CHEMISTRY GLOSSARY

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Word
allotropes

atom
compound
conduct
covalent bond
double bond
ductile
electron
electrostatic
formula
groups

ion

ions

ionic bond
ionic compound
isotopes
lattice
lubricant
malleable
isomer

Definition
Allotropes are structurally-different forms of an element. They differ in the
way the atoms bond with each other and arrange themselves into a structure.
Because of their different structures, allotropes have different physical and
chemical properties
All elements are made of atoms. An atom consists of a nucleus containing
protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
A compound is a substance formed by the chemical union (involving bond
formation) of two or more elements.
To allow electricity, heat or other energy forms to pass through.
A covalent bond between atoms forms when atoms share electrons to achieve
a full outer shell of electrons.
A double bond is a covalent bond resulting from the sharing of four electrons
(two pairs) between two atoms.
If a material is ductile it is capable of drawn into thin sheets or wires without
braking
An electron is a very small negatively-charged particle found in an atom in
the space surrounding the nucleus.
An electrostatic force is generated by differences in electric charge (ie. positive
and negative) between two particles. It can also refer to electricity at rest.
A formula is a combination of symbols that indicates the chemical composition
of a substance.
The groups of elements in the periodic table are the elements which have the
same number of electrons in their outer shells and so have similar chemical
properties. A group of elements all lie in same column in the periodic table.
An ion is a charged particle formed by loss or gain of electrons. When atoms
lose an electron they become a positive ion. when they gain an electron they
become a positive ion. When they gain an electron they become a negative
ion.
Charged particles formed by loss or gain of electrons. When atoms lose an
electron they become a positive ion. When they gain an electron they become
a negative ion.
An ionic bond forms between two atoms when an electron is transferred from
one atom to the other, forming a positive-negative ion pair.
An ionic compound occurs when a negative ion (an atom that has gained an
electron): The ions swap electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
Atoms of the same elements that have different numbers of neutrons are called
isotopes.
A lattice is a regular grid-like arrangement of atoms in a material.
A substance used to reduce the friction between two solid surfaces.
If a material is malleable it is capable of being hammered or pressed out of
shape without being likely to break or return to the original shape.
Isomer are substances that have same molecular compound but they have
difference chemical and physical because they have order atoms difference.

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mass
mass number
molecular compound
molecule

molten
negligible
nucleus
neutron
product
protons
radioactive
reactant
relative mass
stable
alkali metals
atom
atomic number
atoms
boiling point
brittle
catalyst
catalytic converter
compound
conduct
conductor

covalent bond
displacement reactions
electron

Mass is a measure of the amount of material in an object. It is measured in

grams (g).
The mass number (A) of an element is the number of protons plus the number
of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.
A molecular compound is made up of at least two different elements, which
share electrons to form covalent bonds.
A molecule is a collection of two or more atoms held together by chemical
bonds. It is the smallest part of a substance that displays the properties of the
substance.
Molten means reduced to liquid form by heating. It is mainly used to describe
rock, glass or metal.
So small as to be not worth considering.
Found at the centre of an atom, the nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
A neutron is a particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom, has a mass
approximately equal to that of a proton, and has no electric charge.
A product is a substance formed in a chemical reaction.
A proton is a small particle with a positive charge found in the nucleus of the
atom.
A radioactive isotope gives off (or is capable of giving off) radiant energy in
the form of particles or rays by the spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus.
A reactant is a substance put together with another substance/substances to
undergo a chemical reaction.
The relative mass is the number of times heavier a particle is, compared to
another.
Atom are stable if their outer shell contains its maximum number of electrons.
The alkali metals are the elements in Group 1 of the periodic table. They have
one electron in the outer shell.
All elements are made of atoms. An atom consists of a nucleus containing
protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
The atomic number (Z) of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus
of the atom.
All elements are made of atoms. An atom consists of a nucleus containing
protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
The temperature at which a liquid changes its state to gas.
If something is brittle it is easily broken.
A catalyst changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by
the reaction itself.
A device in internal combustion engines which catalyses reactions converting
harmful exhaust gases such as carbon monoxide into normal atmospheric gases.
A compound is a substance formed by the chemical union (involving bond
formation) of two or more elements.
To allow electricity, heat or other energy forms to pass through.
An electrical conductor is a material which allows an electrical current to pass
easily. It has a low resistance. A thermal conductor allows thermal energy to
be transferred through it easily.
A covalent bond between atoms forms when atoms share electrons to achieve
a full outer shell of electrons.
Displacement reactions happen when a more-reactive element replaces a lessreactive element in a compound.
An electron is a very small negatively-charged particle found in an atom in
the space surrounding the nucleus.

