Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CEZAR AANICAI
STRUCTURAL
STATICS
*
Ed. Gh. Asachi
IASI - 1995
CONTENTS
Foreword
1. Introduction to Structural Mechanics
1.1 The Object and Scope of Structural Mechanics. Constituent
Branches of Knowledge. Connections with other Branches
1.2 Short Review of Achievements in Structural Mechanics
2. Building Elements, States of Loading, Types of Structures
2.1 Types of Elements
2.2 Types of Structures
3. Supports and Reactions in Plane and Space Structures
4. Static Analysis of Structural Systems
4.1 Stable and Unstable Systems
4.2 Internal Force Distribution, General Case and Case of Plane
Beams
5. Beams with Cantilevers and Hinges (Gerber Systems)
5.1 Generalities
5.2 Analysis of Gerber Beams
5.3 Applications
5.4 Indirect Transmission
6. Statically Determinate Frames and Polygonal Bars
6.1 Generalities. Terminology
6.2 Internal Force Distribution Diagrams. Examples
7. Trusses
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Force Distribution in a Truss
7.3 The Method of Joints Isolation
7.3.1 The Analytical Method
7.3.2 The Graphical Variant in the Pins Isolation Method
7.4 The Method of Sections
7.5 The Combined Method for Truss Solution
7.6 Shortcuts and Rigidity. Determinacy Results
7.7 Compound Truss Systems
8. The Use of the Virtual Work Principle in Structural Analysis
8.1 Virtual Displacements
8.2 The Expression of Virtual Work
8.3 The Condition of Static Equilibrium
8.4 Instantaneous Rotation Centers
8.5 Displacement Diagrams
9
11
11
15
21
21
24
31
35
35
39
43
43
45
45
51
53
53
55
65
65
66
70
70
74
77
80
82
83
85
85
86
87
89
92
8.6 The Use of the Virtual Displacement Principle for Reaction and
Effort Determination
9. Influence Lines
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Influence Lines Definition
9.3 Influence Lines for Beams
9.4 Applications
9.4.1 Simply Supported Beam. Analytical Procedure
9.4.2 Simply Supported Beam. Virtual Work Procedure
9.4.3 Cantilever Beam. Analytical Procedure
9.4.4 Cantilever Beam. Virtual Work Procedure
9.4.5 Overhanging Beam. Analytical Procedure
9.4.6 Influence Lines for Gerber Systems
9.5 Influence Lines for Truss Elements
9.5.1 Analytical Method
9.5.2 Virtual Work Method
10.Statically Determinate Arches
10.1 Generalities. Conformation, Classification, Terminology
10.2 Differential Relationship Between Internal Forces and
External Forces at Curved Bars
10.3 Three-Hinged Arch. Analytical Procedure
10.3.1 General Case of Loading and Inclined Springing Line
10.3.2 Inclined Springing Line and Vertical Loading
10.3.3 Vertical Loads and Horizontal Springing Line
10.3.4 Moment Distribution for a Vertically Loaded Arch with
Horizontal Springing Line
10.4 The Arch of Coincidence
10.5 The Graphical Solution of the Three-Hinged Arch
10.6 The Tie-Rod Arch
10.7 Truss Arches
10.8 Applications
10.9 Three-Hinged Arches. Influence Lines
11.Theorems of Reciprocity, Virtual Work Method and Maxwell-Mohr
Expression
11.1 The Theorem of Mechanical Work Reciprocity
11.2 Particular Cases of the Theorem of Work Reciprocity
11.3 The Computation of Elastic Displacements. Maxwell-Mohr
Formula
11.4 Practical Procedure For Solving Integral in Mohr-Maxwell
Expression. Mohr-Vereshtchagyn Procedure
12. Force Method
12.1 Principle of the Force Method
96
105
105
105
107
110
110
111
113
113
114
116
117
117
120
127
127
130
132
132
136
138
140
142
143
147
148
149
159
165
165
167
169
174
179
179
180
186
188
189
190
192
194
194
195
197
197
198
199
200
200
201
202
206
210
212
216
219
219
226
226
229
230
233
237
Foreword
The authors
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL
MECHANICS
1.1 The Object and Scope of Structural Mechanics.
Constituent Branches of Knowledge. Connections with
other Branches
MECHANICS - called frequently Engineering Mechanics is one of
the oldest and most important branches of knowledge and of science
mankind ever created. Mechanics developed as a result of experience
acquired by people in the process of daily life, struggle and continuous
endeavour to face the effects and sometimes hostile forces of the
surrounding environmental elements. In order to build a more comfortable
shelter, to produce weapons for fighting enemies and wild beasts, to work
