Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ISSN: 2455-5703
Mnaish Kurwale
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
RGCER, Nagpur
Parag Shewane
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
DBACER, Nagpur
Pratik Bhele
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics Engineering
RGCER, Nagpur
Abstract
Key role of this paper is to modulate and simulate distance relays using MATLAB. Relays are utilized to protect electric power
systems against trouble and power blackouts as well as to regulate and control the generation and distribution of power. The
primary function of the protective relay is to sense the fault in the system, is to protect standalone system from islanding, such that
the trip coil of the circuit-breaker is energized and the faulty section of the system is disconnected from the rest of the system.
Keywords- Fault, Distance relay, islanding, arc resistance, reach
I. INTRODUCTION
In this paper the implementation of distance relay using MATLAB has been discuss to protract the standalone system whisch is
shown in fig below
Wind Generator
DFIG
Load
Distribution
System
A. Impedance Relay
In an impedance relay, the torque produced by a current element is balance against the torque of voltage element. The current
element produces positive (pickup) torque. Whereas voltage element produces negative (reset) torque. In other words, an
impedance relay is voltage restrained over current relay. It is used for medium transmission line.
If | Zseen | < | Zset | then trip; else restrain
X
Line fault characteristics
B
C
Trip
Restrain
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B. Reactance Relay
A reactance relay is an over current relay with directional restraint. The directional element is arranged to develop maximum
negative torque when its current lags its voltage by 90. The induction-cup or double-induction-loop structures are best suited for
actuating high-speed relays of this type.
If |Xseen | < |Xset| then trip; else retrain
C. Mho Relay
The induction-cylinder or double-induction-loop structures are used in this type of relay. The complete distance relay for
transmission-line protection is composed of three high speed mho units. A timing unit, connected in a manner similar to that shown
for an impedance-type distance relay. Mho distance relays are used for long transmission lines.
If |Zseen |< |Zn| cos (-) then trip ;else restrain.
B
A
90
Restrain
Zr
Zn
OA=Zn
Trip
OB=Zr
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Features
1.
Characteristics
2.
Trip Law
Impedance relay
Reactance relay
Mho relay
If |Zseen|<|Zn| cos(-)
then trip; else restrain.
3.
Directional
feature
4.
Fault behaviour
5.
Effect of Arc
resistance
Least affected
No effect
Most affected
II. IMPLEMENTATION
The different distance relays are implemented as follows. Start command give to the impedance relay it takes input as V, I, Zseen
, Zset , Cos . Then according to trip law if Zseen < Zset then relay trips; or else it restrains after that stop the system.
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III. RESULTS
The results for the simulation which was carried out on the above system are below
Fig 8: Simulation result of voltage for Distribution line during faulty condition
Above waveform shows sinusoidal voltage waveform but in the interval of 0.25 to 0.75 sec the voltage get reduces during faulty
condition with magnitude of 22 KV for time interval of 0 to 0.25sec and for 0.75 to 1.
Fig. 9: simulation result of current for Distribution line during faulty condition
Above waveform shows sinusoidal current waveform but in the interval of 0.25 to 0.75 sec the current get increases
drastically during faulty condition with magnitude of 4600 A.
The fig 10 and fig 11 shows the simulation result of output voltage and current for impedance relay on Distribution line
and effect of fault resistance on transmission line.
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Fig. 10: simulation result of Voltage for Distribution line during faulty condition with distance relays
Fig. 11: Simulation result of current for distance relay on distribution line.
Above voltage and current waveform shows that after the interval of 0.25 sec the relay will trip for impedance relay on
distribution line.
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Fig. 12: Simulation result of voltage and current for effect of fault resistance on distribution line.
Above figure shows the voltage and current waveform after adding the arc resistance on transmission line the impedance
relay will trip after the interval of 0.25.
IV. CONCLUSION
It can be seen from the results all type of distance relays get operated for the fault, and for the fault having some arc resistance.
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2011.
fIA HengXu, ZHANG BaoHui Study on Reactance Relays for Single Phase to Earth Fault on EHV Transmission Lines, 2004 International Conference
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Huanzhang Liu, Qiankuan Liu, Shaofeng Huang, and Qixun Yang Phase-to-Phase Distance Relay Based on the Measured Impedance Trajectory, IEEE
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