NASA's Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected

6/3/16
Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA
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June 2, 2016
NASAs Hubble Finds Universe Is Expanding

Faster Than Expected
(/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/hubble_constant_ugc9391_0.jpg)
This Hubble Space Telescope image shows
one of the galaxies in the survey to refine the
measurement for how fast the universe
expands with time, called the Hubble constant.
Credits: NASA, ESA and A. Riess
(STScI/JHU)
()
Astronomers using NASAs Hubble Space Telescope have discovered that the universe is
expanding 5 percent to 9 percent faster than expected.
This surprising finding may be an important clue to understanding those mysterious parts
of the universe that make up 95 percent of everything and dont emit light, such as dark
energy, dark matter and dark radiation, said study leader and Nobel Laureate Adam Riess
of the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, both in Baltimore,
nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-s-hubble-finds-universe-is-expanding-faster-than-expected
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Maryland.
The results will appear in an upcoming issue of The Astrophysical Journal.
Riess team made the discovery by refining the universes current expansion rate to
unprecedented accuracy, reducing the uncertainty to only 2.4 percent. The team made the
refinements by developing innovative techniques that improved the precision of distance
measurements to faraway galaxies.
The team looked for galaxies containing both Cepheid stars and Type Ia supernovae.
Cepheid stars pulsate at rates that correspond to their true brightness, which can be
compared with their apparent brightness as seen from Earth to accurately determine their
distance. Type Ia supernovae, another commonly used cosmic yardstick, are exploding
stars that flare with the same brightness and are brilliant enough to be seen from relatively
longer distances.
(/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/image1hs201617aprint.jpg)
This illustration shows the three steps astronomers used to measure the universe's
expansion rate to an unprecedented accuracy, reducing the total uncertainty to 2.4
percent.
Credits: NASA, ESA, A. Feild (STScI), and A. Riess (STScI/JHU)
Click here to find out more about the three steps (http://www.nasa.gov/imagefeature/goddard/2016/three-steps-to-measuring-the-hubble-constant)
By measuring about 2,400 Cepheid stars in 19 galaxies and comparing the observed
brightness of both types of stars, they accurately measured their true brightness and
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calculated distances to roughly 300 Type Ia supernovae in far-flung galaxies.

The team compared those distances with the expansion of space as measured by the
stretching of light from receding galaxies. They used these two values to calculate how
fast the universe expands with time, or the Hubble constant.
The improved Hubble constant value 45.5 miles per second per megaparsec. (A
megaparsec equals 3.26 million light-years.) The new value means the distance between
cosmic objects will double in another 9.8 billion years.
MORE STORIES
This refined calibration presents a puzzle, however, because it does not quite match the
expansion rate predicted for the universe from its trajectory seen shortly after the Big
Bang. Measurements of the afterglow from the Big Bang by NASAs Wilkinson Microwave
Anisotropy Probe (http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/) (WMAP) and the European Space Agencys
Planck satellite mission
(https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/planck/overview.html#.V0NfKPkrKCg) yield
predictions which are 5 percent and 9 percent smaller for the Hubble constant,
respectively.
If we know the initial amounts of stuff in the universe, such as dark energy and dark
matter, and we have the physics correct, then you can go from a measurement at the time
shortly after the big bang and use that understanding to predict how fast the universe
should be expanding today, said Riess. However, if this discrepancy holds up, it appears
we may not have the right understanding, and it changes how big the Hubble constant
should be today.
Comparing the universes expansion rate with WMAP, Planck, and Hubble is like building a
bridge, Riess explained. On the distant shore are the cosmic microwave background
observations of the early universe. On the nearby shore are the measurements made by
Riess team using Hubble.
You start at two ends, and you expect to meet in the middle if all of your drawings are
right and your measurements are right, Riess said. But now the ends are not quite
meeting in the middle and we want to know why.
There are a few possible explanations for the universes excessive speed. One possibility
is that dark energy, already known to be accelerating the universe, may be shoving
galaxies away from each other with even greater or growing strength.
Another idea is that the cosmos contained a new subatomic particle in its early history that
traveled close to the speed of light. Such speedy particles are collectively referred to as
dark radiation and include previously known particles like neutrinos. More energy from
additional dark radiation could be throwing off the best efforts to predict today's
expansion rate from its post-Big Bang trajectory.
The boost in acceleration could also mean that dark matter possesses some weird,
unexpected characteristics. Dark matter is the backbone of the universe upon which
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galaxies built themselves up into the large-scale structures seen today.

