne hrnnindon,still trntrirnslated,
but pelriallv glossec'l rvith an "-1y", indicatins an a.lverb; this rvas then chansed to
alzannta bcfble bcconringnu/tuntnA in thc flnal tcxt. J'hc ntntc bertlnunrcn\,!As
charrscd to Nilmehurdo and tl'rcn nilmeltentaiin thc final rcxt. Also, it can be seeu
(p. .i 1 2 ) il-t,tt haiya and uahaiyawere originally spclt D ainand ualtaia. Christoplrer
Tolkien also qivcs (p.317) a passasc in Old English rhar is a tlanslation of tl-re
original fblnr of thcsc Qucnya fiagrncnts frctrn Tlte Lost Rord.TIis Lreeins'"vith "r*'And Sauron canlc to (thc) hrrvcn'. corlcsponding to thc
Sdu)erott ctint nt hliltc"
'to (thc) havcn'
Qrrcnya "at stturort till.e nnhanma ". thus inrplyirtg a tnttrslrrtiotr of
I'or nahamua.
Firr:rllv. scveral Qucnva phrases appcar (p.290 n.(r2) in The Notion Club
lapo:i as prrccursors ro an Adunaic phresc nrcaning "The Eaglcs of thc Lords of the
V,'csr arc at hand!" The earliest of thesc was "Soroni nilueheruen etutler!"Thisis
runtrlrrsl,rt.,d, but is tlanspare ntly *'The Eaglcs oftlrc Lord ofthc Wcst con-re forthl'
l-his rves rcjectcd and leplaced with "Es sottti bentiort rrrzl"trrruslated "The Eaeles
of the L,olds are at h:rndl"; this n'as subscquentlv altered to "Soni Numeualiott
ailnet"" "The Eagles of thc P,llvels o[the West are ar handl".'fhe most curious
featurcs of rhcse passages aler thc fbnns es ... tt tand anner, botl-r rranslated as "are
at hrrnr1". ]t sccrns certain, hou,evcr'. tlr:rt this tlansl;rtiou is not literal. since both
these fblnrs cleally contain rhe elenrent az 'to, ton'.rlds' (LR:j74 s.r,'. NAr-), and
so rcqnire sonrc r,e rb of motion. Tl-rus it is ve rv likelv that rs irnd " erarc it.t fict vcrbs
nreaning'coulc or'go'. A verb "erseems vcrf,' clearly to be irrdicated bv the base
ETER-'opcn (corncout)' (LR::157), r.vl-rich obviously contains the base ET-'fbrth,
our' (LR:356), leaving *ER- to nrean 'corne'. *ER- itself scenrs to be a rhotacizcd
variant of an clernent *ES-'come, go' detected in tl-rc base ESE-, ESET-'Precedc'
L,l-,
)vL\
()Lt
L //L
Page 9
j5(r), ls sorncthiug that p.rcccclcs cen bc said to "conrc (or go) fir'st" or "colllc
(oreo)bcfbre". Itscctnsvcn'liliclvthcnthate,s... ltrti\ndarrnet"arclitcrellv'c.otttc
rorvarcls, approach', vrrrl'ing only in thc posirion <'tf anutcl, in thc flnal consonrlnt
trf rlrc verb (ir nrav bc rhar es sottti is duc to :rssintilation ()r to :l sulrprcssion ot
rhtiracisnr bcfirrc s). Thc chicf difllctrltv of this thcorr. is that it lcavcs thc vcrb *er
(es) rvirhour xnv afrl)arcnr;',lural markcr fbr nutnbcr rgrccnlcl)t r,l,ith thc plural
(LR:
subicct sarzl.
Sindarin
Tlrc Sindalin cr,- of praisc at the Field of'Kornr:rllcn lpyt.46-7, and cf. III:l.ll)
appears,rn thc draft .ts "Cttio i ltlteriannnth An.Attlt, aglar anatm!"This is not
translated, l.tut ls the fir.st phrasc is virtuallv identical to the version in ZorR, u,hicl'r
*'N'Iav tl.rc Haiflinss
is tlarr.slated it Lcttos (p. StXl), it seems clear that this nre:rtts
(in)
livc long,
elory lonsl'. Thc change of Plteriaumtlt to thc published Plteriaht
shou,s rhc change of thc gr.ruP plur,rl, nrrrrkcd bv thc cnding -arf (thu.s 'the
Flalflings as a racc'), ro thc nrore appropriate particular plural firrnr ('thcse
Halflines').
Sindalin titles firr Frodo and Sarnq,isc ;trc given on p.(r2: Frodo is callcd
Brontae at/tart Hariltad"F,n durance bcyont{ Hopc", attcl Slnt i.s rtarttccl Hat'tltad
LIhitltiad "Ho i'rc unquenchablc". Christophcr T.rlkicn notcs (P. 70 n.6) that tlrc
rvord lrc rcads a s atbau 'bcvond' i.s unclear and unce rtaini notc the Cnonrish rvords
atltra 'across. arhrvart' and rhe advcrb at/ron'firrthcr. beyond' (LT2:i.15 s.v.
Artanor).
L'n
The chaut to Elbcrcth by the conrpan-v of Elvcs approaching tl.re Voodv E,nd
roure to the Crev [-lavcns (p. I 12. anc'l cf. lll:i0U) rvas flrst lr'ritten:
O Elberetlt Gihltoniel
Siliuren penrtar 6riel!
Gihboniel O Elberetb ...
Notc that this is ne:rrly identical to the flrst nvo lirtcs oitl're enretrded drafi firrnr
of Sanr's crv to Elbercth (WR:218), except that this passaqc has Silitn"envthere
Sanr's crr,'ltrrs sileurin. SubseqLre ntly, oriel wes changctl to iriel. befirre thc rvh,rle
r.l'rrs chanqed to its final lirrrn.
T'hc longcst Sindarin passage to date, a letter fionr Arag.rrn to Sam, appcars
versions on pp. 128-9, wirb tcngtunr texts on pp. 1 30-l . Thc le neth and
significancc oithi.s passrge rcquircs much nrore discussion than thc confincs of this
rer.icrv pclurit. so I merelv give the passaqe. its variants. and translatiorrs. iu
expcctation ofa thorough analvsis latcr. The first text oithe letter rcads:
in
rn,<r
Ia.
Page 10
ln_lttll'
CngltUIt'
!11
Jt
z't
Iulv 1992
Pherhael nr
Echuit'.
rhc
To
first
da1,
tl-rcir
rcckonitrg."
tl-rat thc translation d,rcs nert rn:rtch thc Sindarin exactl]- in thc list of
Araqorn's titlcs, or in rhc explan;rtion of thc rccliotring of thc cletc in thc last
scntcr)cc. In particulrrr, noticc that nelchaetmt, udrich ruust sureh'bc 'thirticth', is
translatcd i1s'tllirr]--fi rsr'.
Thc scconc-lversion (ll'hich is actually thc thirrl tcxt) oirthe pass:rge dilfcrs only,
irr rvrrrd ordcr, minor variarions of von'cl lcngth, and thc pbrasc trcd Echttir[<tr
cttrlicr uirt Ecltuir.
Norc
Ecltuir:5L
Thc nunrbe r 6l of course rcprcscnts
te?tgwar nunt(rals r.r,crc u,rirtcn fion'r
'
le
Adunaic
Tlrc tcxt ctf The Notion Chfu Papers prrovides thlee Adunaic tttteranccs: '31
hitabdaha!" *"Don'r rouch nrc!" (p. 250); "l{orVha 'nBari iAdun yanakhin"
Vest are at hrrnd!" (p. 25 I ): and " Lhidyahalubim !"
"The nrountains lean over!" {ibid.). In adclition to these, thcrc arc three versiotrs
"1-he Ergles of the Lords of the
July'1992
Paee I
is
givcn on pp.
