it

CO

SHORT EGIPTIAN GRAMMAR

BY

Professor Dr.

GNTHER ROEDP]R

DIRECTOR OF THB PBI.IZAEU8-MUBBUM, HIt,PK8HBIM,

FORMERLY READER IN EGYPTOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OP BRESLAU

TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN

BY THE
Rev.

SAMUEL

A. B.

PR01l"ESSOR OF

M EEC ER Ph. D. (Munich), D. D.

HEBREW AND OLD TESTAMENT

IN

THB

WESTERN THEOLOGICAL PKMINARY CHICAGO

NEW HAVEN: YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

MDCCCCXX

Printed by

W.

Driigulin in Leipzig

TO
Mr.

JOHN

L.

MAGEE

THIS ENGLISH EDITION

IS

AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED

BY THE TRANSLATOR

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in

2010 with funding from

University of Toronto

http://www.archive.org/details/shortegyptiangraOOroed

PREFATORY NOTE.

TRANSLATOR'S
The ever-growing

interest taken in

Egyptology has

encouraged the hope that an English edition of Dr. lioeder's

compact little handbook may prove useful to English-speaking
in

students

the

of the

present

language

ancient

nothing in any language

with Dr. Roeder's

As

For the beginner

time.

Egyptians, there

of the
v^hicli

is

compares in any way

book.

little

translator, I have followed the original as closely

as the English

inserted

idiom would permit.

additional

references

in

I have, however,

the

bibliographical

and have here and there tacitly corrected

mis-prints and other minor errors. Because of a difference between the English and the German pronunciation
section,

of the letter

the Egyptian
It

is

j,

I have used y as the transliteration of

(1.

with great pleasure that I avail myself of the

opportunity of expressing
wife

and Miss Walther

likewise to the

corrections

thank the author

personal thanks to

my

and
a number of

for assistance in translation,

Rev. J. A.

and

my

helpful

Maynard

suggestions.

for

wish

also

to

for his kindness in reading the proof,

the printers for the satisfactory accomplishment of their

task,

and the Yale University Press

for their

work

publication.

Chicago, July

17*^-.

1915.

Samuel A.

B.

Mercer.

of

PREFACE OF THE AUTHOR.

When Erman

wrote his Egyptian

Grammar

in 1894,

he was confronted with the task of handling for the

first

time in a

scientific

manner the hieroglyphics and

He

the Egyptian language.

presented his subject in

such a manner, however, that even a beginner could

study it. In the later editions, with each of which there
is

associated an advance in

tlie

knowledge and dissemi-

more correct conceptions of the Egyptian,

Erman's work became broader and deeper, so that it
nation

now

of

contains not only the foundations but also prac-

tically

all

knowledge.

the

essential

Hence,

details

reading

beginner

exercises
is

have

obliged,

in

even

procure in addition to the

and

Mk.

Glossary

as

grammatical

has naturally become harder for

it

beginner to understand.

the

our

of

well.

Furthermore, since the

part been omitted, the

during

the

first

year,

to

Grammar
These

a Chrestomathy
cost all together

43.80.

This state of

affairs

has induced

me

to compile this

book for all those who wish to occupy themselves

with Egyptian for a few semesters only; or who wish
to overcome the first difficulties quickly and begin as
soon as possible the reading of the easier texts. Such
introductions are found in abundance in other sciences,
and have proved of great benefit. It is meant not only
to convey the rudiments in a practical manner, in the

little

cheapest possible form, for the benefit of those inter-

PEEFACE.

VTl

ested, at the university or in wider circles, but also to

place at their disposal for the

first

year material of the

easiest kind, with all the necessary apj)aratus for reading,

and

writing,
will

translating.

It

is

hoped that

my work

be judged in the light of these circumstances,

es-

pecially in view of its inexpensiveness.

My

presentation

of the

grammar

is

based

Erman's Grammar", Sethe's Verbum^', and the

upon

articles

of various authors appearing in the technical journals.

In the composition of the individual sections, I have

been guided by my own experience in teaching. For
the arrangement of other parts of my book, I have had
no smtable model. The practical grammars in foreign
languages, published in England (Eudge, Murray) and
in Italy (Farina), have their own peculiarities, to which I
am indebted for occasional suggestions. In accordance
with the modern method of teaching, employed in all
languages, I have considered it my task to bring before
the pupil from the very first hieroglyphic examples of
the rules.

He

should thus be able, even after the

first

lesson, to translate simple sentences independently.

I shall be thankful for any suggested improvements,

which are the result of practice; for even the smallest

suggestion arising from experience can become of value

Only do not ask for scientific

perfection; that would be impossible under the existing
to

the future student.

conditions.

am

perfectly

conscious

of the fact that

have where unavoidable somewhat simplified complicated points of grammar, the double forms
of the tense ^dm. f for example, or entirely omitted
occasionally I

them.

But

this

book

is

written for beginners.

The

Vin

PREFACE.

omission of references in the reading exercises

is

inten-

tional, for the beginner does not

need to see the comfrom which the extracts were taken, and
the Egyptologist knows them anyway.
plete

texts

Breslau, Christmas 1912.

Gnther Roeder.

AUTHOR'S NOTE ON THE ENGLISH EDITION

The

state of affairs in connection with English text-

books of the Egyptian language

than that of the German.

is

not more satisfactory

Professor Breasted's trans-

Erman's grammar is long

since exhausted and outgrown; and Budge's and Murray's
introductory books, however useful they may have been,
cannot be considered a substitute. Therefore, I have
lation of the first edition of

gladly accepted Professor Mercer's kind

my

late
will

little

ofi'er

to trans-

Introduction; and students, as well as

I,

be thankful for his labour of love.

May Professor Mercer be permitted to see his work

crowned with

many

first

success!

America and England have

rate Egyptian archaeologists, but compara-

and accordingly the

attention of wider circles has been directed more toward
excavations and antiquities than toward Egyptian literature. It would be a real delight for German Egyptology,

tively

if it

to

few Egyptian philologists;

could see

its

philological results

the same wider circles, and

presentation of the intellectual

if
life

made

serviceable

thereby the general

of

Egypt could be

disseminated in a desirable manner.

Hildesheim, Christmas 1915.

Gnther Reeder.
The work

of printing

could not he finished before

Christmas 1919. Miss Latona Williams has kindly helped

much

in reading the proofs

and

in correcting errors.

CONTENTS.
Page

Literature

VII

Chronological Table 16
Nature of the Language and of
Script

1
its

Script 7

....

10-19

Preliminary Survey 20

28

Phonology 2934

12

Noun 3548

15

General 3541. Adjective 4245. Numerals 46-48.

Pronoun 4959

21

6070

25

Particles

Preposition sand Conjunctions 60

64.

Adverbs and Par-

ticles 6570.
Verb 71130
Stem 7179. Conditional forms 8082. Suffix conjugation 83 96.
Predicate 97 98.
Imperative
99103. Infinitive 104 111. Participles 112 117.
Relative forms 118-120. Auxiliary Verb 121
130.
Syntax (The Sentence) 131 141
Order of Words and Emphasis in Principal Sentences
131133. Special Kinds of Sentences 134141.

30

48

List of Hieroglyphs

54

Vocabulary
Notes on the Reading Exercises
Index

63

eadinof Exercises

80
86

*1

*56

Iw

Literatlire
AD.

lulroductloii.
Series,

Beginners.

ERMAN, Die Hieroglyphen,

ment and grammar

Texts.

When

as well as a

few

the present

Grammar and Heading

texts.

are finished, the student should attempt texts

will

Exercises

which are almost or

and which are printed in the form of sentences.

quite complete

Such

Gschen

1912, 80 Pf., containing a concise sketch of the decipher-

be found in AD.

ERMAN, gyptische Chrestomathie,

WALLIS BUDGE, An Egyptian

12,50 M.; E. A.

Berlin, 1904,

Reading Book, London,

funeral, moral, religious,

1896, 18 shillings (a series of historical,

and mythological texts printed

in hiero-

glyphic characters together with a transliteration and a complete

vocabulary); K.

SETHE, Urkunden des gyptischen Alter18. Dynastie, 16 Hefte, Leipzig,

tums: IV. Urkunden der

1905

ff.,

The student should not allow the occurrence

and constructions which are not clear
progress, and difficulties will increase when he tackles

each

M.

of occasional words, forms

to hinder his

inscriptions in their original arrangement.

Museen zu
Berlin,

Berlin,

1901

ff.,

etc., in

London, 1910
inscriptions in Museums,
parts,

nals,

gyptische Inschriften (since 1901, 7 Hefte,

each 7,50 M.)', Hieroglyphic Texts from

Egyptian Stelae,
5

For such, see Staatliche

ff.

the British

each

7s.

6d.).

Museum

(since 1910,

Then he should copy

which have origiThen and only then will he

Institutes, or Libraries

plaster casts, or photographs.

learn to understand the peculiarity of the hieroglyphic script and

the nature of ancient monuments.

Grammar. AD. ERMAN, gyptische Grammatik,

Berlin, 1911. 18

M.

(scientific

and complete:

first

3.

Aufl.,

edition translated

by James H. Breasted, New York, 1894). K. SETHE, Das gyptische

Verbum, I II, Leipzig, 1899, 50 M. (fundamental). E. A. WALLIS BUDGE, First Steps in Egyptian, London, 1895, 12 shillings
(only a collection of examples for the purpose of learning the use of
words, without grammatical treatment). MARGARET A. MURRAY,
Elementary Egyptian Grammar, London, 1908, 4 shillings
(a brief synopsis of

Egyptian grammar without a chrestomathy).

Xn

LITERATURE.

Lexicons. AD. ERMAN, gyptisches Glossar, Berlin,

13 M. (belongs to the Chrestomathie); Zur gyptischen
Wortforschung I III, Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1907, 1912, Berlin, 3,50 M.; K. SETHE,
Verbum III, Indices, Leipzig, 1902, 16 M. (nearly all verbs, but
with references to examples). HEINE. BE.UGSCH, Hierogly1904,

phisch-demotisches Wrterbuch I VII, Leipzig,

1867

1882,

820 M. (comprehensive but antiquated).

Whoever wishes

Coptic

and syntax

fully

to understand Egyptian grammar

must study Coptic, which furnishes the vowel

STEINDOEFF, Koptische Grammatik, 2. Aufl.,

M. A. MURRAY, Elementary Coptic
1904, 14 M.

sounds: G.
Berlin,

Grammar,
JAMES

London, 1911. Cf. 8d. below.

H. BREASTED, A History of the
Ancient Egyptians, New York, 1908, 1 1.50 (with four maps
and three plans there is a larger edition of the same work with

(Sahidic)

History.

WALLIS BUDGE, AHistoryofthe

Egyptian People, London, 1914 (with illustrations). EDUARD
MEYER, Geschichte des Altertums, 2. Aufl., I, 2^ Stuttgart200 illustrations; f 4.80). A. A.

Berhn, 1909, 15 M. (purely

with bibliography.)
AD. ERMAN, Life in Ancient
History of Culture.
Egypt, translated by H. M. Tirard, London and New York,
1894 (with 411 illustrations, comprehensive an fundamental).
G. STEINDORFF, Die Bltezeit des Pharaonenreichs,
Bielefeld-Leipzig, 1900,

Aus

dem Leben

scientific

4M. (with 143 pictures). GNTHER BOEDER,

vornehmer gypter,

M. (translations of autobiographies with 16

MANN SCHNEIDER, Kultur und Denken

2.

1912,

HER-

der alten gypter,

Ausgabe. Leipzig, 1909 (with eight pictures and one map).

AD. ERMAN, A Handbook of Egyptian
Religion.

Religion, translated from the German by A.

1

Leipzig,
pictures).

907 (with

30 illustrations).

S. Griffith,

New

York,

GEORG STE INDORFF, TheReligion

of the Ancient Egyptians, American Lectures on the History

of Rehgions, New York and London, 1905. JAMES H. BREASTED,
Development of Religion andThought in ancient Egypt,
New York, 1912, f 1.50 (with special reference to the pyramid
texts

and the Old Testament).

GNTHER ROEDER, Urkunden

LITERATURE

XIH

zur Eeligioii des alten gypten, Jena

1915, 7,50 M. (Transand explanations).

AD. ERMAN und FR. KREBS, Aus den
Literature.
Papyrus der Museen zu Berlin, Berlin, 1899, 4 M. (a collection
of translations with 37 specimens of Avriting). G. MASPERO, Les
contes populaires de I'flgypte ancienne, 4. ed. Paris, 1911
(translations of Egyptian literature). E. A. WALLIS BUDGE, The
Literature of the Ancient Egyptians, London, 1914,
lations of texts with introduction

5 shillings. ALFRED WIEDEMANN, Popular Literature in

Ancient Egypt, translated by J. Hutschison, London, 1902.
EPIPHANIUS WILSON, Egyptian Literature, Revised Edition,

New

York, 1901 (comprising Egyptian Tales, Hymns,

and Cuneiform writings).
Records of the Past, Egyptian Texts, Vols. IV VI, London.
W. M. F. PETRIE, Egyptian Tales, Vols. I-II, London. 1899.
London, and

Litanies, Invocations, the Book of the Dead,

WILH. SPIEGELBERG, Geschichte der gyptischen

F. W. v. BISSING,
Einfhrung in die Geschichte der gyptischen Kunst,
Art.

Kunst,

Leipzig; 1903, 2 M. (with 79 pictures).

Denkmler gyptischer
Skulptur, Mnchen, 1906-1911, 240 M. (144 large plates with
text).
G. MASPERO, Art in Egypt, London, 1912, f 1.50 (with
many pictures). JEAN CAPART, L'Art Egyptien, Serie 1-2,

Berlin, 1908, 4 M. (with 32 plates);

Bruxelles, 1909
text).

1895;

and

1911, each 10 Fr. (each 100 pictures with short

W. M. F. PETRIE, Egyptian Decorative Art, London,

Arts and Crafts in Ancient Egypt, London, 1906,

5 shillings.

Museums. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Ausfhrliches

Verzeichnis der gyptischen Altertmer und Gipsabgsse, 1899, 3 M. (with 83 pictures). G. MASPERO Guide to
the Cairo Museum, 5. ed., Cairo, 1910. LUDWIG BORCHARDT,
Works of Art from the Egyptian Museum at Cairo, Cairo,
,

1908, 25

shillings (50

photographs with short

text).

E. A.

WAL-

LIS BUDGE, A Guide to the Egyptian Collections in the

British Museum, London, 1909 (with 53 plates and 80 illustrations
in the text).
New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art:
A Handbook of the Egyptian Rooms, New York, 1911 (with
1

many

illustrations).

Various reports of accessions to different

LITERATURE

XIV

Egyptian collections: Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum

of Art, New York; Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, Boston;

Amtliche Berichte aus den Staatlichen Museen, Berlin.

Periodicals. Proceedings of the Society of Biblical
Archaeology, London; Zeitschrift fr gyptische Sprache
und Altertumskunde, Leipzig; Recueil de travaux relatifs
a la Philologie et l'archeologie egyptiennes et assyriennes, Paris

(all

three for the whole field of Egyptology, the last two

Journal of Egyptian Archaeology,

Ancient Egypt, London, Vol. I, 1914 (both
for excavations). Annales du Service des Antiquites

also for the language).

London, Vol.
especially

de

I,

I'Egypte,

1914;

Cairo;

Orientalistische

Leipzig (with bibliography of books and

Literaturzeitung,
articles).

Articles and

in:AmericanJournal
of Archaeology, New York; Annals of Archaelogy and
Anthropology, Liverpool; Sphinx, Upsala; Jornal of the
Manchester Egyptian and Oriental Society, Manchester.
F. LI.
GRIFFITH in Archaeological
Bibliography.
Jleport, Egypt Exploration Fund, London, yearly since
1892 1893, and continued in Journal ofEgyptian Archaeology.
reports on Egyptology are also to be found

L.

SCHERMAN, Orientalische Bibliographie,

for 1887-1911.

See also the various

lists

Vols. I-

XXV

in the periodicals,

and

Jahresberichte derGeschichts Wissenschaft, Berlin; Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlndischen Gesellschaft, Leipzig; Theologischer Jahresbericht, Leipzig; American Journal of Archaeology, New
the yearly reports in:

York.

Chronological Table.

EARLY PERIOD:
Primitive culture

Predynastic period and Dyn. 1-2.

4000-2000 B. C.

beginning of the

OLD KINGDOM:
Kings were buried

in

script.

Dyn. 3-6

pyramids

(in

1.

2900-2400 B.

which are the "Pyramid

C. 2.

texts");

rich private persons in Mastabas.

MIDDLE KINGDOM:

Dyn. 11-13 2200-1800 B. C.

3.

Dynasty 12 is the period of classic literature and religion, Secular

and religious texts were written on papyrus in hieratic, or engraved
and painted in hieroglyphics on the walls of temples and private
tombs and coffins.

NEW KINGDOM:
The

classic literature of

1600-1000 B. C.
Dyn. 17-21
the Middle Kingdom is further continued;

4.

gradually more and more elements from the vernacular penetrate

into the classic language, and from the hieratic script pass into the
hieroglyphics.

LATE PERIOD:

(Libyan, Nubian, and Persian su-

premacy): Dyn. 22-30

1000-332

5.

B. C.

After the language and orthography had completely degenerated,

was a conscious return to antique words, forms, and writing;

there

the "renaissance"

was

carried out by

the kings of Sais ("Saitic

Period").

GRAECO-ROMAN PERIOD:
While

since 332 B. C.

in daily life a very slurred vernacular

the "demotic" script

the

priests,

was used written

in

studying the religious literature

of all past epochs, placed their texts on the walls of the temples
in mysterious reinterpreted hieroglyphics

people could read.

with the

The knowledge

last priests of the

of the hieroglyphics died out

Egyptian gods,

served them until the

fifth

which was spoken

Egypt since

in

which none of the common

who

in

remote places

The Greek language,

the last few centuries B. C,

century A. D.

entirely replaced the native idiom in the first century A. D.

Roedee-Merceb, Short Egyptian Grammar

6.

Nature of the Language and Script,

The Egyptian language

7.

is

related to Semitic languages

Berber and East African Hamitic

languages, and has connections, which are easily traceable,
well

as

as

to

the

with each individual language of both these groups.

The

theory of the grafting of a Semitic on to an African

language has lately been given up again.

If this intro-

duction associates itself closely with the Semitic languages,

especially

Hebrew,

it

does so only on superficial grounds:

on the one hand, because the history of Semitic languages

is

better

known

to us

than that of the African; and on

the other, because the greater

number

of those

who

will

use this book will be Semitic and theological students.

8.

The most important epochs

Egyptian language
into

consideration

classical
a

language

development of the
only one of which is really taken

by

are

this

in the

introduction,

(religious

the

the following:

THE ANCIENT LANGUAGE:

texts"

namely,

inscriptions

of

in

the

the

Old

"Pyramid
Kingdom).

Preserved almost entirely in the hieroglyphics.

h

THE CLASSICAL LANGUAGE: in the inscriptions

and papyri of the Middle Kingdom; imitated in the
official and religious inscriptions of all the following
epochs; but became more and more intermingled with
vernacular forms and words.
They are written in
hieroglyphics and hieratic.

THE VERNACULAR:
faintly traceable; generally

secular writings of the

in

the earlier epochs only

used in daily intercourse and

New Kingdom;

written almost

entirely

in

8.

9.

Nature of the Lanquaoe and

hieratic on

Hckipt.

From

papyrus.

this

idiom the

Late Period was developed, which was

demotic and used in official documents down

language of the
written in

Roman period.
COPTIC: spoken in

to the

Christian times, and also used

for the translation of the Bible, etc.

It

of the vernacular of earlier times,

and

is

a development
is

written with

Greek alphabet and native supplementary

and hence is known to us in vocalization also.

the

The Egyptian language

styles

is

letters,

written in three different

of script, which in this introduction are always

transposed into hieroglyphics, facing towards the

left.

All scripts render only the consonants, without considering the vowels.

HIEROGLYPHICS:

used in temples and tombs

carved in stone and wood or painted in colours; facing
usually towards the right, but sometimes, for decorative
reasons, towards the

left.

The knowledge

of

them was

confined to priests and scholars.

HIERATIC:

written on papyrus with a dried rush

stem and black or red

written in

ink.

