Physics-1010

Signature assignment
Amanda Gainsforth
Part 1:
Star identification of lyra stars:
1. Star name-Vega
2. Distance-From earth to this star is 25.04 light years.
3. Light-This star was the first ever photographed excluding the sun. William
bond and John Adams Whipple discovered this star at Harvard University
in the observatory in the year 7-17-1850.
4. Size-This star is so bright it is apart of the summer Aquila and Deneb in
Cygnus.
5. Luminosity-This star is double the size of the sun.

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2.
3.
4.
5.

Star name- Sheliak (Beta Lyrae)

Distance-From the earth to this star is 960 light years.
Light-This star is a blue-white color and has a periotic eclipse.
Size-This stars size is so large it is considered a double star system.
Luminosity- 3.4 to 4.3. Also the British astronomer John Goodricke first
discovered this star in 1784.

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2.
3.
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Star name-The Double Double (Epsilon Lyrae)Distance- This star is roughly 162 light years away from the earth.
Light- This star has a magnitude of 4.7.
Size- This star is a double star which consists of two components ranging
from 2.35 arc second apart and an orbital period of 4.7, 6.2.
5. Luminosity- This star is bright enough you can see it using simple
binoculars.

A
1. Star name- Gliese 758
2. Distance- This star is 51.4 light years away from the sun.
3. Light- This star has a visual magnitude of 6.36 and is a high percentage
of metallicity consisting of hydrogen and helium.
4. Size- this star is 97 percent the mass of the sun.
5. Luminosity- This star can also been seen with binoculars and was
discovered in 11-2009 in the stars orbit. This star has between 30-40
Jupiter masses.

Part 2:
Equation Analysis
Equation 1: E = mc2
This is an equation that was driveled during the twentieth century by the great
Albert Einstein. The E has a representation of energy and the M represents mass
and the c2 represents the speed of light either multiplied or squared by it.
The answer to this equation is energy=mass*velocity of light squared.
Question 1:
AnswerE = energy (measured in joules, j)
m = mass (measured in kilograms,kg)
c = the speed of light (measured in meters per second, MS) but this would need
to be squared. This equation is categorized as a conversion factor.
Question 2: What is the size of c2?
The magnitude of this equation is 90 quadrillion (9x10 16 ) j/kg.
Question 3: Are mass and energy related?
Yes. This is due to the fact that when Einstein made this conclusion it was due to
the amount of energy E had and the amount of mass that m produced. Also due
to the technology of the 201st century we are not able to convert this mass to
energy efficiently.
Question 4: Analyze the statement: if it is possible to change mass into energy
a little bit of mass could produce a lot of energy. Is it true or not? Provide a brief
explanation based on your analysis of the equation.
Yes, This is possible through change of mass and energy. Changing only a small
amount of mass will convert it to energy. This is the way to make the equation
according to the statement:
The first equation we will look at is.
E2 = p2c2 + m2c4 which after we take away the p and we take the zero away the
equation reduces to this E2 = m2c4. And if we take the square root of the equation
down it will reduce to E = mc2.

The next equation to look at is E = mc2 this equation is not complete due to the
positive and negative solutions of the square root.
We will go thru one last equation that I will try to solve.
E = mc2 which can be split up into these two others.
E = -mc2
E = mc2
E = -mc2

Question 5. Is the mass m ever negative?

Yes, Mass can have a positive +m and negative m equation depending on the
positron and how the equation is laid out. The best way to write this would be
m+m=0.
Question 6. Is c ever negative?
No, When c is in a vector with a,b,c,d c is paired up with d and when in an
equation it turns out positive.
Question 7. Can c2 ever be negative?
The speed of light cannot become negative due to the lack of a positive action.
Question 8. Given your previous answers, can mc2 ever be negative?
Mass and energy can be more then an equation with motion comes energy in a
greater motion. We could multiply the equation by -1 and get:
E = mc2
Question 9. Is energy ever actually negative (can something have a negative
energy of existence)?
Negative energy is a concept, which is used in physics and certain fields within a
gravitational and quantum field of work. Negative energy is also involved in the
work with wormholes and warp drives AKA time travel.
Question 10. Does energy ever have a direction (is it scalar or vector)?
A vector has a quantity, which consists of both magnitude and direction. The
quantity of vector includes.
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Momentum
Force
Weight
Lift
Drag
Thrust

Question 11. Can the negative on the left hand side of the equation ever mean a
direction for energy?
Yes it can due to the fact that both equations are zero, because initially the
velocities are zero and the initial separation is great. Which means that
potentially energy comes to terms with the equation that makes it go back to
zero.

