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Documente Cultură
(Lecture to
the Laity, New York Acad. of Med., 1962.) Scientific Report no. CRI-O162
~----:
~s
I am taking
which
I wrote
man is
the
anyone
colleagues,
the
book
liberty
to avoid
this
label,
This,
of
laymen.
called
The medical
members
researcher,
by his
medical
to broaden
his
view
He bears
the
brunt
of his
go many disillusionments
outbalances
the
evaluates
certain
aspects
probably
any other
type
Other
focus
to
their
the
who use
Professor
"it
is
collection
kinds
detriment
of
implied
at
of human activities
on
disqualifies
influenced
medical
training
morally
for
the
and
well-being
he must
the
a position
with
a narrow
to a consider-
responsibility
wider
view.
reward
of
under-
usually
in which
more
and
he
objectivity
than
Lecture
persons
Memorial
3430
the
Main
~aity,
Highway,
me quote
in which
proceeds
generalizations
not
always,
to penalize
Let
Lecture
sphere,
but
tend
research.
at
to
biological
sometimes
investigation
secondly
Institute,
area,
scientific
scientific
of Medicine,
Research
narrow
Jackson
arrives
in the
Some such
to
Hughlings
that
especially
a smalt
approach
Hebb's
facts
automatically
However,
He may arrive
down
a non-Baconian
clearly
with
responsibility
Home sapiens.
a lay-
at: my writing
emotionally,
such
that
of scientist.
of the
Donald
of the
in
Some of my scientific
is
intellectually,
same spirit
I assume
of scientists,
attention
view.
of necessity,
about
in the
book
course,
when he takes
disillusion.
that
look
colleagues.
own species;
here
In
in order
from being
ethically.
lecturing
and a broad
them
forced
of
an open mind
mind.
is
M. D.~~
with
and a closed-down
extent
Lilly,
view
able
C.
first
from
11 April
Miami,
those
from
he said,
by the
the
facts.
1962
Florida
33133
Speculations
and the
classical
view
a priori
deriving
be false.
No research
collection
of
tive
facts
lined
encroaches
this
lecture
us essentially
sense
dealing
goddesses
discovered
ancient
Greeks
know today,
in their
or
said
that
are
and
past:
ourself?
know the
let
members
work
questions.
is
do
Research
man
from
all
they
discover
we
know
done
is
other
did
of Kronus
ourselves,
the
each
dolphins.
species
other
in
of the
being
each
done
creatures
on
been
than
of
that
the
for
of
things
may have
that
buried
beasts.
who
as
or both.
then
our
each
do
as
it
of
we
Experi-
above
isolated
develop-
one
How
by the
far
it:
Today we may
self?
are
we
of gods.
of Home sapiens?
individuals
which
by the
and myriads
one's
covered
isolated,
in a
things
dolphins,
areas
and
We are
discovered
of
they
the
How do we know
outside
which
pf certain
of
cults
the
that
Greeks,
men or dolphins,
then
other
some
to the
be discipi_.
a multiplicity
some
secret
imagina-
to
origin,
were
else.
attribution
have
spoke
of Kronus
with
of other
being
could
among priests,
us examine
relationships
How
few years
The
sometimes
upon
ancient
Possibly
of recent
nurslings
from
to
discovered.
I touch
to the
of
I discuss
with
the
way.
must
are
something
extent
in this
guidance
which
and of animals,
apparently
nurslings
the
First
If
beliefs
the
whether
last
Minoans.
which
than
influences.
in the
the
is
some time
speculation
problems
a certain
their
be done
as they
As opposed
of reality,
and
particular
question
fellow
up to
will
speculation.
philosophical
This
known for
research
rather
approach.
freed
we have
mental
ancient
of ourselves,
and
imaginative
out.
demands
new facts
of
ruled
been
imaginative
segment
human beings
with
we are
qualities
Plate
of
a refreshing
example,
gods
area
has
generalize
with
the
it
both
new ground
to
feedback
in the
sometimes
breaks
which
are
and
makes
us
that
by integrative
In
ing
from Bacon
from
speculation."
postulate
three
from
is
possible,
their
-3-
from
the
physical
individuals
of
are
them.
tanks
spent
many
the
with
the
months
in
oceans
of
people
beings
can
tell
person
can
undergo
world
under
acquire
in
possibly
duration
today.
of the
been
the
ones
This
more
alone,
that
few
Such
human
functioning
gives
patients
given
circumstances
to
which
above.