land for getting food, the primary man and his descendants created and
improved a large variety of tools, devices, machines, buildings, according
to his needs and possibilities, changing in this way the face of the earth. All
this increased in time, isolated dwellings became towns, boroughs,
strongholds, more sophisticated engines and technologies emerged,
civilization developed in geometrical progression. In almost every field of
civilization, the knowledge of mechanics was essential.
We can state, without exaggeration, that the entire development of
mechanics throughout the world was always mingled with the evolution of
mankind in History, with the wonderful development of civilization.
11
12
Fig. 1.1
Soil Mechanics, Model Analysis, Numerical Methods and
Computer Aided Design are also of great importance in the design of any
type of construction. These branches of knowledge belong without doubt
to the group of discipline closely connected to Structural Mechanics.
The Theory of Stability makes a checking of local and general
conditions of member and structure stability, including the so-called
buckling, warping, etc.
14
15
16
lot of utilitary constructions, used also stone bricks but also a sort of
concrete called puzzolana. Until the present time there are many bridges,
roads, aqueducts, two thousand years old, and stilt able to perform their
function.
We must mention the famous bridge at Drobeta-Turnu Severin over
Danube belonging to Appolodor from Damascus (60-125 A.D.).
Witnessing about advanced building knowledge and technology even in
those times, Appolodor was a Roman architect and a military engineer in
the epoch of the reign of Traian and Hadrianus. He built this bridge resting
upon 20 stone piers connected by arches in a very inspired manner. He also
built the magnificent Forum Traiani, the Thermae from Rome and many
other monuments, including Traian's Column. It is easy to ascertain that,
even in those times, principles of Mechanics were known, of course in an
embryonic way, but based on the knowledge of mathematics developed by
Archimedes, Pythagora, and so forth.
Massive constructions with vaults and buttresses or abutments were
typical in Antiquity and in the Middle Ages. On the contrary, the modern
man has learnt to design and construct a plethora of slender and tall
buildings able to withstand wind gusts, tornadoes, earthquake shocks and
other types of loading due to the interaction of the structure with the
surrounding medium. In Chicago there is a very tall building called Sears
Tower, having a height of 443 m. It
has 110 stories and has a great
safety.
The first rules based on
practical investigations concerning
the behaviour of beams, load
transmission the mechanism of
failure,
issued
during
the
Renaissance: Leonardo da Vinci
(1452-1519) made investigations in
this field. He was a forerunner of
modern experimental analyses in
Fig. 1.3
many fields of mechanics. Leonardo
investigated friction, falling of bodies, centroids, strength of different
materials. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) dealt with the distribution of
internal forces up to failure of bodies, including cantilever beams, carrying
out experimental tests, although some conclusions concerning stress
17
used in the construction of other truss systems, for instance the Firth-ofForth Bridge in Scotland.
Fig. 1.4
The list of scientists involved in the progress of structural
mechanics is not exhausted. We tried to review in a few pages only
some of them in order to point out the significance of the object. A
special discipline deals with the evolution of buildings and other
constructions throughout the history.
20
21
Fig. 2.1
Plates and slabs have two dimensions (length and of the same range
width) of magnitude, greater than the third dimension (depth). The locus of
all depth midpoints of a plate (may be flat or curved shaped) is called the
average surface (Fig. 2.2) depending on the shape of the median (average)
surface, plates can be plane, usually called slabs, or shells (with simple or
double curvature). The depth is measured normally to the average surface
of the plate. Structures or elements like diaphragms, shear-walls, greatpanel buildings or cellular systems belong to this category.