Question 12. Some scientists thought that this negative sign was just a
mathematical oddity or scrap that had no physical meaning. Why might they think
that? (Use your previous answers).
I think there is a physical meaning, during physics it is used to descried the whole
velocity of a moving object which makes things positive and negative at the same
time.
Question 13. Is the negative sign actually meaningless or does this
mathematical peculiarity actually mean something? If so, what?
It has a physical meaning associated with velocity and acceleration with vector
qualities with positive and negative signs, which shoe the direction of which
objects take during an equation.
Part 3:
Learning about a law of physics
Pick any Law or Principle of Physics in your textbook and:
1. List its name and give me an explanation of what it is.
I have chosen Newtons Second Law of motion that states in the textbook the
following. The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force
acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely
proportional to the mass of the object. If this were to be used in a summarized
form it would look like this.
Acceleration ~ net force
Mass

2. Give me 3 examples in the real world involving the law or principle.

When a truck uses force to push a car, the car accelerates faster then
the truck due to the lack of mass the car has.

If you have a full grocery cart and an empty one once you push the
empty cart it goes farther due to the lack of force needed to push it
compared to the extreme force need to push the loaded cart.

If you drop a heavy rock and a pebble from a height of 4 feet the pebble
will end up on the ground faster then the heavier rock.

a) What does this mean?

Object accelerate at an equal force but once gravity takes effect the mass takes over and
the heavier object becomes slower then the object with less mass.
Part 4:
Explanation of Femis paradox and possible resolution.
This paradox was named after Enrico Fermi and his idea was a contradiction
between evidence and estimations gathered by soothing called the Drake
equation. This involves the possible existence of alien life in the Universe. Femi
also noted no convincing evidence of this fact other then his beliefs that the Milky
Way galaxy could be traversed in a million years, with flying machines and
interstellar travel done from population of other forms of life. My answer to these
questions will go as follows.
Fermis paradox is a contradiction to all things between high possibilities and low
possibilitys of civilization though out the universe, which unfortunately makes it
impossible to prove that extraterrestrials even existed at all. There are different
solutions to this problem and I am going to list them below.
I.

First off we are always learning new things about our universe as a whole,
meaning that there is between 200-400 billion stars in the Milky Way and
over 70 sextillion stars in the universe. So with this information introduced
we might never know if intelligent life does exist. According to Mr. Fermi
due to the monstrosity of our galaxy if there were life outside the earth we
might not even get a chance to discover it due to the size of the Milky Way
itself.

II.

The second point to make through this paradox is the argument that since
there is no conclusive evidence of there being life known outside earth
and since this has not changed in 13.8 billion years of the universes
history the possibility of intelligent life is rarer that people think. Also the
fact that the development and or behavior of extra terrestrial beings are
not only flawed but current scientific nature of the universe is incomplete
with no scientific factual information stated. The only two forms of life in
space consist of microbial organisms and life of a primitive system. For
some reason unknown to scientists evolution never occurred anywhere
but on earth.

III.

The next point we must explore is the idea to colonize our galaxy, which in
other words means earth and or any potential life outside of earth. This is
something that is not only unrealistic but also improbable, due to the large
scale of galaxy that might never get discovered and due to the fact that we
as a species have lived here on earth without the option of this taking
place due to a lack of life on other planets. Without life existing anywhere

else we cannot colonize unless we could co-exist with another life form,
which is not going to happen.
IV.

Finally we as humans have always strived to believe in something that

could not be explained. For instance topics such as aliens, big foot, the
lockness monster and mermaids to name a few have come up
consistently through the centuries and with all of this we have still to see a
believable face and or a relic. But during the entire existence of this earth
people have been either stood on the believer or non-believer side of
these particular topics to the extent that we make shows, movies and even
jobs about the truth being out there.
If there is no truth in the end it still gives someone something to believe in.
When talking about this type of ideology we stumble upon the reality some
have that God and or a higher power exists. But when someone says
there is no such thing as aliens we still believe in a god which truthfully
makes no sense because no one has seen him or her either and most
people in the world dedicate there lives to one day being with something
that we as a society could technically call extra terrestrial.