.111-12:
|age i -:
Julv 1992
Thc fln:rl vcrsion of Lorvdhanr's Adunaic fiagtrcnts ()ccllrs itt nvo tuxts: :I
cokrrfirl manr.rscript on cxarnit.r:-ttiol) papcr phtrtographically rcproduccd as a tr,l'opagc fiontispriccc, rrnd :r n'pcscript versiott givctt otr pp. )46-7. Whilc the
diifcrcnces bcnvccn the m,o rlrc vcrv nriuor, thcv are nunlerolrs crtouqh that it is
worthu,hilc to list thcnr both irr full.
i\4enuscrip r vcrsion (fiontispiccc)
iffffJ^'!, r,r':;l::!:{:-,,,'''
sai-
cirsrw,ards
Agarmilo
bu'6dn
nEuttd
us
.., zaira
longinr-l
E1>halah
ila
Yoziyan.
arvay
JuIy
1992
Page 13
unahhha
hurnbled he-canre
... Erulfinim
... :
till
Agantfild
burdda nfutud
f)cath-sh:rdorv
... zaira
nVnud
(is) on-u.s
... adfin izindi batafi taid6 ayadda:7d6
. .. w'c.st straiqht road once \4/cnt no\v
.rll
rolds
crooked
Ephatah zdin
Yozalan.
f;rr arvay now (is) Land of Cift
Ephal zphalah Tdon hi-AhallabEttt
fir
far away now (is) She-that,harh-fhllcn
+*
As can bc seen fronr rhe lcngrh of this nonethcless too cursor\,. revicw, and
fi'orn rlre arralysis of thc Adunaic granrrnar el.scwhcre in this issue, Satron Defeater/
is errsill' thc rrrosr linguistically significant volurnc in rhe Histoty of Middle-earth
serics since T/te Lost Roal. v'e all o.uvc Chrisrophcr Tolkicn :r qrcirr dcbt of thanks
fbr his continui.g cflorrs r. mrrke his father's lineuistic legacy available fbr study.
'wc knorv that, rrrther
than rcccivc prcserrrs .n thcir trirthday, Hobbits gavc
prcscnrs to others. Chrisropher Tolkien has, in rhc manner of the Hoblrits,
providcd us all with a Inost nrarvelous gift indced on thc occa.sion of hi.s fathcr's
l0Oth birthdav.
Ac:rNr'rv,Lrncl.rrxr
I u'ould like to thank Patrick \fvnne fbr his inr,:rluablc insight and assistance
irr th,: prcpar;rtion of rhis revicw.
?t'
Page 14
JuIv 1992
-The
tltat tlrrilling!'
LInril recentlv our knou4cdgc of Adirn:ric, the anccstral ]V{annisli touquc oF t}rc
N(mcn<ircans, has bccn linritcd to t.r Inclc handful of r,vords. But with the
publication of Sdxnon Defiatcd, rhc situ:rtion has changcd drasticrlly. Thc latcst
volumc in Christophel Tolkicn's "Histon' of N'liddlc-cartl-r" se rics provides "tt.totc
tiran rncrc words"; it offcrs us actr.utl prosc texts in Adunaicl cc,rnple tc rvith vcrbs
irnd syntoi ("Hoorav" inc'lcedl), as u'cll as dctailcd dcscriptions of Adunaic
phonology and qrarnnrar
Thc new Adunaic nratcri:rl appcars in Tlr Notion Club Papers, T/.,e Drotuning
of Anarliini, and Lou,dhatn's Report on the Adunnic Langu,zge, all intimatcly
corrnccted rvith onc ,tnothcr and rvrittctr c. 194546 dr-rrins ,r lull in thc
conrposition ot'The Lord of the Rings:
Notion Club Pap,:rs, cast in the forrn of fictional ntinutes of thc nrcctings of
Inklings-likc group ofOxford fiicnds, ccnters around the legcnd of thc Fall
of Ndmenor, glirnpses of which appcar to the Club's tnenrbers in "dccp
drcans". Onc mcmbcr, Alu,in Lowdharn, also drcarns of "ghost-rvords" in
nvo languagcs rvhich hc calls ",A.vallonian" (i.e. Qucnyri) and Adunaic.
Evcntually Lorvdhanr rcccivcs a fragmcurary bilingual texr in these rwo
languages, dcscribine thc Fall oFNrimenor ar.rd its afterrmath. Not surprisinel,v, Tolkicn $'rotc scvcral variatrt versiotrs of thcsc "Adunaic Fragmctrts".
Tlrc final form (AF3) appcars in thc text on pp. 246-7, and Tolkicn also
produced a handsomc facsimilc in [r[uc ink with intcrlincar glosscs in rcd,
rcproduccd as a Frontispicce ; this ms. vcrsiotr lras a fcrv rninor variarions. Thc
carlicst version of thc Fraqr.ncnrs (AFl) appcars on pp. 311-12 rrnd is
sr-rbstantially diffcrcnt fronr thc, final versiotr (scc bclow). AF1 rn'as Followcd
by another r.crsion (AF2) in u,hich "thc fin:rl tcxt of thc fragmcnts w:ls very
The
an
Jul-v 1992
Paee 15
c"liilering frour thc flrtal rcxt. The full tcxts oFAFl, AF2. and AF:i eppcar in
tlre linguistic rcvicrv of S)ralon DcJirttedin tl.ris issuc: thc tcxt ofAF2 has bccn
rcconsrnrcted blsecl orr rhe tcxt of AF3, ittcorporatitiu all tliffcrcnccs notccl.
Tolliien
rtotes,
ch.rring rhc catacll,'snr "Avallonda rhc Hevcn of thc Gods" is saicl ro topplc ittt,r
tfic abl'ss and bc dcstroyed altrnqu,ith Nrinrcnorl Thc uatnc.s in thesc icxts atc
Adurrric
e[>arrdoncd t]rc rvork bcforc dcscribin{: othcr aspccts of thc language . He did lcavc
"a fcu'vcry rough jortings" on the vcrbal systcllr, but lbr thc nrost prlrt \4,c nrusf rcl]/
flr
of thc noun.
Our discussion ofAdunaic is furthcr complicatcd by rhc fhct th:rt its srarnnrar
cxists in at lcast rw,o variant vcrsions. Christophcr Tolkicn llotcs or] pg. 438 that
"a nrajor changc in rnv Fathcr's conccpltion oithc strLtctt-trc cntcrcd as thc vvorli
proqressed: firr thc Adunaic noull :rt first distinguished fivc czrscs, Norttral,
Subjcctivc. Gcnitivc, Dativc, and Instrutncntal." (4jlJ) This structurc is thc otrc
sccn in rhc carlicst vcrsion of the AdLrnaic Fragnrcuts (AFi), rvlrich lttrs nouns
irrflccred in all fivc of rhcsc cascs. Lou,dlt,zni Report.ltorvcvcr, prcsclrts a latcr,
Page 16
lulv 1992
dillcrcnt fbrnr of rhc grlmm,rr, onc in r.l,hiclr Adunaic nouns disrinquishcd onll'
rhrcc c:rsc.-Nornral, Subjccrivc, and Ob.icctivr-:llld gcttitivc, dlrivc. and
instrunrctrtal fuuctiotts u'crc handlcd by ,r s1'stctu of aflixes atrd lvord ordcr. lt is
this latcr, final firrnr oiAdunr-ric gmnlnlar that u,c scc in AF-J arrd itr thc Adr.rnrric
phr,rses sprirrlilcd thronghout the rcxt of Tltc Notion Chb Papcrs. This division of
thc grarnrnar irlto r14/o "phascs" has nradc it trcccssary to sinrilarlv dividc our rcporr
into r,,vo parts, P:rrt I analvzing thc "final-fbrln srattlltl:lr of AF3, ancl P:trt II
analvzing rhc "carly" gr:lnrrnar of AFI.
l.
