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gr

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

832 00

JJ

II

1 270

Copyright ,
All rights reserved




z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

1.1.

C
(x, y) x, y

(x, y) + (x 0 , y0 ) = (x + x 0 , y + y0 )
(x, y) (x 0 , y0 ) = (xx 0 yy0 , xy0 + yx 0 )

0

.

JJ

II

2 270

C . C

.
i = (0, 1) x (x, 0)
z = (x, y) z = x + iy i 2 = 1.

x z <z y
z =z. z = x + iy

p
|z | = x 2 + y2 .
C ( Cauchy
) z, z 0
d (z, z 0 ) = |z z 0 |.
(zn )
n =1 w |zn w| . zn = xn + iyn w = a + ib
(xn )
n =1 a
(yn )
n =1 b.

( ) - ) (
, (0, 1) ).
2
. z arg z.
z r
z
z = |z |(cos(arg z ) + i sin(arg z )) = r (cos + i sin )

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

.
z = x + iy

3 270

z = x iy

( )

|zz 0 | = |z ||z 0 |

(1.1)

arg(zz 0 ) = arg z + arg z 0

(1.2)

arg(z n ) = n arg z

(1.3)

arg z = arg z

(1.4)

|z | = |z |

(1.5)

|z |2 = z z

(1.6)

z + z 0 = z + z 0

(1.7)

zz 0 = z z 0

(1.8)

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

z
z0

<z =

z + z
2

, =z =

z
z 0

z z
2i

(1.9)

(1.10)

JJ

II

4 270

1.1.1.

(zn )n z
(|z zn |)n 0. zn = xn + iyn z = x + iy
xn x yn y.

 w r > 0
D (w, r ) = {z : |w z | < r }
w r. w
r
(w, r ) = {z : |w z | r }
D

C(w, r ) = {z : |w z | = r }
w r.
z0 () D (z0 , r ), r > 0
z0 . A
a A D (z0 , r ) A A.
.
K .
S S . Y S
Y = A S A .
S
- .
z1 , z2 : [a, b] C a, b (a ) = z1 , (b) = z2 . x (t ), y(t )
(t ), (t ) = x (t ) + iy(t ),
x (t ), y(t ) . : [0, 1]C
(t ) = tz1 + (1 t )z2
z1
z2 [z1 , z2 ].

[z0 , z1 ] [z1 , z2 ] [zn 2 .zn 1 ] [zn 1 , zn ].

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

5 270

 S
S. - .
.
.
.
.
(an )
n =1 a

(|an a |)
n =1
0.
. , , .
P

n =1 an (Sn )n =1
Sn = a1 + + an
(an )
n =1 .

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

6 270

1.2.

1.2.1
.
-

 1.2.2 (a ) 1i (b)
1+i
-
(c ) i 45 (d ) ( 1 + i 1 )17 .
1i
2

1.2.3 z z = z .
-
1.2.4 z1 , z2 c R
cz=c z

(1.11)

z1 + z2 = z1 + z2

(1.12)

z1 z2 = z1 z2

(1.13)

z1
z2

z1
z2

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

, z2 , 0.

(1.14)

1.2.5 z, z1 , z2

|z1 z2 | = |z1 | |z2 |

(1.15)

 
 z1  = |z1 | , z , 0.
2
 z2  |z2 |

(1.16)

|z | = |z |.

(1.17)

JJ

II

7 270

1.2.6 (1 + i )11 .

 1.2.7 z = a + bi w = x + iy
w2 = z. z = i
-



z -

az 2 + bz + c = 0

a, b, c, a , 0 .

1.2.9 [ ]

Cauchy-
Taylor

|z1 + z2 | |z1 | + |z2 |

(1.18)

|z1 + z2 | ||z1 | |z2 ||

(1.19)

Laurent
0

1.2.10 z

|z | |<z | + |=z |

2|z |.

-
1.2.11

(an )
n =1

n

2
2

=
+i
2

JJ

II

8 270

n =1

-
1.2.12 (an )
n =1 limn |an | = +.
.
-

 1.2.13

n

2
2

(an )
=
+
i

n =1
2

z -

n =1

-
1.2.14

"
#
a
b
b a

Cauchy-
Taylor

a, b R

1.2.15 a |a | < 1.



 z a  = 1 |z | = 1
 1 az


-
1.2.16 z , 0 .
z+

Laurent

JJ

II

z
9 270

=z = 0 |z | = 1.

 1.2.17 T : C C
T (z ) = az + b, a , 0

z -

(i) T

C(z0 , r ) = {z : |z z0 | = r }

Cauchy-
Taylor

C (T (z0 ), r |a |) = {z : |z T (z0 )| = r |a |}.

(ii) a, b T C(0, 1) C(1 + i, 2).

-

Laurent

1.2.18

C(z0 , r ) = {z : |z z0 | = r }

z z z 0 z z0 z + z0 z 0 r 2 = 0

-
1.2.19
. ;
-

JJ

II

10 270

1.2.20 :

1. i n

2.

3.

4.

 i n
1+i



z -

 i + 1 n

1i

n
n+2

+i

Cauchy-
Taylor

n+3
n+4

Laurent

5. n (i n 1)

-
1.2.21 an :

1.

n
1X

n
2.

ai

i =1

a1 a2 an

1.2.22 :
i +n
n =1 ni 3+i

JJ

II

11 270

1.

2.

i
n =1 n

-
1.2.23

z -

:
1.

X
(1 + i )n
n =0

2n

2.

X
(1 + i )n

n =1

1.2.24 ()

Cauchy-
Taylor

()

Laurent

2n

i 1.

-
.

1.2.25
;

1. <z = =z.

JJ

II

2. <z < 1

3. 1 <z 1
4. =z 0
5. |z | 2

12 270

6. 1 < |z | < 100

7. < arg z <

8.

< arg z <

.
4

z -

1.2.26 () ;
() ,

Cauchy-
Taylor

1. {z : |z | < 3}

2. {z : 1 < |z | < 3}

3. {zz : =z > 1}

Laurent

4. {z : <z 5} {11}

-
1.2.27 ;
; ;
-
1.2.28 .
-

0

.

JJ

II

13 270




z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

2.1.
2.1.1.

- CAUCHY-RIEMANN

f (z )
f (z ) = u (x, y) + iv(x, y)

(2.1)

u (x, y), v(x, y) . . - ( ) . f : C

JJ

II

14 270

 z0
f 0 (z0 ) = lim

f (z ) f (z0
z z0

z z0

. f .
S f S
S.
.

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

u
x

(x0 , y0 ),

u
y

(x0 , y0 ),

v
x

(x0 , y0 ),

v
y

(x0 , y0 )

Laurent

(x0 , y0 ) .
f
x
f
y

( x0 , y 0 ) =

(x0 , y0 ) =

x
y

(x0 , y0 ) + i
(x0 , y0 ) + i

v
x
v
y

(x0 , y0 )

(x0 , y0 )

f : C Cauchy-Riemann
(x0 , y0 )
f
f
(x0 , y0 ) = i (x0 , y0 )
y
x

u

( x0 , y 0 ) =

JJ

II

15 270

(x0 , y0 )

x
y
u
v
(x0 , y0 ) = (x0 , y0 )
y
x

(2.2)

(2.3)

 2.1.1 f : C (x0 , y0 )
Cauchy-Riemann .
(x0 , y0 ) f Cauchy-Riemann f : C
z0 (x0 , y0 ) .
f 0 (z0 ) =

f
x

(z0 ) =

u
x

( x0 , y 0 ) + i

v
x

(x0 , y0 ).

2.1.2 f (z ) S
f (z ) S.
f (z ) f (z ) C.
z0
z0 .

2.1.2.

z = x + iy

exp(z ) = e z = e x (cos x + i sin y).

f : C C Cauchy-Riemann
z0 = (x0 , y0 ) z.

. 2.1.1 z

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

16 270

(e z )0 = e z

sin z =

1
2i

(e iz e iz )

cos z =

2.1.3.

1
2

(e iz + e iz )



z -

P (z ) = an z n + + a1 z + a0
a0 , . . . , an .

Cauchy-
Taylor

f (z ) =

an z n

(2.4)

n =0

an (z z0 )n

(2.5)

n =0

JJ

II

17 270

k n

L 0 +.

= +,

z (2.5) .
z0 . 0 (
(2.4)
.

1
1
L = limn |an | n = lim sup |ak | k

f (z ) =

Laurent

= 0.

 - ( +)
R=

1
L

z -

limn n |an |

(2.5)
D = {z : |z z0 | < R
.
:
2.1.3

1. R = 0 (2.5) z = z0 .

2. R = + (2.5) z.
3. 0 < R < + (2.5) z |z z0 | < R
z |z z0 | > R. |z z0 | = R
.
, R 0 < R

(z0 , R ) = {z : |z z0 | R }.
D
0

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

18 270

2.1.4
f (z ) =

X
n =0

an (z z0 )n

 |z z0 | < R f 0 (z ) |z z0 | < R

f (z ) =

z -

nan (z z0 )n 1 .

n =0

:
2.1.5 f (z ) = n =0 an (z z0 )n
z0 an = 0 n,
0.

