SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 4

SAGE Profile Version 6.3.
2
User Manual
VOLUME 4
SAGE BUCKLE
Prepared By
Fugro Engineers SA/NV
Document Ref.: SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 4.doc
Revision: 03
Date: 16/03/2005
Document Title:
SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 4 - 03

SAGE Buckle
Document Ref. :
SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 4.doc
REVISION STATUS
Rev
Status
Compiled
Reviewed
by
Date
by
Date
0.0
Issued for
comment
MMA
July 2003
JWI
July 2003
0.1
Issued for
Version 6.3
MMA
Oct. 2003
JWI
Nov. 2003
0.2
Issued for
Version 6.3.1
HFA
May 2004
JWI
May 2004
0.3
Issued for
Version 6.3.2
HFA
Mar 2005
JWI
Mar. 2005
Signatory Legend:
MMA
HFA
SSM
JWI
Approved
by
Date
Matthieu Malli
Hendrik Falepin
Steven Smolders
Jean-Franois Wintgens
Copyright 1995 - 2005 Fugro Engineers SA/NV

No warranty, expressed or implied is offered as to the accuracy of results from this program. The
program should not be used for design unless caution is exercised in interpreting the results, and
independent calculations are available to verify the general correctness of the results.
Fugro Engineers SA/NV accept no responsibility for the results of the program and will not be deemed
responsible for any liability arising from use of the program.
Content
1.
1.1
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
GENERAL DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................ 5

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 5
ANALYSIS MODULE................................................................................................. 6
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 6
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND............................................................................... 6
2.2.1
Design Envelope Approach ............................................................................ 6
2.2.2
Calculation of Pipeline Driving Force .............................................................. 8
2.2.3
Driving Force With Variable Axial Force ......................................................... 9
2.2.4
Uplift Resistance of Backfill ............................................................................ 9
2.2.5
Required Volume of Rock-Dump .................................................................. 10
COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE .......................................................................... 11
2.3.1
Identification of Troughs ............................................................................... 13
2.3.2
Identification of Imperfections ....................................................................... 13
2.3.3
Wavelength of Imperfection .......................................................................... 13
2.3.4
Amplitude of Imperfection ............................................................................. 13
USER GUIDE TO INPUT ......................................................................................... 14
2.4.1
Introduction ................................................................................................... 14
2.4.2
Comment Cards............................................................................................ 14
2.4.3
Data File Format ........................................................................................... 14
USER GUIDE TO OUTPUT ..................................................................................... 17
2.5.1
Input Echo..................................................................................................... 17
2.5.2
Results.......................................................................................................... 17
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 17
3.
INTERFACE MODULE ............................................................................................ 18

3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 18
3.2 STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE........................................................................ 18
3.2.1
File ................................................................................................................ 19
3.2.2
Analyse ......................................................................................................... 19
3.2.3
UDL............................................................................................................... 19
3.2.4
Print .............................................................................................................. 19
3.2.5
Help .............................................................................................................. 19
4.
USING SAGE BUCKLE INTERFACE ..................................................................... 20

4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 20
4.2 SAGE Buckle Main Control Menu ......................................................................... 20
4.3 File ........................................................................................................................... 21
4.3.1
Open Project ................................................................................................. 22
4.3.2
Interpolation .................................................................................................. 22
SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - SAGE Buckle
CONTENT
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.3.3
Viewer........................................................................................................... 23
4.3.4
Printer Set Up ............................................................................................... 23
4.3.5
Exit................................................................................................................ 23
Analyse ................................................................................................................... 23
4.4.1
Type.............................................................................................................. 23
4.4.2
KP Range ..................................................................................................... 26
UDL.......................................................................................................................... 26
4.5.1
Buried Pipe ................................................................................................... 26
4.5.2
Rock Dump Cover ........................................................................................ 27
Print ......................................................................................................................... 28
4.6.1
Master File.................................................................................................... 28
4.6.2
SBE/CUT/BOP/TD/TMP Results .................................................................. 28
4.6.3
Analyses performed...................................................................................... 28
Help ......................................................................................................................... 29
4.7.1
Help .............................................................................................................. 29
4.7.2
About SAGE Upheaval Buckle ..................................................................... 29
APPENDIX A CONTENTS OF INPUT FILES .................................................................... 31

APPENDIX B CONTENTS OF DATA OUTPUT FILES ..................................................... 33
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
SAGE Buckle is a module of SAGE Profile suite of programs for pipeline analysis
developed by Fugro Engineers (formerly THALES Geosolutions (Belgium) SA/NV). The
SAGE Buckle module focuses on the upheaval buckling pipeline analyses using the
design envelope approach.
Operating with a standard Graphical User Interface (GUI) under Microsoft Windows,
the suite enables upheaval buckling analysis (UHB) to be performed efficiently. The
program comprises three main parts:
An analysis module which estimates the required download, rockdump height

and rockdump volume to prevent upheaval buckling (described in chapter 2)
An interface, which performs the pre- and post-processing functions (described

in chapter 3)
A viewer, which is the same as SAGE Profile, SAGE Profile Advanced Viewer,
The SAGE Buckle interface module needs to be run from SAGE Profile main interface
whereas the analysis module needs to be started from the SAGE Buckle interface. The
viewer can be launched from SAGE Buckle.
ANALYSIS MODULE
2. ANALYSIS MODULE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
SAGE Profile upheaval buckling analysis module provides a rational design procedure
for estimating required download, cover depth and the volume of rock-dump or extent
of seabed dredging required to prevent upheaval buckling under given operating
conditions of temperature and pressure. The module adopts the design envelope
approach, which enables an efficient assessment of pipeline upheaval behaviour to be
carried out.
This section of the user manual defines the computational procedures that have been
implemented and describes the format of the input and output data files for the analysis
module of SAGE Buckle. Note that the input files are normally created by the SAGE
Buckle interface described in sections 3 and 4. The output files are normally viewed
from within the same SAGE Buckle interface which serves as a pre-and post-processor
of the analysis module.
2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