Many structures made out of elements with longitudinal straight
axis and are assembled by means of joints, hinges as it is seen in Figures
2.5 and 2.6. The load transmission to the surrounding medium is made
means of plane or space support which can be rollers, hinges or pins,
clamping systems and other type of restraints or supports.
Fig. 2.2
22
Fig. 2.3
Fig. 2.4
23
Fig. 2.5
24
Fig. 2.6
25
Fig. 2.7
Arches are structures with curved axis, loaded with forces
contained in their plane and characterized by the developing in supports of
horizontal components of the reactive forces (thrusts), independent of the
size of loading. They are applied as frameworks for social-cultural
constructions, roofs, bridges, arch-dams, etc. In Figure 2.7 are presented
examples of plane arches with different type of supporting.
26
Fig.2.8
27
Fig. 2.9
28
Fig. 2.10
29
Fig. 2.11
Fig. 2.12
30
(in Romanian they are called cedari de reazem) the system of equations
becomes:
n
k 1
ik
X k ip 1 i Rki k
(12.33)
where i are the settlements on the direction of the unknowns Xi., are the
same calculated settlements on the direction of the reaction components (if
any), Rki are the fictitious reaction components given by the virtual forces
acting in i.
Following applications will make clear the practical use of the
above given expressions.
194
n s 3k s
(12.34)
where k is the number of closed outlines and s the number of the missing
restraints.
Fig. 12.12
The system is statically indeterminate to the third degree. One of
the possible primary systems is represented in Figure 12.12.a. The
redundant unknowns are the horizontal reaction X1 in A, and the moments
X2, X3 in the respective sections.
The continuous beam in Figure 12.13.a, having five external links
(simple restraints) is statically indeterminate to the second degree, since
ns = 3x1 - (0 + 5) = -2
A frequently adopted primary system for this beam is illustrated in
Figure 12.13.b, represented by a chain of simply supported beams (with or
195
Fig. 12.13
In the force method the frame in Figure 12.14 is statically
indeterminate to the sixth degree. A corresponding primary system to this
frame is presented in Figure 12.14.b. In this case, the original frame is
separated by a cut in the axis of symmetry yielding to two open trees.
Fig. 12.14
As it will be shown later, the choice of the primary system must be
made in a convenient way, in order to obtain as many as possible
196
Fig. 12.15
197
is ik
k 1
must be equal:
n
k 1
ik
i1 i 2 in
(12.35.b)
For example,
first row (i = 1):
1s 11 12 1n
(12.35.c)
2 s 21 22 2 n
(12.35.d)
and so forth.
on a column:
n
MkMs
dx
EI
k 1
(12.36.a)
1k 2 k nkn
(12.36.b)
sk
must be equal to
n
i 1
ik
198
For example,
first column (k = 1):
s1 11 21 n1
(12.36.c)
s 2 12 22 n 2
(12.36.d)
and so forth.
A general checking of these coefficients is done by means of the
n
i 1
is
M sM s
dx
EI
k 1
is ss
i 1
(12.37)
i 1
is
sp
MsMs
dx
EI
(12.38)
199
M z x M p M 1 X 1 M 2 X 2 M n X n
(12.39)
T y x T p T1 X 1 T2 X 2 Tn X n
(12.40)
N x x N p N1 X 1 N 2 X 2 N n X n
(12.41)
xi
0,
yi
(12.42.a)
M
k 1
ki
(12.42.b)
where i are the neighboring joints and k the joint whose state of
equilibrium is checked.
200
X i
M fin M X i
EI
dx
(12.43)
201
Fig. 12.16
202
Consider the one bay and one story portal frame displayed in
Figure 12.16.a. It is symmetrical in what concerns its geometry, support
distribution and stiffness. At the same time, the loading is symmetrically
distributed over the girder. The primary system is selected as in Figure
12.16.b with redundant unknowns X1, X2, X3 located in the axis of
symmetry.
The unit diagrams are plotted in Figures 12.16.ce and the diagram
given by external loads is drawn in Figure 12.16.f.
The system of equations in the force method is:
11 X 1 12 X 2 13 X 3 1 p 0
21 X 2 22 X 2 23 X 3 2 p 0
X X X 0
32
2
33
3
3p
31 1
(12.44)
12 21 23 32 0
(12.45)
22 X 2 2 p 0
X X 0
33
3
3p
31 1
(12.46)
203
204
Fig. 12.17
In this way, the determination of the magnitudes of Xi implies a
small amount of computation:
11 X 1 12 X 2 13 X 3 14 X 4 15 X 5 16 X 6 1 p 0
X X X X X X 0
22
2
23
3
24
4
25
5
26
6
2p
21 1
31 X 1 32 X 2 33 X 3 34 X 4 35 X 5 36 X 6 3 p 0
(12.47)
X X X X X X 0
42
2
43
3
44
4
45
5
46
6
4p
41 1
51 X 1 52 X 2 53 X 3 54 X 4 55 X 5 56 X 6 5 p 0
X X X X X X 0
62
2
63
3
64
4
65
5
66
6
6p
61 1
Symmetrical
Unknowns:
(12.48)
Antysimmetrical X2, X5
12 15 35 32 42 45 62 65 0
also the reciprocal coefficients are zero, since i k = k i .
The subsystem with symmetrical unknowns is:
205
(12.49)
11 X 1 13 X 3 14 X 4
X X X
33
3
34
4
31 1
X X X
43
3
44
4
41 1
61 X 1 63 X 3 64 X 4
16 X 6 1 p 0
36 X 6 3 p 0
(12.50)
46 X 6 4 p 0
66 X 6 6 p 0
X X 0
55
5
5p
52 2
(12.51)
206
Fig. 12.18
We suggest solving the
frame in Figure 12.18 by means of this
procedure, finally constructing the
diagrams of the internal forces.
CASE No. 2 - A
symmetrically loaded structure at which
the axis of symmetry cuts a column.
Consider the two bay frames with one
story shown in Figure 12.19. Point A has
no deflection in any direction. Therefore
u = v = = 0.
In this way point A behaves like a fixing
restraint, resulting the half-structure
shown in Figure 12.19.b. The primary
207
Fig. 12.19
Fig.12.20
Fig. 12.21
CASE No. 3 - An antisymmetrically loaded structure at
which the axis of symmetry cuts a bar.
Consider the one bay frame (Fig.12.20.a) with one storey
loaded with two forces P/2 acting on the horizontal direction.
Constructing the deflection of the structure, we can state that point A
reaches in A', having following elastic displacements (Fig.12.20.a):
u 0, v = 0, 0.
Therefore in A is introduced a roller according to the above
mentioned deflections. The primary system is indeterminate to the first
degree (Figs.12.20.c and 12.20.d).
208
Fig. 12.22
In the last two cases, the diagrams of internal forces over the halfstructure will be: N and M antisymmetrical diagrams and T symmetrical
diagram.
For the frame shown in Figure 12.22 we meet all the four studied
cases. The loading can be decomposed in a symmetrical set of forces and
in an antisymmetrical one (Figs. 12.22.b and 12.22.c). The equivalent halfstructures are given in Figures 12.22.d and 12.22.e. The final diagrams of
the internal forces are obtained by superimposing the diagrams from the
symmetrically loaded structure to those from the antisymmetrically loaded
one.
209
Fig. 12.23
12.9.3 The Grouping of Unknowns
The procedure using the grouping of the unknowns leads also to the
decrease of the number of elements in the flexibility matrix, consequently
to the simplification of the equation system in the force method. In this
situation we can also obtain the reduction of some lateral coefficients, for
any kind of loading if the structure enjoys geometrical and elastic
symmetry.
The procedure consists in the replacement of the unknowns (which
are located in symmetrical sections) by pairs of symmetrical and
antisymmetrical forces this leading to the possibility of drawing
symmetrical and antisymmetrical unit diagrams. In this way the equations
system will be separated in two independent systems, namely:
one system corresponding to the symmetrical unknowns,
another system corresponding to the antisymmetrical unknowns.
The lateral coefficients linking the replacing (grouped) symmetrical
and antisymmetrical unknowns become zero such as will be seen in the
following application.
Consider the structure in Figure 12.23 which is a symmetric
framework. The original unknowns Xi (i = 1, 2... 6) considered in the
symmetric sections A and B of the primary system (Fig.12.23.b) are grouped
in symmetrical and antisymmetrical forces Yi. (Fig.12.23.c). Therefore,
instead of six simple unknowns Xi six pairs of unknowns Yi are considered.
210
We notice that the unknowns Y1, Y2, Y3 are symmetrical and Y4, Y5,
Y6 are symmetrical.
X1 = Y1+Y4
X2 = Y2 +Y5
X3 = Y3 + Y6
X4 = Y1 - Y4
X5 = Y2 - Y5
X6 = Y3 - Y6
Symmetrical:
(12.52)
Y1 Y2 Y3
Antisymmetrical: Y4 Y5 Y6
(12.53)
Y Y Y Y Y Y 0
42 2
43 3
44 4
45 5
46 6
4p
41 1
51Y1 52Y2 53Y3 54Y4 55Y5 56Y6 5 p 0
Y Y Y Y Y Y 0
62 2
63 3
64 4
65 5
66 6
6p
61 1
(12.54)
where
14 25 36 35 24 26 16 15 34 0 (12.55)
One can ascertain that two independent subsystems of equations are
obtained:
11Y1 12Y2 13Y3 1 p 0
Y Y Y 0
22 2
23 3
2p
21 1
31Y1 32Y2 33Y3 3 p 0
Y Y Y 0
45 5
46 6
4p
44 4
54Y4 55Y5 56Y6 5 p 0
Y Y Y 0
65 5
66 6
6p
64 4
211
(12.56)
W i
li
Ii
(12.59)
Fig. 12.24
M 1M 3
y 1 dx
dx
ydW S ox (12.60)
I
I
where Sox is the static moment of the elastic loads against x axis,
M M
x 1
E 23 2 3 dx
dx xdW S oy
(12.61)
I
I
where Soy is the static moment of the elastic forces against y axis,
M M
yx
E 12 1 2 dx
dx I xy
(12.62)
I
I
where Ixy is the product of inertia of elastic loads,
M 1M 1
y2
E 11
dx
dx y 2 dW I x
(12.63)
I
I
where Ix is the axial moment of inertia of elastic loads against the x axis,
M M
x2
E 22 2 2 dx dx x 2 dW I y
(12.64)
I
I
where Iy is the axial moment of inertia of elastic loads against the y axis,
M M
1
E 33 3 3 dx dx dW W
(12.65)
I
I
where W is the resultant of elastic loads.
E 13
213
We know that the static moments against the main axes of inertia
passing through the centroid are zero.
The coordinates of the centroid are computed with the relations:
xG
Ax
A
i
yG
A y
A
i
(12.66)
W y
W
W y
d
W
S ox 13
W
33
S oy
W
23
33
(12.67)
(12.68)
For structures provided with many closed outlines, also for two
fixed end arches, it may be useful to vanish also the coefficient 12' and the
similar ones. In this case, the centrifugal product of inertia I has to become
zero and consequently the axes OX, OY must be main axes of inertia. The
respective directions are determined by means of the relation:
tg 2
2 I xy
Ix Iy
2 12
11 22
(12.69)
In this way the unknowns X1 and X2 will be directed after the main
axes of inertia, such obtaining the vanishing of all lateral coefficients:
214
11' X 1 '1 p 0
'
'
22 X 2 2 p 0
' X ' 0
3p
33 3
(12.70)
Fig. 12.25
When the structure has an axis of symmetry, this is a principal
direction too. If not, we give up in vanishing the last lateral coefficient 12
since the computation of the coefficients against the rotated axis implies
cumbersome computation. The practical determination of the elastic center
by means of the elastic loads can be made directly, considering these loads
as external forces and their centroid will be established in a very easy
manner, without resorting to any kind of formula.
215
For instance, for the frame displayed in Figure 12.25 one can
consider two loading situations: first, acted on by the vertical elastic loads,
such resulting the coordinate c, secondly acted on by the same elastic loads
but acting horizontally, such resulting the ordinate d (Figs.12.25.a and
12.25.b).
The rigid bar can be attached by the free ends of the two parts of
the primary system (Figs.12.25.c and 12.25.d):
W c
W
i i
i
W c
W
i i
t
1
0 2 2 3 0
I 2
I
c 2I
1 2 3
2I I
I
W d
W
i
W i
i
Ii
2
3 3 2 1 3
I 2 2I 2
d I
1 2 3
2I I
I
(12.71)
(12.72)
Fig. 12.26
The following application will clear this procedure, Figure 12.26.a
shows a rectangular closed outline (without hinges) having two axes of
symmetry end being statically indeterminate to the third degree. A
kinematic (unstable) primary system like that presented in Figure 12.26.b
216
11 X 1 1 p 0
(12.73)
1 p
11
(12.74)
11
1 p
M 1M 1
2
1 1 1 2 1 6 2
EI
EI
EI
M 1M p
EI
3 p 32
2 2 p 12
2 p 22
1 1
2 1
EI 3 8
3 8
2 EI
217
Fig. 12.28
In this way the magnitude of X1 will result:
X1
1 p
11
3 p 32 EI
p 2
2
2 EI 6 2
4
11
1 p
M 1M 1
6
6R
1 R 1
EI
EI
EI
M 1M p
EI
6
PR R 1
3PR 2
2
1
EI
4 2 2
4 EI
hence:
X1
1 p
11
218
PR
8
X1
1 p
11
PR
8
PR PR PR
4
8
8
Fig. 12.29
219
'
M ' '
'
''
'
'
'
'
M ''
(12.75.a)
or
' ' M ' M '' '
(12.75.b)
Fig. 12.30
'
'
'
M x x
1
dx 2
0
EI x
EI 0
''
''
M x x
1
dx 2
0
EI x
EI 0
' ''
'
I0 x'
dx
Ix
(12.76.a)
I0 2
x dx
Ix
M x x '
1
dx 2
EI x
EI 0
M p x x '
dx
EI x
''
220
I0
xx ' dx
Ix
M p x x
dx
EI x
(12.76b)
(12.76.c)
' ''
,
, '
m ' , ''
m ''
3EI 0
6 EI 0
6 EI 0
6 EI 0
'
''
6 EI 0
2 1 M ' m '
'' ''
1 2 M m
(12.77)
(12.78)
24 EI 0
4
(12.79)
'
''
221
'
''
c ' , ''
c ,
c
3EI 0
3EI 0
6 EI 0
c'
3
3
k'
I0 ' 2
3
x dx, c '' 3
Ix
I0
M p x ' dx
Ix
k ''
M p x ' dx
I0 2
x dx
Ix
I0
M p xdx
Ix
(12.80.a)
(12.80.b)
(12.80.c)
M p xdx
222
0 ''
1
1
0 ''
EI
2 3
6 EI
0 ''
1
1 2
0 ''
EI
2 3
3EI
0 '
1
1
0 '
EI
2 3
6 EI
'
1 M p x '
x dx,
0 EI x
''
1 M p x
xdx
0 EI x
Application no. 1
Let us consider a fixed-end beam (Fig. 12.32), that is a beam whose
ends are completely fixed against rotation. Determine, by means of the
expressions yielding the slopes at the ends of a beam with a constant cross
section, the distribution of the internal forces.
223
Fig. 12.32
Fig. 12.33
224
M ' M ''
p 2
12
p p p 2
'
'
'' 1
M C M M M
2 2 2 2 4
24
2
The shape of the moment diagram is parabolic. Since M' < M", the
shear force results similar with the diagram at the simple beam.
Application no. 2
Let us consider a fixed-end and pinned beam (Fig. 12.33), with a
constant moment of inertia. Solve the beam and let draw the diagrams of
internal forces, using the general expressions of the end slopes.
'
'
'
,
3EI
'
M'
V1
M'
or
T1 V1
V2
3
,
8
5 p
,
8
M max
p 3
24 EI
p 2
8
p p 5 p
,
2
8
8
T x0 V1 px0 0 x0
''
p p 3 p
2
8
8
V2
p p 3 p
2
8
8
T2 V2
px02 9 p 2
V1 x0
2
128
225
3 p
8
The same analysis carried out by means of the force method leads
to the same results.
Fig. 12.34
226
Fig. 12.35
A part of such a system is drawn in Figure 12.35. The primary
system consists of a chain or a set of simple beams with continuity
moments acting at end sections. The compatibility conditions refer to the
continuity of the deflected shape of the beam axis:
(12.81)
(12.82)
I0
I
I
M i 1 2 i 0 i i 1 0 M i 1 6 EI 0 i'',i i',i 1 0 (12.84)
Ii
I i 3EI i
I i 1
or
227
(12.85)
where:
'i i
I0
,
Ii
'i' i 1
I0
I i 1
(12.86)
'
i 1
6 EI 0 '
6 Ai''
' i ,i 1 '
i 1
i 1
(12.87)
have the significance of loading factors for the simple supported beam.
They depend upon the type of loading and are tabulated in handbooks
dealing with the analysis of continuous beams [1, 6, 10]. A', and A", are
the reactions of the conjugate beam at the support i in the primary system.
The equation (12.85) is the relationship of the three moments, also
called the Clapeyron's equations.
For a continuous beam with a constant moment of inertia
(Ik = I0 = constant, I ' I i ) the Clapeyron's relationship becomes:
i M i 1 2 i i 1 M i i 1 M i 1 6 Ai'' Ai' 0
(12.88)
(12.89)
where ci, ci", c i+1, ci+1, ki, ki+1 are correction factors for tapered beams
(in romanian grinzi cu vute), depending on the relative length of the
haunch and on the ratio Ii = I0.
Fig. 12.36
228
Fig. 12.37
(12.90)
M
i
i 1
2 i i 1 M i i 1 M i 1 mi'' i mi''1 i 1
y i 1 y i y i 1 y i
0
i
i 1
(12.91)
i M i 1 2 i i 1 M i i 1 M i1 yi 1 yi
i
y i 1 y i
0 (12.92)
i 1
i M i 1 2 i i 1 M i i 1 M i1 yi 1 yi
i
y i 1 y i
0
i 1
(12.92)
t 0
dx
h
t i0 t i01
0 (12.93)
i M i 1 2 i i1 M i i1 M i 1 6 EI 0 t
h
h
i 1
i
231
232
Fig. 12.38
The Figure 12.38 presents such a case. Depending on the
supporting medium, the proportionality between the applied forces and the
corresponding deflections is specified by a spring constant or an
embedment coefficient like in Winkler's assumption. In this case we have
for the three neighboring supports:
yi 1 k i 1 Vi 1 , y i k i Vi , y i 1 k i 1 Vi 1
(12.94)
i 1
i
M M i M i 1 M i
Vi Vi 0 i 1
i
i 1
M M i 1 M i 2 M i 1
Vi 1 Vi 01 i
i 1
i2
Vy i 1 Vi 01
233
(12.95)
From the above expressions we see that, in this case, a series of five
moments ( M i 2 , M i 1 , M i , M i 1 , M i 2 ) is involved.
Writing the relationship of the three moments with the center in i,
for the case of supports settlements - equation (12.92) - replacing the
deflections y i 1 , y i , y i 1 by the expressions (12.94) and taking into
account the relations (12.95) we obtain a relationship relating the
neighboring five moments M i 2 , M i 1 , M i , M i 1 , M i 2 :
K 1 M i 2 K 2 M i 1 K 3 M i K 4 M i 1 K 5 M i 2 K 6 0
(12.96)
This is the equation of five moments and will be written for all the
intermediary rollers of the continuous beam on elastic supports.
y i 1 f i 1 M i 2 , M i 1 , M i
y i f i M i 1 , M i , M i 1
y i 1 f i 1 M i , M i 1 , M i 2
(12.97)
Application no. 1
Draw the diagrams of internal forces for the continuous beam
shown in Figure 12.39. The stiffness El is constant.