The

individual signs are

more or less abbreviated form according to

They stand for hieroglyphs, and are

the hand-writing.

always

rendered

in

this

They are written from

introduction

by hieroglyphs.

right to left; but as hieroglyphics

they are reversed in this introduction.

DEMOTIC:
of the
tic;

an

abbreviated

script

(brachygraph)

Graeco-Roman period developed from the Hiera-

facing towards the right.

9.

The

The hieroglyphic

10.

objects; a picture

Script.

script originated in pictures of visible

was drawn and the name of the

re-

thereby, was
was
written
for
hor "face'',
^
or -<2>- for yar(t) "eye" and for words of "seeing^'.
Later on, these pictures were also used for words which
happened to be composed of the same consonants as
those which made up their own name; thus ^ was
written also for Mr "upon" and for Ijray "the upper",
likewise <2>- was used for all forms of the verb "to
make", yir, yer, yor, etc. In all these cases no account
was taken of the vowels, so that gradually the original

presented

object,

pronounced.

the

or

act indicated

For example

became signs for groups of consonants.

'Some of these groups of consonants were very short,
and appeared in other words as syllables. Herein lies
[pictures of objects

an important step in the evolution of hieroglyphics towards a phonetic script. Finally, some of the characters
depreciated so much, that they represented only one
consonant. It thereby became possible to write any
desired word as well as to denote the grammatical
endings of words.

The hieroglyphic

11.

script of historical times contains

elements of every epoch of

its

the

first

place, pictures for whole

or

for

small

groups

"syllabic-signs");
for individual

of

development;

it

has, in

words ("word signs"),

consonants

(wrongly

called

and secondly, alphabetic phonetic

consonants

( 12).

signs

very practical habit

of the Egyptians helps us to obtain quickly and almost

accurately the meaning of words written phonetically:

 11.

13.

Tue

ScKiPT.

they placed at the end of almost every word a picture

("determinative" or "explanatory-sign"), by which they
indicated the group to which the word in question be-

The determinatives and word-signs are

longed.

Thus, after names and

connected in origin and use.

designations of

men

is

placed a M?

^^

of gods a j|, of birds a

closely

of

women

of snakes a

ismi]

after

substantives and verbs which are associated with the

idea of running a J\, with that of eating and speaking

^,

with that of seeing a -<2>-,

or time

light,

mountains a (m:^
a

parchment-roll

with

O,

:=?;=.;

after

that of sun,

of a range of desert

that

with that of

Avith

fire

)\

energetic

after abstracts
activities

*=^

or ^J etc.

The number

of determinatives

dividual words they can be used

is

very large, and for in-

and multiplied

to almost

any extent; yet in general, there are certain definite

ways of writing the words; and, in fact, as time passed,
more and more determinatives were placed after a word

( 12 on page 6; cf. p. *1).

Some characters were taken later on into the alphabet,
and, occasionally in the Middle Kingdom, but often in the

New Kingdom, they occur

They are
(g

of

for

\>W'

for

for

instead of the older characters.

^^^ m,

for

a^aaaa

n,

Further, quite early they wrote

V and

i-

or J^N^

for m.

\\ for

y,

instead

12.

13.

LIST OP PHONETIC SIGNS (ALPHABET)

12.

cr

a ^

CT-,

O w
o acq'
s a

ff)

<p

o-

o'

"

P
ci
ert-

trt-

o
p
3

CO

CL

el-

(D

so

If-.(D

c2.

^
;

i-

^
o

2.

^
g

^^

^"

M
3

2-

^
"^
&3

2 fp
5 2

14.

The Egyptians

ir.

Thi; Scimi'T.

more

laid

stress

on the calligraphy

14.

than on the correct writing of a >vorcl. The characters

belonging together were always placed in a square; thus

^^[|

^C3r:,^=>^fj

and not

to get the desired square, consonants

omitted,

e.

g.

isr.t.

order

l,i

were occasionally

instead of <rz>^\

s=>M^

rmt

"man"; or characters were placed one inside the other?

e. g.

instead of

some characters,

wt,

^^^^

instead of

^^^

were placed horizontally or

also,

i^i

verti-

cally as desired.

In the use and writing of "word-signs" and "syllabicsigns" (for words of more than one consonant) they
proceeded quite differently, sometimes according to rule,
sometimes at will and variably. Namely:
a) All

consonants of syllabic-signs were, in addition, a

written out singly;

e. g.

yniBh "respectable",
b)

Only the

\^\ wd
c)

"to

first

d)

after

1?

m^c

^^

"just".

consonant was written

separately:

last

consonant was written separately:

htp "to rest", -

D
mn^

shk "crocodile",

command".

Only the

r\

15,

"

(^nh "to live"; syllables:

"

AAAv^

nir.

The
it,

jjrp

word-sign, with or without a stroke under or d

stands alone, without the addition of a consonant:

"guide",

F=^ hry

"chief".

pr "house",

mr

"director",

8
16.

1618.

The

Script.

grammar, y and w are called "weak

They are often not written even when they
are spoken; perhaps because they had occasionally, as

As

in Semitic

consonants".

is

certainly the

case in Coptic as well as in Semitic

languages, the value of a vowel ("half-vowel'').

17,

The determinatives are added or omitted, often at

will.
The number of added determinatives, also, is not
the same in different kinds of orthography; in general,

papyri oftener than inscriptions have a determinative,

and, indeed,

since the

New Kingdom,

determinatives after a word. Examples:

or

t^ CB great", LJ%

^ ivsyr "Osiris", --^^

wstn "to step".

wn

"work", .<s>-

hB.t

"to open

v\

^sn^

rl

AAAAAA

AAAAAA

"brother",

several

prefer

J) or

\j\

Special script-play arose, due to the fact that signs

18.

were placed before

a those signs which they should immediately have followed.
for holy or revered persons or things

Examples:
I
I

|y

J h.t-ntr, ^^house of the god, temple",

LD

Names

Amon"

mryymn

[ [

AAAAAA

(Mtaixouv).

of kings were enclosed in an oblong, ("king's

ring, cartouche")
ples:

i)^

[
I

"beloved of
b

km-ntr "servant of the god, prophet",

( [
\^^^AAA/^^^A

C^ ^y/lJ

dsr-Jc^-rC (first

:x

(hieroglyph for rn "name").

ymn-Mp Amenhotep,

name

of

Amenhotep

Exam-

\^ M
^~^^

V^

I).

Stereotyped formulas and frequently recurring

titles

were repeated only in recognized abbreviations. Examples

4\^

stn

hyty "king

of

Upper Egypt, king

of

Lower

 19.

The

Egypt"; "^^s^
ly

Script. 20. Preliminauv Survey.

fl

nht "the strong ox"

/t-i

names of kings

Our

live,

transcription

we

'

(^nh,

(*56, 1).

Latin letters

in

sonantal value (without repetition)

thus,

nr

be happy and well" after the

transcribe

)^

is

not meant to

IJ).

but only the con-

render every hieroglyphic character,

sn.

(king's title),

u Ijm-ntr tpi/ "first prophet, chief priest";

wd^, snh, "may he

which

is

represented;

not by sn-n-man but by

Furthermore, the omitted weak consonants y and

are also to be inserted in the transcription:

zl ] R PJ

khhw

cool water". Finally, the old consonantal values which

were altered because of the change of sound are to be

replaced ( 33). In each word, the root is separated
by a point from the preceding and succeeding parts
(s.CnJj

"to

give

m.sdm,t "rouge", pr.f "his house"^;

are connected by a hyphen (hm-ntr

life",

compound words

"servant of the god").

Preliminary Survey.

The Egyptian has two genders masculine and feminine.

:

Masculine substantives and adjectives have no ending

which is invariably present; feminines add t to the stem:
si "son",

^^

"a good son",

^n^

"^^

s^.t

"daughter";

<zz>

s^.t nfr.t

^^T

si n/r

"a good daughter".

Substantives and adjectives can stand in:

Singular; ending: mas.

fem.

t.

20.

10
h

21.

22.

Plural; ending: mas. w,

of three strokes

always with the addition

fern. ivt\

or

v\

Preliminary Sukvey.

Examples

liCw

\>

lim.wt "the workshops". (Continued

in 36 a.)

The

definite

^^v
21.
a

article

^^ "the" (femin.),

i^

^cc);

^^^^

cf.

P^ "the"

(raascul.),

examples in 41.

nominative and accusative are not differentiated

rj^i^g

in hieroglypics; thus

is

^u)

The addition
the English

j| stn "the king" (nom. and

"he" and "him".

of the preposition ,v^w n corresponds to

dative

with

"to"; thus

/^/^^

n sin

"to the king." Cf. 61c.

c

The

genetive

proximity

relation

of the

is

rendered either by direct

two words

"construct state"); or by

means

AAAAAA
A^AAA^

n^

fern.

ni,

("status

plural

constructus"

or

of the connecting word

-^
7^
n.w, which
v\ or

agrees in gender and number with the preceding sub-

Examples: mr msC "commander of the army"

(*2, 6): pr n ymn "house of Amon" (*2, 9); smCy.t n.t ymn
"dancing-girl of Amon" (*2, 10); hmwi n.w lit-ntr
"workshops of the temple" (*2, 11). (The hieroglyphs
of these examples should always be copied from the,
stantive.

reading exercises.)
22.

As

pronoun can be affixed

the substantive with which it is

in Semitic languages, the

("pronominal suffix") to
intrinsically connected:

^^

s^.y

"my

son",

p'.k

23

thy house",

li.tj his

^..^^

rUELlMINAHY UttVEY.

26.

body",

sU.8 "her

daughter".

The same pronominal

suffixes are attached to the root

of the verb in order to indicate the subject.

^ ^v ^-^^
"I hear",

'

^^ hear"

"he hears",

^ ^^

manner the

which attaches

perfect,

time to the stem of the verb:

a
AAAAAA
have heard",
sdm.n.k

^^^

sdmnf

As

hr

In like

n as a sign of

aaawa

A/VWV\

"thou

sdtn.n.y

hast

"I

heard",

has heard".

*'he

essentially the

verb,

m ^\

"in", "with";

"for", r

aaaa/v

of

words

same as

in

the

<=^

Egyptian sentence

is

3) object, 4) further modifications.

2) subject,

26.
"the a

rdy h^.ty-C t^ n Mr
count gives bread to the hungry" (*3,5): rdy.y n.k sfy.tk
m yh.w n.w rmt "I give (place) thee thy reputation in
a transitive

the hearts of

With an
Atum sets
With the
("7,2).

men"

25.

in the Semitic, this order being:

Models of verbal sentences:

With

24.

"upon".

The order
1)

Mm.f

a preliminary to the subject of prepositions, note

the following:
"to",

from

^^^;v

^^k.

^^^

sdm.sn "they hear".

g.

^ sdm.y

^ ^v

we have the present:

sdm.k "thou hear est",

^^^^

E.

2:i.

verb:

(*3,6).

intransitive verb:

htj^

ytm

y^h-t ymn.ty.t

in the western horizon" (*3,7).

verb "to be":

yw

dBl

ymf

"figs are in it" c

12

27. 28. Preliminary Survey. 29. Phonology.

The verb

27.

"to be" can

be omitted; in which case the

sentence consists merely in a "noun" (substantive) and

adjective,

and

is

called a "nominal sentence",

C^B h^k.w.f "its honey

innumerable"
the following

its

olive-trees (are)

(*7,4).

With regard

28.

enormous,

(is)

ci hy.tf^

is

to the attaching ot subordinate sentences

important:

Relative sentences are either not introduced at

all,

or

AAAAAA

are introduced by the connective

"^

nUj.t^ plu.

nty

who

tS (m.)CltC.t

The negative

Examples: "the

nty.w

is

nty "which,

fern.

singer,

in the grave" (*49,2).

nn "not"

used before negative

is

AAAAAA

nominal and verbal sentences;

nn drw "there is no
limit" (*7,7); "a bark, nn hm.s whose rudder was not
there" (*43,4); nn snC.w bB.y my soul was not guarded
e. g.

(*23,7).

Phonology.

The

following should be added to the table ( 12) of

alphabetic signs and their meaning:

To

29.
to

the

e- g.

in

the "weak" consonants:

"^

weak consonants that

d "food"

A^^^^^

))

pi

often written with

it

i
is

is

so closely related

often not

It sometimes changes to
"to fly"; in

n^

written;
(

y^ e. g.

which case the word

as in the old orthography,

another y being added to the

^^ ^^ '^^X ^^
:

f]

is

still

IPV-

 30. 31.

Phonology.

y has a double nature;

it

13

corresponds

in Coptic, b

the Semitic languages, sometimes to y,

sometimes to i. As a weak consonant it is often not
as well as

in

written ( 16).
C

fl

It

changes with

(cf. d).

iv

and

in contradistinction to i, y,

is,

a strong

and unchangeable consonant, which, until the fifth century B. C, was still spoken, and its influence appears
Coptic etymology.

in the

V> w^

as a

weak consonant,

In some words old

is

becomes

often not written ( 16). d

y, in

others old y be-

comes w.

As

h the Egyptian script knows no l\ where

^
the Coptic has an Z, or where the corresponding Semitic
indicates it, n /waaa or <z^ r or the vulgar combination
to w,

r,

AAAAAA

A/^\AAA

or

wr

is

found.

Final <cz> r sometimes appears in the script slurred

and then

in Coptic disappears.

to

it

disappeared in early times.

c::>

(i.

e.

i?),

Such an r

which can only be transcribed

way by

r,

change.

Cf. sivr, *24,1; skr *13,5.

The

or by y according

to

in

the

our *'have",

is

written

an historical

effected

vowel-

They were sharply distinguished from

the older language. fD h somewhat as in
7^

as in the

energetic shout "ha!",

as in the Scotch "loch"; ^-=> h

last,

In reality

aspirates.

each other in

the

30.

and was

in part

changed

somewhat
to

Jj,

7?

similar to

31.

32. 33. Phonology.

14:

The

and t sounds:
In the Middle Kingdom the

32.

a
I

*^

sounds,

and

were interchangeable.

Of

the dentals, in the Middle

and

cj

became

c^::^ d.

Kingdom s=3

became

The Semitic equivalents

are

here

complicated,

especially

transcription certainly

and our traditional

does not reproduce the spoken

sound,

The

33.

most
29-32):

frequent

^ and <zi> r to
to

m;

h.

(J

^=> h to

s to

to Ol

and the

sound-change

are

reverse.

reverse.

^^

and

of

y-

and the

cases

d to

c^^

d.

All these transitions, in the designation of which the

hieroglyphics are not consistent, had been made as early

Middle Kingdom; hence, from

as the

old

can be given an old

or

s=3

etc.

5 or

From

the

this time on, for

5,

and

for

an

beginning a habit

should be formed of using the old signs

Ij,

s,

s,

t and

d in transcription, to impress upon the mind the original

phonetic value,

even when they are written with the

hieroglyphics for

>

and
||

more recent sounds.

are -wrongly written where

(not at all derived from

and

d) are

meant;

e.

and d respectively
g.

s.ndm.t instead

PH0N0LO(iy. 35. Nou.NS.

34.

of Lndm.t

*50,4; ytn

*23,5 24,5.

of ytn

instead

(which as a grammatical ending depreciated

Where

in

to

t,

Likewise

81) for

\\\

t.

the course of centuries there arose trans- 34.

in

positions in

consonantal values,

written

original

the

phonetic

value

was
pecuhar

of all there

first

with

its

word or syllable sign just as in the case of thereproduction

of a consonant, changed on account of a change in sound
and then the transposed consonants were
( 29a, 30b)
again added in their new position.
Hence from the

old

hn$

4^^^

y '^ .^11'

arose

create",

"^^

the later

Idm

manner, out of

^^ ^^^^

"goodness", arose the later

y^m

/^J^

\\

V^^^^

j^

(1

Nouns.

The noun

(substantive and adjective) has essentially

the following root forms:

With two,

may

three or

more consonants: among which

be "weak" ones, which are not always written.

Formations with an

1\

prefixed to the root (just

as in Semitic). Examples:

from n

-cn>-

Compounds with
"place")
("he

express

does")

attributes.

Mm

m.sdm.t "paint"
"to paint".

prefixed

abstracts,

express the

Example:

nt or

or

names

]|y>I

with

hw

suffixed

of professions

hv-nfr

the

(really, c

yr.f

and

of

good".

35.

36-- 38. Nouns.

Some

(1

substantives, especially

singular ending in w, which

^^^

Mntw,

Compounds

whole group;

vii-3i^

is

names

of gods, have a

often not written;

e.

g.

Jtmw.

often have a special determinative for the

e.

"--^^

g.

r^-pr "temple"; nty.w-ym

"the dead" (*32,4).

The

30.

plural endings are: masc. w, fem.

wt They

are

written:

Either by writing the word sign three times, according

to ancient custom:

ntr.w "gods".

Or by a word
Or by the

I)

sign with the "plural-strokes" (20b):

"plural-strokes"

after

|i.

determina-

the

tive:^|l.
In

d
is

37.

all

these cases the

seldom written,

The

e. g.

of the ending in both genders

Vi>

,m-

(ancient).

"plural-strokes" often do not denote a real plural,

but a singular word with a plural meaning.

a

collectives:

v\

abstracts:
h

[1

Examples:

yrp "wine" ^7,3);

hCw "splendour"

(M,7).

Such words, even when they are written without the

plural-strokes, are often constructed like a plural, having
their verb in the plural; the

with

^3^ nt

"each".

same

is

true of

compounds

Example *5,7 8: "my milk

(streams),

Csk.n they enter thee".

38.

In compound words only the

plural ending;

e. g.

^^^^

first

part takes

the

h^.tyw-C "counts" from

 3941. N0N8.

.^

\^\^\^

liB.ty.C'^

17

"forefathers"

?/w?/.M;-^a

from ymy-hcjj, rB.w-pr "temples" *31,10.

In addition to the plural, the old language had a
dual, which in some cases lasted into the time of the
Coptic. Ending: masc.

wy

V>

i^m.

or

89.

The

ty.

dual was written:

by means of a repetition of the word

a)

sign:

c.wy "both arms"; cf. tlm.wy *16,6.

b) by means of a repetition of the determinative:

T^

^w

^^'^^ "^^^^^

^^*"' ^^' *^^'^* '^^'^'

by means of the addition of the "dual-strokes"

c)

"both

sn.ty

In like manner,

sisters".

the

\\; c

of a

suffix

dual noun can take the "dual-strokes": ynh.wy.f ^^46,9.

For extant Egyptian nouns with both genders (mas- 39A.
culine

and feminine)

are feminine,

e. g.

cf.

20.

Names

of foreign lands

k^^ hsy.t "the wretched Cush (Nubia)"

^^30,8.

The neuter
(cf.

is

120), in

-<2>-

represented: in antiquity by the feminine

more recent times by the masculine:

yry.w "that which

For

done (masc.)"

is

cf.

*25,7.

the connection of two substantives with or without 40.

the connective n

substantive

is

cf.

21c.

To

indicate an attribute a

joined to an adjective;

e.

g.

w^h

stny.t

"fortunate in royalty" (%7).

The

no article. In the verna"the" was developed from the

classical language has

cular, the definite article

demonstrative pronoun "this"

Boeder-Meboer, Short

a^ n^

Egyptian Grammar

j^i,

o^^
2

t^i

%,

41.

18

42. 43. Adjective.

wi (57d), and lasted into the classical period (8b).

Likewise, the indefinite article "a" was developed from
the numeral

tvC

Examples: p^

"one" (46).

tS "the

"the grave" C'49,2); wi hr.w

"the wretched ones" (^52,9); wC.t ssm.t "a mare" (*40,11).

land" f0,8);

For

ii

declension

(m.)C]jC.t

cf.

21.

Adjective

In writing, adjectives are usually not distinguishable

42.

For adverbs

a from substantives and participles.

66.
especially frequent nominal formation in adjec-

An

tives

of

is

the "gentilic", which

OT \\ y to

[ [

prepositions: 63.

cf.

formed by the addition

is

substantive;

it

The ending y

is
is

also derived from

often not written,

especially in the feminine. Gentilic forms derived from

feminine substantives end, in the singular: mas.

fem.

k[^

or

tyw.t.

fern.

nwty

"art";

ty.t;

the

in

Examples

plural:

'^

mas.