And finally, the speedier universe may be telling astronomers that Einsteins theory of
gravity is incomplete.
We know so little about the dark parts of the universe, its important to measure how they
push and pull on space over cosmic history, said Lucas Macri of Texas A&M University in
College Station, a key collaborator on the study.
The Hubble observations were made with Hubbles sharp-eyed Wide Field Camera 3
(WFC3), and were conducted by the Supernova H0 for the Equation of State (SH0ES) team
(http://www.stsci.edu/~ariess/Research.htm), which works to refine the accuracy of the
Hubble constant to a precision that allows for a better understanding of the universes
behavior.
The SH0ES team is still using Hubble to reduce the uncertainty in the Hubble constant
even more, with a goal to reach an accuracy of 1 percent. Current telescopes such as the
European Space Agencys Gaia satellite, and future telescopes such as the James Webb
Space Telescope (JWST), (http://www.nasa.gov/jwst) an infrared observatory, and the
Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (http://www.nasa.gov/wfirst) (WFIRST), also could
help astronomers make better measurements of the expansion rate.
Before Hubble was launched in 1990, the estimates of the Hubble constant varied by a
factor of two. In the late 1990s the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project on the
Extragalactic Distance Scale refined the value of the Hubble constant to within an error of
only 10 percent, accomplishing one of the telescopes key goals. The SH0ES team has
reduced the uncertainty in the Hubble constant value by 76 percent since beginning its
quest in 2005.
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and
the European Space Agency. NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt,
Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in
Baltimore, Maryland, conducts Hubble science operations. STScI is operated for NASA by
the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy in Washington, D.C.
For images and more information about the Hubble Constant finding and Hubble, visit:
http://hubblesite.org/news/2016/17 (http://hubblesite.org/news/2016/17)
http://www.nasa.gov/hubble (http://www.nasa.gov/hubble)
For additional information, contact:

Donna Weaver / Ray Villard
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
410-338-4493 / 410-338-4514
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dweaver@stsci.edu (mailto:dweaver@stsci.edu) / villard@stsci.edu

(mailto:villard@stsci.edu)
Adam Riess
Space Telescope Science Institute and
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
410-516-4474
ariess@stsci.edu (mailto:ariess@stsci.edu)
Last Updated: June 2, 2016
Editor: Ashley Morrow
Tags: Galaxies (/subject/6894/galaxies), Goddard Space Flight Center

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May 27, 2016
Hubble Gets in on a Galactic Gathering
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Nearly as deep as the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
(http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2014/27/), which contains
approximately 10,000 galaxies, this incredible image from the Hubble Space Telescope
reveals thousands of colorful galaxies in the constellation of Leo (The Lion). This vibrant
view of the early universe was captured as part of the Frontier Fields campaign
(http://frontierfields.org/), which aims to investigate galaxy clusters in more detail than ever
before, and to explore some of the most distant galaxies in the universe.
Galaxy clusters are massive. They can have a tremendous impact on their surroundings,
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May 20, 2016
Hubble Sees a Swarm of Ancient Star

