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p
5
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
INTRODUCTION
What is Temperature?
Temperature
p
is defined as the degree
g
of hotness or coldness
measured on a definite scale. Hotness and coldness are the result
of molecular activity. As the molecules of a substance move faster,
the temperature
p
of that substance increases.
What is Heat?
Heat Transfer
The flow of heat is transferred in three ways: convection, conduction,
and radiation.
a)) C
Conduction
d ti
When heat is applied to one part of a substance, it is transferred to all
parts of the substance. The movement is from molecule to molecule.
p
Gases and liquids are poor conductors. The flow of heat by conduction
takes place most effectively in solids.
b) Convection
Heat transferred by the actual movement of portions of a gas or liquid from one place
to another is called convection. This movement is caused by changes in density due
to rising temperat
temperature.
re For example,
e ample in a forced air heating ssystem,
stem the warm
arm air
entering the room through the supply duct is less dense, and therefore, lighter than
the cooler air already in the room. As the warm air-cools, it drops and moves through
the cool air return and back through the heating system
system.
c) Radiation
Heat energy is transferred in the form of rays sent out by the heated
substance as its molecules undergo internal change. Only energy is
transferred. The direction of the flow of heat is from the radiating
source. The radiant energy is then absorbed by a colder substance or
object. Radiation takes place in any medium (gas, liquid, or solid), or in
a vacuum
vacuum.
Temperature Scales
Absolute zero is the temperature at which the movement of molecules completely stops
Temperature value on given scale can be converted to express on other Scales:
C = ( F-32) x 5/9
F = ( C x 9/5) + 32
K = ( C + 273.2)
are:
1.Thermometers,
2.Thermocouples,
3.Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
1. Thermometers
a)Filled
Fill d
Th
Thermometers
t
b) Bimetallic Strips
2. Thermocouples
p
If circuit emf and reference emf are known, measurement emf can be
calculated and the relative temperature determined.
Types of thermocouples
Thermocouples exist in many different types, each with its own color codes for the
dissimilar-metal wires. Here is a table showing the more common thermocouple
types
yp and their standardized colors,, along
g with some distinguishing
g
g
characteristics of the metal types to aid in polarity identification when the wire
colors are not clearly visible:
Ground junction
Ungrounded junction
Exposed junction
In everyy thermocouple
p circuit there must be both a measurement
junction and a reference junction: this is an inevitable consequence of
forming a complete circuit (loop) using dissimilar-metal wires.
Any conductor can be used to construct an RTD, but a few have been
identified as having more described characterstics than others. The
characteristics which are desired include.
include
Platinum
RTDS
Platinum
When
RTD Connections
2 wire connection:
2-wire
A problem arises when the RTD is installed some distance away from the
transmitter. Since the connecting wires are long, resistance of the wires
changes as ambient temperature fluctuates. The variations in wire
resistance would introduce an error in the transmitter
transmitter. To eliminate this
problem, a three-wire RTD is used.
The connecting wires (w1, w2, w3) are made the same length and
therefore the same resistance. The power supply is connected to one
end of the RTD and the top of the Wheatstone bridge.
It can be seen that the resistance of the right leg of the Wheatstone
bridge is R1 + R2 + RW2.
Since RW1 = RW2, the result is that the resistances of the wires cancel
and therefore the effect of the connecting wires is eliminated.
eliminated
Thermistors
Thermowells
Thermowells
The
mo ell are
e used
ed to p
protect
ote t the dete
detector
to and
nd so
o that
th t the detector
dete to can
n
be changed without interrupting the process. One downside of using a
thermowell is the time delay it introduces into the measurement system
due to thermal lag.
If the well is installed perpendicular to the line, the tip of the well should
be between one half and one third of the pipe diameter.
If the well is installed in an elbow, the tip should point towards the flow.