The computation of required download to prevent upheaval buckling is based on the
design envelope approach described by Richards [1].
2.2.1 Design Envelope Approach
Consider the case of a uniformly loaded pipeline, a rigid seabed and an isolated
symmetrical imperfection, Figure 1. The required download, W, may be found using an
empirical relationship between the dimensionless download coefficient, W, and the
dimensionless wavelength coefficient, L, given by:
W =
Equation 1
4
L
d
2
where the coefficients are defined by
W =
Equation 2
wEI
H F2
and
L = Lo
Equation 3
F
EI
where
L0
semi-wavelength of imperfection under zero axial force.
effective axial load.
elastic modulus.
ANALYSIS MODULE
second moment of area.
required download
amplitude of imperfection
The empirical coefficients c and d are based on a series of numerical analyses for a
range of imperfection shapes, operating conditions and pipeline properties.
Figure 1 - The perfect case of a semi-infinite pipe on a flat, rigid foundation.
Richards [1] has developed numerical approximations of W for the following ranges of
L:
L < 4.49:
Equation 4
0.49 < L < 8.06:
Equation 5
W = 0.0646
W =
6.11 98.13
2
4
L
L
8.06 < L:
Equation 6
W =
10.79 390.38
2
4
L
L
This relationship between L and W is shown graphically in Figure 2.
ANALYSIS MODULE
Figure 2 - Functional relationship between wavelength and download parameters
2.2.2 Calculation of Pipeline Driving Force

The driving axial force, F, in a pipeline due to an increase in temperature, T, internal
pressure, pi, external overpressure, pe and constant residual lay tension, Po, is given
by:
Equation 7
F = EAT +
pi (1 - 2) Di2 pe (1 - 2) Do2
- Po
4
4
where
coefficient of thermal expansion
elastic modulus
pipe steel section area.
Poisson's ratio.
Di
internal pipe diameter.
Do
external pipe diameter.
pi
internal pressure above ambient.
pe
external overpressure.
Po
residual lay tension.
The external overpressure is a function of the static head, given by

Equation 8
p e = ( sw - p )g H d
where
ANALYSIS MODULE
sw
density of sea water.
density of product.
acceleration due to gravity.
Hd
static head of water.
2.2.3 Driving Force With Variable Axial Force

When an upheaval buckling analysis is based on a seabed profile the residual lay
tension, Po, is specified as a constant value along the entire length of the pipeline and
the effective axial force in the pipeline is computed according to Equation 7.
However, when the upheaval buckling analysis is based on a pipeline profile after a
laydown analysis the effective axial force is available at each KP point in the pipeline.
This effective axial force comprises components due to residual lay tension and
bending and will vary from one KP point to the next. At any KP, therefore, the effective
axial force in the pipe due to an increase in temperature, T and an internal pressure, pi
is given by:
F = EAT +
Equation 9
pi (1 - 2) Di2
- PFE
4
where
PFE
effective axial force computed by SAGE Profile.
For a given imperfection, therefore, F will not be constant. In order to utilise the output
of SAGE Profile in the analysis of upheaval buckling, however, it is necessary to
assume a constant value from the range of values encompassed within the feature.
The average of all values within the feature is therefore taken.
2.2.4 Uplift Resistance of Backfill
For buried pipelines, uplift resistance is provided by the cover material (i.e. trench
backfill). Based on physical model tests Palmer et. al. [2] recommend the following
equations for the estimation of uplift resistance due to cover:
For cohesionless sand, silt and rock
wc = z bf c D ov ( 1 + f
Equation 10
z bf
)
D ov
and for cohesive clay and silt cover
w c = c Dov min[ 3,
Equation 11
zbf ]
Dov
where
wc
uplift resistance per unit length of pipe due to backfill.
Dov
diameter of pipe.
zbf
backfill cover depth (from crown of pipe to seabed).
submerged unit weight of backfill soil.
ANALYSIS MODULE
shear strength.
an uplift coefficient: 0.5 for dense materials, 0.1 for loose materials.
2.2.5 Required Volume of Rock-Dump

The computation of required rock-dump volume assumes a berm of the form shown in
Figure 3 and Figure 4. Control over the berm geometry is provided by allowing the user
to specify the crest width and slope angle.
Figure 3 - Buried pipeline
Figure 4 - Non-buried pipeline
For a buried pipe (Figure 3) the required rock-dump volume, V, is computed as

2
Equation 12
V = a zrd + zrd
tan
Similarly, for a pipe resting on the seabed (Figure 4),
10
ANALYSIS MODULE
( +
)
V = a(zrd + Dov) + zrd Dov
tan
Equation 13
where
crest width.
zrd
required rock dump cover depth above crown of pipe.
Dov
overall diameter of pipe.
slope angle divided by the FOS on slope.
2.3 COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE

For a given operating condition of temperature and pressure the following
computational procedure is implemented (Figure 5).
11
ANALYSIS MODULE
Figure 5 - Computational procedure for a given operating condition of temperature and pressure
12
ANALYSIS MODULE
2.3.1 Identification of Troughs

A trough is defined by any KP point at which the change in gradient of the
seabed/pipeline is positive, as illustrated in Figure 6.
Figure 6 - Definition of seabed slopes and identification of seabed troughs
2.3.2 Identification of Imperfections

Imperfections are defined from trough to trough only and if there is at least one higher
KP point between the end troughs (i.e. sag bends are ignored). All possible
combinations of imperfection within the maximum imperfection wavelength, as
specified by the user, are considered. Hence, imperfections of short wavelength are
superimposed onto imperfections of long wavelength.
2.3.3 Wavelength of Imperfection
The wavelength of an imperfection, 2Lo, is taken as the horizontal distance between
the start KP and the end KP of the imperfection, as illustrated in Figure 7.
Figure 7- Identification of seabed imperfections
2.3.4 Amplitude of Imperfection

