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<m key="abiword.date_last_changed">Mon Jul 18 15:33:28 2016
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<m key="dc.date">Mon Jul 18 15:32:52 2016
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<p style="Normal" xid="9"><c props="list-tag:1005"></c> </p>
<p style="Normal" xid="1"><c props="list-tag:1006"></c>What are clauses?</p>
<p style="Normal" xid="2"><c props="list-tag:1007"></c>A clause is a group of wo

rds that can act as a sentence, but is not necessarily a complete sentence on it
s own. All clauses contain both a subject and a predicate, which always contains
a verb. A predicate tells something about what the subject is doing. Some claus
es can stand alone as a complete sentence; others cannot. Below are a few exampl
es of clauses:</p>
<p style="Normal" xid="3"><c props="list-tag:1008; font-weight:bold"></c><c prop
s="font-weight:bold">Example 1</c>: She danced. (She is the subject. Danced is both
the verb and the predicate. Even though the clause is only two words, it functio
ns as an independent clause because it can stand alone as a sentence.)</p>
<p style="Normal" xid="4"><c props="list-tag:1009; font-weight:bold"></c><c prop
s="font-weight:bold">Example 2</c>: While she is dancing, the audience cannot te
ar its eyes off her.</p>
<p style="Normal" xid="5"><c props="list-tag:1010"></c>In Example 2, there are a
ctually two clauses. The first while she is dancing contains a subject (she) and a
predicate (is dancing), but it cannot stand alone as a sentence, making it a de
pendent clause. The second clause, the audience cannot tear its eyes off her, cont
ains a subject (the audience) and a predicate (tear its eyes off her), and becau
se it can function as a sentence on its own, it is an independent clause.</p>
<p style="Normal" xid="6"><c></c> </p>
<p style="Normal" xid="10"><c props="list-tag:1013"></c>What are phrases?</p>
<p style="Normal" xid="11"><c props="list-tag:1014"></c>A phrase is a group of t
wo or more words that does not have the subject and verb combination and does no
t form a predicate. It can contain a noun or a verb, but does not have a subject
or predicate. Essentially, a phrase provides some sort of additional informatio
n or provides more context to the sentences you write. A phrase can never stand
alone as a sentence; however, a phrase can nestle itself inside clauses that are
either complete sentences on their own or ones that are dependent on the rest o
f the sentence. When a phrase is within a clause, it functions as a part of spee
ch. Below are a few examples of a phrase:</p>
<p style="Normal" xid="12"><c props="list-tag:1015; font-weight:bold"></c><c pro
ps="font-weight:bold">Example 3</c>: The dance was held at the reception hall. (A
t the reception hall is a prepositional phrase. It does not have a subject or pre
dicate, and it cannot stand alone as a sentence.)</p>
<p style="Normal" xid="13"><c props="list-tag:1016; font-weight:bold"></c><c pro
ps="font-weight:bold">Example 2 revisited</c>: While she is dancing, the audienc
e cannot tear its eyes off her.</p>
<p style="Normal" xid="14"><c props="list-tag:1017"></c>In Example 2 revisited, o
ff her is a prepositional phrase that is nestled within the independent clause id
entified earlier. It does not contain a subject/predicate, nor can it stand alon
e as a sentence.</p>
<p style="Normal" xid="15"><c props="list-tag:1018"></c>Understanding the differ
ence</p>
<p style="Normal" xid="16"><c props="list-tag:1019"></c>It is vital to understan
d the main differences between clauses and phrases to ensure your writing is cle
ar in both construction and context. If you are unsure whether a group of words
is a clause or phrase, break down the words into the parts of speech to help you
decide. If there is a subject and a verb with a predicate, it is a clause. If t
here is a noun but no verb or a verb but no noun and does not have a predicate,
it is a phrase. Always keep in mind that sometimes phrases are built into clause
s.</p>
<p style="Normal" xid="17"><c props="list-tag:1020"></c>Types of clauses</p>
<p style="Normal" xid="18"><c props="list-tag:1021"></c>The two main types of cl
auses are independent and dependent. These are covered in a separate article on
Write.com if you feel you need more help in distinguishing between the two. In a
ddition, the following types of clauses are used in constructing sentences:</p>
<p level="1" listid="1022" parentid="0" style="Normal" xid="19" props="list-deli
m:%L.; list-decimal:.; list-style:Numbered List; start-value:1; margin-left:0.50
00in; text-indent:-0.3000in; field-font:NULL"><c props="list-tag:1023"></c><fiel
d type="list_label" xid="64" props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; disp
lay:inline; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:en-