The system is statically indeterminate to the first degree, having
one intermediary simple support. The equation of the three moments is
applied once with the center at 2. Hence it results:
M 1 2 M 2 M 3 6 A2 0 4 M 2 6 A2 0
and
1 2 p 2
p 3
A2 2
2 3 8
12
M2 6
V1 V3
A2
p 2
4
8
p p 2 3 p
2
8
8
234
Fig. 12.39
T x0 V1 px0 0 x0
3
8
5 p
,
8
T2right
5 p
8
px02 9 p 2
2
128
V2
5 p 5 p
1.25 p
8
8
Application no. 2
Draw the diagrams of the internal forces for the continuous beam
shown in Figure 12.40. The stiffness El is constant.
The structure is indeterminate to the first degree. We can use for
solving the system either the equation of the three moments with the center
in the intermediary support or the compatibility condition in the same
point, expressed by means of the force method.
235
Fig. 12.40
236
APPENDIX
Quantity
force
mass
length
time
moment of force
work or energy
pressure or stress
velocity
angular velocity
acceleration
angular acceleration
mass moment of inertia
moment of inertia of area
momentum
moment of momentum
impulse
angular impulse
mass density
specific weight
power
frequency
SI (Standard International
or 'Metric') Unit
newton (N)
kilogram (kg)
meter (m)
second (s)
Nm
joule (J)(= N m)
pascal (Pa)(= N/m2)
m/s
rad/s
m/s2
rad/s2
kg m2
m4
kg m/s
kg m2/s
Ns
Nms
kg/m3
N/m3
watt (W)(= J/s)
hertz (Hz)(= 1 cycle/s)
237
U.S. Unit
pound (lb)
slug
foot (ft)
second (sec)
lb-ft
ft-lb
lb/ft2
ft/sec
rad/sec
ft/sec2
rad/sec1
slug-ft2
ft"
slug-ft/sec
slug-ft2/sec
lb-sec
lb-ft-sec
slug/f t3
lb/ft3
ft-lb/sec
Hz (same)
To Convert From
To
238
Multiply
By
0.30480
0.025400
1609.3
0.092903
6.4516x10-4
0.028317
1.6387x10-5
0.30480
0.0050800
0.51444
0.44704
1.6093
0.30480
0.025400
14.594
4.4482
515.38
1.3558
Table II (continued)
To Convert From
To
Power
foot-pound/second (ft-lb/sec)
watt (W)
horsepower (hp) (550 ft-lb/sec)
W
Stress, pressure
N/m2 (or Pa)
pound/inch'(1b/in.2 or psi)
pound/foot2(lb/ft2)
N/m2 (or Pa)
Mass moment of inertia
2
slug-foot'(slug-ft or lb-ft-sec2)
kg m2
Momentum (or linear momentum)
slug-foot/second(slug-ft/sec)
kg m/s
Impulse (or linear impulse)
pound-second(lb-sec)
N s (or kg m/s)
Moment of momentum (or angular momentum)
slug-foot2/second(slug-ft2/sec) kg m2s
Angular impulse
pound-foot-second(lb-ft-sec)
N m s (or kg m2/s)
239
Multiply
By
1.3558
745.70
6894.8
47.880
1.3558
4.4482
4.4482
1.3558
1.3558
240
REFERENCES
1.
2.
Amariei, C. I.
a. o.
Strat, Lucian
3.
McGill, King
W.
4.
5.
Strat, Lucian
Chajes,
Alexander
Golden, L.
D.
6.
7.
Torroja,
Eduardo
8.
Posea, N. a. o
9.
Theocaris,
P.S. a. o
Hibbeler, C.
R.
L eet, M. K
10.
11.
12.
14.
Petcu,
Valeriu
Hanganu, S.
a. o.
Ilie, Gh. a. o.
15.
Banut, Valeriu
13.
241
242
Rezumat
243