SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 1

SAGE Profile Version 6.3.
2
User Manual
VOLUME 1
INTERFACE MODULE
Prepared by
Fugro Engineers SA/NV
Document Ref.: SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 1.doc
Revision: 08
Date: 17/03/2005
Document Title:
SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 1 - 08

Interface Module
Document Ref. :
SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 1-JWI.doc
REVISION STATUS
Rev
Status
Compiled
by
Reviewed
Date
by
04
Issued for
6.1 Release
MMA
May 2002
05
Issued for
6.2 Release
JFW
Jan. 2003
06
Issued for
6.3 Release
MMA
07
Issued for
6.3.1 Release
08
Issued for
6.3.2 Release
date
Approved
by
date
JWI
May 2002
Oct 2003
MMA
Nov 2003
JWI
Nov 2003
MMA
/HFA
Jul 2004
JWI
RDE
Jan. 2005
HFA
Mar. 2005
JWI
Mar. 2005
Signatory Legend:
MMA
HFA
RDE
SSM
JWI
Matthieu Malli
Hendrik Falepin
Raphal Denis
Steven Smolders
Jean-Franois Wintgens
Copyright 1995 2005 Fugro Engineers SA/NV

No warranty, expressed or implied is offered as to the accuracy of results from this program. The
program should not be used for design unless caution is exercised in interpreting the results, and
independent calculations are available to verify the general correctness of the results.
Fugro Engineers SA/NV accepts no responsibility for the results of the program and will not be deemed
responsible for any liability arising from use of the program.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - Interface Module
Content
1.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................ 7

1.1
Introduction ......................................................................................................... 7
1.2
Third Party Certification...................................................................................... 8
1.2.1
Bureau Veritas Approval................................................................................. 8
1.2.2
Uncertified Features ....................................................................................... 8
1.3
How to use SAGE Profile? An Overview ........................................................ 8
2.
SETTING UP SAGE PROFILE................................................................................ 10

2.1
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 10
2.2
Network Version ................................................................................................ 10
2.3
Interface Setup .................................................................................................. 10
2.3.1
Specifying the location of the Program Write Directory ................................ 11
2.3.2
Specifying the location of the Client Directory File ....................................... 12
2.3.3
Specifying the location of the Local Log file ................................................. 12
2.3.4
F.E. Engine Test........................................................................................... 12
3.
STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE ....................................................................... 13

Introduction ....................................................................................................... 13
File ...................................................................................................................... 14
3.2.1
Open Project................................................................................................. 14
3.2.2
Client and Project Maintenance.................................................................... 15
3.2.3
Find Existing Projects ................................................................................... 15
3.2.4
Editor ............................................................................................................ 15
3.2.5
Ploughing Module [optional module] ............................................................ 15
3.2.6
Viewer........................................................................................................... 15
3.2.7
Rectifier ........................................................................................................ 15
3.2.8
Upheaval Buckling........................................................................................ 16
3.2.9
Stand-alone PipeNet .................................................................................... 16
3.2.10 Preferences .................................................................................................. 16
3.2.11 Printer Set-up ............................................................................................... 17
3.2.12 Exit................................................................................................................ 17
Analysis.............................................................................................................. 17
3.3.1
Type Analysis ............................................................................................... 17
3.3.2
KP Range ..................................................................................................... 17
3.3.3
F.E. Tune...................................................................................................... 18
Print .................................................................................................................... 18
View .................................................................................................................... 18
Help..................................................................................................................... 19
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
CONTENT
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE................................................................................. 20

Introduction ....................................................................................................... 20
SAGE Profile Main Control ............................................................................... 20
4.2.1
Right-Hand-Side Column.............................................................................. 20
4.2.2
Bottom Row .................................................................................................. 21
Open Project ...................................................................................................... 21
Client and Project Maintenance ....................................................................... 22
4.4.1
Add an Archived Project to an Existing Client .............................................. 23
Find Existing Projects....................................................................................... 23
Editor .................................................................................................................. 24
4.6.1
File................................................................................................................ 25
4.6.2
Seabed ......................................................................................................... 26
4.6.3
Editing and Entering Seabed Soil Data ........................................................ 36
4.6.4
Pipeline......................................................................................................... 36
4.6.5
Loads............................................................................................................ 41
4.6.6
Uniformly Distributed Loads ......................................................................... 45
4.6.7
Residual Lay Tension ................................................................................... 46
4.6.8
Hydro Test Pressure..................................................................................... 46
4.6.9
Operating Temperature and Pressure.......................................................... 46
4.6.10 UDL Due to Current/Waves.......................................................................... 48
4.6.11 View.............................................................................................................. 50
4.6.12 Print .............................................................................................................. 51
4.6.13 Help .............................................................................................................. 51
Analysis.............................................................................................................. 51
4.7.1
Type.............................................................................................................. 51
4.7.2
KP Range ..................................................................................................... 59
4.7.3
Finite Element Tune ..................................................................................... 59
4.7.4
Finite Element Analysis On Screen Display and FE Analysis log file........... 61
4.7.5
Code checks................................................................................................. 63
4.7.6
Span checks ................................................................................................. 68
Viewer................................................................................................................. 70
4.8.1
Introduction................................................................................................... 70
4.8.2
Brief Tutorial ................................................................................................. 72
4.8.3
Main Features............................................................................................... 72
4.8.4
Shortcut Buttons ........................................................................................... 73
4.8.5
The File Menu............................................................................................... 73
4.8.6
The Graph Options Menu........................................................................... 83
Rectifier .............................................................................................................. 87
4.9.1
Open Analysis .............................................................................................. 88
4.9.2
KP Ranges ................................................................................................... 88
4.9.3
Printer Setup................................................................................................. 88
4.9.4
Exit Rectifier ................................................................................................. 88
4.9.5
Cutlines ........................................................................................................ 89
4.9.6
Supports ....................................................................................................... 89
CONTENT
4.9.7
Help .............................................................................................................. 92
4.10
Plough Module................................................................................................... 93
4.10.1 Pipeline Ploughing........................................................................................ 93
4.10.2 Using the Plough Module in SAGE Profile ................................................... 94
4.10.3 Step 1: Create Your Input - Plough Editor .................................................... 94
4.10.4 Step 2: Setup An Analysis - Pick-Up Analysis Type Window ....................... 99
4.10.5 Step 3: Ploughing Analysis Results............................................................ 102
4.11
Print .................................................................................................................. 103
4.12
Help................................................................................................................... 105
5.
TABLES................................................................................................................. 106
6.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS FAQ ....................................................... 113

Introduction ..................................................................................................... 113
Installation ....................................................................................................... 113
Running SAGE Profile..................................................................................... 113
Using SAGE Profile Interface ......................................................................... 115
Modelling.......................................................................................................... 116
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
7.
INDEX .................................................................................................................... 119
1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
1.1
Introduction
SAGE Profile is a suite of programs for pipeline profile analysis developed by Fugro
Engineers. Operating with a standard Graphical User Interface (GUI) under Microsoft
Windows, the suite enables the full range of pipeline profile analysis tasks to be
performed efficiently. The program comprises two main modules:
Interface Module
Finite Element Module (PipeNet)
The manual consists of four volumes:
Volume 1 Interface User Manual
Volume 2 User Manual of PipeNet, SAGE Profile finite element engine.
Volume 3 Theory Manual
Volume 4 Software Verification and Validation Manual
Volume 1 (this volume) of the set of documentation for SAGE Profile is concerned with
the Interface. The menu driven Interface module is designed to set up data for the F.E.
program, PipeNet, run analyses and reviews the results. It also enables design against
upheaval buckling and performs span checks and code checks in accordance with DNV
(1981), Lloyds and BS 8010 rules as well as the latest DNV Offshore Standard OSF101 for Submarine Pipeline Systems (2000) and DNV RP F105 for Free Spanning
Pipelines.
The Interface Module consists of four main units whose principal functions are as
follows:
Editor
Set-up of the pipeline, loads, and seabed soils for

analysis
Analysis
Set-up of the analysis parameters and run the

analysis
Viewer
View analyses results
Rectifier
Allows rectification on seabed profiles
Stand-Alone PipeNet
FE Engine in stand-alone mode
Each unit has several capabilities, which are described in details in the relevant
sections of this manual. An on-line help facility is also available.
Please also refer to the Frequently Asked Question - FAQ at the end of this manual.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
1.2
1.2.1
Third Party Certification

Bureau Veritas Approval
SAGE Profile V6.3.1 is fully certified by Bureau Veritas.
For more information, please refer to Bureau Veritas certificate and report available on
SAGE Profile Installation CD.
Figure 1: Bureau Veritas Approval of SAGE Profile
For an optimal use of SAGE Profile finite element capabilities, it is recommended to

read the Validation and Certification reports. Several useful examples theoretical and
practical - are treated showing the influence of the pipe mesh, number of increments
and other non-linear parameters on the FE solution.
1.2.2
Uncertified Features
The new features implemented in V6.3.2 are not covered by the certifications. These
features are:
-
The Input Data Report Utility, which is available form SAGE Profile Advanced
Viewer.
The new soil behaviour laws for the vertical pipe-soil interaction, which have been
implemented in the Soil Properties window.
Buoyancy ,ethod for very soft clay
Verley and Lund for soft clay
DNV RP-F105 for sand and clay
User-defined database of soil springs
Improvement to the DNV RP-F105 VIV check by including the simplified fatigue
screening criteria
The new features have been validated by SAGE Profile team and will be certified by
Bureau Veritas in a future release. New validation examples have been created to
validate these features. They are available in the user interface Software Verification
and Validation Report (SVVR) that can be found on the installation CD in electronic
format (see document 42-10-04 SAGE Profile User Interface SVVR.pdf).
1.3
How to use SAGE Profile? An Overview

The flow chart in Figure 2 presents the main steps to create and manage a project, to
set up a model, run an analysis and view the results within SAGE Profile. Please refer
to the corresponding chapters for further details.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Figure 2: How to Use SAGE Profile - Overview
SETTING UP SAGE PROFILE
2. SETTING UP SAGE PROFILE

2.1
Introduction
SAGE Profile Interface is a Microsoft Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP application that provides
a user-friendly interface to the Finite Element Pipeline Analysis Program (PipeNet).
The recommended minimum system requirements are:
Pentium IV 1.5 GHz - 256 Mb of RAM
The following terminology is used in reference to use of the mouse:
2.2
Click
to quickly press and release the left-hand mouse button.
Double click
to click the left-hand mouse button twice in rapid succession.
Drag
to slide the mouse whilst holding down the left-hand mouse button
Network Version
SAGE Profile is protected by a Rainbow SuperProNet security key. This key can be
installed either on a local machine or on a network server. By default, the key is
assumed to be on the local machine.
If the user wants to use the security key on a server through the network, the Rainbow
Key Driver should be first installed on the server. Rainbow Server should then be
loaded in the server services and run in the background. On the workstation, the IP.txt
file located in the SAGE Profile application directory of the user machine should be
altered and contain the IP address of the server on which the security key is plugged.
Figure 3 is showing the content of the default IP.txt file for a local use of the security
key. Figure 3 shows an example of IP.txt file where the security key has been installed
on a server with the following IP address: 10.0.0.11.
Figure 3: IP.txt File for Local Use
2.3
Figure 4: IP.txtFile when Key is on

Server with IP Address 10.0.0.11
Interface Setup
The interface is entered by simply double clicking on the SAGE Profile icon under the
SAGE Profile group of the start-menu, as for any Windows application. Once the
program is loaded into the memory, Figure 5 appears.
10
Figure 5: SAGE Profile Interface Setup
2.3.1
Specifying the location of the Program Write Directory

In order to change the path of the Program Write Directory, the Change button,
found to the right of the textbox specifying the current location, (Figure 5), must be
clicked. This produces Figure 6.
Figure 6: Program Write Directory Location
This program write directory path is specified in the ProgramwriteDir section of the
sageprof.ini file, shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7: Sageprof.ini file
The path contains the drive and directory names (example: ProgramwriteDir =
f:\profile\data). The Program Write Directory must reside on a drive/server that has
read and write access for every user.
11

2.3.2
Specifying the location of the Client Directory File

In order to change the location of the Client Directory File, the Change button,
found to the right of the textbox specifying the current path (Figure 5), must be clicked.
This produces Figure 8.
Figure 8: Client File Location
The Client Directory must be a read and write directory common to all users as it
contains information on the clients and users. The location of this directory is specified
within the ClientFile section of the profile.ini file, given in Figure 7. The Client.cfg path
should contain the drive, directory and filename (Example: ClientFile =
f:\profile\data\Clients.cfg).
2.3.3
Specifying the location of the Local Log file

The local log file LProfile.log is used by SAGE Profile Network version and handles the
sharing of Client and Projects folders between several users. This file is stored by
default in the Windows system directory.
In case of restricted access to the Windows system directory, this option may be used
to modify the location of the local log file.
2.3.4
F.E. Engine Test

If SAGE Profile is running for the first time or if a F.E. test has not been performed on
the current machine, SAGE Profile will prompt the user to do an F.E. engine test on his
computer and the following window will appear:
Figure 9: SAGE Profile Installation Examples Window
These validation examples have been installed during the installation of SAGE Profile.
They should be rerun each time SAGE Profile is installed on a new system to check
and proof that the F.E. is performing correctly.
12
STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE
3. STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE

3.1
Introduction
The Interface is controlled by the SAGE Profile Main Control Menu, Figure 10.
Figure 10: SAGE Profile Main Control Window
The top bar has five menus, which give access to the Interface main modules, in
addition to tasks related to Client and Project Management and the printing of results.
The main menu items are:
File
Analysis
Print
View
Help
The following shortcut buttons from the task bar can also be used to access the
different menus:
13
3.2
: Client and Project Maintenance
: Open a Project
: Run an Analysis
: Finite Element Tuning
: KP Range
: Editor
: Plough Module [optional module]
: Viewer
: Rectifier
: SAGE Buckle
: Comments
: Help
: Exit
File
The File drop down menu gives access to the following options:
Open Project
Client and Project Maintenance
Find Existing Projects
Editor
Plough Module [optional module]
Viewer
Rectifier
Upheaval Buckling
Stand-alone PipeNet
Preferences
Interface Setup
Measurement Units
3.2.1
14
Printer Set-up
Exit
Open Project
Allows the user to choose a client from a list of clients that have been previously
created and to select a certain project for the client. A client typically contains several
projects, where a project is characterised as a certain pipeline route. If several pipeline
route alternatives are to be investigated, a separate project needs to be created for
each of the route alternatives. See paragraph 4.3 for more details.

3.2.2

Enables the user to list, add and remove both clients and projects. See paragraph 4.4
for more details.
3.2.3

Enables the user to locate and reload projects that are no longer listed in the Open
Project window. Paragraph 4.5 explained this features in more details.
3.2.4
Editor
The Editor allows the user to define the configuration and properties of the pipeline
route, seabed soils and loads, after a Master Pipeline Route (KP versus elevation) has
been created based on bathymetric survey data.
Pipeline data can be entered manually or accessed dynamically from a database (e.g.
properties and coatings) and varied along the pipeline route. Soil Properties can also be
varied along the pipeline route. If route specific data for soil density, strength, friction
factors, etc. are not available, properties may be selected from the built-in database of
generic soil types.
Regular spaced point loads (e.g. anodes), uniform loads (e.g. soil cover download or
current loads etc.) and prescribed nodal displacements/loads (e.g. trenching roller
height) can very easily be specified.
Paragraph 4.6 illustrates how to use the Editor.
3.2.5
Ploughing Module [optional module]

Allows the user to enter the optional Ploughing Module. This module is specifically
designed to automate the set-up of SAGE Profile models for pipeline ploughing related
analyses.
3.2.6
Viewer
The viewer permits the user to view and plot the seabed and pipeline profiles, and
results of the analysis (e.g. bending moment, bending stress, equivalent stress, etc.).
Comparison plots of different parameters can be done. It is also possible to compare
results from different analyses.
Furthermore interactive Pan and Zoom facilities allow the user to zoom in on areas of
particular interest.
The custom graph option and the capabilities to use template make the Viewer an
efficient tool for producing professional charts to be included in your reports.
3.2.7
Rectifier
Allows the user to model rectification interactively using previous analyses to meet
specified limits. The user can specify cut-lines and insert pre-lay or post-lay supports
graphically using a split screen with the seabed and pipeline profile of the chosen
analysis in the bottom half of the screen and the required criterion in the top half of
screen.
Temporary seabed elevation and support information files are then created which can
be analysed and if necessary further rectification can be performed. Once the new
profile is acceptable, the user can update the proposed cutline master file.
See paragraph 4.9 for more information.
15

3.2.8
3.2.9
Upheaval Buckling
Allows the user access to SAGE Buckle if the module has been installed. Please refer
to the dedicated manual of SAGE Buckle for more details.
Stand-alone PipeNet
PipeNet, SAGE Profile Finite Element engine, can be used in stand-alone mode.
PipeNet requires a *.DAT input file. For details, please refer to SAGE Profile User
Manual Volume 2.
The following window will pop up:
Figure 11: PipeNet in Stand-Alone mode
To run PipeNet in stand-alone mode, the next steps have to be followed:

1. Get *DAT Files: allows to browse your disk and select one or several DAT files.
2. Edit *DAT File: allows to edit a *.DAT file selected from the list.
3. Run Analyses: allows to run all loaded DAT files from the list. A DOS window
will pop up showing the PipeNet on-screen output.
4. View *.OUT File: allows to view PipeNet *.OUT result file.
Additionally the Clear List button will remove all loaded file from the list. In this case, the *.DAT
files are not erased from the hard-drive.
Note that PipeNet will run the selected *.DAT files from the original locations and therefore all
output files will be produced in the same folder. Editing a DAT file will modify the original *.DAT
file.
SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 2 should be carefully read before using PipeNet in standalone mode.
Remark: some options of SAGE Profile Interface might not be accessible when using this option.
For most users, it is recommended to use SAGE Profile Interface to create and run analyses.
3.2.10 Preferences
Measurement Units
Allows the user to select between three different types measurement unit conventions:
SI, Imperial or Custom.
16
Figure 12: Measurement Units Window
Please note that the SAGE Profile input properties files (*.inp) are always saved in S.I.
units. Therefore it is not recommended to enter the Editor and modify the project
properties several times as it might cause minimal rounding errors.
Interface set-up
This option loads the SAGE Profile interface setup window (Figure 4). This window
allows the user to specify the path of the Program Write Directory and the Client
Directory File. Selecting the checkbox enables editing of an already ran analysis.
The "Reset Log" button resets the SAGE Profile's logbook, which is stored in the
"Gprofile.log" file in the main installation directory.
3.2.11 Printer Set-up
Allows the user to specify the printer and its set-up.
3.2.12 Exit
Clicking on Exit terminates SAGE Profile and returns to Windows.
3.3
Analysis
The Analysis drop down menu gives access to the following options:
Type Analysis
KP Range
F.E. Tune
3.3.1
Type Analysis
The "Type of Analysis" option shows the window that specifies the characteristics of the
analyses to be performed. Code and span checks can be specified for each analysis.
3.3.2
KP Range
Allows the user to define specific KP ranges for which analysis runs need to be done.
This option is available when a seabed profile has been defined. It allows to reduce the
17

computation time by splitting the pipeline route into smaller sections to be analysed
separately.
3.3.3
F.E. Tune
Allows the user to tune the F.E. program by adjusting the numerical control
parameters e.g. maximum number of iterations, number of load increments for the lay
down empty analysis, number of integration points, tolerance etc.
It is, however, recommended that these tuning parameters are unchanged, unless the
user is familiar with the F.E. program.
3.4
Print
The Print facility allows the user to produce hard copies of the following:
3.5
The F.E. input file (files with the .DAT extension)
F.E. results of any analysis (files with .STR extension)
Span check results (files with the .SPN extension)
Code check results (files with the .COD extension)
Master Cut file (CUTMST0.INP)
Details of all the analyses performed
View
The View menu gives access to the following:
Span Check Files (files with the .SPN extension). When clicking on this option, a
window pops up, see Figure 11. It allows the user to select the analysis for which
the Span Check file has to be viewed. This is done by clicking on the analysis
name and then on View button. Span Check files contain a list which shows, in
columns, the KP range, the span height, the span length and comments on span
checks (Passed or Failed) for each detected span. Two types of span check
can be performed (see Analysis type windows):
o Vortex shedding vibration check: based on DNV 1981 Rules for
Submarine Pipeline Systems (Appendix A) or on the DNV RP F105 for
Free Spanning Pipelines.
o Allowable free span criteria: based on user defined allowable span
lengths.
Figure 13: View Span Files
18
Pre and post lay support files (files with the .SUP extension).
Code Check Files (files with the .COD extension). When clicking on this option, a
windows pops up, see Figure 13. It allows the user to select the analysis for
which the Code Check file has to be viewed. This is done by clicking on the
analysis name and then on View button. Code Check files contain a list which
shows, in columns, the KP range, the different allowables and presents stresses
and strains in the pipeline. The user can also find other comments such as the
percentage of ovalisation.
Figure 14: View Code Check Files
3.6
Plough Results Files: These files contain the output summary generated by the
Plough Module, see paragragh 4.10 for more information.
Mastercut File: this file contains the modified seabed profile as defined in the
Rectifier.
Help
The help drop down menu gives the user access to on-line help.
19
SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE
4. SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE

4.1
Introduction
The SAGE Profile Interface is a graphical interface, providing pre- and post-processing
facilities, which complement the F.E. program. It is used to produce the F.E. input data
files, prepare hard copies of the analysis, check the analysis according to specific
requirements, support graphical display of the results and allow the user to design the
seabed rectification and insert supports to satisfy the design requirements.
The following sections describe these tasks in detail.
4.2
SAGE Profile Main Control

Figure 9 shows the layout of the SAGE Profile Main Control Window. This allows
access into other parts of the program and displays the relevant information of the
current project.
The information contained in the window provides details, which are specific to the
client and project under consideration and is set out as follows:
4.2.1
Right-Hand-Side Column
The information displayed in the right hand side column provides details of the
following:
Client:
Name of the current client.
Project:
Title of the current project.
Analysis:
Name of analysis, which is currently being carried out.
Code Checks:
Code checks can be selected to be carried out on the current

analysis, e.g. DNV (1981), DNV2000, Lloyds, BS 8010 or
None.
Timer:
Number of hours, minutes and seconds since the current

analysis has started. If the computer clock is set to a.m.,
p.m., the counter will work to a maximum of 12 hours and
then reset to zero.
Iterations:
Maximum number of iterations allowed to achieve

convergence in a non-linear problem, as set in the F.E. Tune
window.
Integration Points:
Define the number of integration points, which will be used

for the F.E. analysis.
Empty Load Incre.:
Defines the minimum number of load increments for the lay

down Empty analysis.
WF/Hyd/Op Load Incre: Defines the minimum number of load increments for the
water-filled Hydrotest and operational analyses.
Elements:
20
Defines the number of elements into which the gap between

sequential seabed elevation values should be divided.

F.E. Input Files:
Confirms whether the required input files have been created

for the F.E. analysis. These are created when exiting the
editor once the user has entered all the necessary
information.
Rectified Files:
Confirms whether rectification has been carried out.
Dimensions:
States whether the current project is a two-dimensional or

three-dimensional problem.
Total Runs:
Number of analyses specified by the user for the current set

of data.
Current Run:
The run number currently being analysed.
Note that the analysis, code checks and timer boxes will only be filled in when the pipe
F.E. engine is performing an analysis.
4.2.2
Bottom Row
The information displayed in the bottom row provides details of the status of the
following files:
SBEmst0.inp:
Seabed elevation master file, which contains the seabed

elevation along the proposed pipeline route.
BOPmst0.inp:
Bottom of pipe master file, which contains the profile of the

existing pipeline along the route.
TDmst0.inp:
Trenched/dredged master file, which contains the as

trenched/ as dredged seabed elevation along the pipeline
route after remedial work has been carried out.
Soildef.inp:
Soil definition along the pipeline route, which contains the

seabed soil information (description and parameters).
Loaddef.inp:
Load definition along the pipeline route, which contains the

relevant loads along the pipeline route.
Pipedef.inp:
Pipe definition along the pipeline route, which contains the

dimensions and properties of the pipe along the pipeline
route.
The information displayed under each of the above files is as follows:
4.3
Exists:
Defines whether file has been created (yes, no, N/A (not
applicable)).
KP From:
Gives the start kilometre post (KP in meters) at which the

information is available.
KP To:
Gives the last kilometre post (KP in meters) at which the

information is available.
Last Modified:
The date at which the file was last modified.
Interpolated:
Defines whether the data in the file has been interpolated to

provide additional nodes (only applicable for the elevation
files).
Open Project
Allows the current user to specify the project he wishes to work on. Clicking on "Open
Project" in the File menu will show the Open Project window, see Figure 15.
21
Figure 15: Open Project Window
In the drop down Client list a list of all the available clients is displayed. To enable
selection of the relevant project, the corresponding client must be initially selected. All
projects relating to this client will then be displayed by clicking on the down arrow of the
Project box.
Once the client and project have been selected, clicking on "OK" commits the selection.
The "Open Project" window disappears and all relevant information is displayed in the
main window.
Clicking on the Add/Remove will pop up the Client and Project Maintenance
window.
4.4

This option (Figure 16) allows the user to create a new client or a new project for a
given client using the respective "Add" buttons. Since V6.3 valid client/project names
may be longer than 8 characters but cannot contain any spaces.
It is possible to create a back-up copy of your client folder by clicking on Copy. A
window will pop up allowing to browse your disk to the desired location (Figure 17).
By pressing on Remove, the selected client is removed from the client list. The client
files and directory are kept on the hard-drive.
By pressing Delete, the selected client/project is removed from the client/project list
and the corresponding files and directory are sent to the recycled bin.
The same functionalities apply for the Remove and Delete buttons under the Project
frame.
22
Figure 16: Client and Project Maintenance Window
Figure 17: Select Back-Up Directory
Clicking on "Exit" will return to SAGE Profile Main Control Menu.

4.4.1
Add an Archived Project to an Existing Client

To add an archived project to an existing client the user should first create a new
project with the same name as the archived one using the add buttons (Figure 14). The
archived project files can then be safely copied over the newly created project files
using Windows Explorer.
Note: if the archived project is copied from a CD, make sure that all attributes of the
copied project files are set to write enabled.
4.5

When an existing project is not listed in the project list of Figure 13 or Figure 14, the
user can retrieve this project using the "Find Existing Project" option in the file menu.
First, a Client directory needs to be created. When using the Find Existing Project
capability, Figure 18 pops up and the user then needs to browse through the folders to
locate the "projects.cfg" file of the existing project.
The projects.cfg file should be located in the Client directory.
23
Figure 18: Find existing Projects.cfg file
4.6
Editor
The editor is the tool used by the operator to create the relevant information required for
the F.E. program.
Once a project has been chosen (see Figure 15) the editor can be accessed by clicking
on "Editor" in the main control menu or on
in the Sage Profile Main Window and the
Editor Main Control Window appears, see Figure 19.
Figure 19: Editor Control Window
The Editor Window comprises eight different options, which are accessed by clicking on
the relevant heading in the top menu bar. These options are only enabled if an
24

elevation file has just been created or has been selected, which are the first actions to
be done when starting a new project.
The menus in the Editor Control Window are:
File
Seabed (*).
Pipeline (*).
Loads (*).
Currents and Waves (*)
View
Print
Help
The following shortcut buttons may be used:
: Define Seabed Profile
: Edit Soil Properties
: Define Pipe Properties
: Define Temperature and Pressure/ Operational Conditions
: Comments
: Help
: Exit
These options are described in detail in the following sections.

4.6.1
File
The following commands are available in the File menu:
Remove
Printer Set-up
Exit Editor
Remove
The sub menu under Remove gives the user three available options for removing a
data set from the active project:
a) the soil properties;
b) the load properties
c) the pipe properties
d) all the properties, i.e. soil, load and pipe properties.
NB: The complete data set for the entire route length will be deleted. For deleting or
editing data for a single pipeline section see options available under the next section.
(*) By default this menu is disabled if an analysis on this project has already been done. However this
setting can be changed if the checkbox "Edit input files if analysis have already been run for current
project" is checked (Figure 5).
25

Print Set-up
Figure 20 shows the printer set-up window.
Figure 20: Print Set-up Window
NB: In order to print graphics, ensure that the printer fonts under printer options are set
as Print True-type as graphics.
Exit Editor
To return to the SAGE Profile main control Window click on "Exit Editor". When exiting
the Editor, the appropriate files for the F.E. analysis will then be created. This is
indicated at the right hand side column of the main window. If the files have already
been created a message will be shown asking the user whether he requires a new set
of F.E. input files to be created over-writing the original set.
Figure 21: Exiting the Editor
A complete list of the F.E. input files is provided in the following tables at the end of this
manual:
4.6.2
26
Table 1
Load Properties
Table 2
Pipe Properties
Table 3
Soil Properties
Table 4
Seabed Files
Table 5
Other Files
Seabed
The seabed menu contains five possible selections:
Define Seabed Profile
Soil Properties
Seabed Slope
KP Ranges
Interpolation
The "Soil Properties" is used to define the seabed soil properties along the pipeline
route and the Seabed Slope allows the transverse slopes along the pipeline route to
be specified. The "Seabed Slope" option defines the seabed slope in the directions
perpendicular to the pipe axis and is only necessary for three-dimensional analysis.
Defining the Seabed Profile
It is possible to create three different types of Master Files: the seabed profile
(SBEmst0.inp), the bottom of pipe (BOP) profile (BOPmst0.inp) and the
trenched/dredged profile (TDmst0.inp).
Important Note: The KP spacing of the seabed profile primarily defines the
pipeline finite element mesh, as there is a one-to-one correspondence between the
seabed and the pipeline nodes. For more information about pipe meshing, please refer
to SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 3.
This option allows the user to define three seabed profiles within the same project. This
enables to model the different construction phases in one project, from the pipeline
design to the as-built verification.
Either the survey file already exists in an appropriate format in which case:
Step 1 - Import Survey File
The user can load the survey file into SAGE Profile by clicking on the Get Survey Files
button in the 'Creating and Defining the Seabed' window-Figure 22.
Figure 22: Creating and Defining the Seabed
The 'Select Survey Files' window pops up, Figure 23, and the user needs then to
browse to the survey file, select it and press on OK.
27
Figure 23: Select Survey Files
One or more files can be selected and imported at the same time. Supported file types
are "fixed width" and comma and tab-delimited files. They can be
2D files and must contain, in column, the KP and Elevations
3D files and must contain, in column, the Eastings, Northings and Elevation.
Lines with comments should start with #. Elevations are in meters. If some values are
positive (convention within Profile that water depths are negative) SAGE Profile will ask
the user to convert them in negative values. If the user wants to keep the positive
values (e.g. land pipelines) care should be taken that the water density is set to zero on
in air sections. KP values and Easting and Northing values need to be in meters as
well. *.plt files are also supported.
Note: *.plt files are SAGE Profile output files containing the pipeline profile versus KP. It
can be used as seabed file when the original seabed is too noisy and artificially too
irregular. A first analysis with a less rigid pipeline will generate a pipeline profile close
to the original seabed but smoother and more regular than the survey file. It can then
be used as seabed profile. Note that the quality of the bathymetry influences the SAGE
Profile results. It is the responsibility of the SAGE Profile user to determine the
optimum degree of smoothing, so that the noise is reduced but the real roughness of
the seabed is maintained.
Step 2 - File Check
The files need to be checked (Check Files button, Figure 22).
The results of the checking (Successful, Unordered, Duplicates Points, ...) will be
shown in the checked files list. Maximum spacing (KP and Elevations) will be indicated
on the same row. The survey files can also be edited (Edit Files).
A graph of the elevation (m) versus KP (m) will automatically be plotted in the Edit
Survey Files window (Figure 26). Statistical graphs on the KP and elevation spacings
can be obtained by clicking in the check box Spacing. Data can also be interpolated
(only for 2D files).
Step 3 - Create Master File
Once the files are checked successfully, they appear in the Checked Files list. To
create the seabed master file, the user must first select them in the Checked Files list
and then click the Create Master File button. If multiple files were selected, then SAGE
Profile will merge them into one master file.
28

Relevant information about the seabed master file can be found by clicking on Master
File Info in Figure 22. The window shown in Figure 24 will pop up.
Figure 24: Seabed Master File Properties
Or a survey file needs to be created:

The user can define the profile by creating a new survey file. This is done by clicking on
the 'New Survey File' button in the Define Seabed' window (see Figure 22). A window
depicted in Figure 25 will appear and the user must then enter the new survey file
name as well as the path.
Figure 25: Create New Survey Files
A 2D or 3D *.txt file will be then created.

The user must then edit it (Edit Files button, Figure 22), paste the KP and elevations
data for 2D profile and Elevation, Eastings and Northings for 3D profile see Figure 26.
29
Figure 26: Edit Survey Files
The main actions on the table are accessible from a right-click pop menu. To insert a
row, select a row and choose insert in the right- click menu. The new row will appear
above the selected one. Other actions are delete a row, delete content and cut/copy or
paste cell contents. The list can be browse using the arrows on the keyboard. The
SHIFT and CTRL keys can be used to select several cells. Common shortcut keys to
handle the cell contents CTRL+X to cut, CTRL+C to copy and CTRL+V to paste can
also be used.
It is also possible to copy data from MS Excel or Notepad and paste them directly into
SAGE Profile Edit Survey Window. To do this, classical shortcut keys or right-click
menu can be used.
If 3D has been chosen, KP columns can be left blank, as they will be automatically
generated when the user leaves the window.
A graph of the elevation (m) versus the KP (m) will automatically be plotted in the Edit
Survey Files windows - Figure 26. To update the graph when the KP-elevation data
has changed, click the "Refresh Graph" button.
Statistical graphs on the KP and elevation spacing can be obtained by clicking in the
check box Spacing. Data can be edited and also interpolated (only if 2D).
Survey files can also be deleted when useless: The user must click on the Remove
File button in Figure 22.
Defining the Seabed Soil
Note that soil boundary must be inserted at the KP where the overall outside diameter
of the pipe changes. Soil springs are function of the overall pipe diameter and it is thus
important to define separate soil conditions KP ranges when the diameter is changing.
30

Example
A pipeline extends from 0-5 KP. Between 0-4 KP the overall outside diameter is
1m. From 4-5 KP the overall outside diameter is 1.1m. The seabed consists of
soft clay from 0-5 KP.
Under the above conditions the seabed soil should be divided in two sections as
follows:
0-4 KP
Soft Clay
4-5 KP
Soft Clay
In order to enter the seabed soil data the user should click on "OK". The "Seabed soils
properties" window as illustrated in Figure 27, will then appear in the middle of the
screen.
Figure 27: Soil Properties Window
Entering Seabed Soil Data for the First Time

The seabed soil type and relevant properties are entered over various KP ranges along
the pipeline route using the following procedure:
Step 1 - KP Range
The KP from "value" will appear in the box. This is either the beginning of the pipeline
route or the end of the previous KP range. The user must then enter the end of the KP
range for that seabed soil type.
Step 2 - Soil Support
31