2.1.6 f (z ) = n =0 an (z z0 ) , g(z ) = n =0 bn (z
z0 )n z0 an = bn
n.

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

2.2.

2.2.1 f : C C
f (z ) = |z |
z = 0.

2.2.2 f (z ) A f 2 (z ) = z. f 0 (z ) = f (1z) .
-

JJ

II

19 270

2.2.3
zn

= z

 2.2.4 P (z ) P (z ) = P (z ).
-
2.2.5 P (z )
P (z ) P (z ).
-
2.2.6 f (z ) = u (x, y) + iv(x, y).

n
o
= (x, y) : ux = vy uy = vx

2.2.7 (x, y) f (z ) =
(x 3 )+ i (y2 ) .
-

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

2.2.8 a, b, c

f (z ) = (x + ay) + i (bx + cy)

-

2.2.9

x 3 (1+i )y3 (1i )

x 2 +y2

f (z ) =

.
-

z -

JJ

II

z , 0

20 270

z = 0

Cauchy-Riemann z = 0 f 0 (0).

 2.2.10

z
z2 + 1
w .

2.2.11 f (z ),
Cauchy-Riemann :
f (z ) = log(x 2 + y2 ) + 2i cot1 (x/y)

Laurent

-
2.2.12 f (z ) D
.
-
2.2.13 f (z ) D
.
-
2.2.14 f 00 (z ) D.
f (z ) = u (x, y) + iv(x, y)
u (x, y), v(x, y) Laplace

2 u
2 y

= 0,

2 v
2 x

2 v
2 y

Cauchy-
Taylor

f (z ) = x 3 3y2 + 2x + i (3x 2 y y3 + 2y)

2 x

f (z ) = x 2 y2 2ixy

2 u

z -

0

.

JJ

II

21 270

= 0, (x, y) D

 2.2.15

(a )

inz n

(b )

n =0

n =0 (n

z -

+ 2n )z n

-
2.2.16

lim

n ! = +

Laurent

X
1 2n
z
n
!
n =0

-
2.2.18

2.2.17

f (z ) =

Cauchy-
Taylor

an z n

n =0

JJ

II

22 270

(a )f (z ) = 1 z = n1 , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

(b)f (0) = 1.
0

 2.2.19

sin(z + w) = sin z cos w + sin w cos z.

-

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

2.2.20
ez = a

a .
-

Laurent

2.2.21

e z = 3

-
2.2.22

e iz = a
a .

JJ

II

-
23 270

2.2.23

sin z = 2i

 2.2.24
P (z ) = a0 + a1 z + + an z n , n 1

z -

a0 a1 an > 0.
1.
-

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

24 270




z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

3.1.

: [a, b] C
[a, b] .
(t ) = u (t ) + iv(t ) u v .

Z
a

(t )dt =

Z
a

u (t )dt + i

v(t )dt.

JJ

II

a
25 270

: [a, b] C, [a, b]
.
.
. ( ) (a ) = (b)
(, ). L : [a, b] C


L=

| 0 (t )|dt
a

f
( f : C )
f ( )

f (z )dz =

f ( (t )) 0 (t )dt
a

M = sup{|f (z ) : z } L
ML-


Z


 f (z )dz  ML

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

3.1.1 F : A C A
: [a, b] C A

F 0 (z )dz = F ( (b)) F ( (a )).

JJ

II

26 270

F 0 (z )dz = 0.

3.2.

3.2.1

Z
C

z -

dz

C : [a, b] C (t ) = e it .

3.2.2 C = {z : |z | = 1} (
). .

Cauchy-
Taylor

(a )

(b )

Laurent

(c )

1
dz
C z

1
dz
C |z |

1
dz
C z

3.2.3 f : [a, b] C

Z
a

f (t )dt =

f (t )dt.
a

JJ

II

27 270

3.2.4 C |z |z dz C
z = Re it , 0 t R <z R, =z = 0.
-

 3.2.5 F : C,
F 0 (z ) = 0 z F . -



z -

z n dz

Cauchy-
Taylor

n , 1 C

C(t ) = Re it , t [0, ]

-
3.2.7 * f |f | 1

Z

Laurent

f (z )dz  4.

C(t ) = e it , t [0, 2 ]
-
3.2.8 f 0.

Z
lim

r 0

Cr

f (z )
z

= 2if (0).

JJ

II

28 270

Cr {z : |z | = r }

 3.2.9

Z



2
2
 (x iy )dz  2.5

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

1. [i, i ] .
2. e it , t [ 2 , 2 ]

3.2.10 |a | , R

Laurent

Z



dz
2R

 2
|R |a |2 |
|z |=R (z a )(z + a )

JJ

II

29 270




z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

CAUCHY-
TAYLOR

Laurent

0

.

4.1.

f S
A S.
z0 C r > 0
D (z0 , r ) = {z : |z z0 | < r }

(z0 , r ) = {z : |z z0 | r }
D

JJ

II

30 270

C(z0 , r ) = {z : |z z0 | = r }

 C(z0 , r )

(t ) = z0 + re it , t [0, 2 ]
1
4.1.1 ( Cauchy) f : C
(z0 , r ) z D (z0 , r )
z0 , r D
f (z ) =

1
2i

f (w )

C(z0 ,r )

wz

dw.

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

f
f (n ) (z ) =

n!
2i

f (w )

C(z0 ,r )

(w z )

dw.
n +1

4.1.2 f : C . D (z0 , R )
f (z ) =

X
f (n ) (z0 )
n =0

n!

(z z0 )n , z D (z0 , R )

C.
(
)
0 .
1

.

0

.

JJ

II

31 270

 4.1.3 ( Liouville)
.



z -

Liouville
4.1.4 ( )
.
4.1.5 ( ) f (z )

0. f, g

{z : f (z ) = g(z )}

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

4.2.

0

.

4.2.1

ez
z2 + 1

(1) i 1 (2) i 1
-
4.2.2 Taylor

1
2z +3

4.2.3 Taylor
.

1
z

1 i
-

JJ

II

32 270

 4.2.4
f (z ) =

z -

z+i

v , i.

-
4.2.5 f (z ).
Taylor f (z ) 0 .
-
4.2.6 P (z ) = a0 + a1 z + . . . an z
n

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

sup |P (z )| 1

|z |=1

|ak | 1, k = 0, . . . n.

-
4.2.7 f (z ), k A, B

|f (z )| A + B|z |k
z , |z | > R0 R0 . f (z )
k.
-
4.2.8 f (z ) f (z ) = f 0 (z )
f (0) = 1.
-

JJ

II

33 270

 4.2.9 f (z )

0.
f (z )
-

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

4.2.10
P (z ) = a0 + a1 z + + an z n , an , 0, n 1

P (z ) = an (z 1 )n1 (z k )nk

1 , . . . , k n1 , . . . , nk (
) n1 + + nk = n.
-

Laurent

4.2.11

0

.

P (z ) = a0 + a1 z + + an z n , an , 0, n 1

P (z ) = an (z 1 )n1 (z k )nk (z 2 + 1 z + 12 )m1 (z 2 + j z + j2 )mj

(4.1)

1 , . . . , k , 1 , 1 , . . . , j , j n1 , . . . , nk , m1 , . . . , mj ( )

JJ

II

34 270

n1 + + nk + 2(m1 + + mj ) = n.

(4.2)

 4.2.12 f |f (z )| 1 z.
.
-
4.2.13 f, g A
z A f (z )g(z ) = 0 f = 0 g = 0 A.
-
4.2.14 f =f (z ) 0
z C. f .
-
4.2.15 f, g
D (0, 1) 0 1, 0
f 0 (1/n )
f (1/n )
n = 2, 3, 4, . . . .

f
g

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

g0 (1/n )

g(1/n )

D (0, 1).

4.2.16 f (z )
1. f (0) = 0.

JJ

II

2. z C |f (z ) z 2 cos z | 1000.
35 270

4.2.17 f z0

 (n )

f (z0 ) > n !bn

 n = 1, 2, . . . (bn )
n =1

lim

bn = +.

p
n

-
4.2.18 f (z ), g(z ) a

f (z ) =

an (z a )n , g(z ) =

n =0

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

bn (z a )n

n =0

|z a | < R g(z ) {z : |z a | R }.
f (z )
h (z ) =
a .
g (z )
-

Laurent

0

.

4.2.19 5
0
z
f (z ) = z
e +1

JJ

II

-
4.2.20 0
36 270

f (z ) = e

1
z 1




z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

5.1.

5.1.1 ( ) f . z z 0
|f (z 0 )| > |f (z )|.
5.1.2 ( )
.
5.1.3 ( Schwarz) f
D |f (z )| 1 z D.

(a )|f (z )| |z |

JJ

II

37 270

(b)|f 0 (0)| 1

 (a ) (b) f (z ) = e i z.
5.1.4 ( Morera) f D
Z

f (z )dz = 0

z -

D f
D.