Jim.ty "artist" (^2,2)

ty,

tyw,

from hm.t

"municipal" from nw.t "town", plural nw.tyw

^21,11; mh.ty "northern" fl7,ll) from mh.t "north".

43.

The

adjective follows the substantive which

and agrees with

of the ending,

The

adjective

My,
c^

is

it

in

number and gender;

however,
^z::>&[[]

is

it

qualifies,

the writing

very irregular and careless.

ky "the

exceptional in that

other",
it

fern.

precedes

its

[[,

substan-

 44. 45. Ad.tective. 46. Numerals.

tivo;

"^ ky rmt "another man";

examples: ^:z:^[[^

^
o <z:>
The
special

phr.t "another remedy",

Jay
^~
'^
^

II]

ds

adjective

with

"self"

king

himself";

suffixes

ffl^^

Examples: 1

way.

"the

19

-ill.

f\AJ\AAA

is

used

in

44.

stn ds.f

I^^l^^
I

^^'^'^P^

^s.y

^JP^-y

"my own crescent sword" (in a speech by the king).

Two compound expressions for "all", "the whole", are
<cz:>0 r dr "up to the borused with suffixes:

oooo

der" and v

my

[ \

VH
MM ^llJcr^

'--'l
I

"the temple in

with

the

Examples: tSr dr.f "the whole land"

circumference".
(*11,1);

kd "commensurable

its

r^.w-pr

'

III

my^

kd.sn

completeness".

Egyptian apparently has no special forms of comparison.

is
expressed by means of the preposition <=:> r "more than" (61b). Examples: wr n.f
yrig r mw "great to him wine than water
he has

45.

The comparative

more wine than water" (*7,3); CsB st r sC n wdh "they

are more numerous than the sand of the sea-shore"
C37,3).

Numerals

The numerals may be used as

the

feminine

substantives or adjectives;

and plural endings, however, are very

seldom written.
The numeral

signs

are

almost

always used;

only

with the lowest units occasionally the phonetic sign

9*

is

46.

 47. 48. Numerals.

20

The phonetic values, which

jectured only by means of combination,
1

II

4 "
II

wc

III

sw

sn.wy
Jnnt

II

MM
MM

^ Mil

fdw

Q Ml.

md

20

nn

dwt(?)

30

mCbB

40

nnn
^^

50

n n

psd

III

60

nnn

70

nnn
nnnn

sw(F)

hmmv
nnnn
90^^^nnn psdM^J
The
by

are:

10

hmn

II

47.

48.
^

are partly con-

also used.

nnn

hmw
dwB(?)

^^ hfn

100

100000

200

1000000 V/i/i

1000

10000

7;i

dhc

ordinal numerals are derived from the cardinals

affixing

prophet"

nw.

(^5,3).

Example: hm-ntr sn.nw "the second

But | or

tpy "the

first"

(^6,3) is

an exception. Fractions are indicated by prefixing

r: 'fffx

r-fdw "a quarter"; but ^^y^ gs "a half"

<=^
is

an

exception.

Dates usually have the form: "year (UBi-sp) 1, month

season, day (ssw) 1 during ("7?^; the sovereignty
(yhd?) 1,
of king W\ We are accustomed to number the months
or to give them the names which they bore among the
people, the names being derived from the feasts cele-

brated in them.

They

are:

 49. I'ronouns.

25^

i7/i

^3 ol'^-^ "Spring"

"Inun-

dation"
1.

2.
3.

4.

^
^]^
^]^

^jJI^

5.

Tybi.

Pao])hi.

6.

Mecliir.

Hatliyr.

7.

Choiak.

8.

Ml

Tm

the year").

The

by U tpy

"first";

from the

first

Examples:

sign

AAAAAA
/www

-^

"hummer

five

12.

Pachon.
Payni.

10.

Pharmuthi.

Epiphi.
II

Mesore.

intercalary days are h

Ijry.w rnp.t "those

"month 1"

^'Y^,

.?7;2?(;

9.

Pharaenoth. 11.

After the twelve months the

(

AA/VAAA

^A'wvA

("si)routs")

Thoth.

inserted

21

and the day-number

is

above [beyond]
often replaced

can be omitted

day of the month.

^5,1.

*8,4.

*18,4.

*17,1.

Pronouns
The independent pronoun
forms: an older one which

is

found in two different

is still

in use in the classical

and a more recent one which appeared as

early as the Old Kingdom. The suffixed pronoun ( 52)
has an unmistakable relationship with the older pronoun.
The more recent seems to be composed of the older
language,

pronoun and a stem

nt.

Both forms are known

to Semitic languages also, where, in

sons,

now one and now

also reflexive).

the other form

the singular peris

used ( 5051

49.

22

50

53.

Pronouns.

50 Older forms 51 Younger forms

52

1,52.

Suffixes

Sing.

lUIJ

thou

hv

fem.

tn

he

hv

]j)xk

my

thy

AAAAA/'
71

tk

AAAAAA

ntt

ntf

his

nts

hers

>i

our

tn

your

6'/2

their

AAAAAA

she

sy

it

c:^

St

f^2i

Plural

we
I

you

ynn

tn

AAAAAA
I

AAAAAA

W\ AAAAAA

nttn

Olli

AAAAAA
I

AAAA/W

they

sn

The

53.

ntsn
Ol

regular

sound-change

that from the Middle

it

was

or J|,

I.

also

Likewise,

(^9,11);

suffix

possible

( 33)

to

wy

"I"'

was

in

it

about

every case

manner

y "my" was often not written;

substitute for

it

woman was

also written

Examples: ynk hyk

s^.y

brought

t; in like

a god, king, man, or

if

(* 39,6).

The

Kingdom on

could be written instead of

instead of

or only

V>

am a useful servant"
my body" ('^5,4).

ySJj "I

n h.ty '-my son of

^^

the speaker.

The above forms

^6.

ruONUNS.

23

of the independent

pronoun (pronomen

.54

51.

absolutum) are used both for the nominative ("I") and

the

for

accusative

the

("me");

dative

represented by the preposition n

The neuter
of

.s'

(*5,5);

of

it"

(cf.

is

expressed by means

"it" as suffix is usually

39 Ab). Examples:

me")

("to

( Glc) with suffixes.

tw "T bring thee up"

i'.n// ;'([.?/

hsy tvy hm.fhrJ "his majesty praises me on account

(*54,11); s.s^ij.n.y ivy "I satiated myself (^45,11).

Contrary to the usual order of words

the

25),

55.

pronoun and also the preposition n with suffix stand

immediately after theverb, and hence before the subject and
object. If the sentence has two pronouns dependent upon
the verb, the dative precedes the accusative: d.yn.y n.k
"I gave thee the years" (*5,9); hsy.n

rni).wt

"my

lord praised

me"

(*42,2)-,

ivsh.n.y. n.f s.t

wy

nh.y

"1 answered

him it (I answered him concerning it)" (*47,8).

For the demonstrative pronoun there are many different
forms, which may be used as substantives or adjectives.
to

In general the
the masculine,

initial
t

consonant

is

for the feminine,

characteristic:

and n

for

for the plural.

57a-c contains the older forms. When used as adjectives

they are all placed after the substantive. On the other

hand, the more recent pronoun pS "this"

the

later

article

"the"

substantive.: in like

forms

and nw

57 e).

41),

manner

connected for
(

h.t

"this king" n7i

^w

and

are placed before the

more recent plural

the most part with n i.e. 7in

Examples:
"this

57d),

also the

j9r jjn "this

I

D^

castle",

house",

AAAAAA

^^%.l ^

P^

stn

li^s.tyw "these barbarians" (*31,1, 37,7).

56.

 5769. Pronouns.

24

b) the

a) this

57.

here

d) the

c) that

Sing.

pn

nas.

piv

p^

AA/\AAA

c^

^i^i

tw

in

eiu.

a^

Plural

ypn

nas.

ypw

^AAAAA

yptn

More

e)

recent plurals (originally the neuter "this"):

\\nw

"these".

In short sentences, pw "this" is added for emphasis,

where we are unable to reproduce it as a demonstrative
pronoun. In verbal sentences it has hardly any significance,
in nominal sentences it is used as a predicate or an
nsertion (131b).
it",

rn.y

gods"
59.

ijptw

nn,
58.

pw

Examples:

hnt ntrw

pw

(*39,2), t^

^^

"my name

nfr "it

is

(is)

V^'^^^

at the

V^

"-^

head of the

a beautiful land" (^,1).

The possessive pronouns of the Indo-Germanic

languages ("my" etc.) were represented originally in
classic Egyptian as in the older Semitic languages by

The Egyptian

suffixes ( 52).

vernacular, like the later

Semitic dialects, devised later on a new form of possessive

This

article.

suffixes

is

( 52),

composed of the article ( 57d) and

and became [more and more usual as

time went on.

29a.

Examples:

The

irregular writing

prf

or

is

A^ ^^U

(originated out of pjf) pr "his house".

explained in
2^^=^'--'

pyf

25

60. 61. PARTrrr,Ef,

Particles

PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS

Prepositions are divided into simple and compound,

according

to

combined with

their

sometimes

and used as conjunctions

suffixes ( 52),

Before suffixes they have occasionally a

( 64a).

writing, due to

with suffix

771,

fuller

change of vocalization.

Simple prepositions (others are

^\

are

Tliey

formation.

^v

j^.=_

in the vocabulary):

ymf

"in

61.

him": in or a

out of a place; with persons or things; as an attribute

(with "to be" 131b).

<r=>
thing

with

r,

With

infinitive "with" 106.

yr.fHo him": towards some-

suffix

somebody; hostile to anyone; free from,

from something; more than something else

or

hidden

(comparative 45). With

AAA/v^A
with suffixes
71,

order to (106).
"to him": for anyone

infinitive: in

^^

nf

dative 21b); to anyone; on account of a matter.

(cf.

With

infinitive:

hr;

on account

upon an

infinitive: with,

of,

because.

object; on account of a matter.

during

With

(contemporaneous; 106, 124b

125b, 132b).
'^

^^^
[

hr: under an object,

i.

e.

carrying

it.

hr: with a person; during the reign of ( 48).

AAAAAA

(>0.

yn: on the part of a person, through someone; g

used with the passive (9596) and to emphasize the

subject (131a), also with the infinitive ( 107).
AAAAAA

hnt before, at the head

of.

26

(>2.

62. 63. Particle??.

Compound

prepositions (to be found in the vocabu-

lary under their chief constituent parts) consist mostly

and a substantive.
of these phrases has gradually worn away.
compounds are made:
of a simple preposition

With

"in":

|^ J

For example,

^^f ^, |^2

("on the phallus of") "before" ('^2 3,10.

m-liBi ("at the head

The meaning

of"')

'^29,9. '^14,6);

"before";

.siC-^i

|\

'"^'^'

-^

"since" *18,3;

m-c "by" *54,5.

b

With n
"^12,7

("out

n-^nrw.t

of

love

(as conjunction: 64a).

With
"^

v\

aaaaaa

"on account of": n mrw.t.k "on account of thee"

for")

"for":

r 'Ho": cc^^^"^

^ 53

'^until"; "to"

r-(js

("at the side

of) "near";

<:!> hrw-r ("distant from") "outside"; nfry.t-r

^8,4.

meaning of which often

^ developed independently, were derived from the simple
as well as the compound prepositions by using the suffix y.

03.

Gentilic forms

Examples:
from m;

(cf.

^v

42b), the

y^-y "be who

vj? yr.y "he

companion" from r; <^z>

the chief" from hr;
^O*
h

in or

who belongs

Jjr.y

"O"

"he

who

I'l'y-y^

is

on something"

to someone, the

upon something,

"dwelling in" from

hr,yb "in the midst of.

Gentilics

and take
(he

is

who

are treated like adjectives or substantives,

suffixes.
is

in

Examples: ym.y-yh n ntr nfr "darling

the heart) of the king" (*7,10); hr.y-yh

27

64. Fakticles.

ymn-tyiv "inhabitant of Abydos and director

of the westerners" (*8,6-7); ymy.t yh.k "she dwells in
thy heart" (*50,3); ymy.w yw.w "inhabitant of the island"

^bdw,

hnt.ij

(*13,8).

As

conjunctions, use

niade of either prepositions

is

which stand at the beginning

of the sentence (b); or particles which are inserted as
the second word in a sentence, and called enclitic
conjunctions, because they were perhaps occasionally

and other

(a)

particles,

In some sentences ( 135, 138), there is,

after the conjunctions, a verbal form corresponding to

unaccented
our

(c).

"conjunctive"

are

following

Among

93).

especially

frequent

the

conjunctions,

are

(others

the

in

vocabulary)

\\<=> yr

"if;

^^^

n-mrw.t "so that".

nM

"after";

Examples: n-mrw.t

aaa^aa'''^^ a

mn

rn.y "that

endure" C10,5), n-C^.t-n mrr.y sw "because I love him" (^10,4), m-M sdm.f s.t "after he had

my name may
heard

('^30,10), r-nty,t

it"

k^S

ivUy

"so that

Nubia was

inclined" (^30,8).
[Iszzr^,

(in

yst

"since",

"when";

^^,

lir b

Examples: st gm.n hm.y "when

my majesty had found him" (*25,5), hr ptr yr.n.y sdm
"but then I heard" (^51,9).
"now", "but".

"since",

1^

swt "but";

grt "but",

this

"how", "yes", "surely";

"however", "further";

Example: yr
charm" (*56,9).

wise", "but".

knows

(in 7/5

gr.t

gr "also",

<^
"like-

rh ri p7i "but whoever

(4.

 65-68. Particles.

28

ADVBEBS AND PARTICLES

65.

For adverbs, use

miide either of invariable derivatives

is

of substantives and adjectives ( 66); or of particles

which are connected with prepositions ( 67).
The

particles usually stand at the beginning; in interrogative

sentences ( 137) also at the end of the sentence.

are combined with suffixes ( 69).
66.

The adverb derived from a noun

apparently similar to
the ending

or

o^

t:

"well",

^^^

my RC

d.t

(*5,11),

w^s.y wr.t

liCy.li

iv

wri

it

is

is:

(the noun); occasionally with

di

Examples: Bw yh.k

glad as (that

"quite

decayed"

nfr "thou shinest beautifully"

^0

of)

"above

eternally"
cf.

*16,8),

C*^55,l).

r: <rr>

especially

r mnJi "in excellent manner";

yh.t nb.t

Re

(*25,6;

connected with a preposition,

is

'vX nfr.w

"eternally", T

"very", "quite".

"thy heart

Some

<rz>

all" (^54,11), r-my.ty,t "in like

manner"

'(*26,6).

67.

To

the adverbs, which are derived from prepositions,

belong:
Qra

nno

^^

ym

"earlier".

"there",

Example:

AAAAAA

"yonder"; nur\

(^^^z::^m^(

^^^^^

lint

hyk

"before",

ym

"the

servant here=I".
b

^^'^^

'^^-^^h

and

^ ^

hr-hB.t

"before", "for-

merly".
68.

Some

adverbial particles stand in the second place

in a sentence,

e. g.

wy

"how", "pray".

Examples:

 69. 70. Pakticles.

29

ndm wy ym^.tJc "how beautiful is thy goodness" (*12,10),

yy wy "come! welcome!" (*39,9).
Some particles which can only be rendered by an
adverb are combined with suffixes
difi'erent persons,

od.

their adaptability to

however, has almost entirely disappeared,

so that the particles were soon used, unchangeably with

one

Some noteworthy

definite suffix.

ones are:

"behold", later unchangeable

^\

ni.k a

"behold (thou)", at the beginning of the sentence, often

immediately before the subject.

[1<::^, <::^

geable

yr "but", "now", "namely", later unchan-

yr.f as second word in a sentence:

[1

hd.n yr.f t^

wS "when

the earth

became bright

in the

morning" (*18,8). ^r, yr.f are used for emphasis after

the imperative (102), and in Interrogative sentences
137).

The most

\\^

2/

frequently used, interjections are:

and

(11

'^

hB "0!", "Ha!". They often stand a

before a proper noun, which

by

]^n

(^oj

"this":

then preferably followed

is

y Cnhw "0 ye
hB

70.

Fpy pn "0

living!"

(*21,5),

fU

thou king Pepi!".

In the Nominative of address, substantives often have

the article: pB y.t-ntr

"0 thou

pB ytn "0 thou Aton!"

Some

father of god" (*49,11),

(*55,2).

interjections have suffixes,

thou!" (*27,10. *31,8).

e.g.

ynd-hr.k "Hail,

30

7173, The Verb.

The Terb
THE ROOT OF THE VERB
71.

Verbs may be divided into the following groups according

to the number and kind of the consonants of their
root:
a)

five

Regular

These have two, three, four, or

"strong" consonants; the most frequent are those
verbs.

of three consonants.

^^<

^^1'^^

HJ

ra
b)

cf.

Weak

sonants,

"*<^

of

16).

not written,

Examples:

hear", %:^ ^^"^"^^j^

ffA

verbs.

nhmhm

"to remain",

^-^'^'^

"to invade",

"to roar".

These have three,

four, or five con-

which the last is a weak one (y or w

Although the weak consonant was usually
it

nevertheless influenced the formation of

individual forms.

It manifests itself especially in

feminine infinitive

( 104),

of doubling in the tense

ciples ( 113).

Examples:

>j^^ linty "to

73.

mn

aaaaaa

Duplicating

as well as in the possibility

sdm.f

sail

the

( 91)

msy

and

"to

in the parti-

give

birth

to",

up stream".

These have three, four, or five

consonants, of which the last two are alike. Often only
one of these two consonants is written, from which it
may be concluded that a double consonant was pronounced.
Both consonants were written (evidently because
a vowel was pronounced between them), not only as in
the case of weak verbs in the accented form of tense
sdm.f ( 91), and in the participles ( 113), but also
c)

in

verbs.

other forms of the suffix conjugation,

as well as in

 7476.

the qualitative

The Vekb.

the infinitive ( 104), in the

The infinitive, contrary to the

in

( 80),

imperative ( 100), etc.

weak verbs, is always masculine

^^'^K "^^ wii

"to see",

d) Irregular verbs.

Some

gularly

and occasionally

verbs.

Note:

1)

A,

Two

104).

Examples:

Icn^^A^UpcZd "to

prepare"'.

verbs appear written irre-

differ

from the forms of other

verbs for "to give":

a
lA

rdtj

and

74.

fl

dy; both are weak verbs with feminine

D,

31

The

infinitive.

old language preserves almost all forms

and was replaced

The duplicating forms (91) of dy were written

of both verbs; gradually rdy died out

by dy.

AA' tl^
2)

Two

'

verbs

J\^ J\\>

for

y^i^)')

feminine

Z^'

infinitive.

^"'^ ""'^^ ^yy-

"to

come": L

j(^

yyiV^y^)

^"^^ 75.

hoth are weak verbs and have a

The

older verb yw(t), which

especially in dependent clauses,

is

used

was gradually replaced

by yy.

Among

the numerous changes ("modifications, conju-

gations") of the root in Semitic languages, the following

are frequent in Egyptian: the causative ( 78)

by prefixing

s (Semitic s or i).

The

is

formed

PiCel formations

with doubled middle consonant, which in Coptic have

an unusual vocalization, are not

to be discerned in hieroglyphics; but yet, on account of
the diversity of meaning in some verbs, they are to be
still

to a certain extent

76.

32

The Verbs.

7779.

conjectured

(e. g.

\^

hny

^^^^^

"to sail"

and "to convey

anyone").
77.

Remains

of other derivatives of a root are the forms

with prefixed n like the NiphCal

ndddd "to endure" from

i)

(e.

c^c?

g.

"to

double final consonant like the PaClel

A^AAAA

^^ n

))

endure": with
(e.

Ic^iaA

g.

spdd "to prepare"); with repetition of the last conso"Palpel" and the "PaCalCel"

nant

like the

shsh

"to hasten"

H cr^::='^e:^

(*41,2);

H^H

(e. g.

'^

sdM^

^
"to

tremble").
78.

The

causatives ( 76) are in general treated like verbs

with the same number of strong or weak consonants;

that

is,

causatives of three consonants like four-consonant

^AAAA^A

cj

AAAAAA

S) SMljn "to bring up" from

nhn "to be a child"). However, the causatives of two

consonants have by way of exception a feminine infinitive.

