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SYLLABUS
RSE

IN

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY GINN, HEATH

)PTBIGHTED BV GlKST, HEATH

MATHEMATICS.
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SYLLABUS
OF A

COURSE IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY OF THREE

DIMENSIONS.

Explain the method of denoting the position of a point

1.

in

space by Cartesian Coordinates.

v

>\

r^

State the convention concerning the signs of coordinates.

State the convention concerning positive rotation about

2.

any

axis.

3.

Explain Polar Coordinates

in space.

Obtain formulas for transforming from rectangular to polar

K*

coordinates.

[1]

2/

4.

To

PROBLEM.

= rsin<
= r sin

<f>

find

cos0,
sin 0.

the distance

between two

points

whose coordinates are given.

^
\i

D=

[2]

5.

f31

To

PROBLEM.
x=

If the line

ni a
is

divide a line in any given ratio,

+ nil

bisected,

4G2G19

m-i

2.

Define the projection of a point on a plane

6.

a plane

of a point on a line

Prove that the projection of a

p

where a

is

line

on a

line

is

cos a,

the angle between the two lines.

Show

7.

[5]

of a line on

of a line on a line.

that the rectangular coordinates of

any point are

the projections of the radius vector of the point on the three

axes

so that

axes of X,
[6]

and y are the angles made by r with the

if a, (3,

Z respectively, we have
T",
# = rcosa, y = rcos{3, z =
and

and
r2

[7]

and 7 are called the Direction Angles of

a, /?,

8.

Define the Direction Cosines of a

sum of

and prove that the

line,

their squares is unity.

COS2 a

[8]

The

r.

+ COS + COS y = 1
2

ft

radius vector of a point and

direction angles

its

may be

used as a set of polar coordinates.

9.

PROBLEM.

To

find the angle

between two

lines

their direction cosines are given.

[9]

The

COS 6

= COS a

COS a2

-}-

COS /?! COS @2

+ COS yj COS y

lines are perpendicular if

[10]

They
[11]

= COStt! COSa + COS/?! COS/? + COSyi COSy

2

are parallel

if

a1

=a

2,

81

= /?

2,

71

= 72-

2.

2.

when

TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES.
10.

PROBLEM.

To

transform to a

new

set of axes parallel to

the old.

[12]
11.

To

transform from one set of axes to a second set hav-

ing the same origin.

x=

cos aj

+ y' cos a +
2

z'

cos 03,

=
Z =
y

[13]

Show

x'

that the degree of an equation cannot be altered

by

either of these transformations.

12.

Explain what

is

meant

in space

by the

locus of

an equa-

tion or pair of equations.

Show

that a single equation between

surface.

Show how

y,

and

z represents

the form of a surface whose equation

be investigated by means of

An

cc,

That a pair of such equations represent a

its

line.

is

given

may

plane sections.

equation containing only two variables represents a cylin-

drical surface.

Show how

to obtain the equation of a surface

formed by

re-

volving a plane curve about one of the axes.

THE PLANE.
13.

PROBLEM.

To

find the equation of a plane in terms of

the perpendicular from the origin and

[14]

aJCOSa

its

direction cosines.

+ 2/COS/J + ZCOSy = p.

4
14.

Prove that every equation of the

and show how

represents a plane,

first

to reduce

degree,

it

to the

15. Express the equation of a plane in terms of

on the axes.

16.

To

PROBLEM.

find

form [14].

its intercepts

the equation of a plane through

three given points.

17.

To

PROBLEM.

find the distance

from a given point

to a

given plane.
[16]

18.

D = XiCOSa + y
To

PROBLEM.

[17]

They

+Z

COS(3

AA
1

COSy

p.

between two planes.

find the angle

-{-B 1

B +O
2

are perpendicular if

[18]

They

cos 6

A,A + B,B2 + 0, C2 = 0.

are parallel

[19"|

if

fS

U3.2

X>2

Jr3.

^2

PROBLEM.
To find the equation of a plane passing
through a given point and parallel to a given plane passing
through two given points and perpendicular to a given plane.
19.

THE STRAIGHT
Show

20.

LINE.

that the equations of a line

into the form

may

always be thrown

_,+,
y = nz

+ b.

Find the equations of a line in terms of its direction

cosines, and the coordinates of a point through which it passes.
21.

[21]

COS a

To throw

PROBLEM.

22.

COSy

COS/3

the equations of any line into the

form [21]

a
2

through two given

find

Vl + m

-f-

w2

equations of a line passing

the

points.
as

Xi

[23]
2/2

24.

Vl + m + n

To

PROBLEM.

23.

zc

m
Vl + m + n

[22]

Problems concerning the angles between

lines,

or between

and planes, can be readily solved by the use of the direction cosines of the lines and those of the normals to the planes.
lines

THE SPHERE.
25.