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element
groups

halogens
ionic compound

molecular compound
molecule

nucleus
noble gas
periods

radioactive
relative atomic mass
vapour
acid
acids
activation energy
alkali
alkalis
alkenes
atom
base

bases

biocatalyst
catalyse
catalyst
chemical change

All atoms of an element have the same atomic number, the same number of
protons and electrons and so the same chemical properties.
The groups of elements in the periodic table are the elements which have the
same number of electrons in their outer shells and so have similar chemical
properties. A group of elements all lie in same column in the periodic table.
The halogens are the elements in Group VII of the periodic table. They have
seven electrons in the outer shell.
An ionic compound occurs when a negative ion (an atom that has gained an
electron) joins with a positive ion (an atom that has lost an electron). The
ions swap electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
A molecular compound is made up of at least two different elements, which
share electrons to form covalent bonds.
A molecule is a collection of two or more atoms held together by chemical
bonds. It is the smallest part of a substance that displays the properties of the
substance.
Found at the centre of an atom, the nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
The noble gases are the elements in Group 0/Group VIII of the periodic table.
They have a full outer shell of electrons and so are unreactive.
The periods of elements in the periodic table are the elements in which the
same outer shell is being filled up. A period of elements in the periodic table
all lie in the same row.
A radioactive isotope gives off (or is capable of giving off) radiant energy in
the form of particles or rays by the spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus.
The relative atomic mass is the number of times heavier an atom is compared
to one twelfth of a carbon-12 atom.
Vapour is a cloud of liquid particles. Steam is water vapour.
A corrosive substance which has a pH lower than 7. Acidity is caused by a
high concentration of hydrogen ions.
Corrosive substances which have a pH lower than 7. Acidity is caused by a
high concentration of hydrogen ions.
The minimum energy required for a collision between particles, in order for a
reaction to occur.
A base which is soluble in water.
Bases which are soluble in water.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with a double bond between the carbon
atoms.
All elements are made of atoms. An atom consists of a nucleus containing
protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
A substance with a pH higher than 7, and which has a high concentration of
hydroxyl ions. Bases react with acids to form a salt and water (called neutralisation). Metal hydroxides, oxides and carbonates are all bases.
Substances with a pH higher than 7, and which has a high concentration of
hydroxyl ions. Bases react with acids to form a salt and water (called neutralisation). Metal hydroxides, oxides and carbonates are all bases.
A biocatalyst is an enzyme or microorganism that activates or speeds up a
biochemical reactions.
To catalyse a chemical reaction is to change the rate of reaction (without the
catalyst substance itself being changed by the reaction).
A catalyst changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by
the reaction itself.
A chemical change involves new substances being formed and is very difficult
to reverse.

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combustion
compound
concentration
concentrate

covalent compounds

denatured
displace
displacement
displacement reaction
electrode

electrolysis
electron
endothermic

equilibrium
evaporation
exothermic
filtrate
filtration
ionic compound

molecule

neutralisation
oxidation
product
reactant
redox reaction

Combustion is the process of burning by fire.