Cauchy-
Taylor

5.1.5 ( Schwarz)
D (
f D D,
) L
( L ).
g f D L D D = {z : z D }
D

f (z ) z D L

g(z ) =

f (z ) z D

5.2.

5.2.1
Int () ( )
f
<f =f .
-

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

38 270

5.2.2 f R > 0.

M (R ) = sup{|f (z )| : |z | < R }.

lim

R +

M (R )
Rm

z -

=0

Cauchy-
Taylor

1. f (n ) (0) = 0 n > m.
2. f m 1.

5.2.3 f |f |
f .
-
5.2.4 .
-
5.2.5 f C+ = {z : =z > 0}
C+ (0, 1). f (x ) = x 4 2x 2 x (0, 1) f (i ) = 3.
-
5.2.6 f (z ) D
a f (a ) = 0 n, f (n ) (a ) = 0,
0 D.
-

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

39 270

5.2.7 f =z
. .
-

 5.2.8 f R = {z :
1 z 2} |f (z )| 1 |z | = 1 |f (z )| 4 |z | = 2.
|f (z )| |z |2 z .
-
5.2.9 f (z )
.
,
f (z ) = f (z ).
-

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

40 270




z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

LAURENT

Laurent

6.1.

z0

{z : |z z0 | < }.

JJ

II

f z0
z0 z0 .

41 270

1. g(z ) z0
f (z ) z0 f
z0 .
2. z , z0 f
f (z ) =

A(z )
B (z )

A B z0 A(z0 ) , 0 B(z0 ) = 0
f z0 . z0 k B
k.
3. z0
f z0 .

6.1.1 ( Riemann) f z0
limzz0 (z z0 )f (z ) = 0 .
6.1.2 f .
6.1.3 f z0
k limzz0 (z z0 )k f (z ) , 0 limzz0 (z z0 )k +1 f (z ) = 0
f k z0 .
6.1.4 (Casorati-Weierstrass) f z0
z0
f ( D ) = {f ( z ) : z D }

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

42 270

C.

n =0

zn ,

n =1

zn

zn =

n =

zn +

n =0

zn

z -

zn

n =1

Cauchy-
Taylor

6.1.5

an z n

n =

D = {z : r < | z | < R }

Laurent

r=

1
1

lim supn |an | n

, R=

1
1

lim supn |an | n

r < R .

6.1.6 ( Laurent) f (z )
D = {z : r < | z | < R }
Laurent
f (z ) =

JJ

II

43 270

X
n =

an z n

D.

 6.1.7 f (z ) z0 > 0

f (z ) =

z -

an (z z0 )n

n =

|z z0 | <
an =

1
2i

Z
C

f (z )

(z z0 )

Cauchy-
Taylor

dz
n +1

C 0 r < .

6.2.

6.2.1 limzz0 f (z ) = f
z0 z0 .
-
6.2.2 Laurent
Laurent.
1.

2.

0

.

1
z 2 3z + 2
2zi

(1 z )(z + i )2

3. sin

Laurent

JJ

II

44 270

1
z

6.2.3

1.

2.

3.

1
z z3



z -

z4
1 + z4

Cauchy-
Taylor

z5

(1 z )3

4.

ez

Laurent

1 + z2
-

6.2.4 Laurent
f (z ) =

cos z
z2

-
6.2.5 f {z : z , 0}.
f
p
1
|f (z )| |z | +
|z |
.

6.2.6 f, g m, n z0 .
f + g, fg, f/g z0 ;
-

JJ

II

45 270

 6.2.7
1

z -

z4 + z2
-

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

46 270




z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

7.1.

f z0
Laurent
f (z ) =

+
X

an (z z0 )

n =

a1

Res(f (z ); z0 ).

JJ

II

47 270

f z0
f (z ) =

g (z )
h (z )

 g(z ), h (z ) z0 z0
h (z )
g(z0 )
a1 = lim (z z0 )f (z ) = 0
.
(7.1)
z z0
h (z0 )
.
z0 k f (z )
a1 =

k 1



(z z0 )k f (z ) .

(k 1)! dz k 1

(7.2)

7.1.1 ( Cauchy) f D {z1 , . . . , zn }

f (z ) z1 , . . . , zn

f (z )dz = 2i

n
X

(, zk )Res(f ; zk ).

k =1

(, zk ) =

dz
za

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

zk .
a <
(, a ) 0 1.

{z : (, z ) = 1}

{z : (, z ) = 0}

JJ

II

48 270

 7.1.2 ( Cauchy) f D {z1 , . . . , zn }

f (z ) z1 , . . . , zn
.

f (z )dz = 2i

n
X

Res(f ; zk ).

k =1

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

7.1.3 ( Rouche) f, g

|f (z )| > |g(z )|, z

Z (f + g) = Z (f ).
, Z (f ) f .

Laurent

0

.

7.2.

7.2.1

1.

JJ

II

49 270

1
z3 z5

2.

z4

(z + 1)2

z -

3.

Cauchy-
Taylor

z 2n +1

(z + 1)n +1

Laurent

4.

z2 + z 1

z 2 (z 1)

5.

ez
z 2 (z 2 + 9)

.
-

JJ

II

50 270

7.2.2

Res

f 0 (z )
f (z )

; z0

 z0
() n f (z )
() n f (z )

7.2.3 a > 0

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

tan(t + ai ) = i

7.2.4

z 4 5z + 1

Laurent

|z | < 1.

7.2.5
.

z 7 5z 4 + z 2 2

|z | < 1.

7.2.6
z 4 7z 3 + 10
|z | < 1.

7.2.7

|z | < 1;

II

51 270

e 4z + 1 = 0
z

JJ

 7.2.8

z -

sin dz.
z

|z |=r

Cauchy-
Taylor

7.2.9
n
k

!
=

(1 + z )n

1
2i

|z |=1

z k +1

dz.

2n
n

Laurent

4n .

JJ

II

52 270




z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

53 270

 : .


z -

1.2.1

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

54 270

 : (a ), (b)
. (c ) 44 = 4 10 + 1, (d ) .


1.2.2

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

55 270

 : .

1.2.3

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

56 270

 : z1 = x1 + iy1 , z2 = x2 + iy2 .

1.2.4

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

57 270

 : |z |2 = z z 1.2.4.

1.2.5

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

58 270

 : .

1.2.6

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

59 270

1.2.7

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

60 270

 : .

1.2.8

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

61 270

 : () |z |2 = z z . () z1 = x1 + iy1 , z2 =
x
q2 + iy2 . 1.18, x1 x2 + y1 y2

(x12 + y12 ) (x22 + y22 ).

1.19, |z1 | = |(z1 + z2 ) z2 | 1.18.

z -

1.2.9

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

62 270

1.2.10

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

63 270

 :
.


z -

1.2.11

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

64 270

 : .

1.2.12

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

65 270

 : limn |an | = 0 limn an = 0.

1.2.13

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

66 270

"
a + ib 7

b
a

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

1.2.14

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

67 270

1.2.15

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

68 270

z -

1.2.16

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

69 270

|z z0 | = r |T (z ) T (z0 )| = r |a |.


z -

1.2.17

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

70 270

|z z0 | = r |z z0 |2 = r 2


1.2.18

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

71 270

1.2.20

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

72 270

 : .

1.2.21

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

73 270

 : .

1.2.23

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

74 270

 : .

1.2.24

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

75 270

1.2.25

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

76 270

 : : z = x + iy, z 0 = x 0 + iy0




z -

z + z 0 = (x + x 0 ) + i (y + y0 ) = (x 0 + x ) + i (y0 + y) = z 0 + z.

:
zz = xx yy + i (xy + x y) = x x y y + i (x y + y x ) = z z
0


1.2.1

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

77 270

(a )

1
i

(b )

1+i
1i

i
(i )i

= i = 0 + (1)i

(1+i )(1+i )
(1i )(1+i )

2i
2

z -

= 0 + 1i

(c ) i 45 = i 44 i = (i 4 )10 i = 110 i = i

17 
17
(d ) 12 + i 12
= cos 4 + i sin 4
+ i sin 17
=
= cos 17
4
4
 
 
= cos(4 + 4 ) + i sin(4 + 4 ) = cos 4 + i sin 4 =
=

1
2

+i

1
2

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent


1.2.2

0

.

JJ

II

78 270

 :
. z = z x + iy = x iy 2yi = 0 y = 0.

1.2.3

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

79 270

 :
z1 z2 = (x1 + iy1 )(x2 + iy2 ) =

z -

(x1 x2 y1 y2 ) + i (x1 y2 + y1 x2 ) = (x1 x2 y1 y2 ) i (x1 y2 + y1 x2 ) =

= (x1 iy1 )(x2 iy2 ) = z1 z2 .

z1
z2

z1 z2
z2 z2

!
= ( ;;;) =

1
z2 z2

z1 z2 =

z1 z2
z2 z2

z1
z2

Cauchy-
Taylor


1.2.4

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

80 270

 : 1.15 . 1.13




z -

|z1 z2 |2 = z1 z2 z1 z2 = z1 z2 z1 z2 = (z1 z1 ) (z2 z2 ) = |z1 |2 |z2 |2

.