The amplitude of an imperfection, H, is taken as the maximum vertical distance
between the seabed and the imperfection baseline, see Figure 7. The baseline of an
imperfection is defined by a line joining the two troughs at either end of the
imperfection.
13
ANALYSIS MODULE
2.4 USER GUIDE TO INPUT

2.4.1 Introduction
The format of the data input files is illustrated in Figure 8 which gives a typical input file
for the analysis module of SAGE Buckle. The input files are plain text files (ASCII-files)
and can be edited with any text-editor. For the users convenience, these input files are
created by the graphical user interface. A complete example of an input file can be
found in Appendix A.
Figure 8 - Data Input Files
2.4.2 Comment Cards

The "#" character is used to denote a comment card. On any line all text to the right of
the "#" character is treated as a comment and will be ignored by the analysis module.
The input files created by the GUI make extensive use of comments to annotate the
data.
2.4.3 Data File Format
The input data for the analysis module of SAGE Buckle must be provided in the
following fixed order.
Header Information
This comprises several items of header information, and is terminated by the string
"*End Header".
#Data File
14
ANALYSIS MODULE
This gives the filename of the input data file.

#Seabed Master File
This gives the relative path and filename of the file containing the seabed/pipeline
profile data.
#KP start
This defines the start of the KP range to be analysed in m.
#KP end
This defines the end of the KP range to be analysed in m.
#Max Wavelength of Imperfection
This defines the maximum wavelength of an imperfection. Imperfections with
wavelengths greater than this prescribed value will not be considered in the analysis of
upheaval buckling.
#Internal Pressure
This defines the internal pressure for the pipeline in kPa.
#Temperature Increase
This defines the temperature increase for the pipeline in degrees Centigrade.
#Residual Lay Tension
This defines the residual lay tension for the pipeline in kN. If a pipeline profile is used
(i.e. after a laydown analysis) the effective axial force in the pipe is read directly from
the finite element results file for each KP and this item of data is not used in the
upheaval buckling analysis.
#Outer Diameter of Pipe
This defines the outer diameter of the pipe in m.
#Overall Diameter of Pipe
This defines the overall diameter of the pipe (i.e. pipe plus coatings) in m.
#Wall Thickness
This defines the wal thickness of the pipe in m.
#Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
This defines the coefficient of thermal expansion for the pipe per degree Celsius.
#Modulus of Elasticity
This defines the modulus of elasticity for the pipe in MPa.
#Poisson's Ratio
This defines the Poisson's ratio for the pipe.
#Density of Sea Water
This defines the density of the surrounding fluid (assumed to be sea water) in kg/m3.
#Density of Product
This defines the density of the product in kg/m3.
#Submerged Weight of Pipeline Empty
This defines the submerged unit weight of the empty pipeline in kg/m3.
15
ANALYSIS MODULE
#Submerged Weight of Pipeline Full

This defines the submerged unit weight of the full pipeline in kg/m3.
#Buried Pipe Uplift Resistance
This defines the udl acting on a buried pipeline due to the weight of the cover (i.e.
trench backfill). Several KP ranges, which must cover the full KP range being analysed
(i.e. KP start to KP end), may be specified and a different udl due to backfill can be
applied in each range.
#No of KP Ranges
This defines the number of KP ranges for which a udl due to backfill depth will be
specified. For each KP range
#KP From
Defines the starting KP for the current range in m.
#KP to
Defines the ending KP for the current range in m.
#Cover Depth
Defines cover depth above pipe crown
#Submerged Unit Weight
Defines the submerged unit weight of the backfill material in kN/m3.
#Uplift Coefficient
Defines the uplift coefficient
#Cohesion
Defines the soil shear strength in kPa.
#Uplift Resistance
Defines the udl due to the backfill in kN/m.
#Cover Type
Defines the cover soil type
#Rock Dumping Parameters
Indicates that the following data refers to the rock dump specification.
#Slope Angle
Defines the side slope of the rock dump berm in degrees.
#Rock Submerged Unit Weight
Defines the submerged unit weight of the rock-dump in kN/m3.
#Download Factor of Safety
Defines the factor of safety that will be applied to the required download, cover depth
and rock dump volume.
16
ANALYSIS MODULE
2.5 USER GUIDE TO OUTPUT

A complete example of an output file can be found in appendix B.
2.5.1 Input Echo
The output file starts with a copy of the contents of the input data file which are echoed
to the output data file. This enables the user to verify that an analysis is based on the
correct parameters.
2.5.2 Results
The results are divided into two sections. First, the results are given for each feature
(i.e. imperfection). This can comprise a large amount of data if many features were
identified for the specified profile data. The second section of results comprises the
optimized results which give the upper bounds to the envelope described by all the
features together. Finally, the seabed/pipeline profile data is echoed to the results file.
2.6 REFERENCES
[1]
Richards DM (1990) "The Effect of Imperfection Shape on Upheaval Buckling
Behaviour", in 'Advances in Subsea Pipeline Engineering and Technology' ed Ellinas
CP, pp51-66.
[2]
Palmer AC, Ellinas CP, Richards DM, Guijt J (1990) "Design of Submarine
Pipelines Against Upheaval Buckling", Offshore Technology Conference, paper no
OTC 6335, Houston, Texas.
17
INTERFACE MODULE
3. INTERFACE MODULE
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The interface module of SAGE Buckle is a Microsoft Windows application that provides
a (GUI) to the Upheaval Buckling Analysis Program (BUCKLE).
Each part of the interface is described in detail in subsequent sections of this manual.
An on-line help facility is also provided and printing of required output (graphs & results
files) is enabled.
The recommended minimum system requirements are:
Pentium II 350 MHz
128 Mb of RAM
The following terminology is used in reference to the use of the mouse:
click:
to quickly press and release the left hand mouse button.
double click:
to click the left-hand mouse button twice in rapid succession.
drag:
to slide the mouse whilst holding down the left hand mouse button.
The SAGE Buckle interface is entered through the SAGE Profile interface by selecting
Upheavel Buckling from the file menu, pressing the <CTRL-U> keyboard combination
or by clicking on the SAGE Buckle icon on the SAGE Profile toolbar.
The interface is accessible at all times, even if an analysis in SAGE Profile has not
been finished. However if SAGE Buckle misses the required analysis information to
start an upheaval buckling analysis, some menus in the SAGE Buckle interface will be
inaccessible (greyed out).
3.2 STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE

The interface is controlled by the SAGE Buckle Main Control Menu. The menu has 5
options that give access to the Interface main modules and permits such tasks as
specifying projects and the printing of results of analyses that have been performed.
The options in the Main Control menu are:
File
Analyse
UDL
Print
Help
The following is a brief description of some of the options contained within each of the
above which will be described in later sections of this manual.
18
INTERFACE MODULE
3.2.1
File
Viewer
The new version of SAGE Buckle uses the SAGE Profile Advanced Viewer.
Printer Set Up
Printer set up, Figure 9, enables default settings to be changed.
Figure 9 - Printer Set Up
3.2.2
Analyse
Type
The Type option analysis allows the user to specify a number of analyses to be
performed sequentially in batch mode.
KP Range
This allows the user to define the specific KP ranges to be analysed. The default
ranges in this dialog box are the KP ranges used in the SAGE Profile analyses,
additional ranges can be specified in order to allow alternative ranges to be analysed.
3.2.3 UDL
UDL due to buried pipe may be taken into account and the user can specify the rockdump cover geometry and safety factors.
3.2.4 Print
This facility allows the user to produce hard copies of the results of any analysis and
the seabed masterfiles. A log of analysis performed is also available for print.
3.2.5 Help
This allows the user to bring up a help file containing a fast find search facility to give
quick answers to most problems.
19
USING SAGE BUCKLE INTERFACE
4. USING SAGE BUCKLE

INTERFACE
4.1 Introduction
The interface module of SAGE Buckle has been designed to complement the analysis
program and therefore its use is intended as a pre- and a post- processor. It is only
accessible from the SAGE Profile main interface. The pre-processor is used to set up
a problem: model parameters are entered by the user and a data file is created. The
post processor provides graphical representations of the results and enables hard
copies of result files and screen graphics to be produced.
This section describes in detail the method of performing these tasks and the response
of the interface to specific user actions.
4.2 SAGE Buckle Main Control Menu

Figure 10 shows the layout of the SAGE Buckle Main Control Menu. This menu allows
access into other parts of the program and displays the relevant information of the
current project.
Figure 10 - Sage Buckle Main Control Menu
20
The information contained on the screen provides details which are specific to the
client and project under consideration and is set out as follows:
Client:
Name of current client.
Project:
Title of current project.
Analysis
Name of current analysis.
Timer:
Number of hours, minutes and seconds since the current analysis has
started.
Current Run:
The run number of the current analysis.
The information displayed in the bottom row provides details as to the status of the
following files:
SBEmst0.inp:
Seabed elevation master file, which contains the seabed elevation

along the proposed pipeline route.
BOPmst0.inp:
Bottom of pipe elevation master files, which contains the profile of the
existing pipeline along the route.
TDmst0.inp:
Trenched/dredged seabed elevation file, which contains the as

trenched as dredged seabed elevation along the pipeline route after
remedial work has been carried out.
Loaddef.inp:
SAGE Profile Load definition along the pipeline route, which contains
the relevant loads along the pipeline route.
Pipedef.inp:
SAGE Profile Pipe definition along the pipeline route, which contains
the dimensions and properties of the pipe along the pipeline route.
These files can be created using SAGE Profile main interface. For more information
about creating these files, see the SAGE Profile user interface manual.
The information displayed under each of the above files is as follows:
Exists:
Defines whether file has been created (yes, no, N/A (not applicable)).
KP From:
Gives the start KP (kilometre-post) at which the information

commences.
KP To:
Gives the last KP (kilometre-post) at which the information is

available.
Last Modified: The date at which the file was last modified.
Interpolated:
Defines whether the data in the file has been interpolated to provide
additional nodes (only applicable for the elevation files).
The 5 menu options available at the top of the Main Control Screen are described
below:
4.3 File
The file drop down menu allows the user to choose from the following five options:
Open project
Interpolation
Viewer
Printer Setup
Exit
21
4.3.1 Open Project

This allows the user to specify the project he wishes to work on. Selecting this option
calls up the sub menu "Select Project", Figure 11.
Figure 11 - Select Project Sub Menu
A list of all available clients can be displayed by clicking on the down arrow for client.
Before a project can be selected, the relevant client must be initially selected from this
list by clicking on the appropriate client. All projects relating to this client can then be
displayed by clicking on the down arrow for the project. Finally, by clicking on the
relevant project in the drop menu the choice of project may be made.
Once the client and project have been selected, clicking on "OK" allows access for
operations to be carried out on this project. The select project sub menu disappears
and all relevant information is displayed in the main menu.
4.3.2 Interpolation
The interpolate option uses the cubic spline method in order to increase the number of
data points for the master file selected so that the accuracy of the finite element
analysis is enhanced by increasing the number of elements.
The use of this option is only recommended for natural profiles.
Once the interpolate option has been selected a window will appear in the centre of the
screen, Figure 12.
Figure 12 - Interpolation
The spacing may then be increased or decreased by clicking the up or down arrow and
then clicking on "OK". Once an interpolated master file has been created, this
information is displayed on the bottom of the main menu.
22
4.3.3 Viewer
The viewer used by SAGE Buckle is the SAGE Profile Advanced Viewer and is
described in details in the SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 1.
4.3.4 Printer Set Up
Printer set up, Figure 9, enables default settings to be changed.
4.3.5 Exit
Clicking on Exit may terminate the session. Confirmation is required in order to return
to Windows.
4.4 Analyse
The Analysis module allows the user to divide the route into KP ranges to be analysed
individually, and to set up and run analyses.
The Analysis module is only enabled if the user has entered KP Range data.
There are two options available:
Type
KP Range
4.4.1 Type
In order to set up an analysis the user must click on "Type". A window will then appear
in the centre of the screen, Figure 13.
Figure 13 - Analysis Type
23
In order to setup an analysis the following procedure is required:

Step 1 KP Range
The KP range to be analysed should be selected (from the KP ranges available in the
list box), the KP from and to are displayed in the opposite boxes.
Step 2 Pipeline Properties
IMPORTANT
The pipe properties can be either entered manually or got from SAGE Profile by
clicking on Get Properties button in the top right side of the window. If different pipe
properties sections have been defined in SAGE Profile Editor, the user will be
prompted which one he wants to use. Select the appropriated KP range by clicking on
it. Once clicked, the boxes related to the pipe, the pipeline coating material and the
submerged UDL are filled in.
Material
In order to reveal the material types available in the database the user must click on
the down arrow. The type of material can be selected by clicking on the highlighted
preference. The relevant elastic modulus, Poissons ratio, steel density and coefficient
of thermal expansion will then appear in the appropriate boxes.
Dimension
Similarly, the range of pipe sizes available in the database can be revealed by clicking
on the down arrow and the appropriate size selected by clicking on the highlighted
preference. The outside diameter of the pipe will then appear in the relevant box.
Thickness
Again clicking on the down arrow will reveal all the pipe wall thicknesses in the
database and the appropriate thickness can be selected by clicking on the highlighted
preference. The overall diameter and submerged weights are then computed and are
displayed in the relevant boxes.
Step 3 Coating Material
This information will be filled automatically if you did use the Get Properties button, if
not, you have to enter the data manually.
The range of coatings in the database can be revealed by clicking on the down arrow.
The first coating on the pipe can be selected by clicking on the appropriate description.
The corresponding density will then appear in the relevant box and the user must enter
the thickness in the following box. If the selected coating is concrete, the water
absorption must be entered in the next box and the entry completed by clicking on
"Insert". This process can be repeated for additional coatings. To delete a coating, the
user must click on the coating in the summary box and then click on "Delete".
The submerged unit weight and overall diameter will automatically updated.
Step 4 Submerged UDL
These boxes will be filled automatically if you clicked on the Get Properties button.
If you have entered the pipe properties and the coating material manually, the overall
diameter as well as the UDL for empty pipe were automatically computed. The UDL for
full pipe is computed once you have filled in the Internal Fluid Density box. The water
density and the piggy back UDL have to be entered manually.
24
Step 5 Driving force Data

The data related to the driving forces can be got back from SAGE Profile by clicking on
the Get Forces button in the top right side of the window. If you do not click on this
button, the data have to be entered manually. The following boxes have to be filled in:
Internal Fluid Density
Internal Pressure
Temperature Increase
Residual Lay Tension
Residual Lay tension is not required if the analysis will be based on an empty FE
results. All driving forces are not required if the analysis is based on an operational FE
results.
Step 6 Maximum Wavelength of imperfection
This allows the user to specify the maximum imperfection wavelength, max. Only
features with wavelengths less than or equal to max will be analysed for upheaval
buckling. By default minimum imperfection length is set to 0m and maximum to 100m.
If the seabed data is noisy, the user may whish to ignore small artificial features by
increasing the minimum imperfection length.
Step 7 Seabed
This allows the user to select the seabed elevation files upon which to carry out the
analysis. The choices are as follows:
SBEmst0.inp: Seabed elevation master file, which contains the seabed elevation
along the proposed pipeline route.
CUTmst0.inp: Master Cutline seabed elevation file as created by SAGE Profile
Rectifier.
BOPmst0.inp: Bottom of pipe master file, which contains the profile of the existing
pipeline along the route.
TDmst0.inp: Trenched/dredged master file, which contains the as trenched/ as
dredged seabed elevation along the pipeline route after remedial work has been
carried out.
Temporary: bases the analysis on temporary seabed elevation files created by SAGE
Profile Rectifier. Note that this option is only valid for KP ranges previously defined.
Interpolated: this option will be enabled if the seabed elevations have previously been
interpolated.
FE Analysis Results: bases the analysis on the pipeline elevation from a finite
element analysis run from SAGE Profile. Effective axial forces computed by SAGE
Profile FE engine will be taken into account in the Buckle analysis.
For 3D projects, the seabed elevation versus KP profile is considered as in 2D. The
Design Envelope Method does not consider lateral buckling.
Step 8 Create the Input File UBI
Once the user is satisfied with the above choice he must click on "Next" to accept. It
will create a Buckle input file *.UBI. In order to select further analyses steps 1 to 8 must
be repeated. To delete a analysis, select the input file and click on Delete.
25
Step 9 Run the Analyses

To run the analyses click on "Run". A DOS window that will now appear in the centre of
the screen will display the output of the analysis as it occurs.
On completion of the selected analysis, the Interface window appears, with a message
confirming the completion of the runs. Click on "OK" to continue.
4.4.2 KP Range
The KP range can be accessed by clicking on "KP Range". A window will be displayed
in the centre of the screen, Figure 14.
Figure 14 - KP Range
The route can be divided into several ranges to allow analysis to be performed over
shorter lengths. Two ranges will automatically be produced upon first entering the KP
range data input screen. These KP ranges are common with SAGE Profile main
interface.
4.5 UDL
The UDL menu consists of two different options described below.
4.5.1 Buried Pipe
Used to input UDL (uniformly distributed load) due to a buried pipe. The user must
specify the KP range; cover type (cohesive or cohesionless); submerged unit weight;
uplift coefficient and cover depth.
Important note: although the user have maybe already input UDL due to cover depth
using SAGE Profile Editor, if he wants to take them into account during the upheaval
analyses, he will need to re-enter them using the Buried Pipe command of
SAGE Buckle.
By clicking on "Buried Pipe" the relevant window will appear on the centre of the
screen, Figure 15.
26
Figure 15 - Buried Pipe UDL
It must be remembered that when entering the cover depth the pipe section specified
will correspond to that used when entering the pipe data.
The KP range is selected from the box at the bottom. The relevant parameters must
then be entered and confirmed by clicking on "Apply". When all ranges have been
completed, the menu may be exited by clicking on OK.
4.5.2 Rock Dump Cover
By clicking on "Rock Dump Cover" the relevant window will appear on the centre of the
screen, Figure 16.
Figure 16 - Rock Dump Cover
The relevant parameters are entered, and confirmed by clicking on "OK".
27
4.6 Print
The third menu option in the SAGE Buckle Main Control Screen allows the user to
choose from the following 7 options:
Master file
SBE/CUT/BOP/TD/TMP Results
Analyses performed
4.6.1 Master File

Allows the user to create hard copies of the Seabed Masterfile, see Figure 17.
Figure 17 - Sea Bed Masterfiles
4.6.2 SBE/CUT/BOP/TD/TMP Results

Allows the user to create hard copies of any analysis, see Figure 18.
Figure 18 - Printing Analysis Results
4.6.3 Analyses performed

Selecting this option allows the user to print a log of analyses performed.
28
4.7 Help
The final menu option in the Main Control Screen has the following 2 further options
avaialable for the user:
Help
About
4.7.1 Help
This allows the user to bring up a help file containing a fast find search facility to give
quick answers to most problems.
4.7.2 About SAGE Upheaval Buckle
This displays information regarding SAGE Buckle, including current client and project,
version number and various system information. See Figure 19.
Figure 19 - SAGE Buckle Information
29
APPENDICES
30
APPENDIX A CONTENTS OF INPUT FILES
APPENDIX A CONTENTS OF INPUT

FILES
#*Header - SAGE Upheaval Buckling Version 6.3.0
#Filename - SBE0004.UBI
#Client - SAIPEM. Project - EXAMPLE01
#Upheaval Buckling Input File
#Seabed file type SeaBed Master File
#N/A
#KP Range No. 00 from 0 to 1000. Max Imperfection 100
#Date Created 25/11/2003 Time Created 16:15:00
#Creator THALES GEOSOLUTIONS(4305)
#Last Modification - N/A
#Last Modification by N/A
#*End Header
#Data File
SBE0004.UBI
#Seabed Master File
C:\SAGEPROF\SAIPEM\EXAMPLE01\profile\master\SBEmst0.inp
#KP Start
0
#KP End
1100
#Min & Max Wavelengths of imperfection (m)
0
100
#Internal Pressure (kPa)
20000
#Temperature Increase (deg C)
20
#Residual Lay Tension (kN)
450
#Outer Diameter Pipe (m)
0.3556
#Overall Diameter Pipe (m)
0.4556
#Wall Thickness (m)
0.0103
#Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (per deg C)
0.0000117
#Modulus of Elasticity (MPa)
207000
#Poissons Ratio
0.3
#Density Sea Water (kg/m)
1025
#Density Product (kg/m)
123
#Submerged Weight of Pipeline Empty (kN/m)
1.1532362
#Submerged Weight of Pipeline Full (kN/m)
1.25959015
31
APPENDIX A CONTENTS OF INPUT FILES
#Buried Pipe Uplift Resistance

#No of KP Ranges
1
#KP From KP To
Cover
Submerged Uplift
Cohesion
Uplift
Cover
#
Depth
Unit
Coeff.
Resist.
Type
#
Weight
#(m)
(m)
(m)
(kN/m)
(kPa)
(kN/m)
#============================================================================
0
1100
1
0
0
20
20
'Cohesive'
#ROCK DUMP PARAMETERS
#Berm Crest Width (m)
1
#Slope Angle (deg)
20
#Factor of Safety on Slope Angle
1
#Rock Submerged Unit Weight (kN/m)
12
#Rockdump Uplift Coefficient
0.5
#Factor of Safety on Download
1
32
APPENDIX B CONTENTS OF DATA OUTPUT FILES
APPENDIX B CONTENTS OF DATA

OUTPUT FILES
# ---------S A G E - B U C K L E
---------- #
# ------- A n a l y s i s
M o d u l e ------- #
# ---------- V e r s i o n
1 . 2
---------- #
# Date Created : MM/DD/YYYY
# Time Created : 16:21:03
11/25/2003
#*HEADER - SAGE UPHEAVAL BUCKLING VERSION 6.3.0