A compound is a substance formed by the chemical union (involving bond
formation) of two or more elements.
The process of increasing the amount of substance in a given amount of mixture.
To increase the amount of substance present in a unit amount of mixture.
For example, allowing solvent to evaporate from a solution concentrates the
solution.
A covalent compound is a compound of neutral atoms in which the atoms are
held together by covalent bonds. Covalent bonds between atoms form when
atoms share electron to achieve a full outer shell of electrons.
If a denatured, its structure and function is altered. This can be caused by
heat, altered pH or by chemical agents.
Displacement reactions happen when a more-reactive element replaces a lessreactive element in a compound.
Displacement reactions happen when a more reactive element replaces a lessreactive element in a compound.
Displacement reactions happen when a more reactive element replaces a lessreactive element in a compound.
Electrodes are conductors use to establish electrical contact with a circuit. The
electrode attached to the negative terminal of a battery is called a negative
electrode, or cathode. The electrode attached to the positive terminal of a
battery is the positive electrode, or anode.
Electrolysis is the decomposition (separation or break-down) of a compound
using an electric current.
An electron is a very small negatively-charged particle found in an atom in
the space surrounding the nucleus.
In an endothermic reaction, energy is taken in from the surroundings. The
surroundings then have less energy than they started with, so the temperature
falls.
If the rate of the forward reaction and the rate of the back reaction in a
reversible reaction are equal, the reaction is in equilibrium.
Evaporation is a change in state in which a liquid becomes a gas (vapour);
molecules near the surface of a liquid may leave the liquid to become a vapour.
Heat energy is released in an exothermic reaction. We know this because the
surroundings get warm.
Filtrate is fluid that has passed through a filter.
Filtration is used to separate a solid from a liquid.
An ionic compound occurs when a negative ion (an atom that has gained an
electron) joins with a positive ion (an atom that has lost an electron). The
ions swap electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
A molecule is a collection of two or more atoms held together by chemical
bonds. It is the smallest part of a substance that displays the properties of the
substance.
Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base.
Oxidation is a reaction in which oxygen combines with a substance. Oxidation
also means a loss of electrons.
A product is a substance formed in a chemical reaction.
A reactant is a substance put together with another substance/substances to
undergo a chemical reaction.
Oxidation and reduction always take place together. The combined reaction
is called a redox reaction.

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reduction
reversible reactions
salt

salts

solute
solution
solvent
substrate
thermal decomposition
addition polymer
addition reaction
alkanes
alkenes
atom
boiling point
capillarity
catalyst
combustion
compounds
condensation
covalent bond
cracking

Crude oil

decomposition
distillation
double bond
evaporate

Reduction is a reaction in which oxygen is removed from a substance. Reduction also means a gain in electrons.
Reversible reactions are chemical reactions which can go both ways. The direction of the reaction depends on the condition of the reactants.
A compound formed by neutralisation of an acid by a base (eg. a metal oxide)
- the result of hydrogen atoms in the acid being replaced by metal atoms or
positive ions. Sodium chloride - common salt - is one such compound.
Compounds formed by neutralisation of an acid by a base (eg. a metal oxide)
- the result of hydrogen atoms in the acid being replaced by metal atoms or
positive ions. Sodium chloride - common salt - is one such compound.
A solute is the material that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution.
A solution is the mixture formed when a solute dissolves to form a solvent.
A solvent is the liquid in which the solute dissolves to form a solution.
A substrate is the substance acted upon by an enzyme.
A reaction in which substances are broken down by heat.
Addition polymers are made when monomers (simple molecules) add together
across a double bond.
A reaction in which a small molecule adds on across a double bond.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. This mean that each carbon atom has
four bonds to other atoms.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with a double bond between the carbon
atoms.
All elements are made of atoms. An atom consists of a nucleus containing
protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
The temperature at which a liquid changes its state to gas.
Capillarity is the movement of liquid through narrow tubes as a result of
surface forces.
A catalyst changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by
the reaction itself.
Combustion is the process of burning by fire.
Substances formed by the chemical union (involving bond formation) of two
or more elements.
Condensation is a change of state in which gas becomes liquid by cooling.
A covalent bond between atoms forms when atoms share electrons to achieve
a full outer shell of electrons.
Cracking is the breaking down of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller,
more useful hydrocarbon molecules by vapourizing them and passing them
over a hot catalyst.
Crude oil is formed from the remains of small animals and plants that died
and fell to the bottom of the sea . Their remains were covered by mud. As the
sediment was buried by more sediment, it started to change into rock as the
temperature and pressure increased. The plant animal remains were "cooked"
by this process and changed into crude oil.
A reaction in which substances are broken down, by heat, electrolysis or a
catalyst.
Distillation is when we make a liquid evaporate and then condense the vapour
back to a purer liquid.
A double bond is a covalent bond resulting from the sharing of four electrons
(two pairs) between two atoms.
Evaporation is a change in state in which a liquid becomes a gas (vapour);
molecules near the surface of a liquid may leave the liquid to become a vapour.