For cohesive soils (Clay and Silt) the user is able to specify whether the soil is disturbed
or undisturbed. Disturbed soil is normally chosen for areas where ploughing or dredging
are carried out. These operations remould the soil which results in a reduced shear
strength.
For disturbed soil the user has to specify the reduction factor. This reduction factor is
multiplied with the shear strength of the soil to accurately model the fact that the soil is
disturbed.
Step 3 Soil Behaviour
The drop down box allows the user to select three soil behaviours:
-
Cohesionless soil (SAND, SILT and GRAVEL)
Cohesive soil (CLAY, SILT and ROCK)
User defined (User defined soils): the user defined soil behaviour allows the
user to model soils with a specified vertical reaction curve (see Step 4, section
For a user defined soil for more details).
Step 4 - Soil Type

When the soil behaviour has been defined, the user may now select the soil type.
Clicking on the down arrow reveals all the soil types available for certain behaviour. The
appropriate type can be selected. For non user defined soils, the relevant boxes are
then filled with average soil properties depending on whether the soil is expected to
behave like a cohesive or cohesionless material. If User Defined soil has been
selected, the drop down list will contain the pre-defined soils that are available in the
user soil database.
For a cohesive soil e.g. clay, the properties to be defined are as follows:
Undrained Shear Strength: The average undrained shear strength for the soil in
kPa.
Submerged Unit Weight: The average submerged unit weight for the soil in kN/m3.
Limiting Displacement: The required displacement in metres of the pipe relative to
the soil in order to mobilise the full axial and lateral friction.
Axial Friction Factor: The axial friction factor between the pipe and the soil along
the pipeline direction.
Lateral Friction Factor: The lateral friction factor between the pipe and the soil
transverse to the pipeline direction.
Axial Adhesion: The axial adhesion between the pipe and soil along the pipeline
direction in kN/m.
Lateral Adhesion: The lateral adhesion between the pipe and the soil transverse to
the pipeline direction in kN/m.
Disturbed Soil Reduction Factor: The reduction factor used to adjust the relevant
soil parameters for the soil in disturbed conditions. Default factor is 0.5.
For a cohesionless soil e.g. sand, the required properties are listed below:
Relative Density: The relative density of the soil as a percentage according to
compactness.
Friction Angle: Angle of friction of the soil in degrees.
Limiting Displacements: The required displacements of the pipe in metres relative
to the soil in order to mobilise the full axial and lateral friction.
32

Axial Friction Factor: The axial friction factor between the pipe and the soil along
the pipeline direction.
Lateral Friction Factor: The lateral friction factor between the pipe and the soil
transverse to the pipeline direction.
Axial Adhesion: The axial adhesion between the pipe and the soil along the
pipeline direction in kN/m.
Lateral Adhesion: The lateral adhesion between the pipe and the soil transverse to
the pipeline direction in kN/m.
Submerged Unit Weight: The average submerged unit weight for the soil in kN/m3.
For a user defined soil,
the user must first define the soil features by clicking on the button Define Soil of
the Soil Properties window. The Define Soil Springs window (Figure 28) pops up:
Figure 28: Define Soil Springs Window
The required properties to be filled in the Define Soil Springs window are listed
below:
-
Soil Name and Comment: name of the soil model and users
comment
Vertical Soil Spring: definition of the force-displacement curve

modelling the soil-pipe interaction. Note that a graphic window allows
the representation of the soil spring curve. Customization of the plot
is possible by double-clicking on the graphic.
Limiting Displacements: The required displacements of the pipe in

metres in order to mobilise the full axial and lateral soil friction.
Axial Friction Factor: The axial friction factor between the pipe and
the soil along the pipeline axis direction.
Lateral Friction Factor: The lateral friction factor between the pipe
and the soil transverse to the pipeline direction.
Axial Adhesion: The axial adhesion between the pipe and the soil
along the pipeline direction in kN/m.
33

-
Lateral Adhesion: The lateral adhesion between the pipe and the soil
transverse to the pipeline direction in kN/m.
Soil type: type of soil (SAND, GRAVEL, ROCK, CLAY, SILT

Cohesive, SILT Cohesionless) to be considered for the span check
analysis as defined in the DNV RP-F105.
Realtive Density/Strength: relative density (Loose, Medium Dense,

Dense, Very Dense) or strength (very soft, soft, firm, stiff, very stiff,
hard) to be considered for the span check analysis as defined in the
DNV RP-F105.
The Import and Export buttons allow the user respectively to retrieve and save
user defined soil properties in the soil database, My Soil Database. By clicking
Apply and then OK in the Define Soil Springs, the user exits the window and
comes back in the Soil Properties window where the defined soil springs can be
selected in the drop down list Soil Type.
The graph illustrates the defined vertical soil spring. Negative displacements may
be defined in the spring curves. Outside the defined displacement range, the
interface will level off the soil spring curves "horizontally".
Step 5 - Relative Density / Strength
The drop down list allows to select either the soil relative density (Loose, Medium
Dense, Dense, Very Dense) or the soil strength (very soft, soft, firm, stiff, very stiff,
hard) in respect to the soil behaviour selected (e.g. cohesionless or cohesive
material). Note that when the user selects User defined in the soil behaviour box,
this field is disabled.
Step 6 - Soil Spring Method
Here the user can select the method for the generation of the soil-pipe interaction
curves. Depending on the material behaviour, the following laws are available:
-
For cohesive soils

o
DNV CN 30.4
DNV RP-F105
Verley and Lund
Buoyancy Method
For cohesionless soils:

o
DNV CN 30.4
DNV RP-F105
Note that for cohesive soils, the Verley and Lund method can only be used for
very soft to firm soils and the Buoyancy method is only available for very soft
soil soils.
Step 7 - Proposed values may be edited by the user.
Step 8 - Clicking on "OK accepts the soil parameters for the KP range that was
specified.
Step 9 - Soil Type The procedure from 1 to 5 must be repeated until the full pipeline
length as defined in the selected master file, has been covered.
Once the pipeline route has been covered clicking on "OK" creates the SOILDEF.INP
file ready for later processing and exits the soil definition menu. Note that a maximum
number of 33 soil KP ranges are allowed.
34

The soil models used in SAGE Profile are outlined in the User Manual Volume 3.
KP Ranges
This option shows the existing KP ranges that have already been created for the
analysis, see Figure 29.
Figure 29: KP Ranges
Interpolation
If the Interpolation command has been selected the following window will appear Figure
30.
Figure 30: Interpolation Set-up Window
The spacing is user defined. The master file will be interpolated by clicking on
"Interpolate". Once an interpolated master file has been created, this information is
displayed in the appropriate box on the bottom of the main menu.
The use of interpolation is recommended for actual seabed profiles. For artificial
profiles, such as a pipeline crossing, the option to specify element numbers in the F.E.
Tune menu should be used. In this later case, linear interpolation is used.
Note that at least 4 points are required to perform interpolation (see Figure 31).
Figure 31: Interpolation Information
35

4.6.3
Editing and Entering Seabed Soil Data

Once the SOILDEF.INP File has been created, the user can perform the following
functions once in the seabed soil property menu.
Insert: The KP range and the soil properties can be amended by retyping any incorrect
entries and clicking on "Insert".
Delete: Any KP range can be deleted by clicking on the appropriate "Range" and then
clicking on "Delete".
Apply: To modify or change soil parameters and KP limits, the user chooses by clicking
on the KP range concerned in the Soil Parameters Summary, this enable changes and
then confirm by clicking on "Apply".
Defining Ground Slopes

When working in 3D, seabed cross slope may be defined by selecting the Seabed
slope option from the Seabed dropdown menu. The seabed slope window, Figure 32,
then appears.
Figure 32: Seabed Slope Window
Slopes may be defined by dividing the route into regions of constant ground slope
angle. For each region enter the KP From value; KP To value and the ground slope
angle in degrees.
Click on "OK" in order to accept an entry. Slopes may be erased by use of the "Erase
and Exit" button. When the route has been covered clicking on Exit returns control to
the editor
NB. Ground slope is measured positive clockwise looking down the pipe axis in the
direction of increasing KP.
4.6.4
Pipeline
The pipeline menu allows the user to enter all relevant pipe and coating properties, and
to define the pipeline route for 3D analysis. The Pipeline menu has 3 options:
Pipe properties
RambergOsgood
Coordinates (for 3D analysis only)
Note that it is a requirement of the F.E.-engine that the pipeline properties is divided
into sections based on diameter, residual lay tension, changes in temperature and UDL.
Whenever there is a change of one of the parameters, a new section should start.
36

Pipeline Properties
The "Pipeline Properties" window is shown in Figure 33. The pipe size and coating are
entered for each Section along the pipeline route using the following procedure. The
steps are as follow when entering pipe properties for the first time.
Figure 33: Pipe Properties Window
Step 1 - KP Range
The KP From value will be automatically filled. This is either the beginning of the
pipeline or the end of the previous KP range. The user must enter the end of the KP
range for the length of pipe to be considered. The user is not allowed to exit this
window until he has input the pipe properties to the KP corresponding exactly to the
end of the pipeline route. Note that if the user enters a KP greater than the maximum
KP the KP to field will be automatically set to the end KP.
Step 2 - Pipe Material
A range of steel types is available in the database, which is accessed by clicking on the
down arrow. The relevant elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and steel density will then
appear in the appropriate boxes.
Step 3 - Outside Diameter
Ranges of standard pipe sizes (OD in inches) from API Specifications for Line Pipe
(1988) are available from the database and are revealed by clicking on the down arrow.
The outside diameter of the pipe will then appear in the relevant box. The outer pipe
diameter can be manually defined by editing the O.Diameter text box. In this case, the
label User-Defined will be displayed in the Dimension dropdown box.
Step 4 - Thickness
37

A range of API standard wall thicknesses (mm) is also available in the database and is
revealed by clicking on the down arrow, and the appropriate thickness can be selected
by clicking. The default values for plastic moment, nominal moment, nominal yield
stress, plasticity threshold, Ramberg-Osgood coefficients and submerged weights are
then computed by SAGE Profile.
Step 5 - Joints
Select either joints or no joints. If selected, click on Modify to define the joint
properties (see Figure 37)
Step 6 - Coating Material
A range of coatings is available in the database and is revealed by clicking on the down
arrow. The first coating on the pipe can be selected by clicking on the appropriate
description. The corresponding density will then appear in the relevant box and the
user must enter the thickness in the following box. If the coating selected is concrete
CONC, the water absorption (default 5%) must be entered in the next box and the
entry completed by clicking on "Insert". The coating selected will then appear in the box
below.
This process is then repeated for additional coatings. If a coating is to be deleted, the
user should click on the coating in the summary box and click on "Delete". The
submerged unit weight, hydrodynamic coefficients, and overall diameter will
subsequently be updated.
NB: Coatings must be inserted in the correct order according to the order of application
on the pipe.
Step 7 - Water Density and Piggy Back Loads
These loads can be inserted in the corresponding input boxes.
Step 8 - Hydrodynamic Coefficients
Hydrodynamic coefficients may be modified from the default values if required. The
hydrodynamics coefficients are used in the computation of the UDL due to currents and
waves as explained in section 4.6.6.
Step 9 - Explicit Moment Linearity
The explicit moment-curvature non-linearity parameters, Figure 34, are computed
automatically but can be modified using the Modify button. Pressing the Advanced
button enables the user to compute the RambergOsgood parameters (see Figure 38)
for moment curvature.
Figure 34: Explicit Moment-Curvature Non-Linearity Window
Step 10 - Stress-Strain Based Moment Curvature Non-Linearity

The stress-strain based moment-curvature non-linearity parameters, Figure 35, are also
automatically computed but can be modified using the Modify button. Pressing the
modify button enables the user to enter the RambergOsgood parameters (Figure 38)
for stress strain manually.
38
Figure 35: Stress-Strain Based Moment-Curvature Non-Linearity
NB: It is not advisable to update the Plasticity Threshold unless the user is familiar with
Stress-Strain Based Moment Curvature Non-Linearity.
Step 11 DNV2000 Pipeline Properties
The DNV OS F101 code checks requires additional pipeline properties:
Derating in Yield Stress due to temperature
Derating in Tensile Stress due to temperature
Maximum Fabrication Factor
Corrosion Allowance
Fabrication Thickness Tolerance
Figure 36 - DNV 2000 OS-F101 Pipeline Properties
The user should be familiar with the DNV OS-F101 and refer to appropriate sections for
definition of these parameters.
Note that these properties are only used in the DNV 2000 pre- and post-processing of
the model and not during the FE analysis itself.
Step 12 - End of first KP Range
The selected pipe parameters will be accepted by clicking on Next button.
If joints were selected the "Pipeline Joint Properties" window appears when clicking on
Next, see Figure 37.
39

Pipe Joint Properties
The "Pipeline Joint Properties" window is shown in Figure 37.
Figure 37: Pipe Joint Properties Window
All the joint property values are taken by default to be the same as the pipe properties
with the exception of the coatings, which must be specified by the user. The user must
also enter the pipe joint length and spacing. Any entries made must be confirmed by
clicking on "OK". The pipeline joints are modelled as a separate element.
The above procedure from Step 1 to 10 must be repeated until the full pipeline length
according to the Master file has been covered. This value can be found on the Editor
Main Control window on the bottom rows (see Figure 19).
Once the pipeline route has been covered, the Exit button becomes enabled, and by
clicking on "Exit", the PIPEDEF.INP file will be automatically created for later
processing and the pipe definition menu will be exited.
Editing and Entering Pipe Data once the PIPEDEF.INP File has been created
The user can perform these functions once in the pipe properties menu:
Insert:
The KP range and the pipe properties can be changed and stored by
clicking on "Insert".
Delete:
Any KP range can be deleted by clicking on the range and then
clicking on "Delete".
Apply:
To modify or change any Pipelines properties and KP limits, the user
chooses by clicking on the KP range concerned in the Pipe Summary, this enable
changes and then confirm by clicking on "APPLY".
WARNING: if the KP Ranges are changed all the KP Range defined values in the load
definition file are deleted (e.g. the residual lay tension, operating temperature and UDL
due to cover and currents and waves).
40

RambergOsgood
The RambergOsgood parameters (A, B, Mo) are used to define the explicit moment
curvature of the pipeline section based on pure bending (i.e. does not account for axial
or hoop stress). They are shown in the Ramberg-Osgood parameters window, Figure
38. This window enables the calculation of these parameters using the stress-strain
relationship of the material, which is defined by the stress strain RambergOsgood
parameters. The default stess-strain RambergOsgood parameters are based on
ultimate strain.
It is also possible to modify the RambergOsgood parameters for the moment
curvature relationship to account for differential pressure and temperature. This is an
alternative to the use of the stress-strain relationship in F.E. analysis. Note that this
method of modifying the moment curvature relationship is an approximation of using the
stress-strain relationship.
This window is not used for data input and its use is only intended to provide the user
with the moment curvature Ramberg-Osgood parameters.
Figure 38: Ramberg-Osgood Parameters
For further details, please refer to SAGE Profile Theory Manual (SAGE Profile Manual
Volume 3).
4.6.5
Loads
Once the user clicks on Loads, a dropdown menu appears for the different load types,
and clicking on one of the options will allow the entry of the load data. There are seven
possible options to enable the user to define the loads on the pipe, which are:
Sign Convention
Point Loads due to Pipe Fittings
External Loads and Displacements
UDL (Uniformly Distributed Loads)
Residual Lay Tension
Hydro Test Pressure
41
Operating Temperature and Pressure
Sign Convention
When selecting this menu, a window appears showing the sign convention used in
SAGE Profile (Figure 39).
Figure 39: Sign Convention
Point loads due to pipe fittings

Point loads due to pipe fittings (e.g. anodes ) may be entered either at specified
intervals or manually at a specific KP value.
Specified Intervals
The menu for entering the point loads at specific intervals is shown in Figure 40.
The user must define the KP range in the appropriate boxes, the interval at which the
pipefitting is placed on the pipe (first fitting assumed at commencement of specified KP
range) and the axial and vertical load component due to the fitting.
The user must click on "Apply" to confirm entries and the process is repeated until all
pipe fittings have been specified. To save data and return to the main menu, click on
"OK". To exit without saving the changes, click on Cancel.
42

Figure 40: Point Loads Specified Interval
Specified KP Values
The menu for the point load, manual option, is shown in Figure 41. The KP value
should be entered together with the axial and vertical load components and confirmed
by clicking on Apply. This must be repeated until all pipefittings have been specified.
To save data and return to the main menu, click on "OK". To exit without saving the
changes, click on Cancel.
Figure 41: Point Loads Manual Intervals Window
External Loads and Displacements

This menu option may be used to specify any of the following external loads and
external displacements.
Global Loads
Local Loads
Global Displacements
Local Displacements
Three load cases are permitted within each pipe section for both the loads and the
displacements, which can be selected according to the analysis required.
Simply choosing load or displacements, local or global axis and the relevant case
number and a window appears in the middle of screen as illustrated in Figure 42 and
Figure 43.
43
Figure 42: Global and Local Applied Loads Window
Figure 43: Global and Local Displacement Window
The user must enter the KP at which the load or displacement will occur and its
components in the three directions:
Global:
- Vertical
Local:
- X Direction
- Horizontal
- Y Direction
- Lateral
- Z Direction
Further details of the co-ordinate system are given in Volume 2 of the User Manual.
The sign convention in the local coordinate system is described in Figure 39 of this
manual.
For any degree of freedom, the imposed displacement is applied on the current pipe
node position. In other word, the reference configuration for imposed displacements is
the deformed pipeline shape.
44

Click on "Apply" to confirm entry and repeat if more loads or displacements are
required. To save data and return to the main menu, click on "OK". To exit without
saving the changes, click on Cancel.
4.6.6
Uniformly Distributed Loads

The various types of loads are as follows:
UDL Due to Cover Depth

Where the pipe is buried, the pipe, the weight of the soil cover must be taken into
account as a load. SAGE Profile enables the user to define these loads and the KP
range over which it applies. By clicking on "UDL" due to cover depth, the relevant
window will appear in the centre of the screen as illustrated in Figure 44.
Figure 44: UDL Due to Cover Depth
The KP range is selected from the list at the bottom or input manually in the text boxes
at the top.
There are two different ways to enter the UDL due to cover depth:
By specifying manually the value of the UDL (kN/m). This is done by clicking on
the appropriate check box. All Cover Properties will be disabled except the
UDL (kN/m) field that becomes enabled.
By specifying the cover depth (m) and the soil cover submerged unit weight
(kN/m). SAGE profile will compute automatically the corresponding UDL. The
choice between two formulas (see below) is given to the user by selecting the
appropriate check box. All Cover Properties will be enabled except the UDL
(kN/m) field that becomes disabled.
All entered data must be confirmed by clicking on "Apply".