#FILENAME - SBE0006.UBI
#CLIENT - SAIPEM. PROJECT - EXAMPLE01
#UPHEAVAL BUCKLING INPUT FILE
#SEABED FILE TYPE SEABED MASTER FILE
#N/A
#KP RANGE NO. 00 FROM 0 TO 1000. MAX IMPERFECTION 100
#DATE CREATED 25/11/2003 TIME CREATED 16:21:03
#CREATOR THALES GEOSOLUTIONS(4305)
#LAST MODIFICATION - N/A
#LAST MODIFICATION BY N/A
#*END HEADER
#
#
# ====================
# I N P U T
D A T A
# ====================
#
#
# KP Start
#
0.00
# KP End
#
1100.00
# Minimum and Maximum Wavelength of Imperfection (m)
#
0.00
100.00
# Internal Pressure Increase (kN/m^2)
#
20000.00
# Temperature Increase (deg C)
#
50.00
# Residual Lay Tension (kN)
#
0.00
# Pipe Outside Diameter (m)
#
0.3556
# Pipe Overall Diameter (m)
#
0.4556
# Pipe Wall Thickness (m)
#
0.0103
# Modulus of Elasticity (MPa)
#
207000.000
# Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (per deg C)
#
0.1170E-04
# Poisson's Ratio
#
0.300
# Density of Sea Water (kg/m^3)
#
1025.000
# Density of Product
(kg/m^3)
#
123.000
# Submerged Weight of Pipeline Empty (kN/m)
#
1.153
# Submerged Weight of Pipeline Full (kN/m)
#
1.260
#
#
# Uplift resistance for buried pipe
# No of KP Ranges
#
1
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
KP
KP
Cover
Sub.
Uplift
Cohesion Uplift
Cover
# from
to
Depth
Unit wt.
Coeff.
Resist
Type
#
(m)
(m)
(m)
(kN/m^3)
(kPa)
(kN/m)
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.
1100.
1.000
0.000
0.000
20.000
20.000 Cohesive
#
#
# Rock Dump Parameters
# Slope Angle (deg)
#
20.000
# Factor of Safety on slope Angle
#
1.000
# Rock Submerged Unit Weight (kN/m^3)
#
12.000
# Uplift Coefficient
#
0.500
33
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
Factor of Safety on Required Download

1.000
=============
R E S U L T S
=============
NUMBER OF FEATURES AND SUB-FEATURES

138
138
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------# Feature KPstart EL@ KPstart KPend EL@ KPend KP Feature EL Feature HT Feature Driving
No. of KPstart
KPend
Required Required Required
# Number
Force
subsub-feat sub-feat Download
Cover
RDV
#
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(kN)
features
(m)
(m)
(kN/m)
(m)
(m^3/m)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
5.00000
-57.1700
60.0000 -60.0400
45.0000
-56.8500
2.407 2058.168
1
5.00000
60.0000
4.519
0.525
1.280
2
10.0000
-57.4800
60.0000 -60.0400
45.0000
-56.8500
2.422 2058.168
1
10.0000
60.0000
6.480
0.679
1.947
3
35.0000
-58.4600
80.0000 -59.9900
45.0000
-56.8500
1.950 2058.168
1
35.0000
80.0000
1.419
0.211
0.333
4
35.0000
-58.4600
85.0000 -60.3000
45.0000
-56.8500
1.978 2058.168
1
35.0000
85.0000
1.395
0.208
0.326
5
60.0000
-60.0400
105.000 -61.1100
70.0000
-58.2500
2.028 2058.168
1
60.0000
105.000
2.323
0.316
0.590
6
60.0000
-60.0400
110.000 -61.1400
70.0000
-58.2500
2.010 2058.168
1
60.0000
110.000
1.762
0.252
0.427
7
105.000
-61.1100
175.000 -58.8800
145.000
-57.4400
2.396 2058.168
1
105.000
175.000
0.669
0.109
0.142
8
105.000
-61.1100
180.000 -59.6100
145.000
-57.4400
2.870 2058.168
1
105.000
180.000
4.516
0.524
1.280
9
110.000
-61.1400
180.000 -59.6100
145.000
-57.4400
2.935 2058.168
1
110.000
180.000
5.605
0.613
1.645
10
110.000
-61.1400
185.000 -58.6900
145.000
-57.4400
2.557 2058.168
1
110.000
185.000
1.702
0.245
0.411
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
133
134
135
136
137
138
965.000
1015.00
1015.00
1020.00
1020.00
1040.00
-63.8000
-65.3600
-65.3600
-65.3300
-65.3300
-65.7600
1020.00
1070.00
1085.00
1070.00
1085.00
1095.00
-65.3300
-67.1400
-68.7200
-67.1400
-68.7200
-67.5100
975.000
1050.00
1050.00
1050.00
1050.00
1050.00
-61.8900
-63.9800
-63.9800
-63.9800
-63.9800
-63.9800
2.188
2.513
3.060
2.436
2.915
2.098
2058.168
2058.168
2058.168
2058.168
2058.168
2058.168
1
1
1
1
1
1
965.000
1015.00
1015.00
1020.00
1020.00
1040.00
1020.00
1070.00
1085.00
1070.00
1085.00
1095.00
2.173
5.649
6.749
6.641
4.596
1.209
=================================================
O P T I M U M
D O W N L O A D
R E S U L T S
=================================================
No. of Brackets
43
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------# KP Range
KPstart
KPend
Optimum
Optimum
Optimum
# Number
Download
Cover
RDV
#
(m)
(m)
(kN/m)
(m)
(m^3/m)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------1
0.00000
5.00000
0.000
0.000
0.000
2
5.00000
10.0000
4.519
0.525
1.280
3
10.0000
60.0000
6.480
0.679
1.947
4
60.0000
105.000
2.323
0.316
0.590
5
105.000
110.000
4.516
0.524
1.280
6
110.000
155.000
5.605
0.613
1.645
7
155.000
205.000
7.030
0.719
2.139
8
205.000
280.000
7.438
0.747
2.282
9
280.000
285.000
5.641
0.616
1.657
10
285.000
305.000
3.237
0.409
0.868
11
305.000
355.000
6.354
0.670
1.903
12
355.000
400.000
7.169
0.729
2.187
28
745.000
750.000
0.965
0.151
0.214
29
750.000
770.000
0.896
0.142
0.197
30
770.000
795.000
7.436
0.747
2.281
31
795.000
835.000
8.539
0.821
2.675
32
835.000
840.000
11.044
0.975
3.590
33
840.000
865.000
14.905
1.185
5.044
34
865.000
915.000
14.944
1.187
5.058
35
915.000
920.000
11.232
0.986
3.660
36
920.000
935.000
5.558
0.609
1.629
37
935.000
940.000
5.055
0.569
1.460
38
940.000
965.000
4.087
0.487
1.139
39
965.000
990.000
3.537
0.437
0.962
40
990.000
1015.00
2.173
0.299
0.545
41
1015.00
1085.00
6.749
0.699
2.040
42
1085.00
1095.00
1.209
0.184
0.277
43
1095.00
1100.00
0.000
0.000
0.000
#
#
# =============================================
# SEABED & PIPELINE PROFILES AND DRIVING FORCES
# =============================================
#
# No. of KP points
221
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
KP
Seabed
Pipeline
Driving
#
Profile
Profile
Forces
#
(m)
(m)
(m)
(kN)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.00
-56.00
N/A
2077.85
5.00
-57.17
N/A
2078.26
10.00
-57.48
N/A
2078.37
15.00
-56.83
N/A
2078.15
20.00
-56.42
N/A
2078.00
25.00
-57.34
N/A
2078.32
30.00
-57.56
N/A
2078.40
35.00
-58.46
N/A
2078.72
40.00
-58.22
N/A
2078.63
34
0.299
0.616
0.699
0.691
0.531
0.184
0.545
1.660
2.040
2.002
1.306
0.277
45.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
80.00
85.00
90.00
95.00
100.00
105.00
110.00
115.00
-56.85
-57.98
-59.16
-60.04
-59.54
-58.25
-59.17
-59.99
-60.30
-60.03
-59.34
-59.61
-61.11
-61.14
-59.93
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2078.15
2078.55
2078.96
2079.27
2079.10
2078.64
2078.97
2079.26
2079.36
2079.27
2079.03
2079.12
2079.65
2079.66
2079.23
935.00
940.00
945.00
950.00
955.00
960.00
965.00
970.00
975.00
980.00
985.00
990.00
995.00
1000.00
1005.00
1010.00
1015.00
1020.00
1025.00
1030.00
1035.00
1040.00
1045.00
1050.00
1055.00
1060.00
1065.00
1070.00
1075.00
1080.00
1085.00
1090.00
1095.00
1100.00
-63.67
-63.74
-63.24
-61.89
-62.49
-63.41
-63.80
-62.38
-61.89
-62.60
-63.85
-64.19
-64.02
-63.19
-64.40
-64.85
-65.36
-65.33
-64.11
-64.38
-64.62
-65.76
-65.19
-63.98
-65.36
-66.20
-67.15
-67.14
-67.09
-67.88
-68.72
-67.67
-67.51
-66.21
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2080.55
2080.57
2080.40
2079.92
2080.13
2080.46
2080.60
2080.10
2079.92
2080.17
2080.61
2080.73
2080.67
2080.38
2080.81
2080.96
2081.14
2081.13
2080.70
2080.80
2080.88
2081.28
2081.08
2080.66
2081.14
2081.44
2081.77
2081.77
2081.75
2082.03
2082.32
2081.96
2081.90
2081.44
35