General featu"es.-According
[.,tturc.
ol-
tt
. Strottg us. \Yeak.- Noutts arc e ither Strung<tr \'Y/ealc. Strong trottns fornr the
plural and certain othcl firrrns b1,'nrodif)cation,rf thc lastvo'ncl of thc
stent: c.g. zadaz 'house ', pl. zadin;l-:rtd nllu'nt<t<trt'
cal gcndcr. Thus tl-re proper rranlcs oi prersons ('Ar-Pharaz.t)n, ArZimrahil'), nouns dcnoting rnalc or fcnrale firnctions ('son, nrothcr'),
,rnd nouns specif\,'ine male or femalc animrrls ('srallion. bitch') are
N{:rsculinc and Fcrlinine. Narural objccts or abstractiotrs can also bc
personified as Masculine ot Femininc: thus Ncut. agan.'death' > Masc.
Agan' Dea*t' : xtd adi. anad uzz'rvestcrtr'
> F cnt.
AnadurrZ'\festcrttcssc'.
C<lmmon rrourrs rele r to aninrals or peoplc u,ith no ser specifie d, e.g. ana
'lrrrnran 6eing' , Aduuaim 'Men of \X/esterlress c' , and harnb'lrorse' (as
opposed to M:rsc. karbil'stlllion '. Fem. h,zrbl'nare'). All other nouns
rcfe rrirrg ro inan irna te th ings are Ncu ter , e.g. ginli' strtr' ancf ltuzun' car' .
o
Llsually the singular is thc normal fcrrm lrrotn which the others
are
is
-atin
rur''o ears
(oione
per.son)'.
July 1992
. C,lsr.- Thcre
Paee 17
,rrc thrcc cases: thc Nornral, thc Sulricctivc, rrnd tlte (Jlricctivc.
Thc Nonnal :rnd Subjcctivc cascs ltavc sit'tgitlirr, plural, and dual iirrrns,
l'rtrt thc L)bjccrivc onll,has:r siuqular fbrnr. Thc tuncrions of thcsc cuscs
.tre discLtss.:d in dctail bclorv.
2,
3.
Tlte Norrn,tl cnse,ts object.- A noun in the Norrnal casc is trsed to inr-iicate thc
obiect of :r verb. AF.l has onlv onc cranrple of a transitivc verb u'ith a t-lirccr
1r[rjcct:
baritn an-adiltt
)/
4.
The Nonna/ cast trs gettitiual ,zdfrctiue.-A troun itr thc Nornral case placed
befirre another noun crlr] ilct irs.r posse.ssivc gcnitivc or adjcctii,al modiflcr of
rhe fbllowing noun (;idjectives irt Atlunaic normally preccde nouns). All
Adunaic cardinal numcrals, save 'onc', are lrouns; thus 'seven stars' is expresscd
bv Nornral pl. gimli 'stars' ;tlaccd in scnitiv;rl position befirre thc noun /tazid
'scvcn : gimli ltazid'seven r>ist,rrs'. In AFi'scvetr'is given as bazad:
ltalih ltamd
'sltips seven', i.c. "'ser.en of ships'.
5,
The l\iorn,zl t'nst as predisasr'.-fi ttoutr in the Subiective casc can represent the
vcrb'to be'as copula, u'ith a firllorving lroun in thc Normal case as prcdicate.
c.g. Ar-Pharazinun Bdr 'nArurdunE 'King Pharaz.on is Lord of Alradunc'
'fir
Page 18
JuIv 1992
6.
T/.,r Norrual ctsc ns subje t1.-\fl[1.,t ',.,ing as sub ject, a noun itt thc Norntal cirsc
"inrnrcdiatcly prr:ccdcs,r firllv inflcctcd vcrb"i (418), Incanirtg tlt.: r'crb Irtr.rst
havc tlrc appropriatc pronon-rinal prclixcs (rhcsc appcar to tri:rtch tlrc ttoun itt
gcrrdcr arrtl nuurbe r). c.e. bar ubnllaEa'thc lord ftll'" (42u-9), r,r'ith &Zr = 'thc
lorcl', z- = 'l.re', and hallaba 'fcll'. Thc Protromittal prcfixcs firLrnd in AF-i rnd
thc,tccotttp,tttvittg tt.rrr.ttivc trc:
Singular
l!'{rrsc. rt-, /trr'hc'
Fenr. /ri-'shc'
Neut. a-'it' (nrs.)
Plural
yu- t'iltev'
7a- ''rhev'
ayadda
UrVdynlzahtbim!
'it rvcnt')
Ncut. pl. zrTrl'nroutrtaitrs'J
T/tr Nonntl cate as base,fitr a.ffnes.- Thc Nomral fbrnr oFa ttot-tn scrvcs as thc
basc to u,hich post;rositiotrs and prcfixcs arc addcd. For cxrrrnple.in aualoiyndn
'agaiust Porvcrs' the postpositittn -ada'ag:rittst, tou'ards, into' is sr-rffixcd t.r
y-,lurrtl
Aualdim. (Thc
-1'h..genderofthisrrounisnotgir.enbutcanbeitrtcrrcclfronrcontext-cL\1. Ur7lmust
be cognare rvith the El.larin base OROT'height, nrount:rin', or else it is a tlirecr
borrou,inll clf N arzl'ruountrin'-"Avallonialt Z and ri are usuallv represenied bv r ancl
z, rcspcctivelv" G)3). Yakalubim'rhcv leltt ovcr' is prob. lit. *'thev are filling'. prese nt
conrirruerivc plural of'KALAB'frrll' (416): cf. Sl8.
July 1992
r #24
Paec 19
-y bcrw'ccn
postpositions.
Sirnilarli'. thc gcnitival/atl jccrival prcfix an- is addccl to thc Normal firrnr
of ,r rrrtrrrr. c.g. Nonrrel pluralAdfufii 'l\4cn of:Wesrcnrussc fbrurs rhc lrasc fbr'
8.
9.
oficn includccl. Thc Sublective casc places thc empl-rasis of a setrtence on thc
srrbjcct rarhcr thau thc vcrb: contrast bZr uhallaba'the lord iell' (Nornral
subjecr) wirh binm (u)hallaba 'it q.as thc krrd r'vho Fcll' (Subyective subject).
This crlpha.sis on the subject is firrthcr intcnsified rvhen the Subiective and a
prononrinal prefix are used together.
Str/lr,'rit',: srrbictt l\'lTH tt prcf )xcd t,crb:
yarfihltin
i 'l'lrc
(4.17)
&Zr'lord' (437)
suFfix -r in pl. NarTka'F.agl.cs' rn:rrks it :rs l Ncuter Subjcctive firrnr: cf. \8. In
Adurraic thc n,uncs of anirrrels u,cre trsudlv N'lasculine, Fctttinirtc, trr (bnrtnort. but
'Flaglcs' hcrc docs not rcfir to actual bir.l; but to cloucls conring out of thc Vcst. C f. I nrlcx
ll s.t,. Eaglc(s): "All rcflLences are to the grear cl,rucls, rrnd rrosr to Tlr E,rglt's of t/te Lords
(of'rhe
\Y'est) ".
r)^-^
1n
r d6L rv
T"l. I99?
/t7 t t irt
d ub dar
n ugr u- d a lad
lshado'"v
undcr'
'[iing
10.
fisr
oJ'
tlr
a u I o iy ad a
Pharazotri u'as t';rrrirtg eqairtst Pou'ers'
Srbjectiue to rrS,resuil
whcn fbllctrvc.l
b-v
Nornral casc :ls pledicatc, c.z. Ar-Pltarazoutn hatbupltazgan'King ArPhirrazon is (lvas) a Conqucror'.
AFi
h:rs exan-rplcs of a
. baunbrt
rlrc oldcr tcxts", i.c. Nornral bntn, Subj. barlna (cf.4,15, notc i(r).
Appropliatcl-v. it is this arch,ric Strotrs Subjcctive plural batintt wc
cncountcr in AF3. Thc iirll setrsc of thc sctrtctrcc is givcn in Edrvin
Lorvdl'ram's OE vcrsion: n()\\,:lrc all u,ays crookcd' (259). Contrast this
thc c:rrly vcrsion of this phrirsc in AF i. in r"'hich thc Norn.ral plural
bat7nT'roads'is usccl, trccessitatins tl.rc cxplicit prcsctrcc olttltc copula (in
tlre' fornr of a suffix -uarn 'arc'): ido hat/i l;atan7 ro/e lfi-rmm'lol. nolr' all
u'ays bcur-arc'.
r,^.'ith
Tlre initial n-in a*tgttttt'rvas rvarriuq' is p,rrt of the verLt sten nzgnrii- 'rvagc'u'ar'' (4:it))
and nor the pronorninal plefix rz' 'it', which itt anv case rvoul.l not be in accorcl rvith the
Ir :rscri I i Irc sultject ar-plnrasdn un.