Others
are
as
not
However,
of
are
long
they
or as
the
he can
in
laboratory
the
world
has
been
explored
sensory
hours
through
intentsjve
do arm one's
We can
the
a few
going
unassailable
about
or
today.
a normal
of certain
world
one has
intelligent
feedback
Once this
fellow
satellite
capable,
on his
warm
one's
one
can approach
by integrative
explore
each
experience
circumstances.
experimental
variety.
techniques.
these
as
those
imaginative
facts
world
by a given
about
within
the
by
individual,
perspective,
including
man.
One's world
within
through
sailing
and
from
way.
experiments
such
enough,
other
such
if
orbiting
which
of perspective
such
of man.
own inner
extreme
Of course
mind
fellow
these
an
of
silent,
across
internal
that
of experiences
to the
speculation
his
no
in
kinds
bit
in
demands,
men
dark,
sailing
been
of
its
us
Alternatively
or
has
medical
similar
Polar
he sees
with
to
the
man an additional
or
to
in
apparatus,
alone
Pictures
transmitted
one I s self.
alone,
us.
suspended
man a richness
value
medical
as
hours
night
world,
them
I have
Polar
fellow
of
of
within
the
surround
developed
breathing
world
in a civilized
are
usually
hundreds
the
one's
experiences
be
adequate
of
to
several
of water
something
which
beginning
After
man
of
realities
frontier.
a person
himself.
view is radically
Each of us has
undergoing
Such person
such
such
research
may suddenly
modified
by the research
a frontier
on himself
realize
inside.
can
several
on one's
Surprisingly
find
items
new information
of what
may
-4-
be ancient
wisdom,
i.
nonself
systems
in
following:
of other
us
living
our
in
It
is
more
or
less
about
most
follows:
important
any
of
these
8.
If
we are
know
sex
are
self
others.
consists
of
and cooperative
at
least
the
creation
of things,
institutions.
parties
species
if
opposite
of happiness.
and cooperative
third
We do
any
creation
and about:
in these
other
that
physical
we come
reality.
ways.
species
knows
physical
reality
ways.
deprived
spiders
of the
upwards,
company
receives
of out
our
love
fellow
and affection
in
universe
in
state.
Such
species;
me
love
and
this
is
make
Animals
yet
speech
7.
Let
not
social
of the
and with
others
embraces
We know no other
isolated
human
through
from
the
as
reality
with
and of
not
any more,
are
members
or discover
outside
6.
9.
the
create
speech,
5.
species
with
communication
human beings,
to agree
own species
with
gestures,
so obvious
universe.
liberty
communication
The
quite
of one's
whole
One cannot
4.
not
relationships
Life,
3.
and
the
One's
to one's
without
are
The members
2.
basic
which
are
exchange
affection
yet
to
some
definitions:
those
other
knowledge
by
may
be
subjected
motile
speech,
occur
in
to
living
the
experimental
organisms
gestures,
only
embraces
tests.
with
and
whom we do
cooperative
creativeness.
the
of
above
us
does
ways.
exchange
living
or
organisms
potentially
which include
can
do
so,
one's
at
least
self,
in
with
principle,
-5-
How do we know
we
store
which
each
in
gradually
and
of
to
our
We are
their
native
pass
communications
respond
noises
of
others
do not.
or
special
which
phase
occurs
Our
sounds
in complicated
kinds.
noises
elicit
distress
lonely
to
speak
In
this
with
One of our
We test
one anfaced
childhood
causes
them,
another
the
responses
calls
humans
adults,
and
and
be.
by communicating
action.
Some such
to
communicating
way.
work
of other
we learn
tongue
childhood
and
mysterious
before
dumb)
childhood
how the
models
native
(not
In
function
a dark,
in a nonunderstanding
to explain
in kind
through
of others
in our
own species?
as we develop,
tongue.
models
our
models
complex
This
surrounded
is
within
definite
We each
we store
aspirations
to
brain
"no communication."
dumb phase
with
another
more
animals.
understand
other.
own
become
and of other
phase
his
one
adults,
from
with
the
adults,
cry.)