The UDL due to cover can incorporate the shear resistance of the backfill soil cover by
inputting a value to the uplift coefficient. The shear resistance should be used when the
uplift of the soil resistance is required in the analysis. SAGE Profile proposes two
different models to compute the UDL due to cover depth:
Schaminee
45
Pedersen
For more information, please refer to SAGE Profile Theory Manual (SAGE Profile
Manual Volume 3).
Important note: the UDL due to cover depth will only be included in the SAGE Profile
analysis if the "Buried Pipe" checkbox is selected in the Analysis Type Window
(See Figure 53).
4.6.7
Residual Lay Tension

As for the UDL, values for residual lay tension should be entered for each range as
illustrated in Figure 45. To return to the main control click on "Exit".
Figure 45: Residual Lay Tension Window
4.6.8
Hydro Test Pressure

Profile assigns a default hydro test pressure of 125% of the operating pressure and a
test fluid density of 1025 kg/m3. Alternatively the pressure and density of fluid for the
hydro test may be entered in the appropriate box in the window which appears once the
hydro test pressure has been chosen, Figure 46. The user must then click on "OK" to
confirm entry and to exit to main menu.
Figure 46: Hydro Test Pressure Window
Note that hydrotest pressure is defined at the mean sea level, the internal water
pressure head being included in the internal pressure calculation (see SAGE Profile
User Manual Volume 3).
4.6.9
46
Operating Temperature and Pressure

When clicking this option, the following window appears:
Figure 47: Operating Temperature and Pressure Window
Operating Pressure
The pressure and density of fluid for the operating test will be entered in the Operating
pressure frame of Figure 47. Note that operational pressure is defined at the mean sea
level, the internal fluid pressure head being included in the internal pressure calculation
(see SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 3).
Operating Temperature
The user should define a temperature profile using the GUI shown in Figure 47. A
straight line temperature profile is created by adding KP's and their corresponding
temperature in the table of the " Input Temperature Profile" frame. In this table, rows
can be added/deleted and cut/pasted by clicking the right mouse button, just like in a
spreadsheet.
Because each pipe section needs constant variables, the continuous temperature
profile is replaced with a stepped profile (one temperature step for each section). Steps
can be equidistant or based on the KP ranges as defined in the pipeline properties
window. If the user select for equidistant steps, the number of steps can be filled in the
corresponding textbox.
Clicking the "Generate Stepped Profile" button generates the profile. The applied
intervals and their temperature appear in the table of the "Stepped Temperature Profile"
frame. Again they can be modified with a simple click. If the user is happy with the
stepped profile, he can leave this window by clicking "OK".
Note: the above tables can also be filled in, by pasting the temperature data directly
from a spreadsheet or text editor.
By clicking on OK the temperature profiles will be saved and the Operating
Temperature and Pressure window closed.
47

The KP ranges of the stepped temperature profiles and the KP ranges of constant pipe
properties are compared by the program. If they do not match the following message
appears:
Figure 48: Temperature Profile Conflict Message
It has already been said that all properties must be constant over a given KP range.
By clicking on Yes, the user allows SAGE Profile to generate pipe sections
that match the stepped temperature profile KP ranges and to delete the UDL
loads and Residual Lay Tension. These will need to be re-entered by the user.
Note: In case of conflicting KP ranges, pipe properties from the first pipe section
will be copied to all generated pipe sections when the automatic KP ranges
correction is chosen. Pipe properties from other sections will be lost!
If the user selects No, he will have to change manually the pipe properties in
the Pipeline Properties window and then go back in the Operating Temperature
and Pressure window to generate the stepped profile based on pipeline
properties.
Different temperature profiles can be created. By clicking on the Add New button, a
new temperature profile is created based on the actual temperature profile. The user
can then modified the input temperature profile and generate new profiles.
Note that the steps must be the same in all the profiles. The steps defined in the first
temperature profile Temp00 will be used for all the other profiles. If the user attempts to
modify the steps after creating multi temperature profile, the following message will pop
up (Figure 49):
Figure 49: Changing the number of steps after creating mutli temperature profiles
By clicking on Yes, SAGE Profile will delete all the temperature profiles, except
the first one.
Clicking on No will discard the change.
4.6.10 UDL Due to Current/Waves

Similarly, values for significant near-bottom velocity amplitude, current velocity and
mean zero up-crossing period should be entered for each KP range as illustrated in
Figure 50. Please note that these values of currents and waves velocities and upcrossing period will be also used for vortex shedding vibration DNV (1981 or RP-F105)
check (see Analysis Type windows). If the span screening fatigue analysis (DNV RPF105) is required, additional parameters (e.g.100 year return period value for the mean
current at pipe level and 100 year return period value for the wave induced flow
velocity) need to be input in this window. Different velocities for different analysis cases
can be defined.
48
Figure 50: UDL Due to Currents and Waves Window
The approach angle of the current/waves, (measured in degrees) can only be entered
for 3D analysis. The approach angle is defined relative to north, anticlockwise being
positive. DNV CN30.5 is used to calculate the forces on the pipeline due to current and
wave as described in the theory manual (SAGE Profile Manual Volume 3).
In 2D analysis, the angle of incidence does not have to be entered. The drag, inertia
and lift forces; fd, fi and fl respectively, are computed for all values of . Only the
maxima will be used as input in the analysis.
Clicking on the Advanced button will produce a window depicted in Figure 51.
The advanced option can be used to obtain the required wave parameters (i.e.
significant near-bottom velocity amplitude and mean zero up-crossing period) on the
basis of conventional wave properties. The method to obtain these parameters is based
on the JONSWAP wave spectrum and linear wave theory, which is in accordance with
DNV Guidelines No. 14 Free Spanning Pipelines. An estimate of the likely maximum
span height is required (the UDL is not very sensitive to this value).
The ratios of min/peak and max/peak are by default the recommended values, which
can be used if actual values are not known.
Note:
The UDL due to Current and Waves will be applied on the KP range specified by the
user independently to the fact that the pipe is buried or not. This users responsibility to
make sure that the loads defined onto the pipeline are consistent with each others.
49
Figure 51: Wave Velocity Spectrum at Pipe Level
Warning: User is advised to familiarise himself with both DNV RP E 305 and DNV
Guidelines No. 14 when using this option to calculate forces due to current and wave.
To return to the main menu click on Exit.
4.6.11 View
The view option allows the user to view the data he has entered for:
Soil properties
Load properties
Pipe Properties
A typical example of entered load properties is given below in Figure 52.
Figure 52: Load properties
50

From the menu bar at the top the user may choose 2 options. File allows the user to
either print a copy of the properties or to exit back to the editor.
4.6.12 Print
The print option allows the user to set up the printer and to print any of the following
information that has been entered:
Soil Properties
Load Properties
Pipe Properties
Master/Interpolated File
Thi is done by simply clicking on the required choice.
4.6.13 Help
Help Topics:
Comments:
Help is available by clicking on "Help" from the Editor menu.

Use this window to enter comments about the current opened
project. Alternatively you can also use it to give your comments
about the software to the SAGE Profile team.
About SAGE Profile: The About option displays information regarding SAGE Profile,
including the current client and project, version number and
various other information.
4.7
Analysis
There are three options available under the Analysis sub menu:
Type
KP Range
F.E. Tune
The Type option lets the user setup the types of analyses that should be performed.
The KP range option allows the user to divide the route into KP ranges to analysed
individually. The F.E. Tune option fine tunes the engine to meet certain criteria.
The Analysis module is only enabled if the user has entered all the necessary data in
the Editor for the F.E. input files to be created (i.e. KP elevation, soil definition, pipe
definition and load definition files).
4.7.1
Type
In order to set up and run the analysis the user must click on "Type". A window will
then appear in the centre of the screen as illustrated in Figure 53.
51
Figure 53: Analysis Type Window
Step 1 - Setup an Analysis.

The Select Analysis Frame
The type of analysis should be selected by clicking on the down arrow and choosing
one of the four options available
Empty - Lay Down/Empty Load Case.
Water-filled - Water-filled Load Case: the inner water weight is added to the pipe
as a UDL.
Hydrotest - Hydrotest Load Case: the inner fluid weight as specified in the Editor
is added to the pipe as a UDL (if not restarting from a water-filled case). The
hydrotest pressure is automatically applied.
Operational - Operational Load Case: the temperature and pressure in

operational conditions are applied. The internal fluid weight is applied as an
UDL.
The lay down empty load case is taken by default, as SAGE Profile needs first to lay
the pipeline on the seabed. In the lay down, the pipeline is placed horizontally on the
highest hill of the seabed then the weight is gradually increased and the pipeline is
lowered on the seabed. For more information about the Lay Down procedure, please
refer to SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 3.
The restart facility allows the user to perform further work on previous analyses that
already have been carried out (see Previous Analyses box) or have been set up (see
Selected Analyses box).
52

The user should select the analysis he wants to restart from (empty, water-filled,
hydrotest or operational) in the dropdown list box. The available analyses to continue
then appear in the Previous Analyses frame. The desired analysis can be selected by
double clicking. For each type of analysis there are only certain restart options
available.
The Restart option is available for pre lay supports but the restart cannot be used with
an analysis, which already contains Post lay Supports.
It is recommended to restart the waterfilled, hydrotest or operational analysis from the
empty case as it saves significant amounts of analysis time since the lay down process
is the most time consuming. If an empty case is restarted from another empty analysis,
SAGE Profile wont re-perform the lay down process.
The Comment text box allows the user to add a clarification note/description for each
analysis.
If the necessary data has been entered for a 3D analysis, the user will be able to
choose between a 2D and a 3D analysis.
KP Ranges
The KP range to be analysed should be selected (from the KP ranges already defined),
the KP from and to values are displayed in the boxes with a certain overlap (default
of 250m unless insufficient seabed data is available in the elevation file). The overlap
can be changed providing it is within the range of the elevation files. KP range 97 is
taken by default.
The Show KPs button allows the user to view the KP ranges, which have already
been specified, see Figure 54.
Figure 54: Show KP Range Window
The Pipe Model Frame

The user must define which constitutive model is required for the analysis. By clicking
on the list box the user has a choice of four material types:
Linear elastic.
Explicit moment (based on pure bending).
Modified explicit moment (based on bending, axial and hoop).
Explicit moment and ovalisation.
Stress-strain/moment.
The default analysis uses the linear elastic material type.
53

For more information on the pipeline behaviour laws, please read SAGE Profile User
Manual Volume 3.
Clicking on the pipe elastic/plastic switch alternates between elastic to plastic pipe
properties after the lay down of the pipe. This option is only available for Explicit
Moment type analyses.
Material Type
Switch Availability
Default
Linear Elastic
No
N/A
Explicit Moment
Yes
off
Modified Explicit Moment
Yes
off
Explicit Moment +Oval
Yes
off
Stress-Strain/Moment
No
N/A
Table 1: Pipe Non-lineatity Options
Some design codes (e.g. DNV 81) require the definition of a bending factor , This value
can be defined in the bending factor textbox. The default value is 1.0. For more
information on the bending factor see the manual Vol. 3.
The Soil Model Frame
The user must select either a rigid seabed or a non-linear soil type. The default option
uses a non-linear soil type, which use is recommended in most cases. If rigid is
selected, SAGE Profile will generate very stiff soil springs ensuring for almost zero pipe
penetration into the seabed.
NB: The stiffness of the different soil types is only taken into account when a non-linear
soil is selected.
More information about the soil models can be found in SAGE Profile User Manual
Volume 4.
The Seabed Profile Frame
This allows the user to select the seabed elevation files upon which to carry out the
analysis. The choices are as follows:
Interpolated
This option will be enabled if the seabed elevations have previously been
interpolated using the Interpolate option from the Editor.
Original
Selects the original seabed elevation master file. The original seabed is used for
the default analysis.
BOP Profile
Selects the bottom of pipe (BOP) elevation master file. In this case, an extra
artificial UDL will be applied on the pipeline in order to ensure maximum contact
with the BOP profile. This load is removed if subsequent load stages are
performed.
Required Cutlines
Uses the Master Cutline seabed elevation file as created within the Rectifier.
Temporary
54

Bases the analysis on temporary seabed elevation files created within the
Rectifier. Note that this option is only valid for KP ranges previously defined. The
user may select from the Rectified Files window. The KP Range option is
disabled.
Trenched/Dredged
Selects the trenched/dredged seabed elevation file.
Important note: the seabed profile KP spacing primarily defines the pipe finite
elements size. See SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 4 for details of the meshing
principles.
Loads and Displacements
Global Applied Loads
If global applied loads have been previously specified in the editor the user will be able
to select the applicable cases by selecting the appropriate option button.
Local Applied Loads
If local applied loads have been previously specified in the editor the user will be able to
select the applicable case by selecting the appropriate option button.
Global Applied Displacements
If global applied displacements have been previously specified in the editor the user
will be able to select the applicable case by selecting the appropriate option button.
Local Applied Displacements
If local applied displacements have been previously specified in the editor the user will
be able to select the applicable case by selecting the appropriate option button.
Note: When using the restart capability, the user wont be allowed to re-apply a load or
displacement case that has been already selected in a previous analysis from which it
is restarted.
End Restraints Button
Clicking on the End Restraints button allows the user to specify the end restraints on
the pipeline after the pipe has been laid on the seabed, see Figure 55. By default, all
degrees of freedom (DOFs) are fixed. Only when a 3D analysis has been chosen will
all the 12 options be enabled. Unselecting a check box will free the corresponding DOF.
Figure 55: End Restraints Window

Analysis Options Frame
The pre lay supports check box will only be highlighted if the rectifier has been used to
insert supports to a previously run analysis. If the user clicks on the pre lay support
check box the user must then select a rectified seabed from the list of rectified files or
55

the cutline master file. The pre lay supports will then be applied in the lay down empty
load step of the analysis.
The post lay supports check box will only be highlighted if the user has used the
rectifier to insert supports to a previously run analysis. Post lay supports are applied
after a lay down empty analysis. If the user clicks on the post lay supports check box,
he must apply the supports to a restart from empty analysis. It is not possible to carry
out a restart analysis on results, which already contain post lay supports.
The user must click on the "Buried Pipe" check box in order to apply the UDL due to
cover depth, as specified in the editor.
The user must click on the Currents/Waves check box in order to apply the UDL due
to the currents and waves, as specified in the editor. In 2D, only the vertical lift force is
applied on the pipeline.
Note that it is the users responsibility to ensure that the KP ranges of the UDL due to
cover depth and of the UDL due to currents/waves are not overlapping. In case of both
types of UDL being defined on the same KP range, they will be applied at the same
time.
Output Frame
To reduce the size of the output files it may be desirable to only output the final load
step. Click on the "Output Final Load Step Only" check box to invoke this option.
Code Checks
The appropriate code check to be carried out on the results of the analysis, if any,
should be selected from the dropdown list at the right of the window.
None (don't carry out code checks) default.
DNV 1981
DNV 2000
Lloyds
BS 8010
To learn more on code check in SAGE Profile, please refer to the section 4.7.5 Code
checks.
Span Checks
To perform a span check, the user must select a span check method from the Span
Check drop down list. The following methods are available:
DNV 1981
DNV RP F105
Note that to perform vortex induced vibration (VIV) check, currents and waves
properties must have been previously defined in the Editor (see Currents and waves
windows in the Editor) and the appropriate code checks selected.
To learn more on span check in SAGE Profile, please refer to the section 4.7.6 Span
checks.
Step2 - Validate and run your analysis
Once the user is satisfied with the above choices he must click on Next to accept. If a
code check has been selected a window will appear in the centre of the screen (see
56

Figure 56, Figure 58 or Figure 59) to enable the user to modify the required parameters
for the code selected. A description of these parameters is provided in section 4.7.5.
Figure 57 - DNV 2000 Parameter Selection window