1
Juil' 1992
Page 21
ll.Thc
Objcctive casc is nrarkcd bv the nrorphente zr, cithcr insertcd as thc last
voq,el of the stcr-n befirre thc fin.rl collsoniuf (ts zadan 'housc', Ol->i. zadun.)
rrr added trs a suflix (as ltar 'lord', Obj. bint-). Arr Otrjcctive nottn is tt.sed as
rhc flrst elenrent iu a cornpouncl rvord or cxpres.siotr. *'ith thc sccr.lnd clenrettt
bcing a vcrb,rl u,run or other iirrrn with a verbal sense . The Ohjective noun rI)
such ,r c.rrnp,orrnd l-ras an "objcctivc-gcnitivc" scnse. i.c. it exple.sses tlrc
glanllrr;ltical object ofthe vcrbal norion in thc sccoud clenrelrt. For exanrplc,
in XIinul-Tar"ih 'Pillar of Fleaven'. tarih has the vcrbal sense 'thxt \.vhich
sr.rpports . hlinul, Obj. forn oi mhml 'lrcltvcrr , expresscs thc rccipient olthc
rrction. s<r dt:n Llintrl-Tar"#is'thatrvl-rich srtpports lreavetr'. LIsine rhe N<lrmal
tirrrrr of rlre initial noun rvould rcsulr irr a diflcrcnt nrcanins. i.e . Mhml-Tarik
lvould trtcatr 'heavertlt'
(r'vith Normal minal tctittg as an atljectivel cf.
$4)
pillar'. "sc. a pillar in the ski', or ttracle of cloud". (429).
Thete is oulr.'ottc example of the Objectivc in AF3:
balik hazad an-nimrttz7r azfrlnda
'ships seven of INinrruzirl easnvard'
i,""'h<r
lor.cs'
(. ZIR'lovc,
E.lves' . Nimrzr.isasingtlar()bjcctive firrm, sincc thc C)bj cctir.e case has no dual
or plural fbrms. and it is intercstinq to n()tc that it is used in Ninrrnirwith a
plural serrsc, i.e. prcsurnablv Nimruzir lovctl Elves in general, trot iust a
p,rrticulal irrdividual. \Xzith this !\re can cornplrre the flcqucnt trsc of singul,rr
firrnrs to den()te plurals in Quenl'3 conrpounds. e .g. ValarJuertla'Account of
tlrc Valar', Ahntlindab 'The lv{usic of the Aintrr', ctc.
Postpositions
12.Lou,dlnrn\ Report statcs thar "Adunaic prcpositiotts arc
ilt Ltcl
usur-rlly
as
cxccprt
forz7. AF3
l'inlar
Paee 22
T'l\r
Tengw,r #24
I ()q
.
.
.
da la
d'
.:r''tdcr'
(4
j4
notc 8)
-rJ
, r -d'or\'
irt
13. As describcd in
\4,
a ge
baritn an-adun
'Lord.s of-tWest'
i tn r uz7r
'ships seven of IElendill'
(251
I/'
Jui-v 1992
vtn_7t.7r
L1
L'ngl('/11'tt
!+,:
Paee 23
Adiecti'r'es
14.Thc phr:rscs in AF3 rvith :rtliectives arc:
a.yadda
-t
autgt0/ltu10a
'rvind.s black'
u'ith prcdicatc
Cf. afilu 'dark'pg. 3(Xi, r,vhich appcars in the Subiective in AFI: agawtulo
'dcath-sh:rde').
Paee
24
July'1992
Likc trouns, adjcctives can inf'lect fbr ctrsc. For cxanrplc, iziudi'srrilgltr,
apprcrrrs in thc Objcctivc case (rtrarkccl [rt' sr.rf]ir -z) in tht cottrpottttd
t-rctv n i zi t d u - b?tlt' 'luc -sa,icr, plo phet' (417).
right'
Verbs
15.C/nssts of-At/uttaic :tgt"l)5.-\NIe have n.rrcd
that although
LrnL,ol/trtru':
Rcportis
quirc thorough in it.s trcaturcnr,rf thc phor-r.rlog1. end notrn svste nr of Aduttaic.
T,rllticn \\,rote next to nothinq about,rtlrer aspccts oIAdunaic gratnnrar. The
onlv dcscriptiott oithe ve rt't,rl svstet-u consists of "a ferl' vet'1' rough iottings", ;rnt1
alrhoueh Chlisropher Tolltien sa1's that thesc lrotes are "too illcgiblc to nrakc
lnrrch of.' (4:19) he h,rs nr,rrragcd t() extr:rct a fiir anrortttt of trscful itrlrtlrntarion
fnrnr thcnr. Hon,cve r. applvin' this infirrn'ration to the text.s is problenratic; fi.rr
just as the Adunaic noutl svstelll eppcars to have nvo disrinct cottceptttal
phascs, Toll<ie n mav also lrave changcd his conception of the Adunaic vcrbal
svstcm as he de vcloped the lan.tuasc. Thcre arc vcrlt conjugations in AF 1 q'hich
do not appeal in AF:i, and vice vcrsA. Do the "rottsh jottings" therefirlc
clescribe the vcrbal svste nr of AF I or that oiAF3? At this point there secms no
rvav to tell. and so rve havc lttcmptrd to apply thc irtfirrnration in Tolkiclr'.s
r'rorcs ro both the earlv and late Adun;ric vert-url ntatct'ial as bcst rve can. It rnay
r,rltinratclrt turn ()ut that sonrc or all of the apparcnt discrcpancies bcnl'ee n the
verbs in AFI and AF3 arc rec,rncillble.
According to Tolkien's notes, Adrtttaic has three classes of verbs: i)
Bictrnsonant:rl (as ftlz'hold'): ii) Triconso nanral (as hnla&'fall d.ru'n'); and iii)
Dcrivarives (as azgara- 'watae war , ugruda' 'overshatlow') . Lotudharn's Reltort
sey5 1l-r,r, Adunaic verbs :rre nrost ofien tricolrsonantetl (c.g. SAPHAD 'trndcrsrand', NIMIR'shine'), altlroLreh a few ofthe conrrn()rlest vcrlrs are biconsonantal
(e.g. NAKH 'conre, approach'. BITH'say').
Derivative verbs seenr to be cornpounds of at least tq,o elcmeltts. Fot'
ex,rnrplc, ugntdii-'overshadorv' clearll' contains rrg'r"z 'shadow' (cf. ugt"u-dalad
'shadolv-under' in AF3), and thc afHx -/Z- nray be cognare witl.r thc Postpositiorr
ad. ada 'trxvards, again.st. into'. as tn akhasada 'into ch;rsm', so that tir
'overslradrrrv' sorlething rvould bc to ptrt it 'itttrl shldou" .t'In azgard-'wage
w:-rr' the
rrtztv r-neatt
sufllx.
apPcar in AF.3: i) Biconsonant:tl tumhhlta'heltihnllaba'shc-felI-dorvn'(< KALAB). and
ii)Triconsonantal
carne'(< NAKH),
(< t I zgdr at -'wage n'ar').
u'a
rri
ns'
aza
ra'r,r,as
i i i ) Dcriv:rtive
gga
('
be cognirtc
'-ri
approltclt'
(LI{:39i). a.ndN tangarlo 'to trial<c tirnr. con0rni, csrablish' . tauc'tlrnt'.'L'hus ugudi'
*'to rrtakt- slru.lowr,, causc to bc in sh:rclotv'?
Julv i992
Ilin.1,av Tangu'nr
#)4
Paee 25
16 LIool
arucl r,r/lcr.-Adunaic vcrl:ls h:rvc rrt lc,rst thlcc nioods. Thc indicativc
nrood, that used to nrakc objcctivc st:rtcnlcr)ts. is nor nrcntioncd in Toll<ien's
rrcrtcs buI is clcarly cxcrnplificd Lry'such simPlc oLrjcctivc scntcnccs x auadfird
zTran ltihalbn'Anadr.rnc thc bclovcd shc fcll' (urs.). Thc trotcs st:rtc th:rt
Adunlic,rlso
h:rs sr,rb
a zr
cdio-passirc or mir/r11eruict,
indiclting that thc subjcct itsclf is thc fbcus of thc vcrbal acrion ("1 u,ash
rnysclf''). Tlrc activc voice ir.r Adunaic is attcstcd in Birhn att-adin yuralttam
daira *'Tltc Lords of thc \\,'cst re nt thc Earth'. Tolkicn's notcs also nrcntion
:r passivc voicc, "rendcrcd Lry thc irnpcrsond vcrb fbnns'rn.ith subjcct irr
accus:rtivc"'.8 Bv "accusativc" Tolkicn probalrl-v tncant thc Nornral casc, sincc
that is r-rscd to c{enotc direcr objcct.s. Unlbrtunatcly, no cxarnplcs of thc passivc
occur in the tcxts.
i)
'
Thcaorist. This issaid to corrcsponcl to thc English prcscnt tcnsc, "trut used
nrorc oftcn th:rn that as historic plcscnt or pasr in tr:rrr:ttivc". Thc aorist
could bc uscd irs a firturc tcnsc as wcll (cf. iv bc:lorv). Thc notcs also sav that
the future tcn.sc is rcprcscnted Lry an auxiliarv, thor.rqh whctlrer this mcans
'l hc Enelish translation nrighr indicatc this phrasc is au inrpcrarivc, though no Adun:ric
inrpcrarivc nrood-rh,rt uscd firr giving tlirccr conrrnancls-is rncntioncd in rhc norcs.
ofthc
transirive verb, reuain just as in the ordinarv activc scntence." A'nrong the l,rnguages
usirrg :ur iurpersonal passive is Welsh.
Page 26
ii)
July 1992
thc auxilian' is adclccl to thc rrorist "rvhcn aorist = fururc" or to sonrc othcr
fbrrn ol'thc vcrb is nor clcar.'r
Thc continuati\.c (prescnt)
(past)
iv) Thc p:rst tensc. "oftcn uscd as plr.rpcrfcct trilrcrt aot'ist is usccl = P:tst. or
firturc perficr u4rcrr ,rorist = futurc" (4J9).
irs
Llnfbrrr,rnatcll,', rhc norr:s clo not providc spccifics about thc inflcctional fbrnrs
bv which thcsc tenscs arc trtarkcd. \X/c can, lror.vcvcr. tnrrkc sotnc cducatcc{
glrcsscs about lrorv thc tcnsc systrln dcscribccl itr thc notcs is cxcnrplificd b1' thc
Uid yahalubirn!
'Tlic nountrrins lcan ovcr.' (ibid.)
The gloss of yauihltint as'Irhc1'] arc at hand' rcflccts E,nelish idiom ratlrcr than
thc litcral nrcaning, sincc thc root is clcarly NAKH 'conrc. apprro:rch'. This
scrlrLucc is urtcred b1. Loivdharn as hc looks out a rvindou' at or-ninor,rs blaclr
'Wcst.
Sonrc t\.vcnry pagcs carlicl in
clouds (thc 'Eaglcs') :rpproachins fi onr thc
thc story a virtuirlly idcntical incidcnt occurs; as a grcat cloud comcs r-rp frorn
thc Wcst Lor.r,dhanr spcaks "'"r,ords in an nnktrorl't.r tonguc', thcn crics c-rut
Be/nld tlte Ertgles of thc Lorr* of iltt Wtst! T/tey ttre contingouer Niltnettor! in
English. Thcrc sccnrs lirrlc doLrbr char Lowdhanr's "u,ords in an uttktrorvn
ronguc irrthiscarlicrp:rssilgclvcrcAdu'nicNariha'nBnri'nAdiluyanilzhint
ltntl thar yandhlthn is Iitcr'a.lly'rhc)' are coming'. Sincc 'thcy are coming' is a
corrtinuativc construction in Enelish. thc implicatio n is il:rat yrlnihhim is xl
cxanrplc of tl-re prcscnt col)tinuarivc tcnsc rirthcr than thc :rorisr.
Tlrc
vcr[-,
in
UrVd
Ir:rs /rc,r,
br':lr auxilian'addcd
Julv 1992
Page 27
Assunring."vc havc correctlv'idcntillcd thc tcnsc oftthLisc t\4'o firrrns, u.c c:rn
notc thrtt in firrnring thc Prcscttt cotrtitrulrtivc, bicortsonatlt,tl NAKH 'crlrnc,
rrpproach' lcngthcns its CV (Characrcristic Vou,cl)il, rvlte rcrs tricotrsotr:rntal
KAIAB'fhll' has no CV lertgthcning bur instead tlic sccotrd vorvcl bccontcs rr.
-y'- is apparentlv a firrrhcr
(sincc
-arcpllrccd
lry
in p'trctcritc]l firrrtrs, i.c.
it is
indicator of thc tcttsc
'thcy
(cot-uparc sittgnlar and
nurnl'ter
rnarks
p[ur,rl
rcnr'), antf tn
thc
yurabtam
flll', yuralttam
yahalubhn
yanahlthn t.:n<l
u,ith tcnsc (cf. \6).
ya-
it
zigfirun,.. tntalelelta
'lSauronl ... he-carn.,'
r- p h rt r azd rtlr\ t 6zrt Krlfti.
'IKing Pharazoul w,:rs warring'
tl.
... ayadda
... wcnt' (ms. 'road...it
"vcnt')
bar uhallaba
'thc lorc-l fill' (429)
ll"[n
an Adunaic Besc thcrc is a (-haractcrisric Vowcl ((]V) rvhich sharcs with rh.
consonanrs in cli:iracrcrizirrrl or ide nriA'inq the [Jirsc. fhus KA.]iAll ancl Kli{lB are clisrinct
Rases ancl rrray have rvhollv unrclatetl rneenirrgs." (415)
Irr tlris erticlc rvc lvill use thc tenn prz'tt'rite tct rcfer to anv Adunaic verb that is tlanslatcd
bv rhe lr,rst tense in English, e ncornpassinq rlrcAdutr:ric past cot.tritruative, aorist, and past
tenses. Th.. rernr /r?.r/ tensc wrll onll'tre used to refbr to the sp.'cific Arlunaic past tcnse
rctrrrctl to irr Jirlkien's notes.
lt -l'lic
coinages.
witli
ref-erencc
Pase 28
Julv 1992
in arlfin izindi hatan tZido ayadda *'a straisht ro:rd once r.r,ctrt Wcst' thc
rcfcrcncc is rtot to a siuglc past cvent, Itut rlther to atr otrgoittg st,rtc o[afflirs
irr tlrc pastr t'oncc a straighr ro'td uscd tago \X''est'. Thus also anndilnv zirin
ltihallaba"'Nrinrcnor the Bclovcd rvas falling'dranraticall), dcscribcs Niunctror
in rhc actu:rl pr()ccss of plunginn inro tl-rc ahyss. A contitruativc scnsc ntight
srrikc rrs ns sonrcrvhat odd in Kado zigfinm zabntlt4n u.nahh/ta *'And so
Srruron, hr,rnrbled. u,as coming Lto Nrinrcnorl'. It tttav lrc significant that all
rlrcsc gcrrrirratc vcrbs (savc'll'agc rvar') rcicr to rnotiou-arnte, gr,,.fal/ r{orur,.