1.2.5

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

81 270

 : (1 + i )11 = 1 + i

|(1 + i )11 | = |1 + i |11

11

= (1 i )11

= ( 2)11 = 25 2.


1.2.6

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

82 270

 : b = 0 z

w = a, a 0

w = i

p
|a |, a < 0

b , 0. y , 0 y = 0
a = 0.
(x + iy)2 = a + bi

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

x y + i (2xy) = a + bi
2

y , 0 2xy = b
x=
b2
4y2

b
2y

y2 = a

4y4 + 4ay2 b2 = 0
y.

y=

2
2

Laurent

x 2 y2 = a, 2xy = b

q
!

2
2
a + a + b

0

.

JJ

II

83 270

b
2 b
=
a + a 2 + b2
q

2
2 |b|
a + a 2 + b2

x=

z -

w1 =

2
2

|b |

q
a+

a 2 + b2 + i

q
!!

a + a 2 + b2 , w2 = w1

( |bb| b.)
z = i a = 0, b = 1
i

(1 + i ),

2
2

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

(1 + i )


1.2.7

0

.

JJ

II

84 270

= b2 4ac

, w w2 = (
)
z1 =

b +
2a

, z2 =

b
2a

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

1.2.8

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

85 270

 : ()

|z1 + z2 |2

= (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 ) = (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z 2 )

z -

= z1 z 1 + z1 z 2 + z1 z 2 + z 1 z2 = |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + z1 z 2 + z 1 z2

= |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + z1 z 2 + z1 z 2 = |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + 2<(z1 z 2 )

Cauchy-
Taylor

|z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + 2|z1 z 2 | = (|z1 | + |z2 |)2 .

.

() 1.18 |z1 + z2 |2 (|z1 | + |z2 |)2 . z1 = x1 + iy1 , z2 =

x2 + iy2 |z1 + z2 |2 = (x1 + x2 )2 + (y1 + y2 )2 = (x12 + y12 ) + (x22 + y22 ) + 2(x1 x2 + y1 y2 ).

q
(|z1 | + |z2 |)2 = |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + 2|z1 ||z2 | = (x12 + y12 ) + (x22 + y22 ) + 2 (x12 + y12 ) (x22 + y22 ).
q
1.18 x1 x2 + y1 y2 (x12 + y12 ) (x22 + y22 ).
Cauchy- Schwarz

|x1 x2 + y1 y2 |

x12 + y12

x22 + y22 .

Laurent

0

.

(7.3)

7.3

(x1 x2 + y1 y2 )2 (x12 + y12 ) (x22 + y22 )

JJ

II

86 270

x12 x22 + y12 y22 + 2x1 x2 y1 y2 x12 x22 + x12 y22 + y12 x22 + y12 y22

0 x12 y22 2x1 x2 y1 y2 + y12 x22


0 (x1 y2 y1 x2 )2



z -

1.19, |z1 | = |(z1 + z2 ) z2 | 1.18

Cauchy-
Taylor

|z1 | |z1 + z2 | + |z2 |

|z1 | |z2 | |z1 + z2 |

Laurent

|z2 | |z1 | |z1 + z2 |

||z1 | |z2 || |z1 + z2 |


1.2.9

JJ

II

87 270

 : <z = x, =z = y.

|z | =

x 2 + y2

p
|x 2 + y2 + 2|x | |y| = |x | + |y|.

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

(|x | |y|) 0

x 2 + y2 2|x | |y|

2(x + y ) x + y + 2|x ||y|

Laurent

2(x 2 + y2 )

x 2 + y2 + 2|x ||y|

2|z | |x | + |y|.


1.2.10

JJ

II

88 270

 :
.

z=

z -

+i

2
2

z = cos
n

= cos

n
4

+ i sin

+ i sin

Cauchy-
Taylor

nk = 8k, k = 1, 2, . . .
ank = cos 2k + i sin 2k = 1, nk = 8k, k = 1, 2, . . .

Laurent

lim ank = 1

mk = 8k + 2, k = 1, 2, . . .

amk = i, k = 1, 2, . . .

lim amk = i

(an )
n =1 . .


1.2.11

JJ

II

89 270

 : .

limn |an | = + .

1.2.12

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

90 270

z=

r
|z | =

1
2

2
9

+i

2



z -

r
=

13
18

< 1.

Cauchy-
Taylor

lim |an | = 0

lim an = 0


1.2.13

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

91 270

 : M

"

b
a

z -

f : C M

"
f (z ) =

b
a

Cauchy-
Taylor

#
, a = <z, b = =z.

z = a + ib, z 0 = a 0 + ib0

"
f (z + z 0 ) =

a+a
b b0
0

b+b
a + a0
0

"
=

b0

b
a

"
+

b 0

b
a0

= f (z ) + f (z 0 )

Laurent

"
f (zz 0 ) =

aa 0 bb0
(ab0 + a 0 b)

ab0 + a 0 b
aa 0 bb0

"
=

a0
b0

# " 0
a
b

a
b0

f 1-1 .

b0
a0

#
= f (z )f (z 0 )


1.2.14

JJ

II

92 270


1.2.15

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

93 270

 : z +

1
z

z+

1
z

=z+

1
z

= z +

z -

1
z

z+

1
z

= z +

z+

1
z

(z z )

z
1
z

|z |2

Cauchy-
Taylor

= 0

z z
2

(z z )

= 0

Laurent

|z | 1
= 0
|z |2

z = z |z |2 = 1

=z = 0 |z | = 1


1.2.16

JJ

II

94 270

 :




z -

|z z0 | = r |T (z ) T (z0 )| = r |a |.

, a , 0

Cauchy-
Taylor

|z z0 | = r
|a ||z z0 | = r |a |

|az az0 | = r |a |

Laurent

|az + b (az0 + b)| = r |a | |T (z ) T (z0 )| = r |a |.


1.2.17

0

.

JJ

II

95 270

|z z0 | = r



z -

|z z0 |2 = r 2
(z z0 )z z0 = r 2

z z z 0 z z0 z + z0 z 0 r 2 = 0

Cauchy-
Taylor

1.2.18

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

96 270

 : (an )
n =1 a. > 0 n0

|an a | <
n n0 .

z -

||z | |w|| |z w| |z | + |w|

Cauchy-
Taylor

n n0 ,

||an | |a || |an a | < .

,
|a |.
(1)n
.


(|an |)
n =1

1.2.19

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

97 270

 :
1.

z -

|i n | = |i |n = 1n = 1.
2.

n

n
1
 i  = |i |
=
1
1 + i 
n
|1 + i |
( 2)n

Cauchy-
Taylor

3.

n

 i + 1  = 1
1 i 

Laurent

4.



 n + i n + 3  =
n + 2
n + 4

(n + 3)2
+
2
(n + 2)2 (n + 4)2
n2

5. n n = 4k +2 (
4 2)

JJ

II

98 270

2n

1.2.20

 :
M = sup{|an | : n = 1, 2, . . . }.
1.

2.

z -



n
n
 1 X
 1 X
1

ai 
|ai | nM = M.
n
 n i =1  n i =1

Cauchy-
Taylor

n
 n a1 a2 an  = n |a1 | |a2 | |an | M n = M.

1.2.21

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

99 270

 :
i +n
1.
n =1 ni 3+i ,
.

i +n
ni 3+i n =1

2. .

z -


1.2.22

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

100 270

 :
1.

n =0

z n |z | < 1

zn =

n =0

1
1z

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor



 1 + i  = 2 < 1


2

X
(1 + i )n

2n

n =0



X
1+i n

n =0

1
1i

=1+i

Laurent

2. Cauchy.

P (1 + i )
n =0

n =0

n =0

(1+i )n
2n

P (1 + i )n

2n
(1 + i )n
2n

n =0

n =0

!
=

n =0 (n + 1)

2n
(1 + i )n

(1 + i )n
2n

2n

(1 + i ) =
2

X
(1 + i )n

n =0

2n

+1+i

0

.

JJ

II

101 270

X
(1 + i )n

n =0

2n

= (1 + i )2 (1 + i ) = 1 + i.


1.2.23

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

102 270

 : ()

= 3 cos + i sin
2

= cos

+ 2k
3

z -

+ i sin 2

+ 2k
3

k = 0, 1, 2.


1.2.24

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

103 270

 :
1. x = y

z -

y=x

Cauchy-
Taylor

2. x = 1.
3. x = 1 x = 1.
4. .

5. 0 2.

6. 0
100 0 1.

Laurent

7. .
8. y = tan 6 x
y = tan 4 x.


1.2.25

JJ

II

104 270

 : . .
:



z -

1. {z : |z | 3}
2. {z : 1 |z | 3}

Cauchy-
Taylor

3. {zz : =z 1}
4. {z : <z 5} {11}.


1.2.26

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

105 270

 : (4).