Most of us never
to
communicate
worlds
with
ourselves,
and between
others
of how we speak
no longer
exists.
realities
we had
which
inside
them
do explain
which
we neglect
learn
even
own species.
speaking
we reserve
behavior
leave
behind
one of their
For
affection,
fear
except
open
with
and painfully.
to us and the
We leave
the
because
under
the
the
problem
behind
We learn
As we learn,
us the
of
new
explanation
dumb inanimate
so many "animate"
apparently
languages.
We developed
humans.
an objective
slowly
communicate.
intelligences
later.
We also
did
peopled
empathy,
unspeaking
some pity
with
special
unspeaking
We learned
sympathy,
beast,
and a bit
them we cannot:
circumstances.
animals.
the
language
and concern
as we mature,
of scorn.
speak
For
for
We never
only
the
other
we develop
the
and we cannot
We come to identify
of our
larger
only
ones
control
speech
their
-6-
capability
with
reasoning
of speech
in others
goes
or lack
loss
fellow
humans,
we give
How did
is
lost
from
to
reason
In the
crucial
period
human species
in prehistory.
learn
We have
a possible
only
the
brain
and destruction
brain
were
became
eously.
out,
large
gap
a critical
in
the
brain
we conserve
Speech
thousand
years
approximately
or
within
ciated.
between
the
language
who competed
a complex
language
but
art
years
do not
less
than
mental
appear
of an extremely
substance,
symbols
40,000
creation
As the
quite
us with
and that:
who
to communicate
spontanthemselves
the
present
of modern
with
them.
institutionalize
speak
about
years
or
five
ago,
man.
Today
or
are
incapable
hundred
and writing
began
Modern
complex
ago.
speech
brain
gorilla
those
least
epoch man's
separated
without
at
The large
of humans
those
started
brain
developed
that:
ago;
which
group.
between
eliminate
size
cooperative
social
and leave
of the
a certain
to this
Thus
speech
rivals
at
moblike
groups
something
consists
the
speaking
started
7,000
Previous
speech,
that
nearest
even
picture,
and artifacts
threshold
a distance.
probably
Why should
language
to develop
who speak
control
bones
their
destroyed
those
otherwise
it.
sizes
at
to an emoting,
coordinated
to abolish
Our ancestors
of
enough
The first
managed
matters
limited
The true
a theory
and descriptive
speak?
for
picture.
of man reached
progenitors
speech
we reserve
skulls,
brained
predictive
to
complexity
or undeveloped
With increased
With decreased
No animal
the
out
power.
respect.
of respect.
of course,
which
and cognitive
stored
is
capable
of these
at
large
a critical
brain
number
somewhere,
of
sounds.
of unique
somehow
extremely
size?
rapid
sound
not
yet
relational
Such a brain
has
patterns
clearly
stored
enun-
juggling
developed
-7-
fantastically
muscle
dexterous
systems
control
body.
In addition
hypotheses
among alternatives
generated
the
that
sounds
in the
of very
are
transmitted
references
in association
artificial
machines.
Those
and
confined
killed
or are
in
without
in
in
captured
or
and put
This
is
on
yet
for
in a zoo for
that
the
our
to test
are heard
and
number
rapid
duplicate
other
farms
able
fantastic
capability,
bred
and respiratory
brain
by the sounds
we cannot:
fabulous
institutions
phonation
a large
answer,
storage
this
complex
of
by means
species,
food,
are
or
entertainment
of
isolated
hunted
and
of the
human
species.
Let
experiments
to give
us
now return
and
experiences
you somewhat
an attempt
to
to
the
isolation,
mentioned
of a perspective
arouse
your
empathy
for
solitude
and
above.
I wish
to
on what
we are
doing
their
position
confinement
so return
with
with
in order
dolphins
respect
and
to that
of
man.
Deprived
who do speak
solitary
give
Polar,
sailing,
us some answers
reality
provides
so
forth.