Clusters around a Galaxy
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This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows star clusters encircling a galaxy,
like bees buzzing around a hive. The hive in question is an edge-on lenticular galaxy NGC
5308, located just under 100 million light-years away in the constellation of Ursa Major (The
Great Bear).
Members of a galaxy type that lies somewhere between an elliptical and a spiral galaxy,
lenticular galaxies such as NGC 5308 are disk galaxies that have used up, or lost, the
majority of their gas and dust. As a result, they experience very little ongoing star
formation and consist mainly of old and aging stars. On Oct. 9, 1996, scientists saw one of
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May 13, 2016
Hubble Spies a Spiral Snowflake
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Together with irregular galaxies, spiral galaxies make up approximately 60 percent of the
galaxies in the local universe. However, despite their prevalence, each spiral galaxy is
unique like snowflakes, no two are alike. This is demonstrated by the striking face-on
spiral galaxy NGC 6814, whose luminous nucleus and spectacular sweeping arms, rippled
with an intricate pattern of dark dust, are captured in this NASA/ESA Hubble Space
Telescope image.
NGC 6814 has an extremely bright nucleus, a telltale sign that the galaxy is a Seyfert
galaxy. These galaxies have very active centers that can emit strong bursts of radiation.
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May 6, 2016
Hubble Spies the Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC

4394
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Discovered in 1784 by the GermanBritish astronomer William Herschel, NGC 4394 is a
barred spiral galaxy situated about 55 million light-years from Earth. The galaxy lies in the
constellation of Coma Berenices (Berenice's Hair) and is considered to be a member of the
Virgo Cluster.
NGC 4394 is the archetypal barred spiral galaxy, with bright spiral arms emerging from the
ends of a bar that cuts through the galaxys central bulge. These arms are peppered with
young blue stars, dark filaments of cosmic dust, and bright, fuzzy regions of active star
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formation. At the center of NGC 4394 lies a region of ionized gas known as a low-ionization
Read Full Article
April 29, 2016
Hubble Sees Galaxy Hiding in the Night Sky
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This striking NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image captures the galaxy UGC 477,
located just over 110 million light-years away in the constellation of Pisces (The Fish).
UGC 477 is a low surface brightness (LSB) galaxy. First proposed in 1976 by Mike Disney,
the existence of LSB galaxies was confirmed only in 1986 with the discovery of Malin 1.
LSB galaxies like UGC 477 are more diffusely distributed than galaxies such as
Andromeda and the Milky Way. With surface brightnesses up to 250 times fainter than the
night sky, these galaxies can be incredibly difficult to detect.
Most of the matter present in LSB galaxies is in the form of hydrogen gas, rather than
Read Full Article
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April 22, 2016
Hubble Sees Elegance Concealing an Eventful

Past
The elegant simplicity of NGC 4111, seen here in this image from the NASA/ESA Hubble
Space Telescope, hides a more violent history than you might think. NGC 4111 is a
lenticular, or lens-shaped, galaxy about 50 million light-years from us in the constellation of
Canes Venatici (The Hunting Dogs).
Lenticular galaxies are an intermediate type of galaxy between an elliptical and a spiral.
They host aged stars like ellipticals and have a disk like a spiral. However, thats where the
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similarities end: They differ from ellipticals because they have a bulge and a thin disk, but
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April 21, 2016
Hubble Sees a Star Inflating a Giant Bubble

Hubble Sees a Star 'Inflating' a Giant Bubble
Tags: Goddard Space Flight Center (/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Hubble Space

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Read Full Article
April 15, 2016
Hubble Peers into the Mouth of Leo A
At first glance, this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image seems to show an array of
different cosmic objects, but the speckling of stars shown here actually forms a single
body a nearby dwarf galaxy known as Leo A. Its few million stars are so sparsely
distributed that some distant background galaxies are visible through it. Leo A itself is at a
distance of about 2.5 million light-years from Earth and a member of the Local Group of
galaxies; a group that includes the Milky Way and the well-known Andromeda galaxy.
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Astronomers study dwarf galaxies because they are very numerous and are simpler in
structure than their giant cousins. However, their small size makes them difficult to study
Read Full Article
April 8, 2016
Hubble Frames a Unique Red Rectangle
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The star HD 44179 is surrounded by an extraordinary structure known as the Red
Rectangle. It acquired its moniker because of its shape and its apparent color when seen
in early images from Earth. This strikingly detailed Hubble image reveals how, when seen
from space, the nebula, rather than being rectangular, is shaped like an X with additional
complex structures of spaced lines of glowing gas, a little like the rungs of a ladder.
The star at the center is similar to the sun, but at the end of its lifetime, pumping out gas
and other material to make the nebula, and giving it the distinctive shape. It also appears
that the star is a close binary that is surrounded by a dense area of dust both of which
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April 1, 2016
Hubble Peers at a Distinctly Disorganized

