Name:

Date:

Period:

Note taking Guide: Mixtures and Solutions

Essential Questions:
1. Whats a solution vs mixture?
2. Whats the difference between a solution, solvent and solute?
3. Can do you quantify concentration?
4. What do some things dissolve while others do not?
5. How can we increase the rate that something dissolves?
Quick: Identify the follow as homogeneous (HO) or heterogeneous (HE) mixtures:
Milk
Oil
Muddy water
Iron
Brass
Blood
Paint
Water
Soda
Sugar water
Flat Soda
Toothpaste
Heterogeneous Mixtures
There are two types of heterogeneous solutions:

: mixtures containing particles that will settle out if left undisturbed.

o Examples:

: mixtures of smaller sized particles that do not settle out on their

own
o Examples:

Homogeneous Mixtures
Also called _______________________
Can be solids, liquids or gases

phase
Remain mixed; particles
settle out
Cannot be separated by
.
A solution is formed when a
dissolves in a
,
forming a homogeneous mixture
Solvent present in the
amount
Solute present in the
amount
Solution Mixture of 2 or more substances that are a mixed homogeneously
Page 1 of 9

Concept Check: Identify the Solvent vs Solute

Solution
Soda
Lemonade
Alloys such as brass
Air
Antifreeze
Ocean water

Solvent

Solute

Water
Water is the most effective
.
Water will dissolve many ionic compounds and most polar covalent compounds
Water is not effective as a solvent for non-polar covalent compounds
Effectiveness of water is because water is highly polar with

Concentration
The concentration of a solution is usually
described as
or
.
.
There are many ways to express concentration:
Concentration as Percent by Mass
Ratio of the solutes mass to the mass of the
solution expressed as a percentage!
Amount of solution = ______________________ + _______________________

Percent by mass =

Lets try some:

1) What is the percent concentration if 2 grams of sugar is added and dissolved in 10 grams of
water?

Page 2 of 9

2) In order to maintain a sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration similar to ocean water, an aquarium
must contain 3.6 g NaCl per 100.0 g of water. What is the percent by mass of NaCl in the
solution?

Concentration as Molarity
Another common
Molarity = the solutions concentration measured as
Units of M = Moles / Liter

used by chemist is molarity

Molarity =
Lets try some problems:
1) How much sucrose, in moles, is there in 0.5 liters of a 2-molar (2M) solution?

2) To make a 4.0 M solution, how many moles of solute will be needed if 12 L of solution are required?

3) 116.88 grams of NaCl are dissolved in 1.5 liters of solution. What is the molarity of this solution?

Page 3 of 9

Now, try some on your own:

1. What is the percent by mass of 5.0 g of iron (II) sulfate dissolved in 75.0 g of water?

2. A solution is made by adding 25 mL of benzene to 80 mL of toluene. What is the percent by

volume of benzene?

3. A solution is formed by adding 35 g of ammonium nitrate to 250 g of water. What is the

percent by mass of ammonium nitrate?

4. What is the percent by volume of a solution formed by mixing 25 mL of isopropanol with 45 mL

of water?

5. What is the mass percent of each component in the mixture formed by adding 12 g of calcium
sulfate, 18 g of sodium nitrate, and 25 g of potassium chloride to 500 g of water?

6. A solution has a volume of 2500 mL. How many liters is this?

7. Convert 50 g of calcium carbonate, CaCO3, into moles.

Page 4 of 9

8. A solution contains 0.42 moles of solute in 0.75 L. Calculate the molarity of the solution.

9. What is the molarity of a solution that contains 15.0 g of NaOH per 500.0 mL of solution?

10. A 250.0 mL solution contains 4.6 g of copper (II) chloride, CuCl 2. Find the molarity of this
solution.

11. How many moles of hydrochloric acid, HCl, are present in 0.085 L of a 3.0 M solution?

Page 5 of 9

Dilution
What does it mean to dilute a solution?
In the lab, sometimes reactions call for different strengths or concentration of solutions in order
for a reaction to occur.
We use molarity to create solutions with the proper concentrations.
Often we need to dilute a stronger solution to a weaker one.
Solutions can be diluted simply by
and leaving the
amount of solute unchanged
What happens to molarity when a solution is diluted?
o More water has been added, so the total volume of solution is greater but the amount of
solute is the same
o Molarity will
!
We use the following equation to perform dilution calculations:

M1=Initial molarity; V1= Initial volume; M2= Final molarity; V2=Final volume
Lets try one! Concentration: percent by mass and molarity, Dilution Demo
1. Calculating percent by mass
We will be dissolving 2 different amounts of copper chloride in two different 100 mL volumetric
flask and then create solutions by adding water.
We will use the mass of the solute and mass of the solution to calculate concentration
Note the colors of the solutions and compare their calculated concentrations
Solution 1
Mass of empty flask (1)
Mass of flask with CuCl2
Mass of flask with CuCl2 + H2O
Mass of solute
Mass of solution
Concentration for solution 1
Calculations:

Measured

Page 6 of 9

Calculated

Solution 2
Mass of empty flask (2)
Mass of flask with CuCl2
Mass of flask with CuCl2 + H2O
Mass of solute
Mass of solution
Concentration for solution 2
Calculations:

Measured

Calculated

2. Calculating Molarity

Now, lets calculate the molarity of each solution

First, calculate the molar mass of CuCl2

Then, use the grams and molar mass to calculate moles

Use moles to calculate Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solutions
Molarity of Solution 1
Molarity of Solution 2

Page 7 of 9

3. Dilution
Lets take the mass of a third 100 mL volumetric flask
Solution 3
Measured
Mass of empty flask (3)
Mass of flask with CuCl2 + H2O
Mass of solute
Mass of solution
Concentration for solution 3

Calculated

Now lets take 20 mL of the solution one and placed it in the third 100 mL flask
And then dilute this with water to create a 100mL solution.
How many moles of copper chloride are present in that 20 mL?

Whats the molarity of this new diluted solution?

Whats the concentration of the new solution?

How does the molarity, concentration and color compare to solution 2?

Page 8 of 9

Lets try some problems

1) What would be the resulting molarity of 2.500 L solution when the starting solution had a molarity
of 6.00 M and a volume of 417 mL?

2) If I have 340 mL of a 0.5 M NaBr solution, what will the concentration be if I add 560 mL more
water to it?

Try some on your own:

12. A stock solution of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4 has a concentration of 1.00 M. The volume of this
solution is 50 mL. What volume of a 0.25 M solution could be made from the stock solution?

13. 2.00 mL of a 0.75 M solution of potassium permanganate, K2MnO4 solution is used to make a
500.00 mL solution. What is the concentration of the new solution?

14. A hydrochloric acid solution, HCl has a concentration of 12.1 M. A 41.2 mL sample is used to
make a more dilute solution. If the new solution has a concentration of 0.5 M, determine the
volume of the solution.

15. A 0.50 M solution of sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3 is used to create a more dilute solution. If
250 mL of the concentrated solution is diluted to a volume of 2.5 L, determine the
concentration of the new solution.

Page 9 of 9