.
(1) (2) .

1.2.27

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

106 270

 :
C = {z : |z | = 1}
, ( ;).


z -

1.2.28

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

107 270

 : Cauchy-Riemann.

2.2.1

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

108 270

2.2.2

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

109 270

 : z .

3.2.5

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

110 270

2.2.4

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

111 270

 : 2.2.4

2.2.5

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

112 270

2.2.6

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

113 270

 : Cauchy Riemann

2.2.7

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

114 270

2.2.8

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

115 270

2.2.9

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

116 270

 : .

2.2.10

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

117 270

2.2.11

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

118 270

 : f (z ) f (z ) = u (x, y) + iv(y, y) v(y, y) = 0.

2.2.12

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

119 270

 : .

2.2.13

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

120 270

 : Cauchy-Riemann f (z ) f 0 (z ). 

2.2.14

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

121 270

2.2.15

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

122 270

: N n n ! > N . n > M

n ! = 1 2 M 1 (M M + 1 n ) > (M 1)!M n M +1 .

lim
n

z -

= 1.

Cauchy-
Taylor

2.2.16

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

123 270

 : 2.2.15

2.2.17

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

124 270

 : 2.1.6.

2.2.18

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

125 270

 : .

2.2.19

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

126 270

 : a
a = re i .

z -

2.2.20

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

127 270

 : .

1.2.24

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

128 270

 : a
a = re i .

z -

2.2.22

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

129 270

 :
w = e iz

2.2.23

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

130 270

 : z

(1 z )P (z ) = 0

z -

a0 + (a0 a1 )z + (a1 a2 )z 2 + + (an 1 an )z n + an z n = 0.



Cauchy-
Taylor

2.2.24

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

131 270

 :
f (z ) = x 2 + y2 + 0i

z -

f
y

(x0 , y0 )2y0 , i

f
x

(x0 , y0 ) = 2ix0

Cauchy-
Taylor

f
y
x0 = y0 = 0.

(x0 , y0 ) = i

f
x

( x0 , y 0 )

2.2.1

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

132 270


2.2.2

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

133 270

 :
z = (cos + i sin )

z -

z = (cos i sin )

Cauchy-
Taylor

z n = n (cos n + i sin n)

z n = n (cos n + i sin n = n (cos n i sin n) = z n

3.2.5

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

134 270

 :
P (z ) =

N
X

an z n

z -

n =0

P (z ) =

N
X
n =0

an

zn

N
X

an

zn

n =0

N
X

an

zn

n =0

N
X

an z

Cauchy-
Taylor

n =0

an an = an .

P (z ) =

N
X

an z = P (z ).
n

n =0

Laurent


2.2.4

0

.

JJ

II

135 270

 : 2.2.4,

P (z ) = P (z )
P (z )

z -

P () = P () = 0 = 0.


2.2.5

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

136 270

 : 3.1 A f (z )
. f
(,
). f
z z A.
A. f .


2.2.6

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

137 270

 : Cauchy Riemann
3x 2 = 2y,

0 = 0

f (z ) z = x + iy y = 23 x 2
y = 32 x 2 .

= {(x, y) : y =

3
2

x 2}

f (z )
.


z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

2.2.7

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

138 270

 :
u (x, y) = x + ay,

v(x, y) = bx + cy

f z = x + iy
Cauchy Riemann
ux = vy ,

uy = vx

Cauchy-
Taylor

1=c

z -

b = a

f (z ) = x + ay + i (ax + y) = x + iy + a (ix + y) = x + iy ai (x + iy) = (1 ai )z.

Laurent

2.2.8
.

JJ

II

139 270

 : f (z ) = u + iv
u=

x 3 y3

x 3 + y3

x2 + y

x 2 + y2

, v=
2

z -

u (0, 0) = v(0, 0) = 0

ux (0, 0) = lim

u (x, 0) u (0, 0)

x
u (0, y) u (0, 0)

x 0

vy (0, 0) = lim

y 0

= lim

x
y

x 0

= lim

x 0

Cauchy-
Taylor

=1
= 1

vx (0, 0) = 1, vy (0, 0) = 1

Laurent

Cauchy-Riemann .
f (0) = lim
0

z 0

f (z ) f (0)
z

= lim

z 0

x 3 (1 + i ) y3 (1 i )

(x 2 + y2 )(x + iy)

(1 + i )(x 4 + y4 + ixy(y2 x 2 ))
= lim
z 0
(x 2 + y2 )2

. .
z 0 y = x
f 0 (0) = lim

(1 + i )2x 4

x 0

4x 4

x 0

(1 + i )x 4
x4

1+i

JJ

II

z 0 y = 0
f 0 (0) = lim

140 270

=1+i

. f 0 (0) .

2.2.9

 : i, i
w , i, i.
z
z

z2 + 1

0
z =w

2
= limzw z + 1

w2 + 1
=
zw

= limzw

wz (z w) + (z w)
=
(z w)(z 2 + 1)(w2 + 1)

= limzw

(z w)(wz + 1
=
(z w)(z 2 + 1)(w2 + 1)

1w

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

(w2 + 1)2

z -


2.2.10

0

.

JJ

II

141 270

 : .


2.2.11

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

142 270

 : D
D Cauchy-Riemann
ux = vy ,

z -

uy = vx .

f (z ) = u (x, y)+ iv(y, y) f v(x, y) = 0

ux = 0

uy = 0

U (x, y) . f (z )
D.

2.2.12

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

143 270

 : D
D Cauchy-Riemann
ux = vy ,

z -

uy = vx .

f (z ) = u (x, y) + iv(y, y) f u (x, y) = 0

vx = 0
vy = 0
v(x, y) . f (z )
D.

2.2.13

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

144 270

 : f f Cauchy-Riemann
u
x

v
y

v
x

(7.4)

z -

f (z )
f 0 (z ) =

u
x

+i

v
x

(7.5)

Cauchy-
Taylor

Cauchy-Riemann f 0 (z ) (7.5)

!
!
v
u
=
(7.6)
x x
y x

(7.4)

2 u
2 x

2 u
2 y

= 0,

2 v
2 x

2 v
2 y

= 0, (x, y) D

Laurent


2.2.14

JJ

II

145 270

 : N n
n n > M

n ! > N . M



z -

n ! = 1 2 M 1 (M M + 1 n ) > (M 1)!M n M +1 .
N M = 2N n > M

n
=

(M 1)!
M M 1

r
n! >

p
n

(M 1)!M 1

M 1
n

=M

(M 1)!
M M 1

Cauchy-
Taylor

r
lim
n

(M 1)!
M M 1

Laurent

=1

r
n

(M 1)!
M M 1

n! >

1
2

>

1
2

M =N


2.2.16

JJ

II

146 270

 : 2.2.15
R = lim
n

2n

q
n ! = lim
n

n ! = +

limn an = + limn

an = + k > 1.


2.2.17

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

147 270

 : f (z ) =

g (z ) = 1

n =0

an z n (a )

0 2.1.6.
f (z ) = 1 f 0 (0) = 0 (b).

2.2.18

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

148 270

sin z cos w + sin w cos z

e iz e iz e iw + e iw
2i

i (z +w)

i (z +w)

e i (z+w) e i (z+w)
2i

+e

e iw e iw e iz + e iz
2i
i (z w)

2
i (wz )

+e
4i

z -

i (z +w)

i (z +w)

+e

i (wz )

i (z w)

Cauchy-
Taylor

sin(z + w).


2.2.19

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

149 270

 : a
a = re i

z -

e z = a e x e iy = re i

Cauchy-
Taylor

x = ln r,

y = + 2k, k Z

z = ln r + i ( + 2k ), k Z


2.2.20

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

150 270

 :
z = ln 3 + (2k + 1), k Z


1.2.24

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

151 270

 : a
a = re i

z -

e iz = a e ix e y = re i

Cauchy-
Taylor

y = ln r, x = + 2k, k Z

z = ( + 2k ) i ln r, k Z


2.2.22

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

152 270

 :
w = e iz .

sin z =

z -

e iz e iz
2i

Cauchy-
Taylor

sin z = 2i
w

1
w

= 4 w2 + 4w 1 = 0

w=

42 + 4

= 2

5.

Laurent

2.2.22 z w.

2.2.23
.

JJ

II

153 270

 : z

(1 z )P (z ) = 0

z -

a0 + (a0 a1 )z + (a1 a2 )z 2 + + (an 1 an )z n + an z n = 0.

Cauchy-
Taylor

|(a0 a1 )z + (a1 a2 )z 2 + + (an 1 an )z n + an z n | = a0 .

a0 a1 an > 0 a0 a1 0, . . . an 1
an 0.

z.
n

Laurent

|z | < 1

a0 < (a0 a1 ) + (a1 a2 ) + + (an 1 an ) + an = a0 ,

.

a0 (a0 a1 )|z | + (a1 a2 )|z | + + (an 1 an )|z | + an |z | .

2

JJ

II

2.2.24
154 270

3.2.1

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

155 270

 : C : [0, 2 ] C (t ) = e it .