One
too
frequent,
involved.
found
all
to this
oxygen,
long
survives
frequently
important.
prison
survives
too
One
external
exchanges
if
of
of the
rewards
enough,
and
if
others,
ideasl
and
body
experimental
shelter,
provocations
rewards
intense
punishments
of
or too
internal
enough
intense
internal
Long
that
human exchanges
of
fear,
of
the
rewards
enough.
and
of us
is
one survives
and
anger,
are
particular
external
In
the
above,
temperatures,
for
rewards
each
as we said
proper
pain,
to
experiences,
and/or
and
happens
ones,
Without
food,
what
Isolation
question.
in duration,
if
with
the
punishments
not
human
can
be
absence
become
8-
One
that
which
detect
happens
one talks
periods
can
to
to onePs
beings
as
this
if
one
self
for one's
human
such
person
were
resolution
of
own
and
that
one abolished
regard
increased
one
one's
there
the
of
fraction
so
is
of
self
silence
intense
are
that
talking;
for
it
enhanced
certain
of
is
until
there
Even-
internal
paradoxes
man develops
is
respect
as well
eventually
unknown within
with
wrestlers.
A greater
One
almost
struggles
continues
wasters'.
unknown.
of the
analysis
a resolution
time
the
there
internalized
one s fellow
face
large
is
an
demands
wrestling
the
'mental
and for
in
a very
all
There
mental
with
what: I call
humility
become
present.
survive,
one s self,
carries
can
conflicts
for
of
and eventually
partially
materials;
those
First
revivification
one's
through
21~ere is a revivification
struggle
in
activities
isolation.
endlessly
previous
tually,
in
self.
this
internal
in
as in an
realizes
one's
that
own mind
and
brain.
At
first
before
one begins
called
it,
with
vigorous
at
one's
calms
to do only
to
the
the
to
give
drug
houses,
the
which
of one's
you
"seek
important
discussion
of the
the
there
transactions
is
are
However,
'emptiness,'
own species,
of
there
recreated.
down considerably
above
bottom
wish
isolation
that
is
'aloneness'
reanimation
this
experiences,
to accept
and the
exchanges
note
these
what I s missing
factions;
ever,
in
of
I wish
sorts.
is
left
rest
to
In
of
repeat
advice
in
advertisements
and confinement
of your
for yourself.
physician."
Finally
the
with
strong
that
which
of
Do not
a clich~,
to
term,
how-
resolutions
life.
one's
Byrd
and a
long
one's
from
phase
as Admiral
appreciation
an enhanced
received
advice
a transition
is
bottle
the
satis-
When restored
the
the
is
'evenness,'
prescription
given
imagined
surroundings.
all
merely
this
the
and one
with
vividly
As a footone
druggist;
one
of
prescribe
the
can
read
I
ethical
solitude,
-9-
treats
himself
has
a fool
for
a doctor
the
public
Let
dolphin.
will
us
not
some
account:
of our
research
because
we are
we must
constantly
to
forget
sitting
must
it
"on Mount
be brought
forces
to
present:
We asked,
us ask,
learn
humorous
dolphins
and
the
fact.
they
are
not
point
top."
the
of
talking
speed
marines.
The
in it.
approaching,
under
in
air
sea
in
They probably
or our nuclear
our
research
Several
of
men but
hear
the
been
air
the
"scientific"
to
in
doing
huge
the
all
submarines
of
of our
lecture.
dolphins?
to
Obviously
them.
I have
attempts
to know the
rockets,
helicopters
sea
in
he
has
begun
containers
human
I wish
of this
the
Recently
metal
can read
you.
airplanes,
surface
boats.
of
close
were
Those
Here
beginning
being
own minds
as it
above.
the
gods
repeatedly.
we have
species,
without
the
view
our
The dolphin
it
continue
of Greek
within
book mentioned
at
on them
my colleagues
some sort
of what
describe
on
and
dolphin-eye
and during
for
I will
around
the
my book
about
dolphins
around
hydrofoils,
title
dolphins.
the
and
that
and to modify
some current
which
dolphin
on man
you an
to know another
to know the
picture
One may
in giving
picture
and
the
Our limitations
of view
detailed
we were
He rushes
destroyers,
humor
of
with
research
I chose
dolphins
papers
which
whales
blimps.
high
our
in the
Man rushes
at
are
research
scientific
dolphins.
wintry
rather
the
if
Olympus'
scientific
that
of
man from
we cannot
and
as
us to broaden
published
aspects
reminded
to our
of you interested
our
with
and write
a patient."
somehow separate
be
for
panic."
consider
I cannot
and a fool
race
ships
approaching
row
known
probably
as
has
approaching,
and say
boats,
to
rush
nuclear
sub-
a good
our
around
deal
airplanes
to one another,
of
-10-
"here
UFOs
come those
invaders
from outer
space
almost
totally
distressed
however,
helpless.
these
a man alone
A dolphin
situation.
between
These
two
two species.