US; text-position:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000; font

-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style:Nu
mbered List; font-stretch:normal"></field><c props="width:0in; font-family:Times
New Roman; display:inline; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:trans
parent; lang:en-US; text-position:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; co
lor:000000; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0i
n; list-style:Numbered List; font-stretch:normal">
</c><c type="list_label"
>Adverbial clauses</c></p>
<p level="1" listid="1022" style="Normal" xid="21" props="list-delim:%L.; list-d
ecimal:.; list-style:Numbered List; start-value:1; margin-left:0.5000in; text-in
dent:-0.3000in; field-font:NULL"><c type="list_label" props="list-tag:1024"></c>
<field type="list_label" xid="65" props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman;
display:inline; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lan
g:en-US; text-position:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000;
font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-sty
le:None; font-stretch:normal"></field><c props="width:0in; font-family:Times New
Roman; display:inline; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transpare
nt; lang:en-US; text-position:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:
000000; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; l
ist-style:None; font-stretch:normal"> </c>Defining and non-defining clauses (a
lso called adjective or relative clauses)</p>
<p level="1" listid="1022" style="Normal" xid="23" props="list-delim:%L.; list-d
ecimal:.; list-style:Numbered List; start-value:1; margin-left:0.5000in; text-in
dent:-0.3000in; field-font:NULL"><c props="list-tag:1025"></c><field type="list_
label" xid="66" props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; display:inline; f
ont-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:en-US; text-posi
tion:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000; font-variant:norm
al; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style:Numbered List;
font-stretch:normal"></field><c props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; d
isplay:inline; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:
en-US; text-position:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000; f
ont-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style
:Numbered List; font-stretch:normal"> </c>Independent and dependent clauses</p
>
<p level="1" listid="1022" style="Normal" xid="25" props="list-delim:%L.; list-d
ecimal:.; list-style:Numbered List; start-value:1; margin-left:0.5000in; text-in
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label" xid="67" props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; display:inline; f
ont-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:en-US; text-posi
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al; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style:None; font-stre
tch:normal"></field><c props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; display:in
line; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:en-US; te
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nt:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style:None; fo
nt-stretch:normal">
</c>Noun clauses</p>
<p level="1" listid="1022" style="Normal" xid="27" props="list-delim:%L.; list-d
ecimal:.; list-style:Numbered List; start-value:1; margin-left:0.5000in; text-in
dent:-0.3000in; field-font:NULL"><c type="list_label" props="list-tag:1027"></c>
<field type="list_label" xid="68" props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman;
display:inline; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lan
g:en-US; text-position:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000;
font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-sty
le:Numbered List; font-stretch:normal"></field><c type="list_label" props="width
:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; display:inline; font-style:normal; font-weigh
t:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:en-US; text-position:normal; text-transform:
none; homogeneous:1; color:000000; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; fo
nt-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style:Numbered List; font-stretch:normal">
</c><c type="list_label">Types of phrases</c></p>
<p level="1" listid="1022" style="Normal" xid="28" props="list-delim:%L.; list-d