Example:

Infinitive

"""'j
r

AAAA/w

s.mn.t from

,11

1 1 1

1,

s.mn

c^
''to

79.

establish", causative of
'

Apart from the

infinitive,

^^

AAAAAA

mn

"to remain".

imperative, and the parti-

ciples, only the perfect of the tense-formations (of

preserved in the Egyptian conditional ( 80).

imperfect has been replaced by the suffix conjugation

languages)

The

Semitic

is

The use of all Egyptian tenseforms was gradually

limited by means of different combinations with auxiliary
verbs ( 121).
Real moods are not traceable; forms
( 83).

which are used

sdm.f

( 91)

like

and

our subjunctive appear in the tense

in the predicate ( 97).

33

80. 81. Conditional,

THE CONDITIONAL
(Called qualitative or pseudo-participle)

The endings

and

occurring

weak verbs

are attached to the root; the y 80.

in them are often not written.
In

( 81)

( 72) the final

In duplicating verbs

usually not written.

is

weak root consonant y

or

( 73) in

earlier times the last consonant was occasionally doubled;

however, this was hardly ever the case.

later,

The endings
are

of the conditional form (in parenthesis 81.

later ones

the

that

is,

the forms

developed by

phonetic changes): the dual and the third plural died out
early; they

were replaced by the third masculine singular.

Sing.

kwy

(later k)

2 m.
f-

3f.

Hy

(later

t)

3 m.

y or

(later

disappeared)
Plural
Vk MA/A^

wyn

(later n)

tywny

o m.

f.

(later

AA/WAA

III III

t)

ty

Dual
3 m.
f.

wy
tyw

Roeder-Mbrckr, Short

Egyptian Grammar

34
82.

82. Conditional. 83.

kind of conditional form, which

transitive-active

was ah'eady rare

in the older language, is found later,

though only with

"to

be able"; otherwise

passive

Suffix Conjugation.

rh "to understand", "to know",

it

always had an intransitive-

meaning and indicated a conditional

tative").

If

it

stands independently,

(though rarely) in ancient times,

the

fulfilled

condition

Usually

action (apodosis).
sentence,

Then

which

is

of
it

it

as

it

("qualialso

did

usually introduces

previously

mentioned

introduces a conditional

subordinate

to

another

sentence.

dependent on a verb which is in

the tense of the suffix conjugation ( 83), and thus
resembles a participle ("pseudo-participle"). Cf. 124a,
it

is

often

125a, 132a.

Examples: yy.ty n.y hcty "thou comest to me while

thou rejoicest" (*12,5), ywC.kwy m rib "I was rewarded
with the gold" (*26,4), w^h.f wy wd^.kwy "he laid me
down when I was healed" (*47,5).

THE SUFFIX CONJUGATION

83.

The most frequent

tenses (tempora) are formed by

addition of the suffixes ( 52), either directly to

the stem {sdm.f tense) or after the insertion of syllables

the

yn, hr, k), which are derived from particles ( 84).

From all these forms a passive ( 95) can be built
(n,

by the further insertion of the syllable tw; another

form is the more comprehensive passive sdm.wf ( 96).
Further, from the tenses sdm.f and sdm.n.f substantival
built.

forms introducing relalive sentences ( 118) are

The

8486. Suffix Conjugation.

tenses of the regular verb

define in a practical way,

The

35

transhxtions merely ^ 84.

and by no means exhaust the

meaning of individual forms.

Active

Passive

he

sdm,f

hears
sclm.n.fhe

has heard

sdm.tw.f he

is

heard

sdm.n.tw.f

he has been

c:i

heard

^M

then he has

heard

been heard

sdm.hr.f

Mm.yn.tw J

sdm.yn.f
then he

he shall
hear
sdm.hr.f
thus he

sdm.hr. tw.f

^k\"

sdm.k^.tw.f

he shall
be heard

thus

"he

is

The
it

mn

^ ^\. v

sdm.w.f

(of

sdm.f and sdm.n.f):

heard" and "he has been heard" (

inflection

is

heard

hears
Passive

he

of tenses:

96).

If the subject

is

a noun,

comes immediately after the root of the verb;

86.

e.g.

"my name prospers" (*10,5), Bw yh.k "may thy

heart be glad" (*5,11). yrm hm.y nn *'my majesty did
rn.y

these things" C10,3).

If the subject is a pronoun,

it is

added

of a suffix ( 52) to the root of the

sdm.f "he hears"

is

in the

form

verb; the tense

perhaps built on the form of a noun

3*

86.

 8791. Suffix Conjugation.

36

According to the Coptic the pronounciation was something like sedmof.

Almost all tenses can also be impersonally used in
the active and passive.
Their appearance is then the
same as before the nominal subject: yy.tw "one came"
(*30,7), yr.n.tw "it shall be done" ('^36,2), rdy.tw m-hr-n
tHy "it was imposed upon the vizier (*52,4)The tense sdm.f occurs in both independent and
dependent sentences, for the past as well as for the
present.
It is used in assertions, questions, and direct
and indirect speech, as well as in requests, and
("his hearing*').

87.

88.

especially after verbs of causing, seeing, finding,

to express a condition, purpose,

wn
r

nJc p.t "the heaven

hw hr hm.f

(^10,2),

majesty"

is

or result.

etc.,

Examples:

open for thee" ^6,1), nlm.y

"I grew up at the residence of the king"

dy,y m^.sn hm.k "I charge

dy.sn pr.t-r-hrw

("^13,6),

that they see thy

"may they

(the gods)

give a funerary offering" (*8,8; 22,4).

89.

The tense sdm.n.f

a manner similar to

indicates the past,

sdm.f.

and

is

used in

It often appears indepen-

dently in historical narrative, besides like a pluperfect

dependent upon

m-M

"after (he

had heard)". Example:

sms.n.y ntr nfr "I have served the king (*9,10).

In the same way the tense sdm.yn.f often appears
90.
narrative; while sdm.k^.f usually
in the historical

appears

in the conclusion of conditional sentences.

sdm.yn.f and sdm.h^.f as well as sdm.hr

also

a command.

appeared"
ii}

91.

Example:

IjC.yn

hm.f

Both

often express
"his

majesty

(^30,9).

The weak and

duplicating verbs ( 72,73) show in

the tense sdm.f two different

moods (manner

of speech).

92

which

in

ascertain,

the

94.

strong

SUFPMX CONJUOATION.

v(5rbs

probably owing

caimot

Ave

our

to

37
satisfactorily

ignorance of voca-

lization.

The two moods are

Usual

Form

Emphatic Form

sdm.f

lie

w.n.f he

may
mrr.f
he love

he

mry.f

If

he

msd.f

^^_^ msdd.f

hates
is

if

often used independently,

and

dependently (but not regularly) where special stress

laid on the verb; thus

question,

they

are

also

is

precept,

threat,

introduced

used

in

in

by

he

hates

-if

The emphatic form

may

wnn.J
he be

is

loves

in

sdm.f ma. J he
hear

hrars

92.

93.

is

sentences of wish, condition,

consequence,

etc.,

conjunction

sentences

of

or

temporal

whether
not.

It

subordina-

emphatic phrases. The emphatic is to

be translated sometimes like a conjunctive; but usualsimple form of
ly, however, not differently from the
tion

and

in

the verb.

The emphatic (doubled) form

active sdm.f.

It is

frequent only in the

also found, however, in the passive,
is

In the other tenses of the suffix conjugation

sdm.tw.f.
it is not found at all.
Examples: n-CB.t-n mrr.y sw
"because I certainly love him"

("^10,4),

mrr.tn

"if

you

94.

38

95. 96. Suffix Conjugation. 97. Predicativk.

wish" (*21,9),

"1 hid myself for fear,

m^^

ivr^yi the

guard should see (me)" (*43,6), "he who desires Ijss sw

Imty ymn.tyiv that the First of the Westerners praise
him" f21,l).

In the passive of the

1)5.

suffix conjugation, the following

difierences occur:

The

which according to the table in

84 form almost every tense by means of -tw, are
closely related, even in meaning, to the active, from which
a)

passives,

they are derived

m-b9h "the great ones were

majesty)" (51,5), drp.tw.f "may he be

c^.tw wr.iv

called before (his

presented with offerings"

found"

ending

ym.n.tw

Hr

"Horus was

(-^33,11).

The

b)

96.

(23,8),

passive

sdm,w.f (Table 84 end)

in the singular,

and y

in the plural;

has the
neither

them
The duplicating verbs
show the doubling; the weak verbs often do not have
the last weak consonant and the ending w written.
Examples n sp yry.w myty.t "never was the like done"
(*16,lO), 7'dyAv n.f y^tv.t "the office was given to him"
(*34,1 between sdm.nf forms).
are ordinarily written.

of

PREDICATIVE
97.

An
cases,

old form, whose use

is

still

the ending

iv

is

confined to a few definite

seen in the so-called predicative.

which

is

It has

often not written; before this

the duplicating verbs show the doubling, and the weak

verbs usually do not write the last weak consonant

The

predicative

is

y.

unchangeable, without regard to the

gender, number, and person of

its

subject;

and

it

does

 98.

not take a

Predicative. 99

suffix.

It

is,

101.

39

Imperative.

therefore, followed either

by a

substantive or an independent pronoun.

The

predicative

is

used only in negative sentences after

98.

c^

tm and

the verbs
^Jnzn

"not to be", and

yniij

usually has an active meaning: ri n tm

for

the

not-to-be-eaten of

N== charm

wnm

"charm

that

be not

eaten" (*56,8), tm rdy hr gs "who does not bend (tho

right) to the side" (*11,3).

Cf. the prohibition

103.

IMrERATlVE
The imperative has a

singular and a plural; a difterence 99.

not distinguishable in hieroglyphics, but

according to the Coptic it is assumed in vocaUzation.
The singular shows the simple root of the verb; in the

in

gender

is

duplicating verbs

it

The

has the doubling.

plural has

the ending y (later also w), which is often not written

out, and which in the weak verbs merges in the last

weak consonant.

Usually the plural-strokes are added

to the determinative.

Plural

Singular

Mm

hear!

wii

see!

sdm.y hear!

^i^'

cross
11

Examples:

ts

tw

100.

"lift

up thyself"

over!

(^29,4),

yry hriu nfr

50,9).
"make (celebrate) a beautiful day!"
imperative:
The following verbs have an irregular
(''49,1].

Verbs

of giving (74):

ymy kmy

^=:

ymy

"give!

101.
,

r Jnd.k "place ointment on thy nose!" (*50,1),

40

102. 103. Imperative.

Verbs of coming

m
To

102.
is

104. Infinitive.

J\

J\mifw "come!",

( 75):

my.ij

"come

ye!".

II

strengthen the imperative, an independent pronoun

often added: also the particle

or the preposition

( 6 lb),

"stand up, thou!" (*38,4),

<z:>, <z:> ^r (69b),

both with

suffixes: CJiC yr.k

^'=^^

:^r/j,

v^^

n,k htp-ntr "take to thyself the divine offering!"

The negative

103.

of the imperative

expressed by the imperative

a following predicate ( 98):

(the

prohibition)

is

ymfj "be not" with

^\
ymy snd "fear not!" (*48,7).

INFINITIVE
101,

The

as a

infinitive is

substantive.

the simple root;

sometimes treated as a verb, sometimes

In strong verbs, its form is that of
in

the duplicating verbs,

the last consonant; the

it

doubles

weak verbs and the causative

of two consonant verbs ( 78) take the feminine ending

Table for the formation of the infinitive:
t as suffix.

mn

to

remain

smn.t to

/WVAAA
/WVA
1

establish

mii* to see

sdm

'A

to hear

^
^
^

^hsh to hasten
I

ms.t to give

birth to

"""^

^^

hnty.t to sail

up

the river

 105109. Infinitive.

The

41

a substantive, and

infinitive stands like

ij

105.

(in *12,8 it

not distinguishable from a real substantive

is

often

is

even written as a plural):

independent sentences as subject, object, predicate,

a) [n

Examples: "O ye living ones,

who love life and hate death"

in the genitive, etc.

mrr.ijiv

msdd.w hp.t
sp n hdhd "the time (example) of attack"

('^.'56,4),

Cnlj

(*37,6),

d/j./j

n-k kny.t "I give to thee to be strong (strength)" (*13,1).

"thy heart will be glad n

m^^ on account

of the sight"

(*56,4).

dependent upon verbs (especially

commands, cause etc.) and prepositions such as <cz:> r
b)

In sentences

and

hr "with", "during" (simul-

"in order to",

^^

taneousness,

Examples: Osiris dy.J "may he give"

pr.t "to do, to be powerful, to go out"
have brought thee up, r hk^ pd.t psd to

cf.

shm
"I
yr.t

(*23,2

4).

106.

61).

rule the nine bow-people" (*16,2). "Darling of the king

m s.mnh

mmv.f through the

(*27,2), h.wt

The

hr

monuments"

beautifying of his

"bodies pass away" (49,6).

shy.t

logical subject follows the infinitive either in the 107.

genitive with

position

aaaaaa

[ >wsAAA

dw^ Wsyr

( 21c) or is introduced

yn "on the part

of" ( 61g).

by the pre-

Example:

N. "worship of Osiris by N." (*27,1. ^-31,6).

If the object is a substantive it follows immediately 108.
tjn

after the infinitive, if

it

is

a pronoun

it is

added

to the

Examples: thou rejoicest mii

nfrw.y to see my beauty the sight of my beauty (*12,5),
dw^.f "to adore him" (^32,3).
An infinitive, independent and without the statement
of a subject, often occurs in successive sentences, where

infinitive

as

suffix.

109.

 110, 111. Infinitive. 112. Participles.

42

n.f sh^ "and

we should expect a verb. Example: yr.t

he made a door for him" (m,10. ^12,3;

likewise cliC

n6,6).

The

110.

infinitive

root as

can be added to a verb of the same

as

itself,

a complementary

infinitive,

for

the

In such a case it has in

purpose of strengthening.
general the usual form, although in three-consonant verbs
it

may
111.

Examples: sdm sdm.t wC "who alone

f^llj'i), Jinn.sn Ijn.t "if they row zealously"

feminine.

is

listen"

r56,4).
Closely related to the

form sdm.t.f which looks

it

infinitive

like

is

a circumstantial

a feminine

infinitive.

In

the root of the duplicating verbs shows no doubling,

and the weak consonants of the weak verbs are often

To express the subject it is combined
not written.
either with a substantive which immediately follows the

circumstantial form like a genitive, or with the pronominal

suffix.

stantial

The

object, if

form

from the

in the

infinitive,

it is

a pronoun, follows the circum-

independent forms;* in
which takes the suffix.

this it differs

At

the be-

ginning of a sentence or paragraph, the circumstantial

form occasionally stands independently like a verb; often

it comes after prepositions; often it indicates a temporal
subordination. Example rdy.ty w^.t n rdwy.ij "I gave
ran on" (*43,5), dr Ijpr.t mny "since
my feet the way
:

the death" (*39,10).

PARTICIPLES
112.

Participles are divided on the one

on the other hand

and passive,
and incomplete (imperfect)

hand

into active

into complete (perfect)

action.

In

all

participles,

43

113. 114. Participles.

the root of the duplicating verbs can show the doubling;

the root of the

it

only in the imperfect

Table

participles.

a)

weak verbs shows

Active

b) Passive

sdni he

Perf.^

who has
heard

^^

tvnn he

8 113.

sdm.y heard

who has
been

j)ry having

'j\

hsy.y praised

come out
Im-

;^1

'^l'^^

m^^.w seeing

-<^>-

mrr.w loving

The endings

AA v

of the participles, as

are, in the perfect: active

iv,

ciples

are like

given

shown

?/;

is

in the table, 114,

in the imperfect:

In number and gender, the partithe noun; they take, therefore, in the

feminine singular the ending

is

passive

dyy.w who

passive w.

active

strokes

who is
remembered

8hB,w

dd.w saying

perf,

t,

in the plural, the plural-

and the ending w, feminine

wt, although the

not generally written.

Examples mk km.t, wCf hSs.wt "who protects Egypt

and subdues the foreigners" (*14,1, cf. *6,5), mrr.w "he
who desires, that " (*21,1), "his father rnn siv who
brought him up" (*25,9), mh-yh *'he who fills the
heart =. darling" (*10,1), hsy.y "the praised" (*14,9), d^w.w
"he who is honoured" (*32,1).
:

44

115117. Participles, 118. Relative Forms.

The

116.

logical subject of passive participles

is

introduced

mry Rc, ms

either directly, or by n:

ofE-e, created by Thot" (*15,7).

n JDJjwty "beloved
Jn genealogies: yry n

"begotten by (chiefly of the father)" and mt<y n "born

of (mother)" (*2],4. ^=24,3).

116.

rare participle with future meaning

is

found in

sdm.tyfy "he who will

hear"; iu such a case the root of a duplicating verb
shows the doubling, and the weak consonant of a weak
the so-called verbal adjective:

verb

is

seldom written.

Sing. m.
Plur. m.

fem.

tyfy

^^^-^^

W
'^

Endings:

M^A^AAA

tywsn

*15,3), "he

who

will

be well" (as proper

desires, dd-tyfy shall say" ('^21,2),

"each living one, stv^.tyfy who will pass by"

Another rare

117.

participle

indicates possibility.

tykj

fern.

Examples: snh.tyfy "he who

noun:

c^

(^^.

t>dm.n

It occurs in only

(*21,8).

"audible"

one form, which

can take both the feminine and the plural ending

(as

114).

THE RELATIVE FORMS

118.

From

sdmf and

sdm.n.f of the suffix conjugation, substantival relative forms are derived, which
take the masculine ending w (usually not written) or
the feminine t, according as they refer to a masculine
the tenses

The verb

has in the
form sdm.w.f the same appearance as in the accented
form of the sdm.f ( 92) hence the weak and the duplior

feminine

substantive.

root

119.120. Relative Forms. 121.1 2'2. Periphrastic tenses.

45

eating verbs have the doubling of the last strong con-

Table of the relative forms:

sonants.

Masculine:

^^^""^

Feminine:

^ ^^

sdm,w.f

6Wmi./she whom he

he whom he
hears

"^^ V

sdm.w.n.f

he

whom

hears, (that which

he hears)

^ ^^

'^^'^^ 6'6?m.^.ri/

he

she

whom

he has heard, (that

has heard

The

110

which he has heard)

which in use are with difficulty

differentiated from participles, are often used substantively.
They can then be used with an adjective, especially

relative forms,

^==^37

sentence,

nJ)

"all".

e. g.

in the

dyy.t p.t, km^.t

t^,

They

120.

usually introduce a relative

enumeration of epithets. Examples

ynn.t hCpy "that which heaven gives,

and the Nile brings" (*22,6), 7in

yry.w.nJi n.y "this which thou hast done to me" (*24,10),
snn.t ytn "that around which the sun revolves" (*24,5).
the

earth

creates,

PERIPHRASTIC TENSES
The verb-forms are strengthened by many combinations 121.
with auxiliary verbs; in the vernacular ( 8c) these
combinations, mostly with "to be" and "to make", gradually

supplanted the simple verbforms

of the

older

classical language.

The auxiliary verb

"to be".
Some of the most frequent verb forms are strengthened

122.

46

122. 124, Periphrastic tenses.

by

paraphrased

or

^^

and

"to be".

w)i

conjugation

83)

the

prefixing

auxiliary

For the forms

two

possibilities

^ yw

of the

suffix

them-

present

selves:

When

the subject occurs once:

()^^^^

y^

wn sdm.f

^^^v

^dm.f

he hears

he hears
(

^^^^?/m;

sdm.7i.f

^^^^^L^^

tt^H

sdm.n.f

he has heard

he has heard
ij)

\\

wn.yn

A/VAAAA A/yV\AA

kdm.f then he heard

When' the

subject occurs twice:

-

^ ^^

wn.f

AAA/VNA

sdm.f he hears

he hears

sdm.f then he heard

The verbs yw and wn

123.

"to be" can also be used before

a genuine nominal sentence ( 27). ^i(; ch.wyJ

"ber horns are on thy head" (^38,8).
124,

dSd^Ji

In like manner those sentences which are not genuine

nominal sentences ( 132) can be introduced by yw
or

wn:
With the

a
is

speaking

qualitative ( 80)

chirps" (*55,7).

yw

ij

mdw

"the chicken

 125127. Periphrastic tenkes.

47

yw

hw-nb hr dw^

With hr and

the infinitive ( 106):

njrw.j "everyone praised his beauty"

(*'^5,2;

cf. *:iO,ll-

*31,1).