Dwarf Galaxy
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Despite being less famous than their elliptical

(https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1515a/) and spiral
(http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1006a/) galactic cousins, irregular dwarf
galaxies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_galaxy), such as the one captured in this
NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image, are actually one of the most common types
of galaxy in the universe. Known as UGC 4459, this dwarf galaxy is located approximately
11 million light-years away in the constellation of Ursa Major (The Great Bear), a
constellation that is also home to the Pinwheel Galaxy (M101)
Read Full Article
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March 31, 2016
Hubbles Journey to the Center of our Galaxy

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March 25, 2016
Hubble Looks Into a Cosmic Kaleidoscope
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At first glance, this cosmic kaleidoscope of purple, blue and pink offers a strikingly
beautiful and serene snapshot of the cosmos. However, this multi-colored haze
actually marks the site of two colliding galaxy clusters, forming a single object known as
MACS J0416.1-2403 (http://frontierfields.org/meet-the-frontier-fields/macsj0416/) (or
MACS J0416 for short).
MACS J0416 is located about 4.3 billion light-years from Earth, in the constellation of
Eridanus. This image of the cluster combines data from three different telescopes: the
NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope (https://www.nasa.gov/hubble) (showing the galaxies
Tags: Chandra X-Ray Observatory (/mission_pages/chandra/main/index.html), Galaxies
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March 18, 2016
Hubble, Chandra, Jansky VLA Telescopes

Collaborate on Galaxy Cluster
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In October 2013 Hubble kicked off the Frontier Fields program
(http://www.spacetelescope.org/forscientists/announcements/sci13006/), a three-year
series of observations aiming to produce the deepest ever views of the Universe. The
projects targets comprise six massive galaxy clusters, enormous collections of hundreds
or even thousands of galaxies. These structures are the largest gravitationally-bound
objects in the cosmos.
One of the Frontier Fields targets is shown in this new image: MACS J0717.5+3745, or
MACS J0717 for short. MACS J0717 is located about 5.4 billion light-years away from
Tags: Chandra X-Ray Observatory (/mission_pages/chandra/main/index.html), Galaxies
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March 17, 2016
Hubble Unveils Monster Stars

Astronomers using the unique ultraviolet capabilities of the NASA/ESA Hubble Space
Telescope have identified nine monster stars with masses over 100 times the mass of the
sun in the star cluster R136. This makes it the largest sample of very massive stars
identified to date.

Read Full Article
March 11, 2016
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Hubble Sees a Legion of Galaxies
Peering deep into the early universe, this picturesque parallel field
(http://frontierfields.org/2014/01/10/cluster-and-parallel-fields-two-for-the-price-of-one-2/)
observation from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope reveals thousands of colorful
galaxies swimming in the inky blackness of space. A few foreground stars from our own
galaxy, the Milky Way, are also visible.
In October 2013 Hubbles Wide Field Camera 3
(https://www.spacetelescope.org/about/general/instruments/wfc3/) (WFC3) and Advanced
Camera for Surveys (https://www.spacetelescope.org/about/general/instruments/acs/)
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Read Full Article
March 4, 2016
Hubble and a Stellar Fingerprint
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Showcased at the center of this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image is an
emission-line star known as IRAS 12196-6300.
Located just under 2,300 light-years from Earth, this star displays prominent emission
lines, meaning that the stars light, dispersed into a spectrum, shows up as a rainbow of
colors marked with a characteristic pattern of dark and bright lines. The characteristics of
these lines, when compared to the fingerprints left by particular atoms and molecules,
can be used to reveal IRAS 12196-6300s chemical composition.
Under 10 million years old and not yet burning hydrogen at its core, unlike the sun, this star
Telescope (/mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html), Image of the Day
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Read Full Article
Feb. 26, 2016
Hubble's Blue Bubble
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Sparkling at the center of this beautiful NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image is a
WolfRayet star known as WR 31a, located about 30,000 light-years away in the
constellation of Carina (The Keel).
The distinctive blue bubble appearing to encircle WR 31a is a WolfRayet nebula an
interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other gases. Created when speedy stellar
winds interact with the outer layers of hydrogen ejected by WolfRayet stars, these
nebulae are frequently ring-shaped or spherical. The bubble estimated to have formed
around 20,000 years ago is expanding at a rate of around 220,000 kilometers (136,700
Telescope (/mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html), Image of the Day
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Feb. 19, 2016
Hubble's Diamond in the Dust
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Surrounded by an envelope of dust, the subject of this NASA/ESA Hubble Space
Telescope image is a young forming star known as HBC 1. The star is in an immature and
adolescent phase of life, while most of a sun-like stars life is spent in a stable stage
comparable to human adulthood.
In this view, HBC 1 illuminates a wispy reflection nebula known as IRAS 00044+6521.
Formed from clouds of interstellar dust, reflection nebulae do not emit any visible light of
their own. Instead, like fog encompassing a lamppost, they shine via the light reflected off
the dust from the stars embedded within. Though nearby stars cannot ionize the nebulas
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Read Full Article
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Jan. 6, 2016
NASA's Spitzer, Hubble Find "Twins" of

Superstar Eta Carinae in Other Galaxies

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Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

NASAs Hubble Finds Universe Is Expanding

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

calculated distances to roughly 300 Type Ia supernovae in far-flung galaxies.

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

galaxies built themselves up into the large-scale structures seen today.

For additional information, contact:

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

dweaver@stsci.edu (mailto:dweaver@stsci.edu) / villard@stsci.edu

Tags: Galaxies (/subject/6894/galaxies), Goddard Space Flight Center

Hubble Gets in on a Galactic Gathering

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Tags: Galaxies (/subject/6894/galaxies), Goddard Space Flight Center

Hubble Sees a Swarm of Ancient Star

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

(/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Hubble Space Telescope

Hubble Spies a Spiral Snowflake

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

(/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Hubble Space Telescope

Hubble Spies the Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Sees Galaxy Hiding in the Night Sky

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Sees Elegance Concealing an Eventful

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Sees a Star Inflating a Giant Bubble

Tags: Goddard Space Flight Center (/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Hubble Space

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Read Full Article

Hubble Peers into the Mouth of Leo A

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Frames a Unique Red Rectangle

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Peers at a Distinctly Disorganized

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Despite being less famous than their elliptical

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubbles Journey to the Center of our Galaxy

Tags: Goddard Space Flight Center (/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Hubble Space

Hubble Looks Into a Cosmic Kaleidoscope

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

(/subject/6894/galaxies), Goddard Space Flight Center (/centers/goddard/home/index.html),

Hubble, Chandra, Jansky VLA Telescopes

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

(/subject/6894/galaxies), Goddard Space Flight Center (/centers/goddard/home/index.html),

Hubble Unveils Monster Stars

Tags: Goddard Space Flight Center (/centers/goddard/home/index.html), Hubble Space

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Sees a Legion of Galaxies

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Tags: Galaxies (/subject/6894/galaxies), Goddard Space Flight Center

Hubble and a Stellar Fingerprint

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA

Hubble Finds Universe Expanding Faster Than Expected | NASA