3.2.2

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

156 270

z -

3.2.3

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

157 270

z -

3.2.4

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

158 270

 : 3.1.1.

3.2.5

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

159 270

 : 3.1.1.

3.2.6

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

160 270

 :
:

R
C

f (z )dz

z -

f (z )dz = Re i .

R
C

f (z )dz e i .

Cauchy-
Taylor

3.2.7

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

161 270

 : f z = 0
> 0 > 0



z -

|f (re it ) f (0)| <

r < t [0, 2 ].

Cauchy-
Taylor

3.2.8

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

162 270

 : M-L.

3.2.9

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

163 270

 :
z = Re i , [0, 2 ]

3.2.10

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

164 270

Z
C

1
z

dz =

Z
a

0 (t )
(t )

dt =

Z
a

ie it
e it

dt = i (b a ).

z -

3.2.1

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

165 270

dt =

int

cos nt dt + i

sin nt dt

"
=
Z

dz =

Z
0

dz =

z -

sin nt
n

0 (t )
(t )

dt =

(t )

cos nt
n
2

Z
0

dt =

Cauchy-
Taylor

=0
0

ie it
e it
2

#2

dt = 2i

ie it dt = 0

Laurent

|z |
| (t )|
0
0
Z 2 0
Z 2 it
Z 2
Z
(t )
ie
1
dz =
dt =
dt =
ie 2it = 0

(t )
e it
0
0
0
C z
C


3.2.2

JJ

II

166 270

 :
f (t ) = u (t ) + iv(t )

z -

Rb
a

f (t )dt

Rb

Rb

Rb

Rb

u (t )dt + i

Rb

u (t )dt i

Rb

v(t )dt

Cauchy-
Taylor

v(t )dt

(u (t ) iv(t ))dt

f (t )dt.


3.2.3

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

167 270

 : 0 R =z 0.

R
C

|z |z dz

RR

|x |xdx + i 0 R e e dt
R0
RR
R
R x 2 dx + 0 x 2 dx = iR 3 0 dt

R 3 i

z -

3 it it


3.2.4

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

168 270

 : z0 . z ,
z0 , z (=
) : [0, 1] (0) = z0 (1) = z. 3.1.1

0=

F 0 (z )dz = F ( (1)) F ( (0)) = F (z ) F (z0 )

Cauchy-
Taylor

F (z ) = F (z0 )
z .

z -


3.2.5

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

169 270

 : n , 1

z n +1

!0
= zn .

n+1
3.1.1

Z
C

z n dz =

R n +1
n+1

z -

(e (n +1)i 1)

Cauchy-
Taylor

n
z dz =

2R n +1

C

n+1

Laurent

3.2.6

0

.

JJ

II

170 270

 :
:

R
C

f (z )dz

z -

f (z )dz = Re i .

f (z )dz =

f (e )ie dt =
it

it

Cauchy-
Taylor

it

g(t )ie dt.

0

g(t )ie it dt = Re i .

t [0, 2 ] g(t ) = f (e it )
. e i

Z
g(t ) cos(t )dt

i
0

g(t ) sin(t )dt = R.

Laurent

g(t )e i (t ) dt = R.

R 2
0

g(t ) cos(t )dt,

R 2
0

g(t ) cos(t ) = 0

|g(t )| 1

 Z 2
Z
 Z 2




R =  f (z )dz  = 
g(t ) sin(t )dt 
|sin(t )| dt


C
0
0

g(t ) sin(t )dt

JJ

II

171 270

|sin(t )| dt =

|sin t | dt +

|sin t | dt +

|sin t | dt

Cauchy-
Taylor

|sin t | dt = 4

|sin t | =

|sin t | =

0
0

|sin t | dt

z -

|sin t | dt =

/2

sin tdt = 4

Laurent


3.2.7

0

.

JJ

II

172 270

 : > 0. f z = 0
> 0
it

|f (re ) f (0)| <

z -

r < t [0, 2 ]. r <

R

Cr


f (z )

dz

2f
(
0
)
z

Cauchy-
Taylor

R 2

R 2
it
=  0 f (rereit ) ire it dt i 0 f (0)dt  =
R 2

=  0 (f (re it ) f (0))dt 
R 2
0 |f (re it ) f (0)| dt
R 2
0 dt < .

Laurent

f (z )

lim

r 0

Cr

= 2if (0).


3.2.8

JJ

II

173 270

 :
1. [i, i ] x = 0, |y| 1 |x 2 iy2 | = |iy2 | 1.
L = 2 .

Z



2
2
 (x iy )dz  1 2 = 2 2.5

Cauchy-
Taylor

2. x = cos t, y = sin t

(x iy )dz =
2

z -

(cos t i sin t )( cos t + i sin t )dt =

2

2
3

+i

Laurent


Z
 2

2
2
5 2.5.
 (x iy )dz  =
3


3.2.9

JJ

II

174 270

Z
 Z 2


 

Re i d
dz
=

 
i a )(Re i + a ) 
(
z

a
)(
z
+
a
)
(
Re
0
|z |=R

z -

|R |a || |Re i a |,

|R + |a |2 | |Re i + a |

Cauchy-
Taylor





Re i
R
.


(Re i a )(Re i + a )  |R 2 |a |2 |
M L .


3.2.10

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

175 270

 : Cauchy.

4.2.1

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

176 270

 :
1
1z
|z | < 1.

z -

zn

n =0

Cauchy-
Taylor

4.2.2

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

177 270

 :
1
1z
|z | < 1.

z -

zn

n =0

Cauchy-
Taylor

4.2.3

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

178 270

4.2.4

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

179 270

4.2.5

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

180 270

 : Cauchy.

4.2.6

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

181 270

 : Liouville.

4.2.7

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

182 270

4.2.8

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

183 270

4.2.9

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

184 270

 :
.


z -

4.2.11

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

185 270

 : 2.2.5.

4.2.11

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

186 270

 : Liouville

1
.
f

4.2.12

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

187 270

4.2.13

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

188 270

 : g(z ) = e if (z) .

4.2.14

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

189 270

 :
f
g

!0
=

f 0 g g0 f
f2

z -

4.2.15

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

190 270

4.2.16

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

191 270

 : z0 z0 .


z -

4.2.17

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

192 270

 : h (z ) =

n =0

cn (z a )n |z a | < R

X
n =0

n =0

an (z a )n

n =0

a )n

cn (z a )n = P

bn (z

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

4.2.18

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

193 270

 : 4.2.18.

4.2.19

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

194 270

 : w =

z
.
z 1

4.2.20

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

195 270

 :
.
Z
Z
ez
e z dz

z2

+1

z+i zi

Cauchy
f (z ) =

Cauchy-
Taylor

ez
z+i

z0 = i

ez
z2 + 1

z -

= 2if (i ) = 2i

ei
2i

(cos 1 + i sin 1).

Laurent

4.2.1
.

JJ

II

196 270

 :
1
2z + 3

1
3

1
2z
3

+1

31

2z
3

X
1
n =0

(1)n

 2 n
3

zn

z -

4.2.2

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

197 270

 :
1
z

1
z (1 i ) + 1 i

1
1i 1

1
z (1i )
i 1

X
n =0

(i

1)n +1

z -

(z (1 i ))n .

R = lim

p
n

(|i 1|)n +1 = |i 1| =

Cauchy-
Taylor

2.


4.2.3

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

198 270

 :
f (z )

z
z+i

=1
=1

z -

i
z+i

Cauchy-
Taylor

(z v) + v + i

i
1
v+i zv +1
v+i
P
(z v )n
= 1 i n =0 (1)n
(v + i )n +1

=1


4.2.4

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

199 270

 : f (z ) z
f (z ) = f (z )

z -

f (z ) 0

f (z ) =

Cauchy-
Taylor

an z n

n =0

X
f (z ) =
(1)n an z n

n =0

Laurent

f (z ) = f (z )

n
an = an

an = 0.


4.2.5

JJ

II

200 270

 : k = 0, . . . , n
ak =

P (k ) (0)
k!

z -

Cauchy, C C(0, 1),

M L

 (k )  
Z

 P (0)   1
P (w )
 1 2 = 1.
|ak | = 
= 
dw

 2
n
+
1
 k! 
2i C w

Cauchy-
Taylor

4.2.6

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

201 270

 :
f (z ) =

an z n

z -

n =0

f (z ) 0 n > k C(0, R ) = {z : |z | = R },

 (n )  

Z
 f (0)   1

f (w)
1 A + BR k
A + BR k
|an | = 
=
dw
2R =
.
 n !   2 C(0,R) wn +1
 2 R n +1
Rn
n > k

lim

R +

A + BR k
Rn

Cauchy-
Taylor

= 0.

> 0 R > R0

|an |

A + BR k
Rn

Laurent

<

an = 0, n > k
f (z ) k.


4.2.7

JJ

II

202 270

 :
f (z ) = a0 + a1 z + a2 z 2 + + an z n + . . .

z -

f (z ) 0. f (0) = 1
a0 = 1.

Cauchy-
Taylor

f 0 (z ) 0
f (z ) = a1 + 2a2 z + + (n + 1)an +1 z n + . . . .

f (z ) = f 0 (z )
a0 = 1, an +1 =

an
n

Laurent

an =

1
n!

n,

f (z ) = e z .


4.2.8

JJ

II

203 270

 :
f (z ) = sin

1



z -

= C \ {0}
1
2n
0.

, n = 1, 2, . . .

4.2.9

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

204 270

 : an = 1. 01 ,
.
z 01
P (z ) = (z 01 )Q1 (z ) + u
Q1 (z ) n 1 1 u
0 P (01 ) = 0.
P (z ) = (z 1 )Q1 (z )
n = 1 Q1 (z ) = 1 . n > 1 Q1 (z )
02
Q1 (z ) = (z 02 )Q2 (z )

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

P (z ) = (z 01 )(z 02 )Q2 (z )

n n
( )

01 , . . . , 0n

P (z ) = (z 01 ) (z 0n ).

JJ

II

P (z ) = an (z 1 )n1 (z k )nk

205 270

1 , . . . , k n1 , . . . , nk
( ) n1 + + nk = n. an , 1

P (z ) = an (a0 /an + + z n ) = an P 0 (z )

 P 0 (z ).


4.2.11

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

206 270

 :
P (z ) = an (z 01 ) (z 0n )
0

(7.7)

1 , . . . , n n . 2.2.5
P (z ) , .
(7.7)

(z )(z ) = (z z ( + ) + || )
2

. (4.1). (4.2)
(4.1).

4.2.11

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

207 270

1
f

z .

|f (z )| 1 z

1 z

1
f

Liouville . f (z )
.

|f (z )|

z -

4.2.12

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

208 270

 : f 0 A a A
f (a ) , 0 f A

D (a, r ) = {z : |z a | < r }

z -

D (a, r ) A
f (z ) , 0 z D (a, r ). g(z ) = 0 z D (a, r )
( A ) g 0 A.


4.2.13

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

209 270

 :
g(z ) = e if (z)
g(z ) .
=f (z ) f (z ) e =f (z) 1 .

z -



|g(z )| = e =f (z)+i <f (z)  = e =f (z) 1.
g(z )
Liouville. |g(z )| = e =f (z)
=f (z ) f (z ) . Cauchy-Riemann 2.2.12 f (z )
f (z ) .

4.2.14

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

210 270

f 0 (1/n )
f (1/n )

g0 (1/n )



z -

g(1/n )

n = 2, 3, 4, . . .

h (z ) = f 0 (z )g(z ) f (z )g0 (z )
1

Cauchy-
Taylor

zn =

n = 2, 3, . . . 0
0 D (0, 1).

!0
f 0 g g0 f
f
g

Laurent

D (0, 1)

f
g

D (0, 1). 

4.2.15

JJ

II

211 270

 : g(z ) = f (z ) z 2 cos z f (z ) z 2 cos z

.
C
f (z ) = z 2 cos z + C.
f (0) = 0 C = 0

z -

f (z ) = z cos z.
2


4.2.16

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

212 270

 : z0
f (z ) =

z -

an (z z0 )n

n =0

|z z0 | < R R > 0
an =

(n )

Cauchy-
Taylor

(0)

n!

 (n )

f (z0 ) > n !bn

n = 1, 2, . . . (bn )
n =1

lim

lim sup

p
n

Laurent

bn = +

s
 (n ) (z )
n f
0
n!

0

.

= +

0 (
f (z ) z0 )
.

JJ

II


213 270

4.2.17

 : h (z ) =

n =0

cn (z a )n |z a | < R

n =0

an (z a )n

n =0

bn (z a )n

cn (z a )n = P

n =0

X
X
X
n
n
an (z a )n
cn (z a ) bn (z a ) =
n =0

n =0

X
n
X

n =0

ck bn k (z a )n =

an (z a )n

n =0

n =0 k =0

a0 , a1 , . . . ,

a0 , a1 , . . . ,

c0 , c 1 , c 2 . . .

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

c0 b0 = a 0

c0 b1 + c1 b0 = a1

JJ

II

c0 b2 + c1 b1 + c2 b0 = a2

c0 b3 + c1 b2 + c2 b1 + c3 b0 = a3
................................................
c0 bn + c1 bn 1 + c2 bn 2 + + cn b0 = an
..............................................................................

214 270

 c0 ,
c1 n + 1 c0 , . . . , cn .
Cramer ( )





1 
cn = n +1 
b0 




b0
b0
b0
.
.
.
bn

0
b1
b1
.
.
.
bn 1

0
0
b2
.
.
.
bn 2

...
...
...
.
.
.
...

0
0
0
.
.
.
b1

a0
a1
a2
.
.
.
an

z -

(7.8)

Cauchy-
Taylor

b0
b0
b0
.
.
.
bn

0
b1
b1
.
.
.
bn 1

0
0
b2
.
.
.
bn 2

...
...
...
.
.
.
...

0
0
0
.
.
.
b1

0
0
0
.
.
.
b0

Laurent






1
 = n +1 , 0
 b0




0

.

g(a ) = b0 , 0.

JJ

II

4.2.18
215 270

 : z, e z + 1 :
z=

a1 = 1,

an z n ,

an = 0, n , 1

n =0

ez + 1 =

z -

b0 = 2,

bn z n ,

bn =

n =0

z
ez + 1

1
n!

, n , 0.

Cauchy-
Taylor

cn z n

n =0

Laurent

4.2.18

c0 = 0


 2
c1 = 
 1

 = 2

1 

JJ

II

216 270


 2

c2 =  1

 1
2

0
2
1


0 


1  = 2


0 


 2

 1

c3 = 
 1
 2
 1


 2

 1


c4 =  21

 1
 6

 1

4!

1
2



1 
 = 0

0 



z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

1
2

1
6

1
2




 2
 =
 3





Laurent

0

.

4.2.19

JJ

II

217 270

 :
w=

z
z1

z -

f (z ) = e z1 = e w+1 = e e w = e
1

X
wk
k =0

k!

(7.9)

Cauchy-
Taylor

w=

z
z1

z n , |z | < 1

n =1

w = z (1 z )
k

!
!

X
n + k 1 n X n + k 1 n +k
=z
z =
z
.
k1
k1
0
0

Laurent

7.9 n Taylor

f (z ) =

an = e

0

.

an z n

n =0

!
n 1
X
n1 1
.
k
k!
k =0

4.2.20

JJ

II

218 270

 : .

5.2.1

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

219 270

5.2.2

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

220 270

 : .

5.2.3

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

221 270

5.2.4

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

222 270

 : Schwarz.

5.2.5

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

223 270

5.2.6

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

224 270

 : Schwarz.

5.2.7

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

225 270

 : g(z ) =

f (z )
.
z2

5.2.8

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

226 270

 : Schwarz g




z -

g(z ) = g(z ).

g(z ) = if (iz ).

Cauchy-
Taylor

5.2.9

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

227 270

 : : A
a A a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 A |<a1 | > |<a |, |<a2 | < |<a |, |=a3 | > |=a |
|=a4 | < |=a |. r > 0
D (a, r ) = {z 0 : |z a | < r } A a 0 D (a, r ) (
).
<f =f
.
. <f
a a A. A
f (A)
- f (a ) f (A) b = f (a 0 ) f (A)

|=f (a 0 )| < |=f (a )| =f a.
5.2.1

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

228 270

 : f n
f (n ) (0) =

2i

2i

n!

n!

f (u )
u n +1

|z |=R

f (Re i )

Cauchy-
Taylor

R n +1 e (n +1)

z -

du

iRe d

|f (n ) (0)|

n!
2

Z
0

|f (Re i )|
Rn

d n !

M (R )
Rn

Laurent

n m.

lim n !

R +

M (R )
Rn

= n ! lim

R +

M (R )
Rm

lim

R +

1
R n m

= 0.

0

.

n m, f (n ) (0) = 0.
f (z ) 0
n 1 0, f (z )
n 1.

5.2.2

JJ

II

229 270

 : f |f |
z z 0 |f (z 0 )| > |f (z )|.

5.2.3

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

230 270

 : . f
f ()

( ).
f () .

5.2.4

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

231 270

 : Schwarz f f C+ (0, 1) {z : =z < 0}.

f z 4 2z 2 (0, 1) (0, 1) z 4 2z 2
C+ (0, 1) {z : =z < 0}, ;;

z -

f (i ) = i 4 2i 2 = 1 2(1) = 3.


5.2.5

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

232 270

 : f (z ) U = {z : |z z0 | < r } D
a (
D) :
f (z ) =

X
f n (a )
n =0

n!

(z a )n , z U

z -

f n (a ) = 0 n = 0, 1, . . .
U D.

5.2.6

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

233 270

 : Schwarz. f
C z =z < 0 =z > 0

f (z ) = f (z ).
M > 0 |f (z )| < M =z 0 z =z < 0

|f (z )| = |f (z )| = |f (z )| < M.
f C
.