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 4

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SAGE Profile Version 6.3.

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 4 - 03

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 4.doc

Copyright 1995 - 2005 Fugro Engineers SA/NV

GENERAL DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................ 5

INTERFACE MODULE ............................................................................................ 18

USING SAGE BUCKLE INTERFACE ..................................................................... 20

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - SAGE Buckle

APPENDIX A CONTENTS OF INPUT FILES .................................................................... 31

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - SAGE Buckle

An analysis module which estimates the required download, rockdump height

An interface, which performs the pre- and post-processing functions (described

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - SAGE Buckle

2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

where the coefficients are defined by

semi-wavelength of imperfection under zero axial force.

effective axial load.

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - SAGE Buckle

second moment of area.

Figure 1 - The perfect case of a semi-infinite pipe on a flat, rigid foundation.

0.49 < L < 8.06:

This relationship between L and W is shown graphically in Figure 2.

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - SAGE Buckle

Figure 2 - Functional relationship between wavelength and download parameters

2.2.2 Calculation of Pipeline Driving Force

coefficient of thermal expansion

pipe steel section area.

internal pipe diameter.

external pipe diameter.

internal pressure above ambient.

residual lay tension.

The external overpressure is a function of the static head, given by

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - SAGE Buckle

density of sea water.

acceleration due to gravity.

static head of water.

2.2.3 Driving Force With Variable Axial Force

effective axial force computed by SAGE Profile.

and for cohesive clay and silt cover

uplift resistance per unit length of pipe due to backfill.

backfill cover depth (from crown of pipe to seabed).

submerged unit weight of backfill soil.

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - SAGE Buckle

2.2.5 Required Volume of Rock-Dump

Figure 3 - Buried pipeline

Figure 4 - Non-buried pipeline

For a buried pipe (Figure 3) the required rock-dump volume, V, is computed as

Similarly, for a pipe resting on the seabed (Figure 4),

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - SAGE Buckle

required rock dump cover depth above crown of pipe.

overall diameter of pipe.

slope angle divided by the FOS on slope.

2.3 COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - SAGE Buckle

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - SAGE Buckle

2.3.1 Identification of Troughs

Figure 6 - Definition of seabed slopes and identification of seabed troughs

2.3.2 Identification of Imperfections

Figure 7- Identification of seabed imperfections

2.3.4 Amplitude of Imperfection

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 - SAGE Buckle

2.4 USER GUIDE TO INPUT

Figure 8 - Data Input Files

2.4.2 Comment Cards