ecimal:.; list-style:Numbered List; start-value:1; margin-left:0.5000in; text-in

dent:-0.3000in; field-font:NULL"><c type="list_label" props="list-tag:1028"></c>
<field type="list_label" xid="69" props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman;
display:inline; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lan
g:en-US; text-position:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000;
font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-sty
le:None; font-stretch:normal"></field><c type="list_label" props="width:0in; fon
t-family:Times New Roman; display:inline; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal;
bgcolor:transparent; lang:en-US; text-position:normal; text-transform:none; hom
ogeneous:1; color:000000; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:1
2pt; height:0in; list-style:None; font-stretch:normal"> </c><c type="list_label"
>Phrases can take many forms and different constructions. They cannot however, e
ver function as a sentence on their own. The different types of phrases include
the following:</c></p>
<p level="1" listid="1022" style="Normal" xid="29" props="list-delim:%L.; list-d
ecimal:.; list-style:Numbered List; start-value:1; margin-left:0.5000in; text-in
dent:-0.3000in; field-font:NULL"><c type="list_label" props="list-tag:1029"></c>
<field type="list_label" xid="70" props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman;
display:inline; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lan
g:en-US; text-position:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000;
font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-sty
le:Numbered List; font-stretch:normal"></field><c props="width:0in; font-family:
Times New Roman; display:inline; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:
transparent; lang:en-US; text-position:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:
1; color:000000; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; heig
ht:0in; list-style:Numbered List; font-stretch:normal"> </c>Gerund phrases</p>
<p level="1" listid="1022" style="Normal" xid="31" props="list-delim:%L.; list-d
ecimal:.; list-style:Numbered List; start-value:1; margin-left:0.5000in; text-in
dent:-0.3000in; field-font:NULL"><c props="list-tag:1030"></c><field type="list_
label" xid="71" props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; display:inline; f
ont-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:en-US; text-posi
tion:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000; font-variant:norm
al; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style:None; font-stre
tch:normal"></field><c props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; display:in
line; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:en-US; te
xt-position:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000; font-varia
nt:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style:None; fo
nt-stretch:normal">
</c>Infinitive phrases</p>
<p level="1" listid="1022" style="Normal" xid="33" props="list-delim:%L.; list-d
ecimal:.; list-style:Numbered List; start-value:1; margin-left:0.5000in; text-in
dent:-0.3000in; field-font:NULL"><c props="list-tag:1031"></c><field type="list_
label" xid="72" props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; display:inline; f
ont-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:en-US; text-posi
tion:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000; font-variant:norm
al; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style:Numbered List;
font-stretch:normal"></field><c props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; d
isplay:inline; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:
en-US; text-position:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000; f
ont-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style
:Numbered List; font-stretch:normal"> </c>Noun phrases</p>
<p level="1" listid="1022" style="Normal" xid="35" props="list-delim:%L.; list-d
ecimal:.; list-style:Numbered List; start-value:1; margin-left:0.5000in; text-in
dent:-0.3000in; field-font:NULL"><c props="list-tag:1032"></c><field type="list_
label" xid="73" props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; display:inline; f
ont-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:en-US; text-posi
tion:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000; font-variant:norm
al; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style:None; font-stre
tch:normal"></field><c props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; display:in
line; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:en-US; te
xt-position:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000; font-varia

nt:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style:None; fo

nt-stretch:normal">
</c>Participle phrases</p>
<p level="1" listid="1022" style="Normal" xid="37" props="list-delim:%L.; list-d
ecimal:.; list-style:Numbered List; start-value:1; margin-left:0.5000in; text-in
dent:-0.3000in; field-font:NULL"><c props="list-tag:1033"></c><field type="list_
label" xid="74" props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; display:inline; f
ont-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:en-US; text-posi
tion:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000; font-variant:norm
al; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style:Numbered List;
font-stretch:normal"></field><c props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; d
isplay:inline; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:
en-US; text-position:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000; f
ont-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style
:Numbered List; font-stretch:normal"> </c>Prepositional phrases</p>
<p level="1" listid="1022" style="Normal" xid="39" props="list-delim:%L.; list-d
ecimal:.; list-style:Numbered List; start-value:1; margin-left:0.5000in; text-in
dent:-0.3000in; field-font:NULL"><c props="list-tag:1034"></c><field type="list_
label" xid="75" props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; display:inline; f
ont-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:en-US; text-posi
tion:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000; font-variant:norm
al; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style:None; font-stre
tch:normal"></field><c props="width:0in; font-family:Times New Roman; display:in
line; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; bgcolor:transparent; lang:en-US; te
xt-position:normal; text-transform:none; homogeneous:1; color:000000; font-varia
nt:normal; text-decoration:none; font-size:12pt; height:0in; list-style:None; fo
nt-stretch:normal">
</c>Verb phrases</p>
<p style="Normal" xid="41"><c type="list_label"></c></p>
<p style="Normal" xid="42"><c type="list_label"></c></p>
</section>
</abiword>