We have
found
in shallow
water.
The shallow
without
background
meet
too great
poor
to correct
the
communication
these
and fins
on
We literally
terms
in
which
to one another
his
standing
below water
handicapped
of those
in the
exercise
or
otherwise.
There
are
examples
of wild
the
freedom
of the
that
insists
have
made friends
in
broad
living
with
there
are
unusual
the
wild
ones
seas
so that
dolphins
in
their
still
powers
free
noses
has
he can
and yet
so as not
dolphins
to becoming
I hasten
to abuse
dolphins
that:
to add for
there
- human beings
native
habitat.
are
against
of
his
them,
come to man
with
dolphin
the
those
prefers
peculiar
skin
some unusual
who go out
one
is sufficiently
who have
entangled
this
sufficient
on Land.
the
us
activity
of
in-
to continue
flippers
or bottled
alienating
best
dolphin
advantage
cooperative
the dolphins
very
and terror-stricken.
allows
humorously
for
water
is
on land is in a similarly
requirement.
and
make
dolphins
himself.
another
that
facts
we are trying
fluences.
or sitting
stranded
are immobile
Ln our laboratory
swimming activities
with
Seriously,
as
again."
and seek
species
divers
who
human beings
contacts
11-
We call
our laboratory
a place
other species.
I will
restrict
The effects
myself
sounds
of our speech.
through
just
A dolphin
rewards
and
in
animals
effect
can produce
other
during
of our
the bottlenose
has acquired
variants
of
confirmed
each
its
two
brains
and improved
on the
is
a 3-5; year
old
the process
male
Tursiops
20 understandable
- a vocabulary
of 20 English
and the
truncatus
Elvar
English words.
words,
on playing
component
are normal
to this
to shorten
the past
of approximately
these
insists
reasons.
statement
of
Elvar
games of pronunciation
this
each
Elvar
like
Elvar.
a vocabulary
Let me modify
other
transactions.
animal
dolphin
the
so
to produce
of these animals'
of human-like
clear
totally
(without
portions
production
on
by means of electrical
Recently
we have completely
animals
this
effects.
of these
electrodes).
of certain
1957 discovery
for
of these
in these
to explore
In brief
mimicry.
short
brain
implanted
the stimulation
artificially).
the ability
large
and without
effect
These experiments
the
are allowed
to one aspect
In 1957 I discovered
species
sounds
at
the
on its
high
(4 to 20 kilocycles
he is emitting
(4, 8, or 16 times)
pronunciation.
and reproduces
extremely
the lowest
and taking
Elvar
dissects
frequencies
per second).
at high
a word
frequency.
frequencies
He also
which
tends
If one slows
drop near
to the high
_12_
he translates
from his
like
has said,
in the
version
you a specific
and "var"
human time
domain of a higher
emission
domain
"more Elvar",
"moa" a pause
and
frequency
frequency
Let: me give
assistant
into
our
Elvar
sounds
He then
a voice
puts
copy,
it
a very
"more Elvar"
small
child
together
that:
one could
An example of this
it
sounds
like
a smalt
of
barely
detect
that
sounds
domain
delphinese
between
at
end of her
rate
He then
"more
of
so rapidly
slowing
delivery.
after
the
the laboratory.
on the heels
It
rapidly.
a normal
the
together.
child
a few milliseconds
it: all
extremely
in the
running
saying
something
P4y
domain,
Elvar"
frequency
in which
both
domain.
This
of hers
transmission
She says
that
and the
it was
beginning
his.
Faced
with
a new human
to a male
new voice.
'Lwater."
human voice
He took it
apart
causes
Elvar
These
are
to
from that
portions
ending
of rapid
findings
his
emphasize
"r."
of the previous
a series
brand-new
modifies
output
to
of a female
the
new aspects
encompass
human
of the
and submitted
by emitting
Elvar
the operator
at the beginning
resolved
changing
voice
of it
My "r"
female
clicking
to me; apparently
is much more vibrant
operator.
He finally
sounds.
in a new scientific
field,
of unknown
13
consequences
that
he
the
did
on the
and unknown
animal
not
do
part
dolphins
boy
thinking
it.
will
that
the
powers
become
A few
god
to
testing
dolphins
as
the
ahead;
we know
speak
It
was
It
will
a few
our
production
not
to
until
happened
I could
long
it
or small,
in the
leads.
from
realm
or many years
be adequately
beings
in
our
in English
of
of
Delphinese
path.
Phocaena
before
The path
eventual
is
and
new field
of
by us and by others.
are
very
and
speculation"
this
finally
in Delphinese.
is
the
a Greek
to Orca)
"imaginative
Institute
that
imagine
What the
explored
and
past
1000 B.C.
him,
production
in the
in Greek
through
where
from
a spontaneous
talk
we believed
performance
dolphin.
will
abilities
is
of
that
the
still
human
kind
human beings.
talking
be several
opened
this
trying
(large
is
emphasize
may have
we know not
reveal
to
this
to other
dolphins
we have
and
demanded
dolphin.
Apollo
one another's
are
and
come a short
Hebb.
dolphins
I wish
to a dolphin
and will
which
it
new that
of
of Professor
research
to
listening
so startlingly
speech
wild
tried
We have
is
do
Insofar
of the
have
shepard
could
utility.
poor
dedicated
So far
indeed.
the
BIBLIOGRAPHY
i.
Lilly,
J. C. Effects
of physical
restraint
and of reduction
of ordinary
levels
of physical
stimuli
on intact,
healthy
persons,
pp. 13-20,
44.
In: Illustra-
tive
strategies
for research
on psychopa~holqgy
in mental
health
New York,
Lilly,
J.
stimuli
3.
Lilly,
C.
Mental
on intact,
John C.
and negative
effects
healthy
of reduction
persons.
Some considerations
types
of ordinary
Psychiat.
regarding
of motivations.
Am. Jrl.
levels
Res. Rep.,
basic
of physical
Wash.,
mechanisms
of Psychiatry,
1956,5:1-9,
of positive
Dec.1958,115:
498-504.
4.
Lilly,
John C.
The effect
En~L~-~.r~_nm_S3~_f~:~2L
Ef fects
of Sensory
on Cons ciousnes
Deprivation
s edited
on Consciousness.
Proceed-
5.
61-9097.
The Macmillan
7.
1960.
(L.C.
Lilly,
John C.
The Psychophysiological
for Psychoanalytic
Association
Oct.
Lilly,
Lilly,
Columbia University
Press,
N.Y.C.
60-15809)
Implications
(L.C.
8.
New York.
Lilly,
John C. and Shurley, Jay T. Experiments
in Solitude
in Maximum
Achievable
Physical
Isolation
with Water Suspension of Intact: Healthy Persons.
Symposium, USAF Aerospace Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, 26-27 May 1960.
Psychophysiolagical
6.
Co.,
John C.
1960.
VIII
Basis
Theory.
Journal
of American Psychoanalytic
6( Co.,
Inc.,
61-9528)
Dolphin-
9.
Lilly,
Fed.
10.
1L.
1961.
20:
i.
Lilly,
John C. and Miller,
A. M. Vocal Exchanges Between Dolphins.
iBottlenose dolphins
"talk" to each other with whistles,
clicks,
and a variety
of
other noises.
Science,
134: 8 Dec. 1961 pp. 1873-1876.
Lilly,
12.
1962.
Vol.
Lilly,
John C.
Phila.
Assoc.
55,
A. M.
Stimulation
No.
1,
Operant
Conditioning
of the Brain.
of the Bottlenose
Jrl.
Pse.
73-79.
The Biological
for Psychoanalysis,
Versus Psychoanalytic
Dichotomy.
1961.
Bull.
of
BIBLIOGRt~PEEY(Cont'd)
13.
14.
Lilly,
John
C.
Manuscript,
1961.
Lilly,
C.
John
and Technolqgp.
Production
Interspecies
1961.
of Human Speech
Communication.
Sounds
by the
Bottlenose
Dolphin.
McG_r_alJ__H__1I~L1Y_e_a~b_ook_qf_Sci
ence