This coLrld indicarc a qcncral as.sociatiott of vcrbs of motion rvith thc cotrtitruativc in Adun:lic-norc also that thc cxirnrplcs wc lravc of nvo of thcsc satnc
vcrbs in rlrc prcse nt tcnsc ilrc also coutinuarivcs: yanihbim "'rhcy arc conrittg'
*'thcv lcan ovcr, thcy arc f-alling' (cf'. Sl8).
nnd yahalubim
Gcrrrinirtion is also r,rscd in Elvish to dcnotc continuous action, pcrhaps
inc-licating that both Ac-lunaic and Elvish inhcritcd this graruntatical dcvicc
fiorn tlrcir coulr'non :lnccst()r. Lotud/tnm\ Report dctails thc ancicttt kinship
brt.,4,ecr)
rurd
Qucndianl in,rlatcrstagc,
t'' J lrouqh this u'as not usudlv pcrmitted: cl. 122: " ...a basic fbrnr does nor usuallv have
tlie (lV repeated more than trvice (as LiKLiLilLl, NULLJBU)".
li 'l'hc l.arin inrpe rficr tcr.rsc inr'licated continuous;rction in rhc past, e .g.76ar'it u'as going'.
Ir could also denore repcarcci or habitu:rl action, so that 71,,arcoulcl also merur'it kept
qoirrg' or
'ir
usecl ro qo'.
Julv l99r
Page 29
Arnong Elvish verbs u,c {lnd ccrtaitr fblms Toll<ien hrts labeled :rs
"ficque n tative ", nr e:rtriug they exf')rcss the ficque Itt or ctrtt iin rtous rcpr-1isi911 .f
an acriou. Elvish Frequcntrrtives:rle filrmed in a numbct .rfu'ays, itrcludint by
gcrnirraticrtt. For cx;rnrplc, the Er.ymrtlogirs qivcs an Eldarin base BAT- 'rrcad',
n,lrich yiclded a plimitive verb'batta-, "n'ith nredial consonant le rrgtl-renecl in
ficqrrcntativc firt'ntatiott". In Old Noldorin thi.s trccatne hanh6- 'trarrrplc" i.c.
*'t,r rread on continuouslv'. Th.c dcrivati.rnal proces.s .seett itt bicotrsotraut,rl
BA'f- 'tread' > gcrninutc -hatta- "'to tread on contiuuouslv' is lernall<ablv
sirrrilar-t() thit scclr in thc Adurraic vettrs discussctl abovc' c.g. biconsonantal
*'ltc lvas cttlttitrg"
NAKH 'corne , apprroaclt' > qetuinate unahlelta'hc-cattrc',
genrination
tt.r indicatc continuousTra:t
lvith tl-rc diffcrcrrce thar Adunaic uscs
action.
20.7'lr
plural exanrplcs:
Sittgu/ar:
Phu'al:
vntlihtint dubdnnr
'IChilclren of C.rdl fcll'
bArhn .,. 1urtthta?n
Paee 30
July 1992
in AF3
cor-rlcl bc
;l prcserrt tensc
dcrrronstratcd.
\fc
oinrotiorr
rvith rhc continuativc tcnscs (past:rnd prcscnt). ln AF2. thc gentittatc lxtst
ctrrrtirru:rtive lornt dubbudarz is used in the pl"rrasc ?rulinim dttbbudnrn u.grurtahd ''thc Chilclrcn of God fcll fu,erc flllingl uncler the shador'v'. Horvcvcr,
hcrc 'fill' dt>cs not re ftr to the prhv.sic:rl act oi filline dorvn but rattre r to t'ttot il
dccline f rorn
rr
hiqhcr to
,r
Participles
2l.There arc nvo exanples of pasr participlcs in AF3:
zi gilrur t m b atb An
tn
mh lt h a
nrin
lti ltallaba
bzrse
sorrrcc
adjcctivcs. rvhich norrnally precede the troutr. Thc participirrl sufllx -Zz could
be cognatc u'ith the gcnit ival/ad jcctival pret\x an- (cf . g l3)-nouns rnrrl<cd b1'
an-
nlso
firllorv
tl-re
noun modificd.
r(' 'I'his is not to sav that a languagc cannor usc the sarne verb fbr both senses of
'f,rll'l Enelish
cert;rirrlv does, ,rs eloes (]ucnva: cc)nlpare Lturid lautar /assi'like gold lill rhe le;rves'
(phvsicel) rvith lr'laelor's l:rnrent the Noldolgtk 'The Fall oltthe Noldor' (rnorel). But
apparentlv Adtrnlic nrakes a vcrbal tlistinctiorr in the tw.o types of 'fall'.
Irrlr' I ()9 l
"E,q.RLt'" GRAN,Irr4AR oF
Pase 31
AFI
Nouns
ctlsc s.ytt(nt itt AFl.-In corltrast to thc threcfirld Nornral-SubjectivcObjectivc c:lse systenl of thc "flnal-firrrn" gtanrnrar, Adrrnaic in irs c:rrliest
conccpturrl staqe has,file cases: Norn'ral. Subjective, Ccnirivc, Dative, and
]nstr-urne rrtul. As we n()tcd in orrr introductiorr, tlris five-case systetrt is tlre onc
usetl in AF 1. A nurnbe r,rf "rorreh pr.e,cs" descritring this carl" conception have
survivccl. ancl Christoplrcr'folkicn provides us n,ith onc sanrple paracligrn, that
of N'l:rsculinc bAr'lord' (4.18-9):
22.Tltc
Sinqular N.
bnr
S. Ltanm
L. bdro
barus
I. ltarutna
D.
barut
barim
oarot
odt'ryont
ltinrcit
birumttt
birutnaht
bArisim
Irr fu{asculinc nouns the Cenitive inflection i.s a (pl. -ont): rhe Dative -s, -se (pl.
the Instrumcr-ral -ma(p|. -maht).Here barhas an inflcctional stcnr
*
bd.ru.- t,'t rvhich thesc case endin.gs (or numbe r markcrs) arc addcd: l)ativc sg.
-si77x)lztn<l
hinr-s, Nornral duil bdnrt. etc. Thc flnal vowel of tl.ris srenr is dropped with
s.q. bat'a. Norrla] pl. bnr-i, ctc. Thc flnal vowel in
srrclr inflectionll ste ms mav br deterrnined by eencicr, i.e. -u-in - banr- cotld
ccrtain cndinss: C,enirivc
be thc N'lirsculinc sendcr si.en r.r. Horvever, Instrurnental solt7tltuntZ 'assentwith' nray argue again.st this: it is probably a Neutcr nor.rn (cf. \l), vet it also
has a stern in -z-.
The distinction bcrw,cen this earl-v systcnr of crse-enclings and the later
Paee 32
Julv 1992
lry rro rncens cxclusivc) in Qtrcnva, c.g. eldn 'Ell- has tltc d;trivc plwtl eldain,
rvitlr ;lh,rral nrorprhernc -i- standiug berwccn fhc noutr stcn elda atid thc casc
nrorprhcnrc -2. This stnrcturc also c]orninirrcs thc Aclr.rruic plLrral fr.rrnrs, rn
whiclr tlrc plural rlorphcnre -y'- conrcs bcr'"vce n thc noutr srent ttir(u)- and thc
casc cnc'linqs -hn. -fun, nnd -sinr (u'hich thctusclvcs end in a sccolrd plural
nrarkcr -zl/ ; this sort of rcc'lunc-l,rnci' is,rlso fbuncl in rhc Qucnva dcclcn.sional
svstcnr). Thc lrtstmnrcnt:rl exhibirs a diltcrcnr ordcr of tlorphcnrcs: NOUN +
CIASE + NUN'lI3F.l1 (birtt-na-itt), pcrhaps ou'itrg to irs oriqirrs as an.rgulutin:rtccl postposition. This srnrc N()LIN + (IASE + NUN'lIlER structure occurs
rhrouglrcrtrt the dual (as in Dativc dual baru-si-t), standing in nrarkcd colrtr:rst
ro thr: nrole rypical N()Lll.. + NLIN'IBL.R + CASE strtlcturc scctr itr tlte Qucnva
duals-conrpare Q ucnitivc dual cirya-t-o *'of nvo ships' i,r'ith Adunaic
gcrritive duzl bar-o-t -'of thc rvi'o lolcls'.