Figure 56: DNV (1981) Code Checks Window
Figure 58: Lloyds Code Checks Window
Figure 59: BS 8010 Code Checks Window
When selecting the first analysis a warning message appears. Yes causes the F.E.
input files to be generated and after this is not possible to edit the seabed, pipe, soil or
load definition files unless the option Edit input files if analysis has already been run for
the current project has been activated (see Main window>File menu>Interface Set Up).
No returns to the analysis menu without creating the F.E. input files.
It is possible to run different analyses in batch mode. In order to select further analyses
step 1 should be repeated.
The "Delete" option allows the user to delete a selected analysis. Note that analyses
that were previously run can also be deleted. If the analysis was already performed
successfully, a warning message will appear informing the users that all files associated
with this analysis will be deleted.
Once all the desired analyses have been defined, selecting Run will initiate the
analyses in the Selected Analyses box.
A DOS window, which will now appear in the centre of the screen, will display the
output of the F.E. analysis as it occurs.
On completion of a successful analysis the user will be greeted by a window similar to
that shown in Figure 60. This window contains a list of all the analyses that have been
run and their status. By double-cliking one of the line, you will have access to the FE
Analysis log file, containing all the information displayed during the analysis. See para.
4.7.4 for more information to interpret the FE Analysis log file content.
57
Figure 60: Successful Analysis
If an analysis failed, the user should find the reasons in the FE Analysis log file or at
least the load step at which the analysis failed. Click on "OK" to continue and to return
to the Main Control window, Print Log to print the log and Save Log to save the
analysis status log.
If the user returns to the "Analysis Type" window the completed analyses will appear in
the "Previous Analysis" list box. If the analysis was successful the file will possess a
.DAT extension, however if the analysis was not successful the file in the list box will
have a .DLT extension. By clicking on the analysis in the list box the user can see the
properties of the previous analysis, e.g. load cases or material type.
Note: The F.E. input file name contains useful parameters for later identification. Please
refer to Table 21 for a complete description of the F.E. input File Naming Method.
Step 3 - After an Analysis has been run
The code check rerun facility can be selected for the previous analysis where no code
check currently exists or where additional/alternative code checking is required. The
user must select an analysis from the previous analysis box and select the desired
code from the "Code Check" list. The "Code Check" button will then become
highlighted. After clicking on the button, the user has the choice of refining the code
check parameters before running the procedure, see Figure 56, Figure 58 and Figure
59. The new set of code check results will overwrite any previous code check results.
See section 4.7.5 for more details on code checks in SAGE Profile.
Additional span summaries can be requested by the user with user-defined span length
limits for inline and cross-flow motion. The user must first select according to which
code (DNV 1981 or DNV RP F105) the span check should be performed, then an
analysis from the previous analysis box and click on the "Span" button. The user has
the option now of defining the span length limits over different KP ranges, see Figure
61. If the user selects "Run" a span check will be carried out on the selected analysis
and a span summary will be created.
58
Figure 61: Allowable Free Span Criteria Window
If the user exits, the current span limit data is saved and any subsequent span analyses
will carry out the same code-defined and user-defined span checks.
Results are written in the span check file (in the *.SPN see Allowable free span criteria
columns) which is available from the View menu of the Main Control window (Span
Check Files command).
For more technical details on span check in SAGE Profile, see section 4.7.6.
4.7.2
KP Range
The KP range can be accessed by either clicking on "KP Range" under the "Analysis"
menu. A window will be displayed in the centre of the window as illustrated in Figure
62. The route is automatically split into two approximately equal KP ranges (defined by
numbers 98 and 99). The route can further be subdivided into several ranges to allow
the analysis to be performed over shorter lengths. It is important to note that once the
KP range has been set it is not possible to edit the range later.
Figure 62: KP Range Window
4.7.3
Finite Element Tune

To tune the F.E. program click on "F.E. Tune" or click on
Window. A window will appear on screen, Figure 63.
in the SAGE Profile main
59
Figure 63: Finite Element Tune Window
The user will then be able to adjust the following parameters:

Soil/Pipe Contact Options
Apply scale back for touch-down: automatically calculates the size of load
step required for soil-pipe contact to be modelled accurately.
Asynchronous Contact Algorithm: allows relative axial movement between

pipe and seabed nodes. This option should be used for rough seabed only.
Soil Non-linearity
The options are either soil non-linearity iteration (Newton-Raphson method) or no
iterations (Euler method). For further details the user should refer to the theory
manual (Volume 3).
Geometric Non-linearity
Account yes or not for large displacements.
Pipeline
The number of integration points. This defines the number of Gauss Points
for the computation of stress and strain around the pipe section. Default
value is 16.
The number of elements between KP points. This defines the number of

finite elements into which the gap between subsequent KP values should
be sub-divided using linear interpolation. Default value is 1.
Solver Parameters
60
The maximum number of iterations allowed to achieve convergence in a

non-linear problem, default value 500.
The number of nominal load increments for the laydown empty analysis (i.e.
minimum number of steps to lay down the pipe). The program will compute
the actual size of the load increment to model lift-off and touch-down of the
pipe accurately. Default value 50.
The number of nominal load increments for the water-filled, hydrotest and
operational analyses (i.e. minimum number of steps to apply the increment

loads). The program will compute the actual size of the load increment to
model lift-off and touch-down of the pipe accurately. Default value 50.
Tolerance. This parameter is required for the accuracy of the solution

method. Default value is 0.001.
Lay down damping stiffness: controls the stiffness of damping springs used
during the lay down stage to stabilise the solution. For rough seabed, it is
recommended to lower this value.
User defined parameter settings can be created and then kept in templates by clicking
on the "New Templates" button, see Figure 63. The user must then enter the name of
the template in the template name box and adjust the parameters. All the F.E. Tune
parameters will be kept in the template. The user can also choose a predefined
template from a previous analysis by selecting it from the drop down list of the select
template box.
The user is advised to become familiar with the Finite Element Manual Volume 2 before
adjusting the default parameters.
The following guidelines are for the user:
For a relatively flat seabed (< 8 major slope) the default settings will give the most
representative solution, however if instabilities occur during the analysis such as snap
buckling, convergence will not be achieved for the full load. All analyses should initially
be performed with these default settings to detect any instabilities.
If major sections of the seabed have slopes in excess of 8, the contact search
algorithm should be switched on. This enables relative axial movement of pipe nodes to
seabed nodes.
Analyses which have not converged should be run with the Tangent Method switched
on and Apply Scale Back for Touchdown switched off. In this case, the number of
increments has to be large enough in order to ensure minimum accuracy of the
solution.
Whilst default values are selected, analyses which do not achieve full load convergence
may be made to converge by increasing the number of nominal load increment.
When using the Tangent method, several analyses should be performed for several
values of number of load increments (increasing the value) until the analysis results
show similarities.
To confirm changes click the OK button. To escape without saving click the Cancel
button.
4.7.4
Finite Element Analysis On Screen Display and FE Analysis log file

When the F.E. engine is running the following parameters are displayed on the screen
and are available in the FE Analysis log file once the analysis is completed.
The partameters are from left to right:
Inc
the current load increment (counter).
Tot load
the percentage of the total load applied to the model.
Nodes
the number of nodes that is touching the seabed.
Max Ds
maximum gap between the pipe and seabed.
Icn
node number at which the maximum gap between seabed and pipe
occurs
If Scale Back is active, the following data is displayed as well:
61

delta
indicated which percentage of the normal load step was applied
@nxxxx
xxxx indicates the node number of the node that touched down during
loadstep delta.
All this information is available in the FE Analysis log file after the completion of the
analysis.
62
4.7.5 Code checks

This section summarises the code checks performed within SAGE Profile. For more detailed
information the reader is advised to refer to the corresponding code documentation.
DNV Rules (1981)
The DNV Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems (1981) make the distinction between
two zones:
Zone 1: The part of the seabed located more than a certain distance away from
any platform or building; normally to be taken as 500m
Zone 2 : The part of the seabed located close to any platform or building, and
normally to be taken as a distance of 500m
Further, the DNV (1981) code defines two loading conditions:
Loading conditions a : Functional loads
Loading conditions b : Design environmental loads and simultaneously acting

functional loads
For further information on loads, the reader is requested to refer to Section 3 of the
DNV Rules (1981).
These zones and loading conditions will influence the safety factors (see below) which
will be used during the code checks. The DNV (1981) code check window (see Figure
56) enables the user to choose the appropriate zone and loading conditions. The safety
factors are then automatically set to the recommended values.
Parameter
Usage Factor
Temperature
Derating Factor
Allowable Out of
Roundness
Units
Comments
Default
value
Reference
Paragraph
The usage factor is a

general safety factor
applied on yield stress.
It is function of the
zone
0.96
4.1
Kt
For material
temperatures below
120C, Kt = 1.0 may be
used.
1.0
4.2.2
Defines the maximum

allowable flattening due
to bending (i.e.
ovalisation)
4.2.2.6
4.3.2.3
0.2
4.3.2.1
Symbol
Allowable Bending
strain
If the bending
procedure involves
successive bending
and straightening of a
portion of pipe, the
maximum allowable
strain is 1%. Else2%.
Allowable Residual
Longitudinal Strain
It concern residual
strains after
installation.
63

Parameter
Symbol
Units
Comments
Default
value
Reference
Paragraph
Permissible Usage
factors
xp, hp
They are defined in

function of the loading
conditions
1.00,
0.98
Appendix
B.2.1
Table 2: Input parameters in DNV (1981) checks
The following checks are then performed:

Parameter
Symbol
Units
Reference
Paragraph
Criteria
Hoop stress
MPa
h < u y Kt
4.2.2.2
Equivalent stress
MPa
e < u y Kt
4.2.2.8
Ovalisation
2 (*)
4.2.2.6
(*)
Bending strain
0.2
Longitudinal strain
x < 0.2 (*)
Local buckling

xp xcr
Propagation buckling
ppr
p pr < p
4.3.2.3
3.3.2
+ h 1
hp hcr
Appendix B.1
Appendix B.2
Table 3: Criteria in DNV (1981) checks

(*) Allowable limit is user defined
With
y = yield stress.
x = longitudinal stress due to compression N and bending moment M.
xp = permissible usage factor when h = 0.
hp = permissible usage factor when x = 0.
x and hr = longitudinal and hoop stress, respectively, when p is acting alone (N

= 0 and M =0).
p = pressure.
ppr = propagation pressure.
t = wall thickness
D = pipe diameter
DNV 2000
If the DNV2000 Code Checks has been selected, SAGE Profile performs, prior to
running the analysis, a wall thickness verification based on the Propagation Buckling
formulae (section 5, d510, eq5.27) for the Empty case and on the Pressure
Containment (section 5, d400, eq5.14 to 5.17) for the Hydrotest and the Operational
case. If the defined pipe wall thickness is less than the computed minimum, the user is
warned.
64
Figure 64: DNV 2000 Wall Thickness Requirements
It is then always possible to go back to the Editor and modify the wall thickness
according to the DNV 2000 requirements.
After the analysis has been run, the following criteria are checked by SAGE Profile:
Type of
Analysis
Reference
Paragraph
Hydrotest
/Operational
Section 5, D400
Local Buckling (Collapse)
Empty
Section 5, D500
Propagation Buckling
Empty
Section 5, D510
Combined Loading Criteria

(Load controlled condition)
All
Section 5, D505
and D506
Ovalisation
All
Section 12,
F1400
Criteria
Pressure Containment
(bursting)
Table 4: DNV 2000 Code Checks
Code check details can be found in the DNV Offshore Standard OS-F101 for
Submarine Pipeline System (January, 2000) and DNV Offshore Codes, Amendments
and Correction (October 2002).
Table 5 presents the list of the user-defined parameters as requested in the DNV2000
Code Check Parameters window.
Parameter
Symbol
Default
value
Reference
Paragraph
Condition Load Effect

Factor
1.00
Section 5 D304
Incidental to Design
Pressure Ratio
inc
1.1
Section 12 E100
Limit State
ULS
Section 5 D100
Fluid Classification
Section 2 C201
65

Default
value
Reference
Paragraph
Classification of
location
Section 2 C301
Load Combination
Parameter
Symbol
Table 5: DNV 2000 Code Checks Input Data
British Standard BS-8010

The BS-8010 Code Practice for Pipelines, Part 3, Pipelines Subsea: design,
construction and installation (1993) (+Amendments and Corrections, July 1993) code
check requires the following input (see Figure 59):
Parameter
Symbol
Units
Comments
Default
value
Reference
Paragraph
4.2.4.2
Design Factor
fd
fd is used for the

assessment of allowable
stress. Where the pipeline
design temperature is
outside the range -25C
to 120C, consideration
should be given to the
reduction of fd
Reduction in
Wall Thickness
due to
Corrosion
7.1
uc
User defined value
0.2
4.2.6.3
Recommended formula
available in Appendix C.3
2.0
Appendix C.3
User Defined
Critical Strain
Maximum
Allowable
Ovalisation
Table 6: Input parameters for BS-8010 checks
The following checks are then performed:

Parameter
Criteria
Reference
in BS-8010
Hoop stress
MPa
h < fd y
4.2.5.1
Equivalent
stress
Mpa
e < fd y
4.2.5.4
0.2 (*)
All loads acting on the

pipe must be less than
their
characteristic
value as described in
Bending
strain
Failure
Criteria
66
Symbol Units
4.2.6
Appendix
C.1
Parameter
Symbol Units
Criteria
Reference
in BS-8010
Appendix C.1
Propagation
buckling
pP
Ovalisation
MPa
p < pP
Appendix
C.2
f<2
Appendix
C.3
Table 7: BS-8010 Checks
With
y = yield stress
p = external overpressure
pP = propagation pressure
Lloyds Rules
The Provisional Rules for the Construction and the Classification of Submarine
Pipelines (Lloyds Register, 1989) uses the same criteria as the BS-8010. A different
yield ratio (i.e. fd in BS-8010) is defined. It ranges from 0.6 to 1.0 as defined in Table
9.2 of the Lloyds Rules (1989). An extract of this table is given below.
Environment
(wave and
current)
Yield ration
Contents
Pressure
Temper
ature
Installation
Empty
Significant
0.96
0.96
Hydrotest
Water
Pt
Significant
0.9
0.9
Production
(Significant)
Product
Pp
Tp
Extreme
0.96
0.72
Case
Zone 1
Zone 2
Table 8: Yield ratio according to Lloyds Rules
The zones definition is the same as in the DNV Rules (1981).

The required input parameters (see Figure 58) are:
The yield ratio: see description here above.
The Reduction of Wall thickness due to Corrosion (mm): as in BS-8010.
User defined critical strain (%): as in the BS-8010.
The allowable ovalisation (%): as in BS-8010.
The Zone
Selecting a zone will automatically update the yield ratio box using the values quoted in
Table 8.
67

4.7.6 Span checks
This section summarises the span checks performed within SAGE Profile. For more detailed
information the reader is advised to refer to the corresponding code documentation.
DNV Rules (1981)
The following checks are performed:
Parameter
Reference
Paragraph
Criteria
In-line VIV(*)
1.0 < V R < 3.5
K S < 1 .8
Appendix A.2.2
Cross-flow VIV(*)
see fig A.5 in DNV (1981)
Appendix A.2.3
Table 9: Span Check Criteria in DNV (1981)

(*) Vortex Induced Vibration
With
VR = reduced velocity (see Appendix A.2.1.5)

Ks = stability parameter (see Appendix A.2.1.6)
DNV RP F-105 (2000)

During a DNV RP-F-105 span check the following checks are performed:
Parameter
Reference
Paragraph
Criteria
In-line VIV(*)
1.0 < V R < 3.5
K S < 1 .8
Appendix A.2.2
Cross-flow
VIV(*)
See fig A.5 in DNV (1981)
Appendix A.2.3
Allowable free
User Defined
span criteria
n/a
Check that the in-line and

cross-flow natural frequencies
satisfy the formulae presented
Section 2.3.3
in DNV RP-F-105 Sections
Section 2.3.4
2.3.3 and 2.3.4.
Check whether direct wave

and current action is critical
Screening
fatigue criteria
Table 10: Span Check Criteria in DNV RP F-105 (2000)

(*) Vortex Induced Vibration
With
68
VR = reduced velocity (see Appendix A.2.1.5)

Ks = stability parameter (see Appendix A.2.1.6)

Technical Notes:
The Concrete Stiffening Factor (CSF) in DNV RP F105 is not taken into account
for the calculations. The CSF is taken equal to 0.
The span check criteria recommended by the DNV RP F105 has been modified
in SAGE Profile so that in all cases if the peak-reduced velocity is higher than
the onset velocity, the vortex induced vibration criterion fails. This applies for
both in-line and cross flows.
The DNV RP F105 span check includes a screening fatigue analysis.
The results of both span check runs are written into a *.spn file. The file has the same
name as the dat-file it was run on. Rerun a span analysis will hence overwrite the
previous span results. The Span check results can be viewed by selecting the "Span
Check Files" entry in the view menu.
The following data is presented in a Span summary file (*.spn):
Header
Description
KP from
Start KP of span
Seabed Height
Seabed elevation at the start point
KP To
End KP of span
Seabed Height
Seabed elevation at the end point
Span length
the length over which a continuous span exists
Gap
height of the central third of the span

VIV Check - inline
Ks
Stability parameter (section 4.1.7)
fo
in-line natural frequencies determined at no flow around the pipe

(section 6.8.2)
Vr
Reduced Velocity (section 4.3.5)

VIV Check - inline
Ks
Stability parameter (section 4.1.7)
fo
in-line natural frequencies determined at no flow around the pipe

(section 6.8.2)
Vr
Reduced Velocity (section 4.4)

Allowable Free Span Criteria
PASS/FAIL
Compares the user defined allowable span length defined in Figure

61 window with the span length of the current span
Screening Fatigue Criteria
Inline frequency check
Section 2.3.3
cross flow frequency check
Section 2.3.4
Direct Current and Wave Action
Section 2.3.5
Table 11: DNV RP F-105 Span Summary file description
69
4.8
4.8.1
70
Viewer
Introduction
In order to plot the analysis results, the user should click on "Viewer" in the drop down
File menu or click on
in the SAGE Profile Main Control window or use the
<CTRL+V> keyboard shortcut. The main viewer window will appear as illustrated in
Figure 65.
Figure 65: Viewer Main Window, Typical Screen Layout
71