To

PROBLEM.

the coordinates of

[24]

When
[25]

(x

its

find the equation of a sphere in terms of

centre and the length of

-o)

the centre

is

its

+ (y-b) + (z-c) =i
a

a
.

at the origin, this becomes

radius.

Show

26.

sphere

that the

most general form of the equation of a

is

[26]

tf

+ yt + zt + Gx + Hy+lz + K^Q,

and show how to reduce any equation of this form to the form
[24], and thus to determine its centre and radius.
27.

PROBLEM.

To

find the equation of a

sphere passing

through four given points.

28.

Show

that any two spheres intersect in a circle.

29. Find the equation of the tangent plane at a given point

on the surface of the sphere, x2

+y + =
2

s-

[27]
30.

PROBLEM.

To

find the equations of the

normal at any

point of the sphere.

*
[28]

x,

Prove that every normal

31.

PROBLEM.

To

= = *.
^ Zi
*/

is

a radius.

find the locus of points dividing

harmoni-

cally secants drawn from a given point to a sphere.

Xt x

[29]

This

is

+y y+z z =r

drawn from the given point

Prove that

if

all

the tangents that can be

to the sphere.

several points lie in a plane, their polar

planes pass through the pole of the given plane

versely, that
lie

and passes

called the polar plane of the given point,

through the points of contact of

32.

if

and con-

several planes pass through a point, their poles

on the polar plane of that point.

Prove that the polar plane of a point

33.

is

perpendicular to

and that

the line joining the point with the centre of the sphere,
the product of the distance of the pole from the centre

distance of the polar plane from the centre

is

and the

equal to the

square of the radius.

PROBLEM.

34.

To

find the locus of the middle points of

set of parallel chords.

X COSa + y COS/3

[30]

Such a locus

2!

COSy

= 0.

a diametral plane.

is

Define diameter; conjugate diameters.

THE CENTRAL QUADRICS.

The

35.

central quadrics are the ellipsoid^ the bi-parted Jiyper-

boloid, the un-parted hyperboloidj and the cone.

q&

g2

qj2

Investigate their forms.

Find the equation of the tangent plane to a central

36.

quadric.
^i*^

T321

y\y

a?

Of

^i_2
~c^

(y
^"

V,)
**/

the normal line.

[33]
J
"-

b2

/v.

(x
>

#,)
*'

ni

=~

4G2619

(z
\

z,}.
~1/'

8
Find the equation of the polar plane of a point with
respect to a central quadric,.
37.

and prove that sections 31 and 32 apply to any central quadric

as well as to the sphere.

38.

Find the equation of the diametral plane conjugate to a

given chord of a central quadric.

iccosa

,-Q^-,

L"J

39.

Ts!

zcosy

"I

woo
vi y

Show

that

pqr--i

L" J

COSctj

Show

to the diameter through

/\

;= ^'

when two diameters

COSa 2

"

n*
u

"2
2

~w + '~w + ~^

tion cosines are connected

41.

ycosB

The diametral plane conjugate

r o /? T
L
J

40.

a2

are conjugate, their direc-

by the relation

COS/?! COS

(32

To

COSyi COSy2

"1

that the coordinates of any point of a central

quadric can be expressed in the form

[38]

where

42.

X,

/*.,

and

Show

v are the direction

angles of an auxiliary line.

that if two diameters are conjugate, the auxiliary

lines corresponding to their extremities are

ular.

mutually perpendic-

43.

Show

diameters

is

that the

sum

of the squares of three conjugate

constant.

Prove that the paYallelopiped whose edges are three conjugate diameters has a constant volume.
44.

CIRCULAR SECTIONS.
45.

Prove that through the centre of every central quadric

two planes can be drawn, each of which

a

will cut the quadric in

circle.

46.

Show

that every plane section of a quadric parallel to a

circular section is a circle.

47.

how

to find

that the circular sections of an hyperboloid

and of

Define the umbilics of an ellipsoid, and show

them.
48.
its

Show

asymptotic cone are the same.

RULED SURFACES.
49.

Show

that on the un-parted hyperboloid

two

sets of right

can be drawn, lying wholly in the surface of the hyperboloid

and that through every point of the hyperboloid one line
lines

of each set will pass.

50.

Prove that the two

of the hyperboloid

lie

lines passing

through a given point

in the tangent plane

drawn

at the point

in question.

51.

Show

that each line of one system meets all the lines of

the other system,

and none of the

lines of its

own

system.

10
52.

Prove that an un-parted hyperboloid may be generated by

the motion of a line which always touches three given lines, no

two of which are

53.

Show

same plane,
54.

that
it

in the

if

same plane.

a line revolve about another line not in the

will generate

a ruled hyperboloid.

Investigate the properties of the ruled paraboloid.

W.

E.

BYERLY,

Professor of Mathematics in Harvard University.

J. S.

GUSHING &

Co.,

PRINTERS, BOSTON.

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