If the subject of these unreal nominal sentences

a 125.
pronoun, the following combinations present themselves,
which are used very often in the vernacular of the New

Kingdom

With
"he

is

( 8c)

and which

the qualitative:

continue in the Coptic:

^^^ y

(|\j\

hearing", yw.k whn.ty "thou risest"

With hr and the

sdm "he
fleeing

still

(^^55,3).

then they fled headlong"

The future tense and

^.

V^-f

(*37,9).

the future

command

dered by the preposition ci^ r with the

this

y^-f ^^^^-^ a

hearing", wn.yn.sn hr hh^ "then were they by

is

infinitive

is

occurs

after

the auxiliary verb

infinitive ( 106); a
[l

^ yw

yw.tn r drp n.y "ye shall sacrifice to me"

dp.t r yy.t "a ship will

come"

are ren-l26.

"to be":

(*36,7),

yw

(*48,8).

In an unreal nominal sentence ( 132): yh n hm.k r

kbb "the heart of thy majesty will be glad" (^56,3).

The auxiliary verb f

c/^c to

stand"

is

placed & 127.

before a verb in order to reproduce the accentuation

in historical narration.

sdm.n./

chCn, more seldom as sdm.f: ^ a

With forms
hnCJn "then
C37,5).

It appears usually as the tense

of the suffix conjugation: Chc,n thn.n

^^'^

hm.f

his majesty came into conflict with them"

128

With

130,

Periphrastic tenses.

the qualitative

( 80):

131.

Syntax.

rdy.hwy

c]iC,n

yw

"then was I thrown on the island"' (*45,2).

The auxiliary verb

128.

<2>- yry "to do"

used, in

is

forms of the suffix conjugation, to paraphrase the respective forms of other verbs:

First of all with

compound

she be presented with

Then

went"

life"

129.

For
the

('M3,8),

(^2,4. '^11,11).

sdm

yry.n.y

"I learned" (*51,9); yr.k

(*39,4).

historical narrative, especially with verbs of going,

combination of an

yry.n.f "he did"

is

infinitive

used:

ryp Vs

with

The auxiliary verb

pw

"this"

and

aD^aaaaaa hn.t

yry.nf "to go was that which he did

130.

"may

also with others: yry.y sm.t "I did the going

Cnhiy "mayest thou Hve"

verbs: yry.s dy-Cnlj

pw

he went".

A^ ^^^^ "^^ ^^^^

been", "to

have had", in different verb forms is constructed, especially in negative sentences, with the infinitive of a verb,
in order to denote a condition or an action which
occurred in the past: n sp

pBiw

yr.t myty.t

"never was

the like done" (*54,7).

Syntax

ORDER OF WORDS AND EMPHASIS

IN

PRINCIPAL SENTENCES

131.

The regular word-order

in verbal

and nominal sen25-27). The word-

been discussed (
order becomes irregular by emphasizing a word. The
emphasized word is usually found at the beginning of a

a tences has already

sentence and

is

introduced by the preposition

aa^^^

yn

 132.

or

<=> yr [

^^^^^

y *^^=^

13;3.

''^^=^

49

Hyntax.

yn hfyf-frdy.f

", yr yrt rlj ri ^)n

was who gave
"but whoever knows this charm" (*56,9).
In nominal sentences, which as a rule begin with the
subject, the verb "to be" is to be understood ( 27)
between the subject and the predicate. Often the pronoun

*'his

majesty

it

piv "this" ( 57b, 58)

may be

is

introduced by

heart (was)

The predicate

inserted there.

^\

my companion"

"as": yh.y

(*45,5); t^

nh

hiw.y "my

ksj.w "Every

land was bowed" (*19,2).

The word-order,

subject

predicate,

of the nominal 132.

sentence ( 27) is also transferred to sentences with

verb-forms (unreal nominal sentences). In such the verb
stands:

In the qualitative, especially with transitive verbs, to a

indicate a condition: yb.w ndm "hearts were glad"
(''^34,11),

was

d^d^.t hr.ty "the council (of gods)

Chc.w

('^35,11),

st

Kadesh"

(52,3).

In the

infinitive

h^

Ms

"they

with hr,

are

stationed

hr hy

hnw "mankind began

(^31,2), psd.t

behind

especially with transitive b

verbs, to indicate the beginning of a condition.

rliy.t

satisfied"

to rejoice

Examples
and shout"

hr c?w;i./"the nine-fold (gods) praised him",

(^32,3).

These sentences can be introduced by an auxiliary

verb "to be" ( 124).

The omission

of

words

is

frequent in

sentences, especially in comparisons.

or

object

is

omitted, especially

and likewise when the discourse

Roedbr-Mercer, Short

when
is

all

kinds of 133.

Often the subject

it

is

a pronoun;

about the king.

Egyptian Grammar

Cf.

50

134. 135. Special kinds of sentences.

also the impersonal use of the verbal forms ( 87) and

of the infinitive ( 109). Examples: ^w yh.k my Rc "thy

heart be glad like (that

made

"he

(it)

as

his

Re" (*5,11), yry.n.fm mnwf

monument" ("^6,8. '^11,9. '^12,2),
of)

"N makes (it) for him" ('^6,11. -^16,11). Cltw

yry n,J
ur.w m-hBli ^-the princes were called into the presence
of (his majesty)" (*51,5); mnli.f hr ?/& "he was pleasant
to the heart (of the king)" (*27,7).

SPECIAL KINDS OF SENTENCES

Temporal sentences.
The

134.

dependent

temporal

sentences

are

sometimes

placed before, sometimes after the principal sentence,

usually they have no conjunction, so that the condition
of dependence

is

shown only by the context and verb-

Occasionally they are introduced by

forms.

m-7?r '^afterwards" (*30,10),

"

^v

J\

tp-c "before" (*44,10),

dr "since" (39,10) &c.

Examples: yw wp.n.f
yw.y hr h.ty '^he opened
was on my belly" (^46,10-11), dc pr, yw.n m
wM-wr "a storm arose, (as) we were on the sea" (*44,9.
(M8,3), lidM t^, ph.n.y "when the earth had become light
I arrived" (^43.9), lift spr hm.fr nhrn "when his majesty
came to Naharin (Mesopotamia)" f^'40,4).
,

(while) I

Conditional sentences.

The

135.

yr

"if";

verb

is

conditional sentences can be introduced by

often,

however, there

is

no conjunction.

<^^>

The

usually found in a form of the suffix conjugation;

 135137. Special kinds of sentences.

51

the accented form ( 91):

the earth (is) in darkness"

with the tense sdm.f often

in

"when thou settest,

(*65,5 6), mrr.tn
my M.tn
then read!" (*21,9 22,1).
htp.h

*'if

ye desire

Final sentences &c.

Our conjunctions
"until" are for the

"that",

"in

order to", "so

that", 136.

most part not reproduced; the verb

Occasionally <cz^ r

usually stands in the sdm.f tense.

(also r-dd *51,4; r-ntyi *30,8) introduces

such sentences,

Indirect interrogative sentences are introduced without

a conjunction; the
is

/^(a/jce of

Cf. r with

often not perceptible.

order to"

purpose and

final

sentences

the infinitive "in

106); tense sdm.f ( 88).

Examples: '^Remember joy, r yy.t hrw pf^ n myny

till
that day of death cometh" ('^50,6), dy.y m^.sn
"I cause that they see" (^13,6. 10), "he said, chi.f hnC.y

that

he

(would) fight (with me)" (M2,7), "he

wished,

yw.y m yry rd.wy.f that I would be his guide (companion of his feet)" (*40,2).

Interrogative sentences.
In interrogative sentences are found the forms of the
suffix conjugation; they are usually introduced by a
particle which

often follows.

the enclitic
(J

(J

^^^^^

^v

(y)'^'/

Such interrogative words, coming

beginning or end of the sentence, are

(

yn-m,

(to

ym

^v

69b)

at the

m, accented:

131) "who?", "what?";

yh "what?". Greneral particles used to introduce

4*

137.

52

138141. Special kinds or sentences.

questions

are:

"^^^^H

^^^

^^^'^

^^

word;

^^'^^

Example

tnv, try as second word.

"Who

yn-m. yn tw

brought thee?"

Negative sentences

(*47,2.7).

( 28b).

Principal sentences are negatived by the older particle

138.

n or the younger -^^^ nn "not", which always

stands first in the sentence. The verb is found in the
,_ru.

forms of the

and with the tense sdm.f

suffix conjugation;

nn in the accented form ( 91). w rlj lim.f "his

majesty knew not" (*51,4), nn sp U'C "not one remained"
after

Likewise in the relative sentence

('^45,1).

141c).

139.

Dependent sentences are negatived by means of the

auxiliary

:^^

verbs

i^n

and
(j

|^,

y^ny

"not to be", "not to have"; the verb of which follows

in the predicate ( 98).

Relative sentences ( 141c) are negatived by the ad-

140.

jective

^^^^ nyw.ty "who

which agrees
tive, which it
tive.

^^^

in

not",

is

"who has

not",

gender and number with the substanIt can also be used as a substan-

follows.

nyw.ty.t "that which does not exist" (*9,5).

Relative sentences.
141.
^'

Relative sentences

by the
plural
tively.

relative

'^

(cf.

pronoun
nty.w,

28a) are usually introduced

^^,

^^

nty,

nty.t

"who",

which can also be used substan-

Examples: s^ nty

tp t^ "a

man who

is

on earth"

 141.

(*56,11),
is

p^

Special KiNrs of rentencer.

ntij Ijul/ /jui ''the

the palace"

it" (*44,11),

place on which his majesty

('^52,8), ntfj.tv

nty.w-yht "those

r>[i

ym.s "those who are in

who are

there = the dead"

which is (exists)" (*9,5).

The introductory "who" is often omitted in relative
sentences; in which case, if the subject is the same,
the verb takes the form of a participle; but if the
subject is different, it prefers the relative form ( 118j:
'prr.t m-h^h ntr-C9 "that which comes out before the
great god (i.e. delivered as an offering)" pi 9,8), "the
(^'^32,4),

nty.t "that

prince, rdy.iu.n stn

whom

the king has dispatched"

n.f ntr.w to whom the gods bow"

skd.w ym.is rJj.w.n.k "rowers are in it (the boat)
"(Osiris, nrr.iv

(^'27,3),
(''^28,9),

whom

thou knowest (known to thee)" (^8,9).

The relative sentence is negatived either by the negative relative nyiv.ty ( 140); or, in nominal sentences,

by the introductory negative

drw "there is no boundary"
ship which has no rudder"

who has not

n, 7in
("^7,7),

(''^43,4),

his like (his second)"

"not" ( 138); nn
wslht nn hm.s "a

"a hero, nn sn.nw.f

(^^'42,6).

List of Hieroglyphs.
The following
plete

list,

list

of hieroglyphics

a selection from the com-

is

Avhich Lepsius arranged according to classes for the type-

Today Ave know the real

meaning of many signs which at that time were wrongly defined;
the meaning, however, of many others is yet unknown.

foundry of Ferd. Theinhardt of Berlin.

After each hieroglyph there

word with which

it is

is

phonetic value

if its

given

(in bold- face type) in Avhich

The

list,

(in italics)

not written.

read,

are placed.

given

how

connected; and also

is

the Egyptian

the sign

is to

he

Further, the classes are

the hieroglyphs as determinatives

In ad-

as well as the data, is incomplete.

dition to those necessary for the reading excercises, only the most
frequent hieroglyphs, phonetic values, and phrases are given.

Abbreviation:

A.

"^

g.

god.

chief, offi-

29

MEN

84

to call,

smsiv, 8r

85

to worship
3-j^

U
i

B,

^/

to turn

liB

enemy,
foreigner

old man,
30 1^
J^

prisoner

cer, wr^

89
to smite,

Ijw

91

man, suffix
53
to speak,
to eat

-/i

16

around, Cny

dance, to
"^
rto
rejoice,

51

ksy
71

19

oy D

to

build

mkd,

92

weariness

to build

^ child,

98

hrd
I

to

row

enemy

mummy,
gure,

death,

80

to drink,

swr

bow

death,

sitting,

fi-

tivt

82

i4

soldier,

m^c 10
1

to hide,
/yip,

ymn

LlT OF HlEROGI.YPHS:

^ to
^'

W
^

106

1).

to

work

W.i

(n

dJcP, tp

Jjr

^\5^.

birth tu

16

PARTS OF MAN

'

to give

15

carry,

56

D.

''4^'-'^

'''ff:i.:'
,^
lor^

rn)i

hair

10^2^2/^,

to

rnr).ij)i
rnp.wt)

110

tlie

117 A]

^^iiig'

]20

iff^

suffix

wsyr,

53
3

l^i"g'

pth, g.

mymv

131

foreigner,! 10

vf)

cf. F
29<=>r

Ptah

^/m

g.

'

(Ptah)

Bedouin
honoura
bonoura-

^^

33^

Onuris

35

Amon

j,.

19

Sp8

6^i(;,

g.

39

Show 43

to fall

honoura-

139

25
31

rc, g.

53 32

to

WOMEN

33

dancer
7

Jl
.

36

woman,
suffix

53 54

em-

[J

hCrw

Set,

47

Baal

lj;pt

^i

.^_n_ w, wt/t^,

negative
j

Anubis

51 \5^ hn

dJjwty,
g.

singer,

Re

ynptv,
g.

B.

to suckle

brace,

.46
sts,

g.

ble person,
suffix

^c

'

133^//r,

to

mdw

38

bleperson,

to spit,

X back

mM;,g.Min 37

^ ^^^^

flow out

'

yn-Jjr.t,
g.

128

see

15 (^^Cyti

king

128

-^^ to

^ g. Osiris

121

GOOS

C.

dead

see

wsyr)

(cf.

Thot

'

56

hum w,
g.

Khnum

W^ dsr

59
62 ^

flC,

for 63

mJj,

rmn

List of HiERO<ii,Yi'Hs:

56
63

1^

65

9^

dy, grli

l^mij

66 Q

distribute

U-^ to

69

smite,
nlit

etc.,

"Dd

84

]]

14

;a

^ynm

neck

sacrilicial

15

13^
15

76 cr^^i/

82

bound
animal

to

link,

D G.

Vh

ivp

16
IJW

30

33

goat,herd, 35

17

m^-hd?
87

dhc

a::::^

41
19

dkr

man

90 <=tD h^h,
9(*==u)

28

95

96

7:\ to go,

98

A.

]jm

v/ti;,

to go

back,

99

22

leg,

102

103

110
111

49
|5ry/

60
wea- 61

ther,g..^^^

he
.

/i^r

T/Junstead
of

:i^,

?//<

T^
G.

mammals

8t

tail

BIRDS
i,

also for

-mG 5
\tyw

nose, to

breathe,
6

ox,

63 ^^kyivC, ysw

PARTS OF
MAMMALS

MAMMALS

58

wp-w^.wt
59

horse,

whm

51

66^ bad
flesh

hear,

4S ,^pl''
49 cr^ hp^

rage

wn

//t(;,6//,6//i

sdm, ydn

ynpw

55

flesh,

^=
^ to

baboon,

_g^ rw

rd

9,

P=^

46

5^

hnw

38

3
E.

44

36

J^ grg

101

sCh

fnd,sr.t,rs

nil

Lisi oi lliLuodLYPH.s:

75

lir

78

11

'^ db

81

23

rhu.t

26

;^ chn

83

tu

30

87

^^^

16

28

90
36

^v

91

38

^m

92

46

f<^gm

H.

PARTS OF BIRDS

"^

^pd

>%

nr

^^ to
f)

sm;,

21

egg,

yi/t

66

%= dfi

67

^*^'

J^ p^

I.

snake

FISH

"1^

//i

hyt

fly
7>iiC

M.

PLANTS
tree, ^/mi

AMPHIBIA

rnp,

13

2 <$4v^ai

hS.t-sp

7nry, try

i.

mi, nhb

'Im

^''

birds

73

33

L INSECTS

goddess

^^ bnw

"^ a-

13

hivtlj

71

10

6i, soul

13

-^1

see

2 <0*t fish

^::>snd

^^^ h^w

60

goddess

S6^

12

-^

K.

53 1^&2/^, h^

58

snake,

f)

16

79

god, king

57

10

//

'^ ymn

54

M.

"^^ u;r
80 "^evil

J5

48

^.^nt^,

8
9

g.

15

Sobk

km

17

frog' toad,
I

List of Hieroglyphs:

58

80

T
26

82

^'iC

40

r^'

33

35

'

//,

(]

37

Id.t

^rA/i 67nt^i

90
33

35

89

30

30

yns

(nij-swt?)

'

[|(|13

'/.^

^'i^^'

bower

92

fig,

93

If

6;ir

ciJi'^

("^^'^^^

75

98

nlfiln

uclm

'

'

l.l: - ..:j

36
37

39

25

41

"^

42

43

^Tr

47

63

ah.t
N. HEAVEN,
EARTH, WATER

^i
i//i

plants,

///i,

lj9

m//.

M;i^

^>^ lotos

67

*^

68

73

M N.

t<;n

[?-^

(late)

74

/^^

77

(old)

wd

!;(?

liisr

59 5==^ pond

60 [i3a

f)i'

Hii;i!00i-Yi'Hs:

thn

,53

72

sail

-^

steh
.jtL.

16 XZItJiv,

61

^//3^

63

house.// it'i

pr

house,

21
feast,

22

12

68

/]
'^-'

^t^PS,

throne

11)) I

70 5, bolt
71 "ITT"

/li

2/5 5^'

72

i>e=i ts

74

^oi=- m;?tt;,

(Nephthys)

g.

Kt'lir,

23

Min

76

80

Ij.t,

"I

84
36

^ssp
HOUSE ARTICLES

Hi srh

wall

43

45

[p knh

48

Ip

gate,

Sy

/?ip

A
t==i pyi'amid
g^^^^'

SHIPS AND
THEIR PARTS
P.

rj

-^'^'^(Cf-

5 Jhi- like 1

"5^

17
house 19

Che

29

goddess

Hathor

51

s^^y

nb.t-ht

hriv
I

/i

LTl wr,

19

N^^ rudder

open, Ci

10

17

6//6

//6

Q.

ra

lih-sd

^^

city,

iija-

J'Jcr

6 ^\-^ p\t-r-lpiv 69 Tmimr door, to

9

up

stream

//?/;

BUILDINGS AND
THEIR PARTS

hnty, to

14

19
0.

59

obelisk

6*

54
66

N- -Q.

20

to sleep
to die
i

c=^=,

Up

ffl

nk

/I\

L^r

25 l^^j coffin

28

^6i

29

?/t(;n

/m

2 ^ca:; ship, tt;p^;

hd,iomoYe 31

down
stream

34

11

//s

List of Hieroglyphs:

60
39

^2

jA
=^
I

^^-^

mdr
dress,

29

y/wiv/, it;/yi

-^

^-i'ii

mnlj.t

42 X ^nnh.t +
^^klA^s.^ icrj?)
I

28

Q T.

51

54

n.iC

S. CLOTHING,
JEWELRY, INSIGNIA

7
t5

8
58 z=:] )ii^C
59 ""T" stand for
11
images of

gods and

Q
^

//j9r6'

//(?

?,

%^//

13

*kf

14

(9

iv

17

[p

hviy

s7/;yii

district

names
TEMPLE

R.

ARTICLES

13

2St^ yh

^iudhtv

31 jtid;

'^ Iiv.t

32

"TT

clothing

3-^

tongue,

god, ntr

13
I

16

ft

T^ hry.t'ntr

18

ft

20

22
26

(J(i

5mi

J,jsn
m

yBh

5'^

Li.ST

21

ipij

I
10

1)

2 -e-.s'^i

(i?;:

^^^ 8^m

20

28

21 -^=^j)d
f

31

sty

/2^

.vn

^>^

i..

31)

i>?/i//

(cf.

i
8

v'h^ to

29

e arrow,

33

5
^y/r

15 >>^ to cut
27

61

^7^

24

hp^

T V.

OF HiERO glyphs:

open

"^

42)

sack, Cr/

"^

crk

15 o*=^

mh

10

30
39

q^

41 ^-=>

sB

31

ci>

43

17

i&

(mr:U24)

nd

36

^^

21 >3>C Cw(Z

26

33
chariot

^=^

tt;i

27

'^

28

rtvd

TOOLS AND
AGRICULTURAL
IMPLEMENTS
U.