The viewer main window consists of a menu bar containing dropdown menus, a toolbar
with handy shortcuts, a Plot Tab and Data tab(s). The Plot Tab is selected by default
and a graph with seabed profile is shown at start-up.
The menu bar contains three dropdown menus:
File
Graph Options
Help
The File and Options menus are described in detail in the following sections.
4.8.2
Brief Tutorial
To view the results of a specific analysis:
Click on the
button. Select the Client and Project to be opened in the Select
Client and Project Window (Figure 66).
<This Step is not mandatory> Click on the button. In the Analysis File Setup
Window (Figure 70), select specific types1 of results to be extracted from the
SAGE Profile output file.
Click on the
button. Select the appropriate analysis run in the Select
Analysis File Window (Figure 67).
Click on the Data Tab (identified now by the analysis file name). Select, on the
right hand side column, the type of results to be plotted by clicking on the
corresponding buttons. Once selected, the buttons are coloured purple (Figure
68).
Your graph has been created. You can now:
Customize it using the Options menu by write clicking on the chart
area.
Export it to standard picture format (*.bmp, *.jpg) using the
Print it pressing the
button.
button.
Add outputs from another analysis run(s) following the same steps (see
paragraph 0)
For more details, please refer to chapter 4.8.5 (the File menu) and
chapter 4.8.6 (the Options menu).
4.8.3
Main Features
Aside from the standard plotting capabilities, SAGE Profile Advance Viewer main
features are:
Comparison plots
Enhanced selection of results types
Export facility to standard picture format like *.wmf, *.bmp, *.jpg
Graph Templates
Viewing results in Imperial Units
By default, SAGE Profile Advanced Viewer will extract the Bending Moment, Bending, Axial, Hoop and
Equivalent Stresses, Effective Axial Force, Span Heights, Span Lengths and Plan Route.
72
4.8.4
Merging output files for long pipeline route
Output data presented in standard spreadsheet format
Generating an Input Data Report
Shortcut Buttons
A short description of shortcut buttons can be found in Table 12.
Icon
Description
Open Client and Project
Open Analysis File
Analysis File Customisation
Rectifer Mode
Print Graph
Generate Input Data Report
Export Graph or Datasheet
Graph Options
De-Zoom
Pan Left
Pan Right
Switch on/off Plan View
Exit and Return to SAGE Profile
Main Control Window
Table 12: Shortcut Icons Descriptive Summary
4.8.5
The File Menu
Open Client And Project

In order to open a specific output file, the user must click on the Open Client and
Project command from the File dropdown menu or click on the
button in the toolbar.
The following window appears:
Figure 66: Select client and project window
The user can select the client and project data using the dropdown list boxes. After
clicking OK, the seabed elevation of the selected project is drawn in the graph area on
the Plot Tab.
Select analysis file
Clicking the Select Analysis File option in the File menu or clicking the
toolbar opens the Open Analyse File-window (Figure 67).
button in the
73
Figure 67: Select Analysis File Window
In the Select KP Range frame, the user has to choose the KP interval for which he
wants to view SAGE Profile results. The available SAGE Profile output files
automatically appear in the corresponding columns of the Select File frame.
Using the View Only Merged Files checkbox, an additional filter is applied so that only
the merged output files2 are shown. With the Create blank page checkbox an empty
data sheet is created as a new data tab3. Clicking of the File Info button will display
useful information about the selected analysis run.
By clicking OK, the requested data file is opened and loaded in a Analysis Tab. The
name of the data tab corresponds to the name of the analysis run name. On the Plot
Tab the pipe elevation is added to the graph.
Closer examination of the numerical results is possible by clicking on the Analysis Tab.
Following window appears (Figure 68):
For more information about merged files see 0

You must have at least one Analysis Tab already opened. Moreover only one User Defined Tab is
allowed.
3
74
Figure 68: The Data File Window
This window consists of two main parts: a table containing all the selected analysis
results on the left-hand side and a column with buttons on the right hand side. There is
one button for each column header of the result table. A given type of result (e.g.
bending moment, axial stress) can be displayed on the plot by clicking its respective
button, which is then coloured in purple. Up to 5 graphs can be added on the Plot Tab
by selecting the appropriate buttons.
Following the same procedure, the user can open up to six analysis results files from
which one may be user defined (see create blank page checkbox in Figure 67). Each
opened file will be displayed in a new Analysis Tab identified by its analysis name.
Results from different analyses can then be compared on the Plot Tab by selecting the
appropriate buttons on each Analysis Tab (Figure 69). Note that all output files to be
loaded must cover exactly the same KP range as the ones already opened.
75
Figure 69: Comparison Plots
On the Plot Tab, a specific colour and line style are associated with each analysis run.
These colours and line styles are used on every chart where results from the
corresponding analysis are displayed. All chart settings can be customized (see
4.8.6). Useful information is displayed on the Analysis Information box below the
charts (see Figure 69).
Analysis file customisation
Using the Analysis File Customisation option of the File menu or by clicking the
button, the user can choose the data type that will be displayed by the viewer. Clicking
this option, loads the following window (Figure 70):
76
Figure 70: Analysis File Setup Window
The left column shows all available data types. The column on the right shows the
graphs that will be available for display. By using the Add and Remove buttons the
user easily selects his personal set of data types. Clicking on the default button restores
the default settings.
The available results are:
Parameters
Plan Route
Pipeline deformed shape in Easting and Northings

coordinate system
Longitudinal Displacement
Axial displacement respect to the original pipeline

position4
Maximum Curvature
Maximum curvature in the vertical plane (i.e. around

the local z-axis)
Effective Axial Force
Effective axial force in the local x-axis
Bending Moment
Internal bending moment around the local z-axis
Vertical Shear Force
Internal shear force in the local y-axis
Lateral Shear Force
Internal shear force in the local z-axis
Axial Stress
Bending Stress
Stress in the local x-axis due to axial loading only

Stress in the local x-axis due to bending only
Longitudinal Stress BOP
Sum of the axial and bending stresses at the Bottom

of Pipe
Longitudinal Stress TOP
Sum of the axial and bending stresses at the Top of

Pipe
Hoop Stress
Equivalent Stress
Description
Hoop stress
Combination of longitudinal and hoop stresses
according to the Von Mises criterion
Usually, the reference configuration is the pipeline placed horizontally on the highest hill of the seabed.
77

Parameters
Description
True-wall axial stress
Stress corresponding to the Effective Axial Force5
Axial Strain
Strain in the local x-axis due to axial loading only
Bending Strain
Strain in the local x-axis due to bending only
Minimum Longitudinal Strain
Minimum sum of the axial and bending strains
Maximum Longitudinal Strain
Maximum sum of the axial and bending strains
Strain BOP
Sum of the axial and bending strains at the Bottom

of Pipe
Strain TOP
Sum of the axial and bending strains at the Top of

Pipe
Hoop Deformation
Hoop strain
Shear Deformation
Shear strain
Equivalent Plastic Strain
Strain combination6
Axial Reaction Force
Soil spring force in the global x-axis
Vertical Reaction Force
Soil spring force in the global y-axis
Lateral Reaction Force
Soil spring force in the global z-axis
Out-Of-Balance Force X
Sum of the external, internal and soil spring forces

applied at a given node in the global x-axis
Out-Of-Balance Force Y

applied at a given node in the global y-axis
Out-Of-Balance Force Z

applied at a given node in the global z-axis
Span Length
Span length
Span Height
Span height
Table 13: Available results in the SPAV
All stresses and strains are presented in local coordinate system.

Note that this procedure will not affect the currently opened Analysis Tabs.
Merge files
Because the finite element engine cannot handle more than 10000 nodes, large project
files can be subdivided in smaller KP ranges for FE analysis. The Advanced Viewer
does not have this limitation and offers therefore the possibility to merge several SAGE
Profile output files. This can be done with the Merge Files command in the File
menu. The following window pops up (Figure 71):
5
6
The true-wall stress is the effective axial force divided by the steel area.
For definition, see SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 3.
78
Figure 71: Merge Analysis File Window
In the Select KP Range frame, the user selects the desired KP interval and analysis
file type by means of the dropdown menus. The available output files automatically
appear in the Select File frame. Clicking on one of these files adds it to the Merge
File List listbox. Repeat this for the other KP intervals. Merge the selected files, by
clicking on the Merge Files button. If this operation finishes successfully following
message appears (Figure 72):
Figure 72: Successfully Merged Files Window
This merged analysis file can now be opened using the Select Analysis File command
and selecting the View Only Merged Files checkbox (as described in 0).
Note that before merging, this is the user responsibility to select analyses that have
been run using the same options (i.e. same load case, temperature profile, )!
Create Input Data Report
A summary of all input data for a specific analysis can be created with the "Create Input
Data Report" facility. It generates a Rich Text File (RTF file compatible with Microsoft
Word) document based on a user customisable template and presents all input of the
dat-file in an easily readable order ready to be included into your report. The input
report can also be used to facilitate checking of the input data.
Clicking the
opens the
icon or selecting the "Generate Input Data Report" from the File menu
79
Figure 73 - Create Input Data Report Window
This window lists all analysis performed for the current project. The analyses are
grouped per analysis type on separate tabs. Selecting one or more analyses and
clicking the Create Input Data Report button will generate the report(s) for the selected
analysis/analyses.
By default the reports have the same name as the analysis with a rtf extension.
However the report generation options can be customised by clicking the Report
Options button. The following window appears:
Figure 74 - Report Options Window
In the contents frame the user can enable/disable the presentation of the analysis and
FE tune option in the report. In the Location and Name frame the user can specify the
following:
80
location where the reports will be saved (unique folder for all project under the
current client)
location of the report template. Header and footer can be customised in Microsoft
Word and new template should be saved using the RTF file format.
File name prefix: the prefix is added before the analysis name. The prefix consists
of the inputted text and a "-" character.

Printing
The active graph can be printed using the Print Graph command in the File menu or
button.
by clicking the
Exporting
To export the active graph or the opened data files, click on the Export Graph
command in the file menu or on the
button. The following window is then displayed
(Figure 75):
Figure 75: The Exporting Window
The graph can be exported to
Windows Metafile (*.WMF)
Standard picture file (*.BMP, *.JPG, *.PNG)
The destination is the Windows clipboard, a file or the printer. The dimensions of the
exported image can be changed if necessary using the options in the Object Size
frame.
Exporting data in text format is only possible to the clipboard or file. After clicking the
export button an additional window appears (Figure 76):
Figure 76: Exporting Data Window
81

In the Select Subsets and Points frame, the user can choose whether he exports all
data or only the desired subsets. In the Points to Export list box, the user specifies the
data points of the desired subset to export. When no specific points are selected, all
points will be exported.
In the Export What frame the user defines what will be exported. Clicking the Data
and Labels option button will export all results with the data label displayed in the
Select Subsets and Points frame. Clicking the Data option button will only export the
numerical results.
In the Export Style frame the user chooses whether the exported data will be
structured in a list or in a matrix. The "Delimited" sub frame defines the delimitation of
the columns in the text files.
The "Numeric Precision" frame defines the numerical precision of the exported
numbers. Maximum precision will result in displaying all available decimal numbers.
When the maximum precision is less than the defined current precision zeros will be
added.
Close All Datasheets
The Close All Datasheets option in the File menu resets the viewer to its initial
condition before any analysis files were opened. A warning message asks the user to
confirm the reset operation (Figure 77).
Figure 77: Close all data files warning message
Exit Viewer
Selecting the Exit viewer option in the File menu or pressing the
SAGE Profile Advanced Viewer.
82
button will close

4.8.6
The Graph Options Menu

The Options menu can be accessed through the menu bar or by clicking the right
mouse button when the cursor is in the graph area of the Plot Tab.
Graph Template
The user may want to save or load his preferred graph settings. This can be done using
the Graph Template option in the Options menu. A window similar to Figure 78 will
appear upon selection.
Figure 78: Graph Template window
A previously saved template or the default template can be selected from the dropdown
list and applied by clicking on the Apply button. To save the current graph settings,
type an appropriate name in the Name textbox and click the Save button. To delete
a saved template press the Delete button. Note that the Default template cannot be
deleted. To exit the Graph Template window without saving changes press the
Cancel button.
Hide Analysis Information
The user can activate this option to hide the Analysis Information box below the graph
area.
Data Tracker
The data tracker is a graphical tool that displays the co-ordinates of the mouse pointer
in the upper left corner of the plot area. It refers to the co-ordinate system applicable to
the chart over which the pointer is (see Figure 79).
Data Summary
The Data Summary option enables the user to select data point on a graph and see at
the same time the corresponding numerical results. A summary of the analysis results
for that point and adjacent points is then given in the Summary Table shown below the
graph area (see Figure 79).
83
Figure 79: Data Tracker and Summary Windows
Edit Legends
Selecting the Edit Legends command opens an option window as shown on Figure
80.
Figure 80: Edit Legends Window
The Edit Legends window allows the user to select the legends he wants to display by
(un)ticking the appropriate check boxes. Also the size of these legends can be
customised using the corresponding slide bars.
84

The legend label can be customised within the Legend Type frame: the Analysis File
Name, the DAT file Comments or User-defined labels will be displayed on the chart
legend by selecting the corresponding option button. Only User-Defined labels can be
modified within the Advanced Viewer by tipping the label in the Change selected
custom legend textbox and clicking on Change.
Graph Options
The user can customise the graphs using the Graph customisation option or by clicking
on the
button (see Figure 81)
Figure 81: Graph Options Window
In the Titles frame the title and sub-title of the graph area can be defined as well as
their font, font size and font style. The axis label format can also be specified within this
frame.
The layout of the graph separation can be defined within the Graph Separators frame.
The grid number font size can be changed using the slide bar in the Grid Number Font
Size frame.
The Plot Tab and graph area colours can be defined in the Graph Colour frame.
Clicking on the coloured rectangle gives access to the Colours window where
alternative/custom colours can be selected/defined.
The Data Set Colours and Line Style frame contains the available options to
customise the colour and line style associated to each opened output file (i.e. the
Analysis Run legend).
Edit Axes
The user can specify the X and Y-axes scale using the Edit Axes window (see Figure
82). When several graphs are displayed their relative vertical size can be defined in the
Size (%) boxes. This window will also pop up when clicking on the charts axes.
Specific options for 3D analysis are grouped in the Axis Scale (3D Analysis) frame.
To use abbreviated notation for axis labels (un)tick the checkbox in the Axis Label
Notation frame.
X and Y Gridlines can be displayed or not using the Gridlines dropdown menu.
85
Figure 82: Edit Axes Window
Workspace Options
Clicking on Workspace Options loads the Workspace Options window (Figure 83).
Figure 83: Workspace Options Window
The zoom/pan rate can be adapted by using the Zoom pan rate slide bar. (Un)Ticking
the appropriate checkbox will enable/disable the negative span height (embedment) to
be shown on the graph.
If the Change scales when zooming option is unchecked the Y-axis scale will remain
constant when zooming.
To display SAGE Profile results in Imperial Units select the Imperial option button.
You can also specify the length unit using the KP Scale dropdown menu.
When results from different analyses are compared it could be more convenient if those
graphs were displayed on top of each other rather than in different graphs. The user
86

can choose the way he wants the graph to be compared within the Comparison Plots
frame. By selecting User defined the user will be asked the type of comparison (i.e.
superimposed or separated) he wants to perform each time a new graph is added.
Note: this option will not work to overlay already individually displayed graphs. It must
be checked before selecting the graphs that must be displayed on top of each other.
To modify the size of the Analysis Information box use the slide bar located in the
Analysis Info box text size frame.
Scrolling & Zoom
The user can zoom in on the graph by dragging a rectangle over the area that needs to
be enlarged. This can be done repeatedly till the maximum zoom ratio is reached. The
user can zoom out using the
button on the toolbar, the <CTRL+Z> keyboard
shortcut or the Zoom Out option in the options menu.
When zoomed in, the user can scroll to the left and right by using the
and
buttons on the toolbar or the <CTRL+L> and <CTRL+R> keyboard shortcuts.
To return to the default plot window, the user can zoom out several times or use the
Zoom All option.
4.9
Rectifier
This option allows the user to perform rectification on seabed profiles. Clicking on
Rectifier under the File sub menu in the SAGE Profile Main Control, or using the
button of the viewer, brings up the Rectifier window.
The options in the Rectifier Control Window are:
File
Cutlines
Supports
Options
Graphs Options
Help
Shortcut Buttons:
The user can find the same shortcut as in the Viewer Mode (see table8 page 62) as
well as the following additional ones.
Icon
Description
Pre-Lay Support
Post-Lay Support
Straight Cutline
Arc Cutline
Table 14: Shortcut Icons Descriptive Summary
Initially, the Rectifier plot will show the bending moment and the seabed and pipeline
profiles. The user interactively generates cutlines and/or pre- or post-lay supports,
which are stored as temporary seabed elevation and support information files, covering
87

specific KP ranges. Pre-lay supports and post-lay supports are shown on the Seabed
and Pipeline Elevation graph. Blue supports correspond to support that have been
incorporated previously and that have been taken into account in the analysis. Green
and red supports are new supports.
Reanalysis may then be carried out on these modified seabed files. Once the modified
seabed elevation files are acceptable, the Rectifier can then be used to merge the
temporary seabed elevation files into a Cutline master file, CUTMST0.INP. The cut and
fill volumes are computed based Cutline master file.
4.9.1
Open Analysis
Choose 'open analysis' from the file sub-menu in order to select the type of analysis on
which to base the rectification. The following options become available
Empty
empty pipe on seabed
Water-filled
water-filled pipe on seabed
Hydro
pipe during hydrotest
Operational
pipe during operational phase
A particular analysis type is chosen by clicking on the relevant analysis type in the "File"
dropdown menu.
A data file on which to perform the rectification may then be selected by clicking on the
data file name. A split screen appears: the bottom half of which depicts the
seabed/pipe elevation, whilst the top half shows the variation of a user selected
criterion. The variable in the top screen may be chosen from the available option
buttons on the right hand menu.
4.9.2
KP Ranges
Allows the user to view the already specified KP ranges see Figure 54.
4.9.3
Printer Setup
See page 25.
4.9.4
Exit Rectifier
When clicking on exit, a message box appears offering a few choices to the user with
respect to which files to update. The choices that are offered are different, the first time
the rectifier is exited.
The first time:
1)
Updating the Cutline Master file, CUTMST.INP

OR
2)
Cancelling and returning to the Rectifier menu
The first time, the temporary files are automatically created.

All next times:
1)
Updating the Cutline Master File

OR
2)
Updating the temporary seabed and support information files.