5.2.7

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

234 270

 :
g(z ) =

f (z )
z2

g(z ) R. z
R |z | = 1 |z | = 2

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

|g(z )| 1.
|g(z )| 1 z R

|f (z )| |z |2
z R.


5.2.8

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

235 270

 : Schwarz

f (z ) = f (z ).

(7.10)

z -

g(z ) = if (iz )
f .

g(z ) = g(z ) if (iz ) = if (iz ) f (iz ) = f (i z ).

Laurent

f (iz ) = f (i z ).

z iz

f (z ) = f (iiz ) = f (z ) = f (z )
7.10.

Cauchy-
Taylor


5.2.9

JJ

II

236 270

 : Casorati-Weierstrass

6.2.1

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

237 270

 : :
1
z 2 3z + 2

1
z2

1
z1

6.2.2

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

238 270

6.2.3

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

239 270

 : cos z.

6.2.4

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

240 270

 : Riemann. 4.2.7.

6.2.5

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

241 270

6.2.6

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

242 270

6.2.7

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

243 270

 : z0
limzz0 f (z ) ( 6.1.2) . limzz0 f (z ) =
D z0 |f (z )| > 1000 z D,
f D , Casorati-Weierstrass f
z0 .

6.2.1

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

244 270

 :
1. :
1
z 2 3z + 2

1
z2

z -

1
z1

Cauchy-
Taylor

|z | < 1
1

z 2 3z + 2

=
=
=

z2
1

1z

n =0


1

n =0

2 1 z
2  n
1 P
z

n
n =0 z

z1
1
1

2n +1

Laurent

1 < |z | < 2

1
z 2 3z + 2

1 P

n =0

1
1

1 P
z

n =0

1
2

1
z

1
1
1

JJ

II

1
z

 z n

245 270

P1

n =

n =0

zn
2n +1

!
1 zn .

 |z | > 2
1
z2

3z + 2

1
1

1
z

1
z

1 P

zn

P1

n =0

n =


1

z -

1
1
2
z

1 P
z
1

2n +1

n =0

Cauchy-
Taylor

 z n
2

zn

Laurent

6.2.2

0

.

JJ

II

246 270

 :
1. z z 3 = z (1 z )(1 + z ) z = 0, z = 1, z = 1
.
2. 1 + z 4 = z 4 i 2 = (z 2 + i )(z 2 i )

Cauchy-
Taylor

1i

1 i
z= , z=
2

z -

3. z = 1 z = 5.

Laurent

4. z = i z = i 1.


6.2.3

0

.

JJ

II

247 270

 : cos z z 2

cos z
z2

(1)n +1

n =1

z 2n

z -

(2n + 2)!

6.2.4

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

248 270

0 lim |zf (z )| lim |z | |z | +

z 0

z 0

|z |

z -

=0

lim zf (z ) = 0

z 0

Riemann f (z )
f (0) = 0. |z | > 100

1
|f (z )|
+ z 2 |z | 2|z |
10
4.2.7 f (z ) .

|f (z )|
lim 2
|z |
|z |
.

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

6.2.5

JJ

II

249 270

 : m < n f + g n

lim (z z0 )n (f (z ) = 0, lim (z z0 )n g(z ) , 0

z z0

z z0

lim (z z0 )n (f (z ) + g(z )) , 0.

Cauchy-
Taylor

z z0

z -

lim (z z0 )n +1 (f (z ) + g(z )) = 0

z z0

f + g n. m , n f + g
max n, n. m = n f + g
m z0 ( ;).
fg m + n. m > n
f/g m n z0 .
m < n f/g n m z0 .
m = n f/g z0 .

6.2.6

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

250 270

 :
z 4 + z 2 = z 2 (z 2 + 1)

z -

0, i, i
1
z4

z2

A
z

A0
z2

B
zi

z+i

A, A0 , B, C. A = 0

1
A
B
C
z4 + z2

z2

zi

z+i

A = 1, B =

2i

,C =

1
2i

A, B, C.
1

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

6.2.7

JJ

II

251 270

 : 7.1 7.2.

7.2.2

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

252 270

7.2.2

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

253 270

 :
z = e ti , t [0, 2 ].

7.2.3

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

254 270

7.2.6

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

255 270

 : Rouche.

7.2.7

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

256 270

 : Rouche.

7.2.6

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

257 270

7.2.7

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

258 270

7.2.8

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

259 270

 : .

7.2.9

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

260 270

 :
1.
f (z ) =

z -

1
z3 z5

z 3 z 5 = z 3 (1 z 2 ) z = 0
3, z = 1 z = 1.
g (z )
f (z ) =
h (z )

Cauchy-
Taylor

g (z ) = 1

Laurent

h (z ) = z 3 z 5 .

h 0 (z ) = 3z 2 5z 4 ,

(z 3 f (z ))00 = 2

(1 z 2 )2 + 4z
(1 z 2 )3

7.1 7.2

Res(f (z ); 1) =
Res(f (z ); 1) =

1
3 12 5 1

1
3 (1)2 5 (1)4

Res(f (z ); 0) =

1
2!

2=1

1
2

JJ

II

261 270

1
2

2. f (z ) =

z4

(z + 1)2

f (z ) 2 z = 1.



z -

g(z ) = (z + 1)2 f (z ) = z 4

Res(f (z ); 1) = g0 (z0 ) = 3(1)3 = 3.

3. f (z ) =

z 2n +1

(z + 1)n +1

Cauchy-
Taylor

f (z ) n + 1 z = 1.

n +1

g(z ) = (z + 1)

f (z ) = z

2n +1

Laurent

dk

n!

dz

(n k )!

z n = n (n 1) (n k + 1)z n k =
k

dn
dz n

2n +1

z n k

0

.

(2n + 1)! n +1
z
=
(n k )!

7.2

(2n + 1)!
Res(f (z ); 1) =
(1)n +1 .
n !(n k )!

7.2.2

JJ

II

262 270

 : ()
f 00 (z )
f (z )

z z0

g 0 (z )

z -

g (z )

g(z ) z0 g(z0 ) , 0.

Res
()

f 0 (z )
f (z )

Cauchy-
Taylor

!
; z0 = n.

f 00 (z )
f (z )

n
z z0

g 0 (z )

g (z )

g(z ) z0 g(z0 ) , 0.
0

Res

f (z )
f (z )

Laurent

!
; z0 = n.

7.2.2

JJ

II

263 270

tan(t + ai ) =

z -

tan(t + ai )

z = e ti , t [0, 2 ]

Cauchy-
Taylor

sin t =


z

2i

1
z

, cos t =

z+

, dt =

dz
iz

tan(t + ai ) =

|z |=1

z 2 e 2a dz
z2

e 2a

Laurent

a > 0 0.

Res

z 2 e 2a 1
z 2 + e 2a z

!
; 0 = 1.

Z
0

tan(t + ai ) = 2i (1) = i.
2

JJ

II


264 270

7.2.3

 : f (z ) = 5z g(z ) = z 4 + 1
|z | = 1
|f (z )| = 5

z -

|g(z )| |z |4 + 1 = 2

|g(z )| < |f (z )|
Rouche f (z ) + g(z ) = z 4 5z + 1
5z |z | < 1, .


Cauchy-
Taylor

7.2.6

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.

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 : f (z ) = 5z 4 g(z ) = z 7 + z 2 2 |z | = 1

|f (z )| = 5|z |4 = 5

z -

|g(z )| |z |7 + |z |2 + 2 = 4

|g(z )| < |f (z )|
Rouche f (z ) + g(z ) = z 4 5z + 1
5z 4 |z | < 1, .


Cauchy-
Taylor

7.2.7

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 : f (z ) = 10 g(z ) = z 4 7z 3
|z | = 1
|f (z )| = 10

z -

|g(z )| 8

|g(z )| < |f (z )|
Rouche f (z )+g(z ) = z 4 7z 3 +10z 4 5z +1
10 |z | < 1, |z | < 1.


Cauchy-
Taylor

7.2.6

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 : f (z ) = 4z n g(z ) = e z + 1
|z | = 1
|f (z )| = 4

z -

|g(z )| 2.8 + 1 = 3.8

|g(z )| < |f (z )|
Rouche f (z )+g(z ) = z 4 7z 3 +10z 4 5z +1
4z n |z | < 1, n .


Cauchy-
Taylor

7.2.7

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 : z = 0 sin 1z . Laurent sin z

z 1z .

X
n =0

a1 = 1

0
X
(1)n
(1)n 2n +1
=
z
.
2n
+
1
(2n + 1)!z
(2n + 1)!
n =

Z
|z |=r

z -

Cauchy-
Taylor

sin dz = 2i.
z

7.2.8

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: nk z k (1 + z )n
:
n

(1 + z )n

1
2i

|z |=1

z k +1

z -

dz.

Cauchy-
Taylor

2n
n

!
=

1
2i

Z
|z |=1

(1 + z )2n
z n +1

dz 4n .


7.2.9

Laurent

0

.

JJ

II

270 270