0.

14

N Nu =1.75

( )
w

N Pe D ( N Gr )1/ 3 ( N Pr )0.36
N Pe D
+ 0.12
4L
4L

0.8

1/3

0.8

N Nu =0.023 ( N ) ( N Pr )
N Nu =0.023 ( N ) ( N Pr )

0.14

( )

2 L T

q=

ln

( ))
r2
r1

{
{

Nu= 0.825+
Nu= 0.60+

0.387 Ra1/ 6

[ 1+ ( 0.492/Pr )9 /16 ]

8 /27

0.387 Ra1/ 6

[ 1+ ( 0.559/Pr )9 /16 ]

8 /27

q=UA ( T )
dq
dA= U ( T )
q=U o A o ( T 1T 4 )
U i A i ( T 1T 4 )
1
U=
1 x 1
+
+
hi k h o
ln P=C 1+

C2
+C 3 ln T +C 4 T C 5 , PPa, T K
T

1
ma
gc
1
2
1lb f = 1 ( lb m ) 32.1740 ft / s
gc
F=

( lbm ) ( ft /s 2 )
gc =32.1740
( lbf )
P=

F mg
=
A A

0.88

1/ 3

P=Po + gh
W = dW= F dl
W = dW= F cos dl
t

V2

W = P dV t
V t1

1
E K = mv 2
2
E P=mgh
E K + E P =0
4S
1
1
m v 22 m v 21+ mg z 2mg z1 =0 d eq =d H =4 r H =
PW
2
2
q=UA ( T )lm
T T 1
( T )lm = 2
T2
ln
T1
1
1
Rd =

U dirty U clean
T R T overall
=
R
1/UA
R
R
1
1
1
x
1
=
=
+ d, i +
+
+ d, o
U dirty , o d o U dirty , i d i hi d i d i k d lm ho d o d o
T iT iw T i T o
=
1
1
hi di
U idi
T ow T o T iT o
=
1
1
ho d o
U i di