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formula
fossil fuels
fractional distillation

hydrocarbons
molecular compound
molecule

monomer
natural gas
oxidation
permeable
polymer
polymerise
product
saturated
sedimentary rocks
thermal decomposition
unsaturated
vapourized
vapour
acid rain
combustion
condense
core
crust
erosion
fossil
fossil fuels
igneous rocks
lava
magma
mantle
metamorphic rocks

A formula is a combination of symbols that indicates the chemical composition

of a substance.
Fossil fuels have been created over millions of years by the decay and compression of living things, particularly plants. Coal, gas and oil are fossil fuels.
In fractional distillation a mixture of several substances, such as crude oil,
is distilled and the evaporated components are collected as they condense at
different temperatures.
Hydrocarbons are a group of compounds which contain the elements hydrogen
and carbon.
A molecular compound is made up of at least two different elements, which
share electrons to form covalent bonds.
A molecule is a collection of two or more atoms held together by chemical
bonds. It is the smallest part of a substance that displays the properties of the
substance.
A monomer is a simple molecule.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed from decaying plant and animal material.
Oxidation is a reaction in which oxygen combines with a substance. Oxidation
also means a loss of electrons.
Permeable materials have tiny spaces in that allow some substances (such as
oil and water) to pass through.
A polymer is a large molecule formed from many identical smaller molecules
(monomers).
Polymerisation is the reaction is the reaction in which many identical
monomers are joined together to make a polymer.
A product is a substance formed in a chemical reaction.
Filled to capacity. In a saturated hydrocarbon there are no more available
bonds.
Sedimentary rocks are formed when rock fragments are deposited and pressed
together.
A reaction in which substances are broken down by heat.
An unsaturated compound contains at least one double or triple bond.
Turned (generally through heating) into vapour. Vapour is a cloud of liquid
particles. Steam is water vapour.
Vapour is a cloud of liquid particles. Steam is water vapour.
Acid rain is caused when sulphur dioxide - released by the burning of coil and
oil - dissolves in rainwater to form sulphuric acid.
Combustion is the process of burning by fire.
Condensation is a change in state which gas becomes liquid by cooling.
The core is the innermost part of the Earth.
The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth.
Erosion is the process whereby rock or soil is worn away by the action of the
wind, waves or water.
Fossils are the remains of animals and plants from a past geological age, preserved in Earths crust.
Fossil fuels have been created over millions of years by the decay and compression of living things, particularly plants. Coal, gas and oil are fossil fuels.
Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock cools.
Lava is molten rock which has reached the Earths surface.
Magma is molten rock.
The mantle is the region of the Earths interior between the crust and the
Earths core.
Metamorphic rocks are formed when rocks are changed by heat or pressure.
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photosynthesis

re-crystallisation
respiration
respire

Photosynthesis is the chemical change that occurs in the leaves of green plants
that use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Oxygen
is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis.
When rocks are heated and put under pressure new crystals can form. These
are often elongated in the direction of least pressure.
Respiration is the energy-producing process which takes place inside living
cells.
To engage in respiration: the energy-producing process which takes place inside
living cells.

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