>

r^

nw

38

40

>czD=:

42

45

;j

12

^
V^

mi
with

'))ir,

48

Q 58
hoe

13

%v^ plough snC

14

^^TT-TT

19

^m
^2/

49
50

^
A

P^

nr.t (Ne'it)

29 oj^^ si

^18

30

krs

s^h
/?^p,

It

>i&

6'

WItl

37

wBh

41

phr

43

cord,

to

fasten, ^ii

100

20

sk

WICKER-WORK
(9

/t

34

45
1

'msn,gnw.t

44
V.

si

(cf.

14)

s^ yty

^^^'^'

^^

embalm

List of Hieroglyphs:

62
W. VESSELS
I

oil,

34
mrh.t, 35
oy

hs or

\)

lis

39
water, khh 40

40
Tim

t;57

Q'^

W Z.

6i
2/^

cook-

fire,

ing
,9ntr

B^ ^r

fruit

43
46

49
11

limn

13

fluids,

53

gifts likt

14

l/rtJ,

milk
21

*^^^?

^^^

22

jl

23

tA

23

^w^^^

26

/^

i(;C&

29

my

31

Y7

ivsh^hnw.t

33

2//1

bread, <i

5:7 7^6,

feast

Vocabulary.
The vocabulary

reading-exercises, other words also

The words

words necessary

contains, besides the

which are frequent

for the

in easier texts.

are arranged according to the Egyptian alphabet ( 12);

same hieroglyphics are

placed in groups, in order that they may the more easily be found.
The hieroglyphics placed before groups or single words by no
means represent the whole orthography of the word in question;
such, however,

are written with the

as

but are only a characteristic mark out of the orthography of the

word, which, is to facilitate the recognition of the word by the
beginner. The numbers give the pages of the reading exercises,

where the complete writing

Abbreviations:

g.

God.

word can be found.

of the

c.

country,

p.

place,

t.

= temple.

is.t-hr inspection *24,5. 32,2.

isr.t roast
3.t

moment.

itvy

distant,

to

be happy

meat 1,9.

(S

Hp

5>i)

itpy.t load.

to load,

*12,8.
iiv

length *20,10. 47,10,

iw.t-yh joy *24,7.

ihw elephant, ivory.

f ihiv town Elephantine.
ihh(i?) to mix IS,?.
ihdio town Abydos *8,5.
ipd duck, goose, birds

y3w

adoration, worship *31,4.

53,11.

ynvy

to be old.

*8,8.

36,9. 45,10.
"Dj

oh! 21,5. 70.

r yiw.t

office *15,2. 21,10.

iynm to grasp 28,1.

ih.t field *26,7.

T2T

ij^-t

inundation 48.

isy to hurry, to accelerate *52,5.

JiS.t
is.t

yih.t the east.

iyh.ty east, left *55,3.

yir.t beans (?) *7,2.

y^rr.t

wine

+25, 8.

place SjS. 49,7.

yihw to be transfigured 22,9.

goddess

yihiv splendour S.G.

i^.t-yh

Isis *19,1.

wish 19,10.

yifi excellent

U.P.

33,.'.

64

Vocabulary: yiht.yh.t

qO] yih.t horizon

*3,7. 20,4. 55,1,

yik.t bulblike *45,9.

A yu (y^yV to come 75.

J^ yy-'>^y welcome *33,9.
yCy to wash *27,8.

* 9,1.

/^=^ yCh moon

yw

*15,8.

?/?(^^^tocome*12,8.42,5,51,l
75.

CH) yw

islsnd *13,8, 43,10. 45,2.

*2,9.

ymn.t the west *20,1.

ymn.ty western, right
yn on the part of *27,1.

28,2.

Q yny
j\ ynio

of

3,7. 55,5.

61g.

*47,2. 137.

to bring *22,7.
offering *19,3.

J-s^ ywpw

ynr stone

g.

Aiiubis *19,4.

*6,10. 54,6.

egg-shell *55,7.

:;5^ yicC to reward *26,14,

yiC heir, inheritance *9,7.

<G=cj

29,2. 33,10.

^ ywf meat

Amon

Thebes

g.

yn-m who?

to be 122ff. 26c. 131b.

J\

ymn

*l,8.

ynh to enclose *52,9.

ynh ej^ebrow *46,9.

(y)nd-hr Hail! *27,10. 31,8.

ywnio town Heliopolis

*11,5.

III

<Vf

yl) to

^^ yhy
0"

if

believe *46,2.

102.

<2>*3,6. 25,7.

Cf.

135; emphasis 131.

With

to thirst *43,11.

yh heart

yr

suffixes:

*18,8.

69b.

137.

7jry to

hry-yh.

make

*20,3.

to create, to beget *18,7.

,^=^ ybd month

yp

115. 128.

to count *34,4

yp.t-iSAvt

ym

*5,1. 48.

t.

to pass time *45,4.

Karnak (Thebes)

*4,9.

auxiliary verb 128.

there *7,6. 45,8 thereof *22,8.

yry-yh.t to sacrifice *11,4.

ynii.t

goodness *12,10,

15,5.

yry he who belongs

to *26,6.

40,2. 36a.

ymih reputation *2,7.

y7'io figure *31,10.
ymihy worthy, respected yrp wine *1,8.
2,3.4.

.JW,

ymy

ymy

yrnt Orontes *53,8.

not to be *48,7. 139.

^ yrtt milk

give! *50,1. 101.

ymy he who

Li

ymy-yh darling

ymy-n

ymn

is

in *10,1. 19,5.

^^^

*1,8.

yh ox 8.8.

36,9.

*7,10.

(mr) director

*2,6.7.

to conceal (oneself).

%^^

yhw.ty builder, farmer.

P yU

afifair *8,9.

Vocabulary ylimw(-^k) - C^.

65

y'hm.w(-^k) see hm.

ys grave

ysy

j\

*9,1. 36,5.

reward

yst, yst behold,

64b) *18,1.

to

barley *7,6.

Cm
yt (also tf?)

6,8.

10,7.

god"
^TT-rr

ytm

(title

g.

Cny

f
*3,7.

*16,9. 55,2.

to live 18c, the living

*7,9.

XK Cnd

fat.

^ X^ Cry

to ascend.

Crf bag (with paint V)

*^

Q/^

representative, assistant

*27,8.

Crly

last *18,4.

Chi to fight *37,4. 42,7.

Chi battle *13,7.

arrow

?ChC

=*

auxiliary 127.

tp-C before *44,10. 134.

ChC life-time

tpy-C.wy ancestor *39,10.

(m).ChC.t grave *49,2.

B ChC

n-Ci.t-n because *10,4.

palace *10,1.

Chm

Sv,
*^LAf

Rokder-Mercek, Short

sparrow-hawk,

Chnw.ty

cabinet

king) *2,6.

Syrian, Asiatic *13,5. 40,3.

lime-stone.

holy

14,6. 56,2.

idol.

>y Cih.t offering, gift.

Cyn

*18,1. 55,11.

of *54,5.

Ci great, to be great (Ciy).

Cim

*42,11.

to stand *51,3.

C arm *12,9.

m-C

*19,6.

36,9.

\> ydb two borders (shore?) *25,8.

_D

around *53,10.

life *22.5.

^-jY^ yty to take *47,4.

ydnw

to turn

Cnh ear

of a priest) *49,3.

ytn disk of the sun

ytrw stream *24,1.

out *56,2.

*21,5.

"father of the
|

Atum

fit

to swallow.

Cnh

hrp).

11,9.

12,2.

yt-ntr

(cf.

to be supplied with *13,6.

OCpr

ff.

father *3,2.

'

to rob.

Ch horn *38,8,
tombstone +22,1

Qj

*24,8.

(also

c^

\,

here

37,1. 51,1
it

Cwiy

to haste,

c^^ ysiv

...

Cw.t small cattle.

Cs to call *51,5.

Egyptian Grammae

(of

the

Vocabulary:

66
<$=$s^ Csi to

many

be many,

*7,4.

Csj

ivtt.

T wbi

to penetrate *27,6.

18,1. 37,3.

Csi rich *31,9.

Ck to go in

*5,8. 23,6. 41,1.

wbn

in

\/

to rise (sun) *12,7. 18,9.

55,3.

rvp to adjust *11,3.

wpy

open *46,10.
wp-wi.wt g. Upuat *8,6.

^^

^^^ wn

open
wmo.t hour

way *6,2.
to bow to

wi.t
iviy

to

to

fl

wave

wn7i to be, to exist *36,3.

(r) *30,8.

*45,3.

wnm

happy, lasting
to be

happy

Wis happiness

Wisd

*4,7.

wid

wr

'^s=:t

food *55,11.

n-wr-n because *27,7.

*4,1.

town Thebes

lurry.t war-chariot *13,9.

*4,6.

wrsy.t guard *43;6.

'f

green, fresh,

young

whn

ivhy.t

T-4^^

wyi

,H,^

tcC

ivC.ty the only

wCy

wCf

icsh

wCb clean

*8,9.

priest *2,1. 21,6.

to fetter *6,5. 14,1.

far, to be wide.
width *47,11.

ivsht transport ship *43,3.

to be alone *45,4. 53,5.

king), palace *11,2.

\J wsh

one *4,10.

wCCiv lonesomeness (of the

Title

wsr to be mighty *22,9.

wsr strong *12,1. 14,5.
wsr.w might *18,2.

ship.

1.

to loosen.

of the dead *9,9.

JJ

one *37,10. 40,11.

*44,7.

J lsyr g. Osiris *2,9.

*35,3. 68, cf. yy-ivy.

alone *55,1

stem

QlS> whC

44,9. 45,3.

how!

to repeat *4,1. 27,8.

*16,3.

wid green paint *1,11.

lidy.t goddess Uto of the Delta.
wid-wr the (Red) Sea *13,8.
ivy

great *11,1; the great

one*51,2;first-born23.8.

*21,9.

tvisy to go to ruin *25,6.

\

Osiris *23,8. 28,3.

to eat *56,8.

toih to lay *47,5.

ivih

*51,9.

43,5.

wnn-nfr
wiiv

29,8.

*6,1.

ivshi to step out *6,4.

wsb

ivt
iv.t

to

answer

*47,8.

embalm.
town name?

to

19,5.

^*=) wtt to beget *49,8.

Vocarulatiy: wdnpjw.t
tvdn to sacrifice.

wclhw

67

byk falcon.

altar.

work

byTc to

wd

tl

ivd

command *29,5.
command *39,9.

*16,8.

to

irdi whole, healed, to be

happy

byk servant

JsJ

bC7' g.

Baal

*9,11. 54,4,
*53,4.

*30,7. 47,5.

ivdi to

go

bi place *10,2.

*56,1.

biu-nb each one *35,2.

'^^

s
1

tvdi.t

wdC

holy Uzat-eye.

<^^

to judge.

bb.t

wdb

shore, beach *37,3.

good

biu-nfr the

35c.

bwt abhorrence.

whirlpool (?) *24,1.

bn.t

harp

*49,1.

bni Phoenix (bird

J
"J^^^^

^^ bi to be happy

(?)

*18,9.

bi soul *23,4.

^^^

5jt<;

*13,2. 19,2. 37,8.

^15} &} ram, soul.

f=ai m-bih before

bnr sweet *35,3.

bnr date.

bhi to flee *37,9,

*56,2.

might

black granite(?) *11,10.

bni.t

bi to cut into pieces *54,10.

biw boat

inHeUo-

polis).

<0<

6s^ to introduce.

bst to revolt *30,8.

bd.t spelt

(wheat)

*7,6.

*19,8. 46,11.

out *23,10.

bds to

become discouraged

*52,6.

^ bis.ty.t goddess Bubastis (of the

town

bile olive-oil *7,4.

AA

bigy to be tired *33,6.

by.t

honey

*7,4.

byty king of

Lower Egypt

*4,1. 41;7.

^^

byi mine in Sinai *47,9.

"^^^ byn bad.

biS.t).
j?.^

^}
pi
pi

heaven

p
*6,1.

to fly.

to

have been

this,

*54,7. 130.

the *41,1. 41.

Q pno.t

primitive

times

*9,6. 16,10.
2? J ^.^i

primitive god *8, 3.

(q) piw.t sacrificial bread.

5*

Vocabulary: pC.t

68
(^

mankind

pC.t

mmv.

*34,6.

j)W, jpwy these *28,2.

58.

pwn.t c. Punt.
pfi that *37,1. 57c.
pfs see

together with *23,8.

5^^ ms

(miy?) lion *30,9.

mi-hs lion *53,9.

to turn over.

pr house *2,8.
pr-hd treasury
pr-Ci pharaoh

preposition 61a.

m-m

cook.

fs// to

'^^ pnC

*3,10.

^^ ma

*56,1.

/.

-J

to see *12,5. 23,5. 43,6.

miC

true *33,11.

to ascend, to

p7'i/

come out

miC-hriv to justify *29,3.

blessed *2,1

*6,3. 23.6. 40,11.

to be delivered

pr.t-r-hri

dead

pry hero

sacrifice

^ ph
^

up

tmwt red granite

mih garland *50,2.

*42,6,
*1,9.

ms-hd Oryx-Antilope

to get *43,9.

phr

to

draw through

5,

*18,2.

miC.t right *11,3. 32,9.

the

n my how

ph.t strength.
)

triumph

*19,8.

for

*8,8.

prsn baking

genuine

*46,9.

pr.t winter *8,4. 18,4. 48.

*4,3.

my.ty the

*4,4.

then *22,1. 135.

like *16,10. 54,7.

r-my.ty.t in like

*33,7.

*12,3.

manner

*26,6.

>^ psd back * 13,11. 19,3.

mynw herdsman.
(family
gods
ninefold
the
psd.t

myny to land, to die*, see mn.

of) *32,3.8.
/wwvA mw water *1,10. 44,5.
ptn desert between Egypt and
mw.t mother

Syria *43,9.

mi.^goddess Mut of Thebes.

ptr behold! *59,1.

-^^^

bow

pd.t

*16,2.

mwt
"""
i

2VS fiy to carry.

fnd nose

*^^

*43,1. 49,10. 50,1.

fh to loose.

\j\fsy

(\a,ter

piy) to cook *44,6.

fki to reward.

*16,1.

'
i

mn

to die *44,1.
to remain, to last *10,5,

mn-yb brave

myny

*33,9.

to land, to die *39,10.

50,7.

^ mnC.t wet-nurse

* 19,11.

^^^ mnw monument *6,8.

mnw g. Min *29,11.

Vocabulary: mnw.t

mnw.t dove 19,7.

mnmn

to tremble *4H,y.

be excellent

7}inh to

[\
"

mnh

*7,7. 42,9.

ninh.t dress *1,11.

Mont

g.

)nr

yynjj-n director.

s.

mr
mr

mt

see niivt to die.

f'=)

*43,2. *53,3.

to be sick.

K mry

to love *10,4. 16,2.

wiy

director CO *21,7.

chief 44,3.

mAt

speech *51,6.
mdio to speak 55,7.

MM

pyramid.

1.

mk.t prot;ection *33,2.

mtn
nintw

*2,6. 30,1

mho dagger *41,:;.

mky to protect *14,1.

*14,r).

excellent *20,6.

69

mnC army

mnftj.t army, staff *31,3.

mnnm.t herd

nh.t.

mdr

to press.

mdr-ivi.t to be true 41,10.

mrw.i love *14,8.

or
n-mrw.t ( 62b) therewith
\

AAAAAA

out of love for *12,7.

n preposition

mr.t subordinates, slaves

*14,10.

mrh.i

to

fill

nyi.tyti\\?i.t

to be full *20,tl.

the

*3,11.

north (Delta)

*7,11.

mh.ty northern * 17, II. 40,1.

mhy.i north-Avind *23,11.

wh

r>

fl

"TT" WS
/k

m^y

msw.t birth

ell *6,9. 20,9. 46,6.

to bring.

to give birth to *15,7.

*4,1.

msdy

black paint *1,11.

to hate *36,4.

which does not

^26,9. 42,6. 43,4. 45,1.

138.

nys

P ^

to call.

7iiv.t

(nniv.t?)

goddess of

heaven Nut 28,7.

ni.t

town, residence 2,7.

nw.ty municipal 21,11.

nwy flood ^34,9.

V y nh each, every,

msn.ty stone-cutter 2,3.

mMm.t

140.

exist ^9,5.

nn not
m/i.i

genetive

61c.

33,6.

*5,6.

mh-yh darling

21c.

_n_^ w^w^???^ not 51,4. 54,7. 138.

nyio.ty he who is (has) not

oil *1,11.

"^^ mh

Yl

*10,5.

all

anyone

*4,9. 13,2.

19,2. 21,8. 37b.

nh master

^2,7. 9,11. 40,1.

nh.t mistress ^2,8. 20,1.

70

Vocabulary: nh.tyn-n.
^ nh.ty(?) "the

two goddesses

of the land," title of a king

*4,7.

nb.t-h.t

be a child *10,2.

to

nht to be strong, strong *4,6.

J]

nht strength, victory *13,1.

goddess Nephthys.

14,2. 40,6.

gold *3,10. 26,4.

f^OTTl 7ib

nb.t

ns tongue.

town Nubt.

nb.ty

Nubti

g.

ns belonging

(Set); cf.

Hr.

to

nbs Sycomore(?) *1,10.

/J\

)^

aspiration, breath *22, 5.

^ nfiv

beautiful, good *18,1.

tnfr

^ntr

nfry.t-r until *18,4. 62c.

nn

wander

t.

*6,8.

god

*8,2.

7itry divimty(?) *31,5.

'^ nriv strength

mankind

ntr-nfr good god: king *20,1.

Cf. h.t-ntr,

*6,6.

tnd(y)

*34,6.

to

hm-ntr,

hry.t-7itr.

deliver, to protect

33,5.

>CZJ^ nr.t goddess Neit of Sais.

nrr

Karnak

ntry to be divine 16,4.

*40,1.

this *10,3. 44,1. 57e.

nr.t

throne 18,11.

ns.t-ii.ivy

r-nty.t that *30,8. 136.

nfr.t girl *56,2.

to

according

*46,6.

nty.iv-ym the dead ^32,4.

nfri beauty *16,1. 55,4.

J^ nmt

ns.t

to,

measure

nty which 141a.

nty.t the existent *9,5.

Uiv).

(cf.

T^^

nhn

nd(.ty) deliverer 12,6, 13,10.

to bo\v(?) *28,9.

ndm sweet, pleasant *12,10. 22,5.

nh.t Sycomore.

Naharina (Mesopotamia)
^^^^ nds small
D^ni *17,11. 37,1. 40,4.
nhb.t nape of the neck *42,11.
nhm to take away.

nhrn

eternity

?ihh

*6,4;

only

OX

written *31,8.

nhsy negro, Nubian *38,11.

A nhshi whip.
1
T

H <^ ^^^^

^J

czsz)

nhn

r preposition 61b; after imperative +38,4. 102;

(cf.

siw) town Nechen

*4,4. 54,1.

with

infinitive

106.

conjunction: 136;
*^~p*

town Elkab.

nhb.t goddess Nechbet.

+47,2.

mouth

cf,

yr.

*7,9. 36,8.

saying 56,9.

goose 19,7.

n-pr temple 12,8.

n-iw p. Tura (quarry) 54,6.

Vooabulahy: n-hry

n-hry

supreme

director

n-sti.in p.

ymy-n

Sakkara

71

leg *40,2. (dual rd.wi).

6?

*39,7.

JnyX
rdy to give

*23,6.

(mr) director

74.

rdy

'k

*2,6.

to give 74.

to appoint *54,S.

39,8.

O rC
(yV

Ke

g.

rwd
nod

*6,3. 4,3.

raffed

to thrive *10,6.

J?/ to

y*^! rivd steps *9,4.

rpC.ty

(yry-X)C,t?)

prince

hy

to rejoice *31,3.

u)

yry.t-pC.t(?) princess *15,5.

n/"*18,8;

cf.

yr,

fish *45,10.

^a

fl

rmny

4r^

to carry.

rmt man

rn name

hdhd

to bring

up

1 4,2.

*16,2. 25,9.

38,57.

rh to know, to be acquainted with

h.t-ntr

mankind

temple *2,11.

h.t-hr

*26,3. 48,9. 51,4. 82.

rhy.t

house, fortress *43,6.

h.t

^_S)
rsy southern *8,10. 17,10.

joy *50,6.

*2,8.

hi.ty heart *34,11.

40,1.

rh time *49,6.
cf. r.

*13,5. 42,5.

first

one

47.

hr-hi.t before *37,11. 52,7.

54,8.
'

rsrs to be glad *31,3.

rtnw Syria

goddess Hathor

hiiy the

rys to awake.

r.k *38,4;

18a.

*31,2.

rs south (Upper Egypt).

S) r^w.t

*27,11. 43,7.

to attack *37,6.

finiit *15,2.

Calendar-(year) *5 ,1 0.

r^ rnn

shout with joy *31,2.

satisfied.

O hrio day

*7,1. 10,5.

r rnpy fresh, to be young.

r7ip. t

/im^; to

hry to be

*3,6. 26,2.

D rnpy.t flowers,

*17,2.

hmhm.t roaring *13,9.

hny to bow.
^
fl

rm

47,9.

% husband.

^ law
fl

descend *30,2.

hih to send *27,6.

*3,7.
.

70.

feast *24,8.

hi.t-sp

year of reign. 4 8a.

g) hi.ty-C

behind

t/ij
hiy.t

count

38.

*51,3.

mourning

*33,7.

*2,3.

Vocabulary: huo-hsb.

72
hsw naked

Uv^

\J hnw.t

*H0,5.

h(3)2) to conceal.

h(i)pw.ty spy *51,7. 10.

mistress.

hnmm.t mankind

/ft

huk

to present.

hnk.t offering *23,2.

{B-nh.i Greeks etc. *34.7.

hr

hik to rob *42,9.

Horus *19,1;

g.

of a king *4,1.

title

J\

l^jhy ^o seek *33,6.

9,9,9,

h^

body

liib,

Hr

Nb.ty(?) "Horus, (con-

queror

*12,9. 18,7.

title

AC?/ to rejoice *12,5.

if

^ hr

Nubti [= Set]":

of a king

*4,7.

sight, face.

hr preposition
/y to smite *42,8.

rnpl

61d.

m-hr-n before, on *52,4.

hft-hr in the presence of *26,5.

feast *28,10.

/?6

in

r-hft-hr

^^317 A6-i(? reign-jubilee *15,11.

to clothe.

T6s
IM dress
'/^^

of)

hr-nh each one *35,1.

hCipy Nile *22,7.

*34,6.

hpy Apis,

si

*30,5.

bull in

the presence

hry

the

supreme

/ l^P^

^^

hry.t desert *3,8.

embrace.

hry-didi

O hm.t wife

*3,2. 15,5. 17,9.

withdraw

cf.

*51,3.

to seek,

workman

hh n rnp.wt

eternity.

million

hsy to praise *19,10.

years

26,3.

hsy to sing *50,5.

hs7j singer *49,1.

*2,2. 20,3.8,

hsi see

*6,3. 37,2. 7,2,

21,1.

hsw.t favour, love *15,5. 20,1.

art *2,11.

='41,3.

hnC together with

nhh

*15,11. 27,4.

hmw.t handicraft,

JJ hmt copper

hyhy

*5,1.

servant, slave *26,6.

hmiv.iy

8,2.

hh million.

hm-nir prophet *2,9. 18a.

hm-ki priest of the dead *21,6.
hm.t female slave *26,6.
<ti

hh

*43,4.

to sit *38,3.

!hm majesty
hm

*8,6.

*4,4.

hry.t terror *13,3. 39.1.

hmi rudder

hmsy

h'ry to

-f)-

46.

chief
29,11.

hfi^u snake, dragon *46,5.

^^^ hfn 100000.

*2,11.

14,10. 39,8.

Memphis.

hry-yb dAvelling in
(

of

*50,5.

Mb

mi

to

lion.

calculate

55,11.

*9,9.

15,1.

VocABnr.Anv:
hk.t

5 beer

hk.t

Q hCy

+1,8. 8,8.

hki ruler *9,8. 15,7.

hkr hungry

hknw

/\,^ hioy

*3,5. 30,4.

praise *43,2.

hip to

down,

sit

rest

to

*19,1. 55,5.

team

^^

C:;^ hps power

*11,7.

hft until,

on

*17,3.

*20,3.

(of horses) *37,2.

according to

*36,2.
52,2.

hft-hr, r-hft-hr

to

become bright

s^-Tl^

hd.t

cf.

hr.

hfty enemy.

*18,8. 43,9.

hd, Avhite, silver.

'4

become, to happen

23,3.

Ti^A^r charioteer *52,6.

hd

to

hpr form, appearance

go to ruin *26,9.

JV-<I htr

to die *36,4.

ehpr

to set (sun) *3,7.

to

to protect.

*18,9.

htp peace *9,1. 24,7. 54,9.

hfp.t food *19.7.

htm

*4,7.

hbsu^t beard *46,7.

^7?//

<>
,

to appear, to shine *55,1.

hCw brightness, crowns

hC.w arms *13,7.
hCr to rage *53,2.

hki to rule *16,2.

hki.t rule *34,2.

73

glittering *4,6. 6,7.

\^ A;.^goddessnekfc(toad)*29,8.
?

hr.

crown of Upper Egypt

hm

not to

know

yhm,w-sk the

*34,3.

*39,1.

star

which

does not set

(cir-

cumpolar) *31,2.

Oii h.t

see

t/h,t aflfair.

hi thousand *19,6.

down

hnt forehead *38,9.

hnt before *39,2.

hiiu night *43,8.

hity the foremost, the

hiiv.t altar *23,10.

hirw Syria
f^^^^

to flutter, to lie
*43,10.

hiy.t slaughter *40,8.

Sr^

three.
to think *42,8.

hny

^r:^7^ h.t tree cf. ht.

hmt
hmt

*55,9.

hiS.t

desert,

country
his ty

foreign

* 14,1. 51,2.

foreigner.

ouin *31,1.

first.

hnty im?i.tyt god of the

dead of Abydos *8,7.

hnty to go up stream, to
journey southward *56,5.

Bed- hr with, preposition

*51,9. 64b.

61f;

but

Vocabulary: h.rsmy.t.

74
e^c^ hr

to fall *43,1.11.

/I\

hostile prince *37,1. 51,1.

Jir

hr under ^39,9. 61e.

he who
55,11.

liry

ihrio voice 46,1.

hrw enemy

*33,3.

army

hri/.t

*52,9.

necessity of

'^

to lead

Shrp

27,4; to advance

hrp leader, director *3,9.

hrp stela, tomstone ^22,1

hsfyw

to

underworld 6,2.

56,8.

hry-hb reading priest.

hrd child 21,10.

hsbd lapislasuli 46,9.

keep

34,4.

life

hry.t-ntr graveyard,

(cf.

Chi),

thsf to

53,5.

carries, possessor

""^^ hsy miserable

^30,8. 37,1.

oflf.

draw near

^32, 5.

hkr jewelry, arms 13,6.

^^^:-N h.t tree *l,h. 46,3.

ht-7i-Cnh tree of life *34,10.

in ^32,9.

m-ht

afterwards

30,10.

s(i?)

future 50,11.

htf written instead of

htm

Mi

Si

hft.

hdy

to

Si protection ^12, 9. 3,4.

Phyle (priest's staff) ^21,7.

Siw watchman.
siw Nhn title of an official

go down stream, to
northward 43,5.

52,8. 56,5.

54,1.

\f^

Sib judge ^54,3.

rr~ swy(?)

"^

body 28,7.

hib.t

"wire"

belly ^46,11.

of

the

SJ

crown 38,9.

VXI

hill/

to

@ sp

m-hmo

in 41,1. 55,8.

47,2.

property

misfortune

example 31,5.

^33,4.

37,6.

sp ever ^16, 10. 54,7.

Sttt' hniv the inside, palace 48,8.

hnm to unite with 12,9,

hnmw g. Chnum 29,8.

time ^26,4.
31,5.

row 56,4.

56,2.

to go.

sby to pass away ^49, 6.

s?vr (later swy) to drink ^24,1.

hny.t sailor 26,1.

^'

Sii daughter

Si

journey

h.t

^40,3. 55,10.

3,1.

seal, to seal.

Hittite l,!.

.--gv,

man

son ^2,7.

spy to remain over 45,1.

qTFFF spi.t district +30,2.

smiy

to unite 38,4.

smy.t cemetery.

75

Vocabulary: sny^nd.
sny

-^ i&?

to pass by.

heaven

shn.t support of

star.

^6j door, gate 6,9. 16,6.

sniu bread *23,9.

*13,3.

sbh to cry 43,1.

sp.t lip, coast.

ssm

ism

cf.

^*=^^ tipr to get 40,4.

horse.

s^ Avritor *14,11.

to write 35,10.

fil

^^)

ss

swamp

^^

*56,6.

s^n blossom of the lotus *50,2.

skr

g.

of the dead in

spdd to make ready, to be

s./%y to loosen.

X>^ smj

Memphis.

sm3
r

Si

kill.

sacrificial bull *13,11.

SMiC-hrio

to justify ^56, 10.

to renew.

s.miwy

back.

m-ij behind *41,2.

ssy to become

Ussh

53,9.

satisfied.

to present

with

^^^ syi

y smy
,"^^^

to perceive, to recognise

*44,3.

to announce.

s.mn to establish *15,10.

*26,7.

to get *44,10.

"^

to

s.miC to justify *35,9.

P
IqI

77.

17,2.

s.mnh to embellish, to mend

10,9. to do good 41,10.

smr

s.yih to glorify *28,6.

friend (royal

title) ^2,1.

smsiv the elder 9,6. 32,8.

<>*=> S.Ciy to enlarge *39,6.

Y* s.Cnh to

animate.

sCh nobility, dignity

"ATi

'

28,3.

T
X

s.ChC to set up, to reach *6,9.

16,6.

swiy

to pass

by

*21,8. 36,5.

^3,3. 32,7.

sn.t sister,

wife *19,10. 50,2.

sn.nw the second, companion

42,6. 45,5.

*5,5.

knight *39,5.

sn brother

sn to smell, to kiss.
sn-ti to worship 32,4.
mb to be well ^2,1. health +24,7.
T s.nfr to embellish ^14,6.

s.iviS to praise *31,5.

II

s.nhi to bring up (child) ^5,5.

swh.t egg *55,7.

Slut

but 64c.

6 s.wd to order *21;10.

sntr incense ijlO. 22,4.

^S>

snd to be afraid 48,7.

snd fear 13,2. 43,6.

76

Vocabulary:

s.ndni to

sndr

c.

i^

sit *47,4. 50,4.

Sendar

s.Uflm

sC,

Seschat, goddess of writ-

ssi.t

*40,7.

sr officer 21,8. prince *40,1

1,

^^^ ssm to lead

^ ^ skr (later

*20,3.

sk^)

to

smite

13.5.
srh throne *19,1.

^ s.hmy
^

skr-Cnh prisoner 26,11.

assemble *37,1.

shiv to

to drive

back

rower 48,1.

s.hry to withdraw *18,6.

to drive aAvay *33,8.

,.

s.kd

*33,4.

ft

sMp

to rejoice *30,6.

T Lhd to clear up

to silence

>i.gr
/-a

to throw, to close 42,10.

Tsty
sty Bedouin ^44,2.

"

ni.

stw.t light rays ^20,11.

to think of *50,6.

s/?j

shiw remembrance

shm

*32,6.

shm mighty

shm-t might *35,4.

s.hr to cast

down

rattle).

*31,1.

shsh to run *41,1.

shr to cover *46,8.
[7-71

sMy

jy

ssw day of the month 5,1.

48a.

ssm^ ssm horse 26,11.

) s.sn to

mare 40,11.

breathe *22,5.

Syria 13,4.

stp to choose.

stp chosen ^14,3. 48,2.

N^

sd

tail +41,5.

sdidi to tremble 77.

^ sdm

to satisfy *45,11.

ssm.t

winding.

stty Syrian 17,3.

shr kind *55,6. plan, advice.

^^^^

as 25,5. 64b.

sti

5tz=:^ sty.t

shm.t double crown *38,7.

Sistrum (women's

Upper

Egypt 3,8. 4,1.11. 5,10.

sUiy.t kingdom 4,7. 29,5.
st see,

*9,7.

(ny-hv.t?) king of

Istny

have poAver over (m)

to

*23,3. 37,7. 38,5.

M shm

50,8.

s.grh to appease ^17,2.

fl

*16,9. 55,4.

sh.t field.

1]
.ni n

sk to pass (away) of. yhmn.w-sk.

to

hear 30,10. 46,L

\\

pond 8,10.

Siiv destiny

56,1.

49,5.

S}C to begin.

3C-m begun from

C sand 37,3. 52,2.

I 8,3.

VocAiujLARY

hry-iiC - hiry.

hry-^C Bedwin 54,10.

My.t

cake l.D.

C.t

Schow.
double

sw.ty

feather (as

king's crown) *38,10.

spsy, Spss to be venerable.

spsy venerable *2,10. 12,11.

province)

might

fy.t appearance,

/.:

Jay to be high.

ki height *20,9.

kih to double.

[^

sps stela *21,8.

Fayoum

4,3.

feather.

Sio g.

town Crocodilopolis

the

(in

sCd to cut *41,5.

R w

11

*3,6.

/c&6 cool, to

be glad *56,3.

56,7.

khhiv cool water *1,10.

kmi

to create, to do *16,1.

16,7.

-^ my

to

smw summer
"^

mC

kmy

go

*5,1.

to play, to

dance

fl

*50,5.

*^P smCy.t dancer *2,5.

*54,1.

^ smsy to follow, to serve *9,10.

40,1. 50,10.

tJI\/\

to

be angry.

thunder *46,1.

jj krsw burial

coffin *54,6.

*23,7.

krs.t

kd

snw.t shed *3,9.

body

*12,10. 50,2.

*20,1.

to build.

kd character.
kdsiv town Cadesh

*40,10. 51,8.

^r.t nose.

A>v\\

sp to receive, to take *13,7.

23,9. to

Jc

conceive *49,9.

kiy to think *42,9.

ki Ka (guardian

ss linen *8,8.

Is corn *15,1.

ki bull *4,6. 28,1.

^ti secret *31,10.

sdy to suckle

spirit,

ius, etc.).

ssr arrow.

knd

'kJ py

*15,7. 26,8.

knb.t officials.

^^

granary.

snb.t skin,

strong.

servant *2,2. 52,10.

sny to surround *24,5.

sny hold back from (m)
n(^

kny to be
kny brave

kny.t strength *13,1. *18,2.

'

smC Upper Egypt

msw

anointing-oil *50,1.

*43,8. 44,7. 48,10.

Tci.t

*5,7. 20,2.

sdy to read *22,1.

work

*4,9. 20,3.

"^==7 ki.t wife *49,9.

kiry Nubian country

* 17,10.

gen-

78

Vocabulary: k3p

/fvV^ kip to smoke.

k(3)s (fern.!)

Nubia

c.

^'

ti

...

kfi to unveil *46,4.

twt figure, form.

twt

hn.t Egypt *14,1. 44,4.

Isthmus

Suez

of

*43,10.

ksy to

bow

unite

to

*50,1

("altoge-

ther").

tp head.

tp

*17,10.

iyty to tread under foot *13,4.

Arm to complete *18,1.

km-wr

*34,7.

*52,2.

ti-dsr cemetery *8,6. 19,5.

Us border

"ff

Nubia

ti-sty

hvJcw darkness *55,6.

earth, land.

U-mry Egypt

*27,6.

the other 43.

^^;/> ^^-^^ the,

'

'

tJ^ID

tph.t.

*19,2.

tp upon,

tpy he

k^ see kii.

tp-C see

upper

C.

part, terrace *20,5.

on *23,5.

who

is

upon

*19,5. 21,5.

tpy,t best oil *50,1.

tpy-C.wy forefather, ancestor

*39,10.

gbb

Geh

g.

U tpy the

*28,6.

gbgb to cast down *37,10.

53,7.

^jj^^m^ to find *25,5. 45,8. 46,5.

'

UJLgmh

to

perceive

*44,2.

tpy to breathe *49,10.

tf see yt father.
^^U-HE tyn

53,1.

gmh.t crown *38,10.

gmgm

first *5,3. 32,7. 47.

not to be *11,3. 56,8. 98.

139.

try time *43,8.

to crack (?) *46,3.

ihn obelisk *16,6. 20,8.

^

gniv.t chronicles *15,10.

gr to be

silent.

gr.t but *56,9. 64c.

grh
S-,

Uy man

rest, night.
ff^ff

tf=i ^s

*49,8.

chicken *55,7.

to lay a trap *51,3.

U.ty vizier

*2,7. 52,4.

side *11,3. 50,4.

r-gs near *52,11.

1^3

tiw wind

(cf.

tw thou, thee *5,5

Q U bread

*1,9. 15,1.

()/

tb.t

fi".

sandal, sole.

tph,t cave

*22.7.

nfw).

Vocabulary: tnyddn).

tny to

79

"^

lift.

tny town This, Thinis district

d.t eternity,

eternal *4,3. 6,11.

*9,2. 27,5.
I

throne *38,3.

tnti.t

thrhw

&i

to rejoice *a5,l.

"TI

knot, to

ts

diy to cross over *43,3.

dimio generation *49,7.

didi.t college *21,7. 35,11.

thn to collide *37,5.

VVYY
1(11 t/m to shine,
jxaci

^ didi head

*13,5.

hry-didi being upon.

tie.

chief *4,4. 8,2. 10,10.

to

lift

dC storm

*29,4.

*44,9. 48,3.

IdCm elektron (silver-gold)*! 6,8.

20,5.10.

r^-O dio

d< hand.
dib

fig *1,9. 7,2. 45,8.

Ady toto give

appoint *41,11.
74.

dy-Cnh to give

m-dy together
)ic

dii to

life

128a.

adore *27,1.

32,1.

become morning
diviy.t morning *23,5.
dwn to stretch out, to move

*18,8.

y
B

*45,6.

("united") *32,5.

dsr red.
,2::;^

(Zfer

ddwn Nubian

g, *25.2.

g.

Thot

%^ dsr splendid
dd

44),

*35,10.

36,7.

*4,7. 31,9.

to say *9,9. 21,2.

r-dd that *51,4.11.

Jdd
fruit *7,5.

dhwty

134,

ds self 44a.

to unite.

dr to drive away.
drp to sacrifice *23,8.

seal, to seal.

drio border *7,7.

dr since *16,10. 39,10.

taste *44,1.

dmd

dhC

dfi food *19,7.

r-dr whole *26,5. (

dp.t ship *44,11.

S"^\,

dh.t brick *25,5.

dhi to replace.

dhh to request *54,5.

dpi

*19,5.

with, of *51,10.

divi to

"^

mountain

dio (hiv?) bad.

to last, to exist.

dd.t duration *24,7.

ddw town

Busiris *8j5. 29,7.

Remarks on the Reading

The reading

Exercises.

exercises are easier texts gathered in such a

way

that out of the simpler sentences of the texts a connected paragraph

More difficult parts of the text

Nowhere is anything added; only
in a few cases an exceptional orthography had to be replaced by
the customary one of the same word. The separation of words
was chosen or

formulated.

are completely dispensed with.

and the placing of signs have been carried out in such a way that
beginner can easily recognize the separate word-pictures; in
this respect the antique originals look different, but this had to be

the

withheld from the beginner.

The reading exercises are to be taken in order, and, in fact, only
after the sections referred to in the margin have been studied.

grows gradually, although the simple

language and the clear unity of words of the classical age predominate. It is only at the end that examples of the freer vernacular
of the New Kingdom and the antique of the Old Kingdom are
given. The contents are quite dissimilar. Single words and short
titles form the beginning. Besides the temple inscriptions of kings,
there are inscriptions from the graves of men in private life; then
there are hymns to gods, and finally some belles-lettres.
In the following remarks the numbers *1 *56 with the number
of the line refer to the reading exercises. The section marks ()

The

difficulty of the texts

grammar, and the designations 03, M74 to the list of

ff.).
Egyptian words in italics are found in the
With the assistance of the helps alvocabulary (page 63 ff.).

refer to the

hieroglyphs (page 54

ready mentioned the hieroglyphics are to be transcribed into Latin

letters according to 19, and a complete written translation should
be made.