Thc Nomral and Subjccrivc crscs appcar to function in AF I in nruch tl-re
salnc llranncr as in AF j. Thc fbllor,virrg cottttue Irts u'ill fbcus ort thc tlrrce cascs
uniqrrc to thc cJrh'noutt dcclcrtsiott.
used as a patronvnric in
DroutningoJ'Andd|tni.This
thc dual, .utd -sint in thc plural (ar lcasr in Nlasculinc ttouns). There is onc
cxarrrple of a Dativc singular in thc prcpositional phrase dalnd ug'tts'undcr
lrorrcrr? shadorv?'inAF1 (c{. trgru'c1xl<', pg. i06). Usc of thc dativc firllowing
a prcposition occurs in othcr langr.ragcs, c.g. thc cquivalcnt phrasc in Germatr
rvould bc untar rJun Sc/ntten'under rhc shadorv', v'idt den Schrrttm'dv:
shadorv'in thc dativc 'tfrcr unter 'utrdcr'. Sinrilarlr', Old Elrglish uder pirt
sceadehas thc dativc oi s?o scendu.IIr AF3 dalndis Ltscd,rs a/r.r/-posirionugnt-dalad'?sl'radow r.rndcr'-applied to the Nonnal fornr of rhc noun.
A possiblc cxanrple of a Dativc plulal is aualoi-si 'Povn'crs-on' (enrcndcd
ftorn aaaldi-mez). \X/c nrigl-rt expccr thc cntling -sinl r:rthcr than -sl. Hotl,cvcr,
Christophcr Tolkicn says that thc Dativc cnding was -.r, -re (pl. -.rinr) "in
nr:rsculinc nouns" and rhisu,ording scclns to irnply that thc cndings nrieht vary
in othcr scrtdcts. This nrisht also bc atr cxanrple of Tolkicn altcring thc c:rsc
svsrcnl, q'ith Dativc plr-rral -sy' rcplacing (or rcplaccd bi,) -sirz. Thi5 pl11, prarallcl
the variation sccn irr plural cndings of ccrtaitr Irouns itr thc tcxts, c.c..Aual6i
thvorcd in thc carlicr texts w;rs rcplaccd by Aualiint in rhc latcr tcxts.
Julv 1992
Paee 33
Tolkicn's
usr-ral Anglct-Saxotr
tratisirtiott.
Adpositions
26.The preposition dakd 'undcr' has heen discussed above (cf. S24). 'fhe
firllor,r'ine postPo.sitions also occur in AF
l:
. -ada'rnto. -u,ard' in
An,tr/iitti.
. -nten'on' in aualdi-tnen 'Poq,ers-er1'
Pese
-14
Jul1. 1992
ri,c also flnd l division of the prctcritcs itrto nvo clistinct structural groups: i;
grrrrirr?rtc fbrrns, rvith doubling of a basic conson:rllt (ts unebhil 'hc-catnc' <
'NEK:l; a/eallabi'lcll in ruitr' < KATAB), and ii) "z-prcrcritcs". cotrt:rittitrs an
cle
'w,eqc rvar').
2S.Prtcrites iu -rti-
anl -rti-.-The
Singuhr.
a
'
t azga rani du
[;\r-Pharazcin] lvas lvagittg war'
t? l)a rttz1l
batart ahhahti
'r'oad lat,'
Plural:
eruhTn
uliibauim
ofAdunaica[]aiui'lirl
la1,'xn.1
p.*.ftrne
vcrl-;s
hahainez'Ithcy]
ro,erc
lyins't8 atrd
a hhai ni - '{itl
? 'lic' pr.r.
lav
fcll'
wcrc lyine
l- lr
rccrns likclv thet *NEK'cornc' is ;rn c:rrlv conccptiott of the latcr basc NAKH 'conrc,
fiir the prescr.rc.'of e short ein'utrchku'is not in accord rvith the phonologv
crf Arlurraic rrs describecl in thc latc nlrtcriill. ()f . Lotulham s Report pg. 42J: "Tlte
hngueqe...possesses no short Z or l)".
approaclr',
i3 Kakahrcn occurs in dte Koiuicnlni St'ttenre: Eh{ar ando knkainen lornlyar '-I-he .'lves
rvere lonq lvinq aslccp. . . ". apparentlv thc fretluentative fbrnr ofthe verb scen in thc base
I{AY-'lie tlLtrn', halzai- 'to be lvinq', p;t:. kalzaine 'rvas lvin.'. pa.t. pl. knhaineil'wcrt
lving'. (if. "-T'he L-lves at Koivierritri: A Ne'rv Quettvit Sentettce", i7#14. pe.7.
Jul-v 1992
Paee 35
fbl thc lctng 7 rathcr thatt short i. Lou,dlnnti Report also sal's that
"sr..,nrctitttes (csPcciallv itr tttrstresscd s),llablcs bcfbrc r, or
Qrrcnya iencl Jalso
rvhcrc rhc Adutraic systcur favoLrrs it) . . . rrprpcar as a." (413 ) Sincc thr consonan t
/is closc in arricul:rtion 1p r (in fict prinritivc Elvish inrcnocalic and finrrl /
bccarnc r in Qucrtvl, as'lida > lira'tl.tr', "tad > tar 'thithcr'), this r.night
?rcc()unt
rlccourlt fbr a shifi frt,nt *-ne-d- > -nad-. But a firllou'ine r (or r./, or lnv
col)sollirnt, fbr thar nrartcr) is not ucccssrrrJ' firr Qucnya I lnd ri to bccottic z
in Adunaic, since this coulcl also ()!:cut "whcre thc Aciunaic systcnt favottrs it".
TlrLrs rn,c sce rhat thc Qr,rcnl'a comitetivc postpo.sition -me'wirh' (ttsin leuhue
'u,itlr lcavc') appcers in Adunaic in thc lorrn -mfr'wiilt' (as in saibEtb-nm
'asscnr-u,ith' in AFj).
Tlrc clcnrcnt -d- in ttzgaranidu tppcarsto bc thc tnorplrctnc nrarking thc
vcrb rts contirLl:ltivc. i.c. -771 = pre tcritc , -rmd- = pest conrinuerivc 'rn'as X-ing'.
Notc tlrc intcrnlediatc l<trrn azagt"ira (given rvith azagglu'a, thc ftrrtrt scctt itr
AF3, as an:ilrcrnativc). in rvhich rhc -r- ntly bc a variant of tirc continr,rerive
rrrarkcr -d- in nzgarartrtdu. Advlnic cclntinuetivc -/- apparctrrly had a cognatc
in prinritive Elvish. In thc Etyrnologicsu,c f-inil thc lr,rsc IAB-'lich', rvhcticc rhe
*
Qvcrb larin'I lick', rvith the usual shift of carlv intcn,ocalic b > r,in Qtrcnva.
'to
lick', in rvhicl-r thc originel
Tlrc cntrr also givcs a fi'cqucnt:rtive lornt lnpsa
*l' oFthc basc has beconrcp, rvidr a suflix -rzz indicating tltc continuous actiol).
Wc krrow fl'orn thc dcriv:ttion oI:Qlipsa'soa1,' fi..rttt plinritivc *libda (s.v.
119:-) thet rhc prirnirivc consonanr cltrstcr *D/ [r.:c:ttttc ps in Qtrcni,a.
Tlrcrcfrlrc f-rcqucntativc /apsa'to lick' rnay havc cotrtc fiorn earlicr * Iabda,witlt
-da l-tcing a f rcqucnt:rtive nlirkcr i n tl-r.: pri nt i t ivc latrgurrgc.
arc:
asLrnc-lcr'
anndini alealLtbi
'Wcstcnrcssc
azr?
ruai
fill in ruin'
phutrusin
(<
pltuntsanr)
'scas rnight-flora'
prast
Page 36
JLLIy 1992
sirnp-tlv
iscoguarcvu,itlrQucny:r ni'is',pl.aar'arc'.l9Thcothcrcx:lr]lplcoccursitrazr?
tmi pbunrant 'lso tl'rat thc] scas nright-flou,'. Thc clctne nt nni'nlieht'
is
clcarlv'
.t
Ir.n:rsc. subjcct]
l" 'l'his plu.al firrrn occurs in -l olkicn's rcadinq of ,V,riz,llr '' on thc rccord albunrs
l.ut out
-l
bi' (,acdmon Iiccords in 1975. hcrc thc sccc,ncl litr: of thc poerrr varics From the
-fhe
uncountable veirrs arc likc
ptrblished 1:s15ion: In-yat iltuiti nar ue nhnar aldnrot! "
tlre wings crf treesl'. Ci. Att Innor/utiott ro Elt.,islt, pg.
i.