OR
3)
88
Exiting without updating any of the fore-mentioned files.

Note the latest rectification carried out will be lost.
OR
4)
4.9.5
Cancelling and returning to the rectifier
Cutlines
Changes to the seabed profile can be instigated using the cutline option. Cutlines,
which may be either straight line or circular arcs, are selected by clicking on "Cutlines"
from the Rectifier menu. The parts of the seabed above the defined Cutlines will be
truncated whereas the parts below will be filled.
The fill/cut volumes are calculated using a trapezoidal section at each node with a base
width equalled to the user defined "Dredge Width" value. This value is set to 10m by
default and can be changed in the in the "Limits" menu, "Set Limit Values...". There is
only one value possible for the whole pipeline route.
When selecting cutlines the cursor must be placed on the bottom, "working" screen, the
seabed/pipe elevation.
Undo
In order to erase a cutline select "Undo" from the Cutlines drop menu. This can be
performed on the last cutline input. The option becomes disabled as a cutline is
erased. Cut volumes are adjusted accordingly.
Straight Line
Select by clicking on "Straight Line" from the Cutlines drop down menu. A prompt then
appears to define the first point of the straight cutline. Click on the desired location on
the seabed. The cutline, shown in green, can then be dragged, while anchored at the
first end point. Clicking on the left mouse button will then fix the second endpoint of the
cutline. The cutline is accepted by clicking on "OK", which returns control to the rectifier
menu.
Arc
An Arc cutline is defined by three points: the left, right and top extremes. A Spline will
then be fitted through these points. The user will be prompted to select the 3 points by
clicking on the window showing the seabed profile. After selection of the first and
second point a red rectangle will appear specifying their selection.
Note that in the case of overlapping cutlines then the first cutline is deleted.
4.9.6
Supports
An alternative method of rectification is the application of supports to the pipeline. The
supports can either be placed before (pre-lay supports) or after the pipeline has been
laid down (post-lay supports).
Pre-Lay
Pre-lay supports can be inserted by selecting "Pre-Lay" from the Support dropdown
Menu. A window will then appear, as illustrated in Figure 84. The user must define the
location and height of the support. When exiting this window the pre-lay supports (red,
single-headed, vertical arrow) will be drawn on the seabed and pipeline elevation
graph.
Two types of support are available:
Rigid: A rigid support is inserted. Vertical downward movement is hindered.
As seabed: The support will have the same rigidity as the seabed.
89
Figure 84: Pre-Lay Supports Window
Post-Lay
Post-Lay supports can be inserted by selecting "Post-Lay" from the Support dropdown
Menu. A window will then appear (Figure 85) where the user must define the location
and height of the support. Due to the nature of post-lay supports they cannot be placed
unless there is a clearance between the seabed and the pipeline of more than 0.1
metres. If the user tries to insert a post-lay support at a location where the clearance is
below the minimum, a warning message is shown. When exiting this window the postlay supports (vertical, double-headed, green arrow) will be drawn on the seabed and
pipeline elevation graph.
Two types of constrain are available:
Node fixed: the corresponding node will be fixed (i.e. all displacements set to
zero) during the rest of the project.
Node free to move: the node will be lifted up and fixed only for the post-lay
empty analysis (i.e. the analysis for which the Cut Master file containing postsupports is used). This node will be free to move in further analysis (e.g. water
filled, hydrotest or operational)
Figure 85: Post-Lay Supports Window
90

Mouse Pre-Lay
If the user selects the "Mouse Pre-Lay" option from the menu he can locate the pre lay
support with the use of the mouse. The same menu will appear as before and the user
can define the height of the support. Exiting from this menu will draw the support on the
seabed and pipe-elevation graph.
Mouse Post-Lay
If the user selects the "Mouse Post-Lay" option from the menu he can locate the post
lay support with use of the mouse. The same menu will appear as before and the user
can define the height of the support. Exiting from this menu will draw the support on the
sea bed and pipe elevation graph.
Print
The current support information can be printed, using the Print Option from the Support
menu.
Limits
The Limits option from the Rectifier main menu enables upper and lower bounds of the
selected criterion to be both set and displayed. It is intended as an aid in selecting the
areas that require rectification.
Set Limits
Clicking on "Set Limits" from the Limits drop menu brings up the Limiting Values
Window, Figure 86.
Figure 86: Set Limits Window
The following criteria may then be set:
bending moments
bending stress
axial stress
hoop stress
91
combined stress TOP
combined stress BOP
equivalent stress
equivalent plastic strain
strain TOP
strain BOP
span lengths
span heights
dredge width
Click on "OK" when all values have been set.

Display Limits
Clicking on "Display Limits" shows the limiting values of the chosen variable on the
chart of the top window. The limiting values are shown in red.
Manual Limits
Clicking on the "Manual Limits" option, enables user-defined upper and lower bound
limits to be set.
Code Check Limits
Clicking on the "Code Check Limits" option enables the limiting values as defined in the
relevant code check. Note that this option is only enabled if the analysis was carriedout with code checking.
4.9.7
Help
Help is available by clicking on "Help" from the Rectifier menu.
The About option displays information regarding SAGE Profile, including current client
and project, version number and various system information.
92

4.10 Plough Module
Optionally, SAGE Profile can be supplied with the Plough module. The Plough module
provides an easy to use interface to assess the stresses, strains, bending moments,
etc. induced in the pipeline due to ploughing operations, mainly the pick-up and
trenching operations.
This module is fully integrated in the existing SAGE Profile user interface and allows
easy setup and extraction of results.
The Plough module can only be accessed if the user has the license for it. This one is
hard coded in the SAGE Profile security key.
4.10.1 Pipeline Ploughing
After a pipeline has been laid on the seabed, there are several ways to burry the
pipeline into the seabed. In case of ploughing, the pipeline is grabbed, lifted up and
finally supported by two rollers. The shares of the plough are then closed and the
ploughing process starts.
The Plough module aims to automate the modelling of the situation in which the
pipeline is supported by the plough grabs/rollers. The pipeline deformed shape,
bending moment, stresses and strains as well as the roller loads are computed for
different roller heights and trench shapes. Two cases in particular need further
analysis:
Pipeline Pick-Up: the pipeline is resting on a flat seabed and is lifted up by both
plough grabs/rollers (see Figure 87). This situation occurs at the start and the end
of the ploughing operation. Note that this problem is symmetric.
Figure 87: Pipeline Pickup from Flat Seabed
Pipeline Trenching: the pipeline is partially in the trench while the remaining part is
resting on the original seabed. The pipeline is therefore spanning over the trench
(see Figure 88). This situation occurs during the normal ploughing operations.
Figure 88: Pipeline Pickup from Trenched Seabed
93

Additionally the above configurations can be combined with two types of runs:
Single run: in which the pipe is lifted up to a defined roller height (Target Roller
Height)
Alarm limits run: in which alarm limits for the pipe stresses and/or strains can be
defined and the pipe is lifted by increments. After each increment the alarm limits
are checked and the iteration stops as soon as a limit is reached.
Irrespective of the type of the run, the code and span checks are still available and can
be applied on any of these runs (see sections 4.7.5 and 4.7.6 for more details on code
checks and span checks).
4.10.2 Using the Plough Module in SAGE Profile
The Plough module is fully integrated into the SAGE Profile interface. Creating a
ploughing analysis run requires the user to perform the same steps as for other
analyses:
1. The Plough Editor allows for easy definition of the input data
2. The Plough Analysis Type window can be used to create and start different
analyses
3. The results of analyses can be displayed in the Advanced Viewer
Each one of these steps is further described in the following sections.
4.10.3 Step 1: Create Your Input - Plough Editor
To enter the Ploughing module, the use can select the Ploughing module entry in the
File menu of the main interface or press the
icon on its toolbar. This will start up the
Plough Module Editor, as illustrated in Figure 89:
94
95

Figure 89: Ploughing Module Editor
Note that the ploughing module is only available on new projects. When opening an
existing project, the module is unavailable.
To setup a pipeline pick-up analysis in SAGE Profile, at least the following information
is required:
Plough Properties
Seabed shape
Soil properties
Pipeline properties
These properties can be defined by selecting their respective entry in the menus on the
menu bar or by clicking their corresponding icon on the toolbar.
The following icons are displayed on the toolbar:
Icon
Description
Plough Properties
Seabed Profile
Soil Properties
Pipe Properties
Comments
Help
Exit and return to the Main
Interface
Note that on a new project not all icons are available. When creating a new ploughing
project, all input data needs to be defined in a specific order. Only when the plough
properties are defined is the user allowed to define a seabed. Only after defining the
seabed can the soil and pipe properties be defined.
Defining the Plough Properties
The first step in creating the input data for a ploughing analysis is defining the plough
icon or selecting the "plough Properties" entry in the plough
properties. Clicking the
and seabed menu loads the following window:
96
Figure 90: Plough Properties Window
Define the properties by filling in all missing parameters. All text boxes must be filled in
before you can proceed.
Typing a name in the field next to Plough Name and clicking the add-butron will add the
current plough properties to the database. The database is project independent and
will list all ploughs already defined. To remove a plough from the database, select it in
the list and press the delete button.
Clicking on the apply button will save all settings but will not update the database in
case a database plough was used and its properties changed. Click OK to save the
settings and close the window. Cancel will disregard all changes, except the ones
made to the database and close the window.
Defining the Seabed Properties
After the plough properties have been defined, the interface allows the user to define
icon
the seabed profile. The Define Seabed Window can be accessed by clicking the
or by selecting the Define Seabed entry in the plough and seabed menu. The following
window appears:
97
Figure 91: Define Seabed Window
The following parameters are required to generate the seabed:
the water depth
the trench depth
the KP-spacing and hence the pipeline mesh
Seabed Length
Note that by default the KP-spacing and seabed length are defined. By clicking the
Generate Seabeds button the seabed profiles are generated automatically. For a
ploughing project two seabed profiles will be automatically generated:
1. a flat seabed, used for the pipeline "Pick-Up" case
2. a flat seabed with a trench at mid-length, used for the "Trenched" case
Clicking the Edit Files button loads the Edit Survey File window and allows the user to
modify the two created seabed profiles. Exiting by clicking OK will save all changes
made to the seabed files.
Only clicking the Create Master File button will create the seabed master files. The flat
seabed will be saved as the seabed master file (SBEmst0.inp), the seabed with the
trench will be saved as the trenched master file (TDmst0.inp).
The user can exit this window at any stage by clicking the OK button. Note that
exiting will not generate or modify any files.
Remarks on the seabed Generation
Seabed profiles are generated such that there is always a node at mid-length.
When the seabed length is not a multiple of the KP spacing (e.g. 500m seabed and
3m spacing), a shorter element will be created at the end.
The user does not have to specify the nodes for the plough rollers manually. The
Plough module will place them automatically symmetrical around the central node
and create new ones if required.
Defining the Soil Properties

The Soil Properties window can be accessed by clicking the
Properties entry in the Plough and Seabed menu.
98
icon or selecting the Soil

The soil properties window is identical to the one used in the Editor. It is shown in
Figure 27 and its functionality is fully explained in section 4.6.2, Defining the Seabed
Soil (page 29).
Defining the Pipe Properties
The Pipe Properties window can be accessed by clicking the
Pipe Properties entry in the Pipeline menu.
icon or selecting the
The Pipe Properties window as well is identical to the one used in the Editor. Refer to
section 4.6.4 and Figure 33 for a full explanation.
Additional Loads and Displacements
The set op properties defined above are the minimum required to be able to set up a
ploughing analysis. However the Ploughing Module Editor allows the user to define
additional loads that can be used to model side effects. The following loads can be
used:
Residual lay tension
Global/Local loads
Global/Local displacements
Point loads due to pipe fittings
These loads can be defined by their respective entries in the Loads menu. Refer to
section 4.6.5 for a more information on additional loads.
Finalising the input stage
When all input data is entered, the user can exit the Plough Module Editor. This will
create the Finite Element input files and the interface is now ready to setup simulations.
4.10.4 Step 2: Setup An Analysis - Pick-Up Analysis Type Window
After defining the input data, the user is back in the SAGE Profile Main Control
interface. As for non plough module projects, analyses can now be defined by clicking
the
icon or by selecting the Type command in the Analysis menu.
However since a ploughing project require specific parameters, a specific Analysis
Type window will be loaded for the Plough module (see Figure 92):
99
Figure 92: Plough Module Analysis Type window
The Pick-Up Analysis Type window is similar to the Analysis Type window of nonplough projects (see Figure 53). The new frames in this window, specific for ploughing
analyses, are:
Select Analysis Frame
Alarm Limits Frame
Additional Loads and Displacement Case
All other frames and buttons function in the same way as for the Analysis Type window.
Refer to section 4.7.1 for more information.
Select Analysis Frame
The Analysis Frame contains four list boxes. The entries in the lists can be combined
with the entries from the others to define a specific ploughing analysis. Table 15
summarises and describes all list items.
100

List
Box
Item
Option
Single
The rollers are raised to the Target Roller

Height specified in the Plough Properties
window in one increment.
Alarm Limits
The rollers are raised to the Minimum Roller

Height specified in the Plough Properties
window and then incrementally raised until one
of the criteria is exceeded or until the Maximum
Roller Height is reached.
Pick-Up
Pipeline Pick-Up case: the pipeline is lifted up

from a flat seabed. The flat seabed is used
Analysis
Seabed
Trenched
Pipeline
Grabs/Rollers
Description
Empty
Pipeline Trenched case: the trenched seabed

will be used in the analysis.
Empty pipeline is used in the analysis
Water Filled
Water filled pipeline is used in the analysis
Front & Aft

Rollers
Both rollers are modelled in the analysis.
Front Roller
Only the front roller is modelled in the analysis.
Aft Roller
Only the aft roller is modelled in the analysis.
Table 15: Select Analysis Options
Alarm Limits Frame

Note that when an Alarm Limit analysis is selected, the Alarm Limit frame will be
enabled. This frame allows the user to specify the limiting parameters by checking their
corresponding check box. The text boxes allow the user to specify the limiting value for
each parameter.
During an alarm limits run, the results for the selected parameters will be checked after
each roller increment and the alarm limits analysis will be stopped as soon as one of
the results exceeds the value specified in the Alarm Limits frame.
The increment by which the rollers are raised during each step of the alarm limits
analysis are based on the minimum and maximum roller height specified in the Plough
Properties window and the "Number of Steps" specified in the Alarm Limits frame.
When the "Keep intermediate steps" checkbox is selected, all analysis results for each
increment are saved. Otherwise only the results of the last analysis are kept.
Additional Loads / Displacement Case
When additional loads and/or displacements are included in the analysis, the user must
specify whether he wants to apply them before or after the roller displacements are
applied. This can be done by selecting the corresponding radio button.
General Remarks
Note that on the Plough Module Analysis Type window the residual lay tension is not
taken into account automatically, as is done for non-plough projects. To use residual lay
tension in a plough project, the user must select it in the Analysis Type window.
Entering the residual lay tension value in the Plough Module Editor is not enough!
101

Ploughing Analyses & DAT-files
When running a ploughing analysis, SAGE Profile performs the following actions:
1. laydown pipe on seabed
2. check pipe elevation at roller KP's (pipe could span, or have settled in the soil)
3. calculate required displacement to lift the pipe to the (next) target height
4. Generate new dat file that applies the required displacements
Hence running a Single analysis requires two FE input files (dat files): one created by
the user in the Plough Module Analysis Type window and one created automatically by
SAGE Profile.
Therefore Alarm Limit runs can require a lot of input files and a lot of disk space.
See Table 22 for the filename convention of ploughing projects.
4.10.5 Step 3: Ploughing Analysis Results
The Advanced Viewer can be used to view the results of a plough analysis. Refer to
section 4.8 for more information on the viewer.
Additionally, the Plough module creates a summary table for all analyses. Selecting the
"Plough Results File" from the view menu in the main interface will display the list of the
plough analyses already run (see Figure 93).
Figure 93: View Plough Results Files
The analysis summary table can then be view by selecting the analysis name and
clicking on the View button. The PKU file content is then shown (see Figure 94).
102
Figure 94: Plough Analysis Summary File
4.11 Print
This enables printing of the F.E. output files for the various analyses. The output files
available for printing are displayed by clicking on the relevant results type, e.g. "Water
Filled Results" from the Print drop menu, see Figure 95, and selecting which output files
are required for the printing.
103

.DAT - the F.E. input file
.STR - the stress table file
.SPN - the span summary file
.COD - the code check file
.OUT - the complete output of the F.E
Figure 95: Results Printout Window
104
4.12 Help
Help is available by clicking on "Help" from the Main Control menu.
The About option displays information regarding SAGE Profile, including current client
and project, version number and various system information, see Figure 96.
Figure 96: About Window
105
TABLES
5. TABLES
File name
Description
LOADPRP1.INP
Applies residual tension
LOADPRP2.INP
Applies total submerged UDL including piggy back

loads and fittings
LOADPRP3.INP
Applies pressure, temperature and self weight during

operational case
LOADPRP4.INP
Applies UDL due to cover depth
LOADPRP5.INP
Applies current and wave loads
LOADPRP6.INP
Applies UDL due to water in pipe
LOADPRP7.INP
Applies pressure and UDL during hydro test
LOADPRP8.INP
Applies global load case no 1
LOADPRP9.INP
LOADPR10.INP
LOADPR11.INP
Applies global disps case no 1
LOADPR12.INP
LOADPR13.INP
LOADPR14.INP
Restart water-filled to hydro: Applies hydro pressure
LOADPR15.INP
Restart water-filled to operational: subtracts UDL

difference
LOADPR16.INP
Restart hydrotest to operational: reduces pressure

and UDL
LOADPR17.INP
Post-lay analysis
LOADPR18.INP
Applies local loads case no 1
LOADPR19.INP
LOADPR20.INP
LOADPR21.INP
Applies local displacements case no 1
LOADPR22.INP
LOADPR23.INP