Then

try to re-translate into hieroglyphics the tran-

scription as well as the translation without helps.

Page

27: Alphabet

*1,

12),

together with the latin tran-

scription, should be copied often until complete ease

In like manner
*1,

8 11

all

is

acquired.

printed groups are shortened.

for reading, writing,

and translating:

single

words out

RkMARKS on
of

of offerings.

lists

KXKROISES;

THF, TIKADIVO

*2,

13: names

*2,

81

4.

by a

of men, preceded

title

different forms. Proper names

and followed by miC-hrio "blessed" in

with a meaning should always be analysed into their component
*2, 4 5: names of women, as in 1 3.
parts and translated.
6
men
and women with titles and epithets.
*2, 11: names of
1
*3, 2: names of family relations followed by proper names.
*3, 34: two men with statement of relationship or titles.
11: titles of two officials.
*3, 57: sentences with verbal forms; 8
*4: titles, 13
\0'.
39.
pr-M 03 + M74;
9: 39. 9: Inny.
and 6 8 of two kings (Amenemhet I. and Thutmose lU.), 4
and 9 11 of three officials. 1: dy-Cnh presented with life, 4:

the Oryx-Antilope (N 46, Q59, E 17).

date from Abydos, during the time of king Amenhotep

*5,

district of

I.

12:

mry

2:

and of a temple-official.
Hathor to king Thutmose III. The
suffix y "my" is not written, or is represented by the woman ( 53).
address of a god to the
*5, 91
7 "milk" is plural 37 b.
*S, 3: title of a priest

beloved.

*S,4-8: address of the goddess

king.

dy.n.y.

9:

Order of words

*6,

11: 133.

*6, 5

55.

11:

14: hymn

to the dead.

dedicatory inscription on a

Amenhotep I.
17: description

lime-stone door in the Amon-temple of

at

67:

of a fertile

title

of a king. 8,11: 133.

land in Syria; the verb "to be"

58.

2: 61a.

Amon.

3: 55.

*7,

usually not expressed ( 27).

is

*7,

7: 138.

10: ntr-nfr the king.

*8, 4

11:

Karnak.

8, 1

3:

811:

Amon

high-priest of
of

Karnak and

formula ("day one") for

Antef htp dy stn "an offering which the king gives", is a shortened
*9, 1
9: the
formula for "offering". 67: 63. 8: 88.
dead speaks from the grave. 2 yry.n.y "I have built (it)"; first the

Luxor.

dated

sacrificial

district ti-ivr "Thinis",

it.

4-8:

*9, 9

palace

is in

140, 141. 8: nty.iv "the existing".

10; 2: ss relates personal experiences. 1: dweller in the
epithets of Osiris.

= king.

majesty".

5:

*I0, 3

what purpose he

"my

then the town ibdw "Abydos" which

8:

Thutmose

1.

relates

why and

restored the temple of Osiris in Abydos.

4,5: 64.

and high-priest of Amon.

4: 92.
9: 106.

for

hm.y

*I0, 911: chief builder

*!!, 13: address of a

*ll, 4

11:

vizier, chief-justice.

3: 98.

granite door in the

Amon-temple of Thutmose

Roeder-Mekcbr. Short

3:

Egyptian Grammar

dedication on a

III. at Heliopolis.

Remat^ks on the reading exercises: *12,l

82

*21,5.

11: 128.
12, 14: dedication on a granite door
Amon-temple of queen Hatshepsut the words and suffixes
relating to it have feminine forms only in part. 3: 109; dsr mniv
'''12, 513; 11:
ymn is the name of the door. 4: 128b.
"poetical stela", Anion addresses Thutmose III. 12,5: 82, 105. 7:
10: 109.

in the

62.

9: 39a.

10: 68.
*I3, 1: 105. 4,8: ijy.n.y
almost without meaning; tyfy.k: 88; ymy.w: 63. 5: skr 30.
6: 88; Cpr: 82. 11: 82.
*I4, 1 7: titles of Kameses II.
8: 105.

is

and Psamtik

mh

I.;

the epithets begin with an adjective or participle.

*i4, 8 11: royal official. 9: lord of

*15, 13: recorder of bread and corn.

according to 13.
the palace
the king.
1

woman wlio sits beside her husband.

Hatshepsut, wife of the king.
*I5, 78! address
7: read mry JKC^ 7, 8: 115.
*I5, 9 11: address

*15, 4: note about a

6:

*I5,

of a king.

Thoth to Thutmose III., whose title he establishes. 9: yry.y "1

make". lO-.smn.y. 11: ?/r?/ participle.
*16, 1 2: address of
Hathor to the king. 1 Icmi.t participle. 2 rnn.y "I brought up";
of

my:

64; mrr.y. 92; kki: 106; the "nine-bow (people)" are the

arch-enemies of the Egyptians.

two

*16, 3

obelisks of Hatshepsut in Karnak.

10: 96.

of his marriage with

simple birth.

*1 8,

Amenophis IL

11

dedication for the

109.

name

of door.

*17, 111: scarab of Amenophis

11: 133.

commemoration
of

119,

1: 64b.

Tyy whose

death of Thutmose

3:

3:

siC-m

"of".

III. in

parents were of

III.

and accession

4: nfry.t-r "until".

7:

hC.w ntr of the body of the king; yry: 113. 8: 69b,

*19, 2: later sign for m 13.
*19, 4 9: sacrificial formula
from the grave of Nhty; Anub\s is to give thousands of offerings

to the dead.
2: note

epithets of Anubis.

5:

on a woman,

for "his wife",

darling".

11:

strophically

who was

namely of the lord of the grave; n-is.t-yb.f his

the king.
*20, 311: two verses from the
^^

arranged autobiography of a chief of builders. .3:

artist".

4:

h.t-7itr

poetical descriptions of the same.

the visitor of a grave,

113;

10: in.t.f

^r

hmw.tyw "hand

mrr:

*I9, 1020.

8: 112.

the wet-nurse of the king.

A?.-?:

92.

detailed appeal of the

who

"temple" with two further

*21, 14: acclamation to

should pray for the buried person.

2: 116.

same kind.

4: 115.
5: 70.

1:

*2l, 522, 11:

8: 116.

9: 135.

11

KeMAJUvS on the KKAPINti LNEUOISES: *22,

nw.tyw

my
;;

town-gods"

"tlie

"so".

4: 88.

ofifering

future.

3ff.

out again".

24,

1:

6: 120.

11:

m-m

8: 95;

*24, 4

Ck

2)r.t

10:

king

3:

Nubian sand-stone.

5:

Sesostris

64b;

him.

it fails

89:

thing Avhich a son did" 118.

made

III.

and
113.

speaks to Hatshepsut.

*24, 9-11:
*25,

dedication of the Dedwen-temple of Thutmose

second cataract.

11: 128.

9: sj.y.

-24,

"to go in

"together with".

8: Amou

111.

""ZZ,

ZS,

of the dead in the

life

6:

83

cit>-.

10: 104.

S: yri/.iv.n.t n.y % 120.

6: mrr.y; /m: 50.

address of Anion to Thutmose

I

9,

formula with wishes for the

infinitive, dependent on di/.f.
7: 96.

33,5.

the gods of the mother

5: 104.

sivr 30.

5: 120.

e.

i.

a god.

6: 66 a.

at the

III.

4:

7: "as

109;

some-

epithets of "father" 112.

words 55: Thutmose speaks in tlie first person.

11
Admiral Ahmose relates his deeds. 3: hpr.t 114. 4:
*26, 1
82. 5: dr-f ^ 44. 6: 66 b. yry.w "those who belong thereto".
*27, 1
29,4:
7: 66a. 89: proverb. 8. ynyry.tM.f% 120.
10: order of
:

*27, 18: title of the

hymn.
troduced by relative forms 118. 1 yn 61
4: read n hh n rnp.wt "of millions of years".

suppliant, usually in-

Osiris

g, 107.

2.

^mnh

106.

ts-ivr "district of

5:

*28, 129,
hr-yb of the king 133. 10: 70.
14:
the
words
and
play
on
ki
Osiris.
1
epithets of
nfr. 2: ptvy
for pw 57 b. 6: sysh "who glorifies him". 9ff. active relative

Abydos".

form

118,

between which are passive

n.f "for him", "to him".

for

him" or

is

11:

is it

of Osiris.

4: appeal to Osiris, 99.

5: ivd.n.y Si.y

mula

for Antef,

who

finally speaks himself.

Achmim).

the Min-district (Panopolis,

singular.

3: 120.

Thutmose 11. 7:
to announce to him.
*31, 23: 132.

11

ff.:

118.

6: bigy.

30,

11: district-prince of

*30,

26: first person

731, 5: Nubian war

9: 90.

8,

*3I,

10: 64a.

633,

7:

111:

Osiris

4: "those tarrying there"

*33,
8

2:

36,

Isis;

the dead.

7nk.t 13.

2: the

37:

124b.

hymn,

*32, 1: passive participle.

*33,

of the

6: offering for-

"to rejoice the heart of his majesty"

87;

only of epithets.
polar stars.

'''30,

6: 120.

of

56: address

*29,

*29,

h.t.y.

*29, 2: Geb, father

mk.t.f omitted as *33, 2?

god-king.

both with
"which was made

participles 112

yry.io.n 118

consisting

2: the circum5: hsf.iv 106.

epithets of Isis.

appointment of Horus as world-

84

KeMARKS on the READINU EXEKOISES

ruler;

from a

hymn

*33, 8: rsrs. 9:

11. /"repeats

l:113b.

epithets of Horus.

who

to Osiris,

68.

6: "father": Osiris.

2:

*33, 8

*49,

1.

addressed in 35,

is

7.

the subject, Horus.

3: 81.

2: 89.

*35,

11: ndm.io 80.

124b.

5:

*34,
8:

*36, 1:

the office of the god-king.

9:

Iff.:

118.
mnv.t.f "love to him".
6: 113b.

omitted 133. 2: 87.

36, 311: appeal to the
visitors of the grave. 3: 70; nti/.w 141. 4: 105. 5: 116. 6:
*37, 111: victory of Thutmose III. over
126.
135. 7
"it" is

Naharina (Mesopotamia),

57:

4: 106.

a god-king speaks to

not written.

*39, 5

11:

Senmut

sented as king),

*40,

141,

mose

III.;

6:

and

11 tsiv

is

favour.

1: 41.

III.

7:

usually

queen Uatshepsut (repre-

person singular
4: hft:

63.

ym.m among
:

*41,

3: 59.

39, 4:

4: 128.

10: 111.

relates his warlike deeds

first

is

who know

(y)'hm.w "those

2: 7'n.y 58.

his exalted position.

*40, 2: "he wished that"; ynj

Avith the tense sdm.f.

*40 41,
Thutmose

1:

inital y.

Amenemheb

the suffix of the

*38,

"my"

suffix "1",

(*4, 9), favourite of

proud of

r "more than".

3:

125b.

39, 1 hAct: written as plural in

*39,

36a.

with the antique

(thee) not"

:pfi 57c.

7:

4: 102.

accordance with

64:h

1:

wi 57. 9:
Thutmose III.; the

127.

is

under Thut-

often not written.

conjunction "when"

the barbarians.

742,

monument which

4:

presented to the high-priest Nh-wC.wy as a proof of

dy.w "given", namely the

*42, 2:

stone.

55, 54.

*42, 543, 2: Sinuhe relates his fight with a Syrian hero.

6: a

"he said that".

*43, 2: war-god Mont
(mntw).
*43, 3 44, 8: Sinuhe relates bis flight as deserter
from the left bank of the Nile to Syria by way of the Egyptian
fortresses at the Bitter Lakes. 4: 141c. 5: 111; hd from the
way northward to land. 6: 94, 133. 7: 63. 8: 128. 11: n "on
account of".
*44, 3: 55. 4: 41. 8: 120.
*44, 9 45, 11:

hero without his

like.

7:

man

82;

yw.u

82.

5; 132a.

134.

3:

8: 55.

103.

9:

132b.
58.

8: 126a.

*44, 9:pry.iv

Sea.

*45,

10: 64. 11: nty.iv 141.

*46,

7: 120.

to the ship-wrecked
58.

Eed

relates his ship-wreck in the

man and

1:

138. 2:

a dragon-god appears

*46, 2

prophecies his deliverance.

*47, 2: 137 yn-m.

11: 134.

*48,

48, 11:

2:

from

9: vTi.w.n.h 120.

(the

number
*49,

5: 82.

of) the select.

50,

11:

7:

song of

Kemakks on the kilAmng exeucikeh:

the harper, in the tomb of Neferhotep,
of

life (in

hpr

7:

8:

V6Q\pfi

battle of

57c.

Kameses

II.

8:

mry

ll3a.

5: 133.

101a.

1:

*5I,

7: 141.

matre"

lis

*SI,

3: 80.

1: 64.

9: 64b,

53,

*54, 1-11:

4: r

"more than".

6: 81.

given, then the object. 7: 130.

the

i.<

6: 95; first the

8: hr-hi.t antique for

names

7:

135, 68.

by

7: 124a.

s(i) nh.

11:

8:

hry

63;

a sage gives the king advice

102,180. 3:
epilogue

66a.

conjecture "it" after s.Cnh 133.

of the countries are removed from the sentence and

5: 134.

are repiesented

*56,

Una

suflix first singular

at the

J: 70.
I'

11:

4: 138; r-dd

head of" 62a. 10: hi/.w.sC. 11: 54, 6Gb.

*5S, 111: hymn of Amenophis IV. to the sun-god Aton. 1:
ni-hi.

41.

*53, 3: 132b.

128b.

elateiy his warlike deeds (ancient language;

usualla not written).

enjoyment

4: s.ndm.t 3:jo.

11: 55.

SO, 4: "hour" of rage.

4: 87. 8: 133.

to

*49, 2:

41).

against the Kheta (Hittites) on the Orontef.

Keport in the vernacular.

"thats"

*50,

11: 100.

ltt.

85

^.6.

uhu Hummona

the vernacuhir 8c with article

60.

"^49,2

of a

lonm "(corn-)food".

how

to enjoy himself.

1:

126b. 4: 105, 110.

*S6, 8-11: prologue and
?
chapter of the Book of the Dead. 8: 139.

10: 96.

11: 118.

Iudex.
(Iudex in coinpletion of the table of eontents.)

as consonant 29a.

Sound-change

3; a.

Accusative 21a. 54. 55. 108.

Adjective 4245.

Gender

idmf 91 94.
After conjunctions 64.
Construct state 21c. 40.
Tense

Date 48.
Dative 21b. 61c. 64. 55.

20.

With dependent substantives4 2. Declension

Dental sound
Used substantively 35. 41.
Determinative

Verbal adjective 116.

40.
17.

Duplicating verbs 73.

Emphasis by means

A to stand 127.
yry to do 128. 129.

have been 130.

Causative 76. 78.
Circumstantial form sdm.t.f

Emphasis in the sentence 131.

Emphatic form: tense sdm.f

111.

101b.

Comparison 45. 61b.

Complementary infinitive

of 2/h 131a.

61g.

to

75.

35e.
In the plural 36c.
In the dual 39b.
Doubled form see emphatic toim.
Dual see determinative.

All r-dr 44b.

Article 41.
In address 7ob.
Attribute 40. 42b. 35c.
Auxiliary verbs:
yw, ivn to be 122126.

Come

For compounds

Adverb 6570.

2)i

32b.
11.

91
94.
Enclitic conjunctions
Future 126.

64.

69b.

Gender:

110.

Substantives 35e. 38.

Prepositions 62.
Conditional form 8082.
Conditional sentences 82.
135.
Conjuo^ation (Semitic) 76.

Nouns

20. 43. 46.

5052.

Conditional form 81.

Suffix-conjugation ^ HG.
Imperative 99.

Compounds

88.

Infinitive 104.
Participles 114.
Eelatives 118.

Genitive 21c.

Of the

infinitive

Conjugation with suffixes 23.

83 96.
Conjunctions 60. 64.
Not expressed 134 136.

Give 74. Ida.

-sound 31. Sound-change 33c.

Conjunctive.

Hebrew

105.
Gentilics 42b. 63.

7.

12.

87

Indkx.

hr prepo.sition

With

Object

61(1.

infinitive

106.

124b.

r25b. 132b.

Imperfect (Semit.) 79. 112.

Impersonal use:
of the suffix-conjugation 87.
of the infinitive 109.
Infinitive with hr^ see hr.
inflection of the verb:
by means of personal suffix 80.

'A5.

55.

108.

Omission
of consonants \K
of weak consonants 10.
of endings 36d. 43. 4 6. 80
97. 99. 114. 118.
of suffix of 1st. sing. 53.
136.
of words 133. 134

Optative:

tense sdm.f 88. 93.

passive with tw 95.
Passive
Interjection 70.
formation with iw 83. 84. 95.
Interrogative sentences 137.
duplicating form 94.
Indirect 136.
formation with w 83. 84. 96.
li\ suffix 52.
use with yn "since" 61g.
ending of conditional form 81.
Perfect (Semit.) 79. 112.
in hieroglyphs 30a.
I
(Egypt.) 23. 84. 89.
tn prefixed to substa ntives 35b.
Pi^el 76.
Moods of the verb 79. 91.
Plural:
n as consonant 30.
Formation of perfect 23.
of the noun 20b. 36. 37. 38.
of the imperative 99.
With dative, see dative.
of the infinitive 105.
With subject of a partic. 115.
of the participle 114.
Names of countries fem. 39Aa,
Names of gods 18a., with end- Plural-strokes 20b. 36. 37.
Possessive pronoun 22. 52. 59.
ing w 36d.
Names of kings and titles of kings Predicate, see nominal sentence.

by means

of personal endings 81.

Pred

Negative:
of sentences 28b. 138.
of verb-forms 98. 139.

cative 97.
Prepositions 6063.
As adverbs 67.
Gentilic 42b.

Neuter 39Ab.
Niph^al 77.

Present 23. 88.

Prohibition 103.

18b.

"it" 54.

Pronouns

Nominal sentences:
real 27.

personal (absolute) 49. 54.

unreal 132.

possessive, see possessive,

interrogative 137.

with 2/I, wn 123124.

with -pw 58. 131b.

Nominal verb-forms:
infinitive 104-110.
participles

1'2 117.

relative-forms 118
Nominative 21a. 54.

120.

Noun: 3541.
Gender 20.
Adjectively used 42a.

demonstrative 56.
relative, see relative sentence,
reflexive 49.
suffixes 22. 52. 53. 59.

Pseudo-participle 80. 82.

nominal sentences 58.
Quality 80. 82.

'pw in
r: as

consonant 30.

sound- change 33a.

88

Index.

forms adverbs 66b.

preposition, see vocabulary.

ending of conditional 81. 33g.

cading of the dual 39.
ending of the gentilic 4 2.

ty\

Belativo sentences 28. 141.

rh "to know'': conditional 82.

*-sound 32.
Sound-change
33d.

f.

53.

^41.
Sentence 25. 28. 131
Semi-vowel 16.
Semitic language 7. 12.

Sound-change

33.

19.

Substantive, see noun.

Suffix 22. 4P. 52. 5P.
With prepositions 60.
Suffix- conjugation 8396.
Syllable-signs 1011. 15.
^-ending of the feminine 20.
Ending of the adverb 66a.
^sounds 32b.

To be 26 c. 27.
Transposition
of characters 14.
of consonants 34.
iw: ending of the passive 84. 96.
Verb 71130.
Verbal- adjective 116.
Verbal-sentence 26.
Vowels

9.

81. 10. 73. 91.

w\ weak consonant 16. 29d.

sound-change 33b.
ending of masculine noun 35d.
ending of plural Ob. 36.
ending of adverb 66a.
.

in

weak verbs

72.

Sound-change 33e. f. g. 53.

ending of passive
Temporal sentences 134. 88. 89. wy. ending of dual

Weak

64.

Tenses:
conditional 8082.
suffix-conjugation 83
96.
predicative 97-^98.
circumstantial sdm.t.f. 111.

That

96.
39.

136. 88.

consonants 16. 19. 29.

In verb-stem 72.
Words (order of) 5? 25. 55. 131.
y:

weak consonant

16.

Sound-change 33a b.
in the gentilic 42b.
weak verbs 79.

in

29b.

Lesestcke

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O 6

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91

Iff

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