Irrlr' -'-I991
J*-',
24
Paee 37
enlfirt udubanint
'IChilclrcn of Cod] f-cll'
lconr. subjcctl
ttttttdfrni aleaIIabi
'\\'cstcrncssc fcll in ruin'
[ltnr.
sLrlrjcct]
battu ahhahti
'roacl lalr'
Incut. .subjcct]
itll - I -I
I
Incut. sr-rbjcctl
-t t- -t
Rltl I A r il
1'O
'wavs bcnt-arc'
ineut. subjccrl
Irr thc flnal f-ornr of Aduneic qratntnar. e Nort-nitl subjcct troun rcclttircs a vcrlr
rvith prononrinal prcfixcs uratching thc sulrjcct in gcrdcl and nLrrnbcr. If thc
Nornral crrsc iu the carlt'conccption of Adr.rn:tic gr:unnrirr firnctions sinrilarly,
n'c shoulcl cxpcct to scc protronrit-tal prcfixcs
r-rsccl
ilt
Pase 38
JrLlv 1992
In enrlfnt udubanitn 'rhc childrcn of God lcll', thc subicct erulfirt shotld
lrc Ctrrrrrrrorr, sincc Lou,dltrnru's Raport statcs "Conrtnor) arc...thc tr,rnrcs of
petrprlcs (cspccirlli, in the Plural, ;tsAdilttiitrt)." ('1.16) Lou'r//.,arn's Rcp67'7 1156
starcs th,rr thc cndings of'rhc Sr.rbicctivc clsc wcrc in origin pronotninal affixcs
(415). Thc Subjcctivc plulal cnding of N4asculinc. Fcnrirtittc, atrd Cotntnotr
n()uns \4,:1s -irn, and rhis old prrononrinal aflix is probabl"- thc flnal clcrtrctrt itt
udubartint
It
'scas
as
u,cll.
niiglrt-flow'.'"vhich
has a
Inresc. subject]
bannt-adwto rabbhntu
'rhc Lord o{:'Wi cst brokc irsundcr'
Inrasc. subjcct]
In thc f-inal firrrn of thc grallll)rAr, a Subjccrivc subjcct noutr docs trot rcquirc
plononrinal prcfixcs on thc vcrb, though prcfixcs c.oul.l b., inclLrdccl fbr
crrrplrasis. Tlris is rvhat rve sce inzigilruu...uuehlti(< hurrchleii) 'ISatrron ]. .. he canrc', r'u,itlr rhc N'lasculinc prouonrinal prcfix z- \or ltu-).In birun-arlun
rnhhhatu rlte final
vr'rrr'cl stands
-i
rnay lrc
:r
N4asculinc prronominal
azgarariduanc-l thc shorr vr-rvvcl oltthc prcfi xu-in unehhil. 1t is intcrcsting that
lrorh of thcsc phrescs havc vcrbs cnding in -e7 l perhaps in thc errlv gratntn:rr
a spccial verbal cnding is used in accord rvith a Subjcctive sLrbjcct.
And so wc must concludc our discussion of thc grernnrar (or more accuratcly,
thc grdrnnntrs) of Adun:,ric. Wc hopc that Mr. Lou'dham, that plcuricr;\c-lunaic
gr:unnrarian, would approvc of our humblc clforts toward furthcring our utrdcrst:rndins of thc stransc and bcautitul tonsuc of Akallabcrh thc Dorvnfallcn. As
lcngthl,;rs this:rnal1'sis has bccn, it balcly scrittches the surface-rnuch morc
rcrnains to bc u,ritrcn about Adunaic's intricatc laramln:rr, its complex prhonoloeicrrl strr.rcturc, its hisrorical rclationsl.rip rvith Elc.larin and Khazadian, and its
sizcablc vocabularr- (in fict, a conrplcte Adunaic n'ord-list was prcparcd to
accompany rhis arriclc bLrt had to bc onrittcd duc to lack of spacc). That Tolkicn
lvas ablc to conccivc ancl clalrorarc such a fully do,elopcd languauc, irll u,irhin rhc
spacc of a feu, rnonths in carlr' 1946, attcsts to his astonishing linguistic gcnius:rnd
his unflagging crcativirv. Wc crn only ccho thc words of Philip Franlilci,, u,ithout
thc ironv:
Julf i 992
Paee 39
Cirth dc G,trtdalf
I\IA = Rack
Isstrts
Ardilah/t.
nr,rnthlr'.
Er./itor: Nadtalic Kotori,ski. Subscrilttiotts /r.,: tbe cditor at r5, rue Vicror
Canrbicr, Bte 7. I I B0 Bruxelles, Bclgiunr. ,4wtu,zlsubso'iStrion: Belgivnt 450
FB, 5(X) FB clscrvhere.
No. 20, L|41, 1992: Cotrtinues thc presctttatirtrt ctf Le Quan.y,t: tne grammairc,
Nlthalic's Frcnch translation oiNano' t\4artsch's "(]ucrrva L,attguage Lessorrs" fl'onr Be-yond Brea. LcEort 20: Etytnologies, Suppleruent: Lenition du
Sittr/arin.
thc
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No. D{IX, Srnmto 1-99J: Special issue irt hottor of the Tolkicn Centcnarv,
fcaturirrg rrruncror.rs tributes to Tolkicn fionr thc reaclers <>lt IVI_yt/thre. Tltc
front cctvcr has a qorseous cokrr painting by Bonnic Callahan. depictinq
Tolkicn at his u,riting-desk, and our ()wtt P:rtrick \['ynnc outdoe.s hinrself i,ct
again rvitl'r a stunrting full-color drarving of l\4:rnrvd on his throne. The
Dcprr.
of Cornputcr Science, Kins's Buildings, Eclinburgh EH3 9JZ, UK. \(ritc firr
details. ^81,4.
Nt. 43, ./rutc 1992: Long and idios-vncratic trcatnrent of Qucnya qrarrttn:rr itt
"Qucrrr';r Grartrtnar Rc-Exanrined" [r\,
Conceprtiottist Anthor-ry
".6"u,
Applc-vard, fnrrrr Julian's Tolklane Internet nrailing lisr (loin l;y postine to
tolklang-requestGuk. ac . ed. dcs). Lettcrs f rorn Criag N'{arnock on
Qrrcnya morpholopy and thc Qucni,a perfcctive aspcct. and fiorn l>oth Craig
and Arden Smith on Elderin color terrns. Arde n succir-rctly denronstrirtcs thirt
Proro-Eldarin u,as at lcast a Stagc VI lanuuagc in Bellin and Kav's.systenr of
color terrn developrnent. Rcviervs of \rinyar Tengu,ar nos. l(r-20.
Wnvar
Tensu,ar
JO
I-/t a
irn
Vinvar Teng,nval
is
ll7yi711t
ll. Smith,
ancl i)atricl<
LISA.
Vvntrc.
'l'onr Lob,rcli.
A4ntlrcdd: bv
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The
deadlineforW #25
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l,
1992.
(.op.vritltt of all tn,tttrial nbmittel is rttainel b-y tlte nu.thor or artist, althoughYT r6il1/6 tht
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Tl,a Hobltit
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'l'he
l.ll
ItS
TI
Lost llo,zd
Silnarillion
Llnfnislrd'l'a/es
7'ha
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Et
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'l'l,e (2anya Lcxicott, App. L;1-l er2
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