Table 16: Load Input Files
106
TABLES
File name
Description
PIPEPRP1.INP
Contains all pipe properties, including RambergOsgood parameters as entered in the editor - UDLs
not included
PIPEPRP2.INP
Contains Ramberg-Osgood parameters for a nonlinear pipe with ovalisation
PIPEPRP3.INP
Water-filled case: set water density to zero in order

to negate effect of external overpressure in
hydrotest
PIPEPRP4.INP
Operational case: takes into account internal

hydrostatic pressure
PIPEPRP5.INP
Contains Ramberg-Osgood parameters for StressStrain for a non-linear pipe
PIPEPRP6.INP
Contains Ramberg-Osgood parameters for

modified explicit moment curvature to account for
operating pressure and temperature.
PIPEPRP7.INP

hydrotest pressure.
PIPEPRP8.INP

water depth for empty pipeline.
Table 17: Pipe Properties Input Files
107
TABLES
File name
Description
SOILPRP1.INP
Contains properties of vertical spring curves and

nodal spring curves
SOILPRP2.INP
Contains properties of axial and lateral spring

curves and defines nodal springs
SOILPRP3.INP
Contains properties for a rigid seabed

Table 18: Soil Properties Input File
108
TABLES
File name
Description
SBEmst0.inp
Seabed elevation master file, which contains the sea

bed elevation along the proposed pipeline route.
BOPmst0.inp
Bottom of Pipe master file, which contains the profile of

the existing pipeline along the route.
TDmst0.inp
Trenched/ Dredged master file, which contains the as

trenched/ as dredged seabed elevation along the route
after remedial work has been carried out.
CUTmst0.inp
Cutline master file, which contains the seabed

elevation along the route with all proposed rectification
work.
SBEint.inp
Seabed elevation master file with interpolation of the

data points.
BOPint.inp
Bottom of Pipe master file with interpolation of the data

points.
TDint.inp
Trenched, dredged master file with interpolation of the

data points.
CUTint.inp
Cutline master file with interpolation of the data points.
SBEmst3D.inp
Seabed elevation master file with the 3 dimensional

sea bed co-ordinates
BOPmst3D.inp
Bottom of Pipe master file with the 3 dimensional sea

bed co-ordinates
TDmst3D.inp
Trenched, dredged master file with the 3 dimensional

sea bed co-ordinates
Table 19: Seabed Files
109
TABLES
File name
Description
Support.inp
Pre-lay and post lay support information

(current information)
Coorslop.inp
Contains the 3 dimensional coordinates

and slope criteria
Vortdef.inp
Span analysis: allowable free span

criteria information
Table 20: Other Input Files
110
TABLES
The data file for the F.E. analysis is defined by an 8 character filename that
describes the analysis characteristics:
Example of data file: OMEP2099.DAT (operational analysis using original
seabed data. Pipe model is elastic and the soil model is non-linear. The analysis
is a 2D analysis, first run for KP range 99)
Position
Description
Analysis type
Seabed file type
Soil type model
2D/3D analysis
7 and 8
Empty
Operational
Water filled
Hydrotest
Original seabed
Bottom of pipe
Cutline
Temporary
Dredged
Elastic
Explicit Moment
Modified Explicit
Moment
Explicit Moment plus

Ovalisation
Stress-Strain
Rigid
Non-linear
2D analysis
3D analysis
Pipe type model
Possible Values
Run number for

Range: 0 9
that type of analysis
KP range number
Range: 00 - 99
Table 21: Analysis File Naming Convention
111
TABLES
The data file for the ploughing analysis is also defined by an 8-character
filename that describes the analysis characteristics:
Example of data file: EMEPS001.DAT (empty analysis using original seabed
data (flat seabed). Pipe model is elastic and the soil model is non-linear. The
analysis is a Pick-Up analysis, first run with the rollers raised to the target roller
height)
Position
Description
Analysis type
Seabed file type
Soil type model
Analysis Type
7 and 8
Empty
Water filled
Original seabed
Dredged
Elastic
Explicit Moment
Modified Explicit
Moment
Explicit Moment plus

Ovalisation
Stress-Strain
Rigid
Non-linear
Single analysis
Alarm Limits analysis
Pipe type model
Possible Values
Run number for

Range: 0 9
that type of analysis
Range: 00 - 99
00 for laydown
Roller height
increment
01 - 02 etc for subsequent roller
height increments
Table 22: Plough Analysis File Naming Convention
112
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS FAQ
6. FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTIONS FAQ
6.1
Introduction
This section presents the answers to every-day questions asked by SAGE Profile
Users. The FAQs have been classified in four categories:
Installation: for all problems related with the software installation
Running SAGE Profile: the software has been properly installed but you cannot
run it. This section is mainly concerned by license/security key error related
problems.
Using SAGE Profile Interface: for any problem related to the use of the
Interface, including the Viewer and the Rectifier.
Pipeline Model/FE Analysis: for questions regarding SAGE Profile assumptions,

analysis options, creation of the finite element input file (i.e. *.DAT file),
For an optimal use of SAGE Profile, it is recommended to carefully read the SAGE
Profile User Manuals (Volume 1 to 4).
6.2
Installation
Question
Im trying to install SAGE Profile on a Toshiba Satellite Pro notebook with WINDOWS
XP Pro installed and I cannot get the hardware key to work. SAGE Profile always
returns the message that no hardware key could be found
Answer
On a Toshiba Satellite Pro notebook with WINDOWS XP installed the parallel port is by
default not correctly defined. Contact SAGE Profile support staff to obtain instructions
on how to rectify this.
6.3
Running SAGE Profile

Question
When the system finds an error and logs you out and shuts down the software, how to
avoid rebooting PC to release the license?
Answer
The interface did not release the dongle license when it crashed.
You don't necessary need to reboot your machine, waiting 1 to 2 minutes is usually
enough to free the license on the dongle.
If you cannot wait, there are other possibilities:
Unplug and replug the dongle, it will reset the license.
113

If your user profile is part of the administrators group and you are using
Windows NT/2000/XP, stop and re-start the SuperProServer service will also
reset the license (in Control Panel, Administrative Tools, Services), restarting
the service can also be done in a command line window by typing: net
stop(start) superproserver
Question
I cannot open a project. SAGE Profile crashes when trying to open it. Whats wrong?
Answer
The PROJECTS.CFG file in the client folder is probably corrupted. Check the file
format. The first line should be the number of projects. It should match exactly with the
number of existing projects. Each line should be the name of a project. File should end
with one carriage return (one and only one!).
Question
Upon start-up, I get an error message cant set heartbeat code ret = 62 When starting
up. Whats wrong?
Answer
You are using the wrong version of the Sentinel SuperProNet Server that is needed to
communicate with the hardware key. Contact support for the latest server version and
installation instructions .
Question
Upon start-up, I get an error message SAGE security dongle was not found. Program
terminated.
Answer
If youre using a network dongle then this error is most likely caused by the fact that the
IP address contained in the IP.txt file is wrong or the dongle is missing.
Question
SAGE Profile crashes with a fatal exception when I try to access the pipe properties
window
Answer
The Database engine controlling the pipe properties database has stopped responding.
Please restart your machine
Question
On NT/2000 machines, sometimes when running the loadserv.exe it cannot find the
spnsrvnt.exe executable, even not after browsing for it.
Answer
The problem is the capitals in the filename; The setup installs a file called
SPNSRVNT.EXE whereas the install service program is looking for a file spnsrvnt.exe.
After browsing for the file change SPNSRVNT.EXE in the text box to spnsrvnt.exe and
it will work fine!
114

Question
After installing SAGE Profile, I enter the pipe properties, I then exit from the window and
try to re-enter again. SAGE Profile gives me the error message that my pipe properties
are corrupted. Alternatively I do not reenter the pipe properties window but leave the
Editor and let SAGE Profile calculate the FE input files. A run-time error Input pass end
of file appears.
Answer
If you are using a non-English Windows version, check in the Regional Settings in your
Windows Control Panel. SAGE Profile expects the decimal delimiter to be . (a dot)
instead of , (a coma). Note that SAGE Profile V6.2 is automatically checking the
Windows Regional Settings and will pops up an error message after launching the
application if the wrong setting is used.
Question
When trying to run a set of analysis, a DOS window does not appear, afterwards a
message saying that the analysis could not be completed appear in the SAGE Profile
interface. The DOS window does not appear.
Answer
This may be caused by the fact that there is a problem with the installation of the DOS
commandos (command.com) check that this file appears in the C:\Windows directory
Question
When trying to open an existing project, SAGE Profile says that a project is in use by
another user, even though nobody has got this project open
Answer
Use the reset global log functionality via the button in the Interface Setup window,
accessible via the file menu. If this does not work, do a search for all Gprofile.log files
on your machine and delete all occurrences. If this does not work check the file
attributes of all the files within the project and change them to archive if they are set to
read-only
6.4
Using SAGE Profile Interface

Question
Whats the difference between the Temporary and Master Cutline files in the Rectifier?
Answer
The Temporary and Master Cutline files have the same function.
There are three differences between them:
- The Master Cutlines contains the full length of the pipeline routes whereas the
Temporary file contains only the KP range of the selected analysis.
- By creating a Master Cutline file you create the "Cut and Fill summary" which
summarises the amount of soil that needs to be removed. You can find it in the Project
folder in the PROFILE\CUTLINE folder.
- You can only have one Master Cutline file, but you can keep several Temporary files
(they have the same name as the analysis on which they are based *.TMP). So, if you
make a mistake, you can always go back to a previous temporary seabed file.
115

When using the Temporary or Master Cutline files, in both case you should be able to
open the successfully completed analysis in the Rectifier (as well as in the Viewer),
check the spans, stresses, ... and rectify the already modified seabed.
6.5
Modelling
Question
Why is the value of WSEA (the sea water density) not equalled to 10.25kN/m3 in the
Hydrotest and Operational cases?
Answer
=fluid density
g=acceleration
h=depth
For the empty case, i.e. no fluid inside the pipe, WSEA represents the hydrostatic
pressure component per meter depth, *g, (external pressure (*g*h) - internal
pressure (=0)) for calculating the hoop stress. Therefore
1025*9.81/1000 multiplied by the depth at the specific location.
For operational case, to account for the internal static pressure due to the fluid inside
the pipeline, you need to deduct the internal pressure hydrostatic component, therefore
for the operational load step you adjust WSEA to reflect the internal hydrostatic
component, which is
Negative ((internal fluid)*g*Ai/Ae/1000) * depth for specific location (with (internal
fluid) the density in kg/m3).
Question
How to speed up analyses?
Answer
To speed up the analyses, it is recommended first to run an empty analysis. The empty
analysis is usually the analysis that takes the longest time. Then you can restart from
the empty analysis to run other cases.
To do that, select the analysis type you want to run, select "Empty" in the "Restart
From" drop down list , double click on the empty file (EMEP... .dat) in the Previous
Analysis box, select eventually other options and run the analysis.
Question
I am laying down a pipe on a rather steep seabed with a large difference between the
highest and lowest seabed elevation. At the edges of my analysis the pipeline is not in
contact with the seabed.
Answer
During the Lay Down phase, SAGE Profile adds two very soft springs at the pipeline
ends in order to stabilize the solutions. Normally the presence of these springs does not
influence the SAGE Profile results. However if the elevation difference between the top
elevation and the elevation at one of the edges of the KP range is in the range of 100m,
the boundary springs will be enormously compressed so that a noticeable upward force
will be exerted on the pipe ends. The recommended solution is to change the Lay Down
Damping Spring Stiffness from 0.1 to 0.001 kN/m/m. This option is available in the FE
Tune window.
116

Question
I am performing a 3D run and the DOS program completes the 2D lay down case but
crashes shortly after when switching to 3D
Answer
This is probably caused by the fact that the plan coordinates that you read into SAGE
Profile are noisy. SAGE Profile will attempt to place the pipe exactly through the points
you specify. If there are sudden gradients due to small errors in the coordinates, this
will create large out of balance moments and large displacements. Best way to check
this is to produce a plot showing the variation of (Northing2-Northing1)/(easting2easting1) , the gradient in function of the KP. If the points are lying on a straight line,
the gradient should be constant. If the coordinates are on a curve, the gradient should
vary along a straight line. Any outliers should be deleted as they force an unrealistic
curvature.
Question
In the Analysis Type window, what does the option Buried Pipe actually does?
Answer
Switching the Buried Pipe option on will apply an extra download on the pipe. The
value of this load is defined in the UDL Due to Cover Depth window of the Editor.
Increasing the vertical download on the pipe will effectively result in an increase of axial
resistance if the coefficient of axial friction between the soil and the pipe is non-zero.
Please note that the Buried Pipe option does not take into account the friction
between the cover and the pipe.
Question
How to refine the mesh?
Answer
There are two ways to refine the finite element pipeline mesh:
1. As the pipeline is based on the seabed KP points, refining the seabed profile will
also refine the pipe mesh. This can be done using the Interpolation function in
the Editor. This method has the advantage to allow mesh refinement at areas of
particular interest.
2. Linear interpolation between the seabed KP points can be performed easily by
increasing the Number of Finite Elements between KPs in the F.E. Tune
window. The entire pipeline mesh will then be refined.
Question
My analysis doesnt converge. How to get convergence?
Answer
Lack of convergence can arise for different reasons. The following actions can be taken
to improve it:
Refine the mesh (see above).
Increase the number of increments. This can be done in the Solver Parameters
of the FE Tune window. Note that if the restart capability is used, this option
wont be activated. In this case, the number of increments can be increased by
manually changing the *.DAT file using the *CONTROL keyword, parameter 12.
Switching off one or several non-linearities.
117
118
Pipe plasticity can be switched off in the Analysis Type window.
Soil plasticity can be switched off in the FE Tune window by selecting

the Euler method.
Large displacement can be switched off in the FE Tune window.
INDEX
7. INDEX
A
Analysis 48, 56, 57
F.E Tune 57
KP Range 56
Type Analysis 48
B
Bending Factor 51
C
Coating Material 35
Code Checks 53
Cutlines 51, 7880
E
Editor 38
Pipeline 38
Explicit Moment Linearity 35
External Loads 3940
F
FE DOS Window 58
Finite Element Tune 56
G
Ground Slope 33
H
Hydro Test Pressure 39
Hydrodynamic Coefficients 35
I
Interpolation 2425, 89
K
KP 55, 79
Analysis 55
Rectifier 79
L
Limits 82
Loads 86
M
Main Control Menu 13
master file 20, 28, 79
Mesh 96
Mouse Post Lay 82
Mouse Pre Lay 82
N
New Survey Files 29
New Templates 57
O
Operating Pressure 39, 4546, 87
Operating Temperature 37, 39
P
Pipe 34, 36
Joint Properties 36
Properties 34
Point loads 3940
Post Lay Support 52, 8182, 90
Pre Lay Support 52, 82
Print 82, 84
Rectifier 82
Printer Set-up 24
R
RambergOsgood 34, 37, 87
Rectifier 78, 80, 82
Cutlines 80
Limits 82
Supports 80
Rectifier Supports 80
Residual Lay Tension 37, 39
S
Seabed 30, 89
Soil 30
Sign Convention 39
Soil 30, 31, 32, 88
Cohesionless 32
Cohesive 31
Defining 30
Properties 31, 88
Support 31
Type 31, 32
Span 18, 55
Vortex induced vibration 18, 53
Stress-Strain Based Moment Curvature
Non-Linearity 3536
T
Tables 86
U
UDL Due to Cover Depth 42, 96
UDL Due to Current/Waves 43
W
Water Density 87
119

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 1

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 1

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

SAGE Profile Version 6.3.

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 1 - 08

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 1-JWI.doc

Copyright 1995 2005 Fugro Engineers SA/NV

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - Interface Module

GENERAL DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................ 7

SETTING UP SAGE PROFILE................................................................................ 10

STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE ....................................................................... 13

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - Interface Module

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE................................................................................. 20

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - Interface Module

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS FAQ ....................................................... 113

INDEX .................................................................................................................... 119

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - Interface Module

Set-up of the pipeline, loads, and seabed soils for

Set-up of the analysis parameters and run the

View analyses results

Allows rectification on seabed profiles

FE Engine in stand-alone mode

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - Interface Module

Third Party Certification

Figure 1: Bureau Veritas Approval of SAGE Profile

For an optimal use of SAGE Profile finite element capabilities, it is recommended to

Buoyancy ,ethod for very soft clay

Verley and Lund for soft clay

DNV RP-F105 for sand and clay

User-defined database of soil springs

How to use SAGE Profile? An Overview

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - Interface Module

Figure 2: How to Use SAGE Profile - Overview

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - Interface Module

SETTING UP SAGE PROFILE

2. SETTING UP SAGE PROFILE

to quickly press and release the left-hand mouse button.

to click the left-hand mouse button twice in rapid succession.

Figure 3: IP.txt File for Local Use

Figure 4: IP.txtFile when Key is on

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - Interface Module

SETTING UP SAGE PROFILE

Figure 5: SAGE Profile Interface Setup

Specifying the location of the Program Write Directory

Figure 6: Program Write Directory Location

Figure 7: Sageprof.ini file

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - Interface Module

SETTING UP SAGE PROFILE

Specifying the location of the Client Directory File

Figure 8: Client File Location

Specifying the location of the Local Log file

F.E. Engine Test

Figure 9: SAGE Profile Installation Examples Window

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - Interface Module

STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE

3. STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE

Figure 10: SAGE Profile Main Control Window

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - Interface Module

STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE

: Client and Project Maintenance

: Finite Element Tuning

: Plough Module [optional module]

Client and Project Maintenance

Find Existing Projects

Plough Module [optional module]

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - Interface Module

STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE