Universal College of Nursing

Dr. A. Santos Ave. Sucat Parañaque City

EXTENT OF MEDICATION ERROR AMONG STAFF NURSES OF

PARANAQUE COMMUNITY HOSPITAL IN PARANAQUE CITY

A Thesis presented to
The Faculty of College of Nursing Department in
Universal College

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Submitted by:

Cantor, Christopher C.
Del Rosario, Herwin P.
Lazaro, Jerilee Ann A.
Medina, Precious O.
Noveda, Jasmeen E.
Salvador, Charles
Zabala, Gian Karla

Submitted to:

Prof. Norma Dumadag, RN, MAN

Adviser

March 2009
 Universal College Of Nursing
Dr. A. Santos Ave. Sucat Paranaque City

RECOMMENDATION

THESIS

ENTITLED: EXTENT OF MEDICATION ERROR AMONG STAFF NURSES OF

PARANAQUE COMMUNITY HOSPITAL IN PARANAQUE CITY

Prepared and submitted by: Cantor, Christopher C.; Del Rosario, Herwin P.;
Lazaro, Jerilee A.; Medina, Precious O.; Noveda, Jasmeen E. ; Salvador,
charles; Zabala, Gian Karla in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE in NURSING, has been examined and
found satisfactory. It is hereby recommended for Oral Examination.

Prof. Norma Dumadag, RN, MAN

Adviser
 APPROVAL SHEET

This study entitled: EXTENT OF MEDICATION ERROR STAFF NURSES OF

PARANAQUE COMMUNITY HOSPITAL IN PARANAQUE CITY

Prepared and submitted by: Cantor, Christopher C.; Del Rosario, Herwin P.;
Lazaro, J-ann; Medina, Precious; Noveda, Jasmeen; Salvador, charles; Zabala,
Gian in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE in NURSING.

Prof. Norma Dumadag, RN, MAN

Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the committee for Oral Examination with a grade of ____________.

Member Member

Acknowledgement
 This research is very challenging as well as informative to the researcher.

Moreover, undertakings’ would not have been possible without the unselfish

guidance and cooperation of people who shared their time, experiences, and

knowledge with the researchers.

To our beloved, Dean Norma Dumadag, RN, MAN - whose intent and

encouragement to accomplish our activities have directed us to the basic

principle of the topic and completed the study within her academic jurisdiction

and whose heartedly and so much patient all throughout in the research.

Moreover, she strengthened and made us understand issues pertaining to our

topic.

To the panelist chaired by Dean Norma Dumadag, RN, MAN,

_________________________, ________________________, who reserved

their time for us inn fulfilling the research undertakings.

Our endless thanks our dearest parents for availing their moral support

and other financial resources that make us work effectively and efficiently.

Above all, thru Almighty God.

DEDICATION
 Our research is lovingly dedicated to our dear family: Cantor family, Del

Rosario family, Lazaro family, Medina family, Noveda Family, Salvador family,

Zabala family. In addition, these study is also dedicated to future researchers that

will somehow need information on medication error for their future works or

related learning experience.

ABSTRACT
 This research study aimed to find out the causes of BSN students as

percieved by selected clinical instructors in Las Pinas City.

The numbers of respondents are 30 clinical instructors belonging to both

gender among succesfully completed students clinical rotation in different

hospital cliinical areas and health centers.

This study survey tool such as questionaire gathering pertinent data in

identifying the probability of causes of medication error as percieved by selected

clinical instructor in Las Pinas City.

To gather information/data from the profesional nursing as a respondents,

questionnaires were used as the primary components. The first objective was to

collect personal data such as name, age, sex, religion, civil status, and

educational attainment. While the second part of data collection focuses on the

basic factors that may influence the causes of medication error as percieved by

the selected clinical instructors:

Table of Contents
Preliminaries Page

1. Title Page i
2. Recommendation ii
3. Approval Sheet iii
4. Acknowledgement iv
5. Dedication v
6. Abstract vi
7. Table of Contents vii

Chapter

1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. Background of the Study
1.2. Research Locale
1.3. Statement of the Problem
1.4. Hypotheses
1.5. Significance of the Study
1.6. Scope of Delimitation
1.7. Definition of Terms

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1. Concepts
2.2. Synthesis
2.3. Conceptual Framework
2.4. Theoretical

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research Design

3.2. Participants of the Study
3.3. Instrumentation
3.4. Validation
3.5. Data Gathering Procedure
3.6. Statistical Treatment

4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Summary of Findings

5.2. Conclusions
 5.3. Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF TABLES OR FIGURES
APPENDICES
A. Letter of Request
B. Survey Tool
 CHAPTER ONE

Problem and its Background

1.1. INTRODUCTION

Medication error is defined as “any preventable event that may

cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the

medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient or consumer”,

Errors can be harmless, but they can also be deadly.

There are factors that contribute to errors. Some of them include

mathematical skills, knowledge of medications (pharmacology), workloads, and

staffing levels, policies and procedures, drug delivery systems, distractions and

interruptions and legibility of others.

Dose error is one of the most common and important administration

errors. Dose errors may or may not involve a calculations, but studies have

identified that inadequate knowledge, training and attitude can contribute to

medication error errors. Assessing the quality of care of student nurse of nurses

can be done during in-services, training and orientation periods. If areas of

difficulty are identified, they can be addressed by management.

As administrator of medications, nurses are accountable for

knowledge of medication actions, side effects and dose ranges. Studies have

shown healthcare professionals knowledge in these areas its often inadequate

and may lead to an error being made. On the other hand, those who continually

update their knowledge of drugs make fewer errors than those who do not. A

commitment to lifelong learning helps patients and institutions alike.

 This research study will discuss the causes of medication errors

among BSN students as pecieved by the selected clinical instructors in Las Pinas

City. In addition, this research study will tackle about factors that contribute the

continuity of medication error. There are basic guidelines and safety measures

that the students could consider so that medication administration for each client

would be delivered effectively and efficiently their preventing any medication

error.

1.2. RESEARCH LOCALE

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
 The problems that we, researcher would like to find out to is the “extent of

medication error”. Specifically, it aims to answer the ff. questions:

1. What are the Demographic profile of staff nurses of Paranaque Community

Hospital?

I.I Age

I.2 Gender

I.3 Civil Status

1.4 Educational Attainment

2. What factors contribute to Medication error:

2.1 Knowledge

2.1.1 Dosage adverse effect

2.2 Skill

2.2.1 Mathematical skill

2.3 Policies and Procedure

2.4 Workload

2.5 Attitude

3. Does Demographic Profile of staff nurses have relationship w/ Medication

error?

4. Is there relation on question 1 and 2?

HYPOTHESIS
 1. There is no significant relation between demographic profile of staff nurses

and medication error.

2. There is significant relation between demographic profile and factors contributing

to medication error.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Staff nurses and Health care providers

 This research study will help staff nurses to be aware, to be familiar, to

avoid things that might lead them in performing medication error.

Nursing Service

It will enlighten health care providers on what nursing is really all about

and what are the responsibilities.

Future Researchers

It will also provide information to future researchers who needs data about

medication about.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The scope of this research study focuses primarily among third year

nursing students as perceived by clinical instructors. The researchers did an

actual survey using questionnaires pertaining to the Factors that Influence

Medication Error during their clinical rotation. Through the said tool, the

researchers got the number and percentage of clinical instructor which will

responds to the factors that influence medication error.

To make this study more significant, the researchers reflected some

issues that would testify medication errors among nurses and other health care

providers ( Doctors and Pharmacist ) taken from documented medical reports/

journals and nursing books.

Most importantly, the researchers reviewed each tool that will indeed

facilitate a relevant result about medication error among staff nurses.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined operationally according to the context of

the study:

Accountability: Responsible to the effect of own's action and willing to

explain or be criticize by other.

Adverse effects: Contrary effects of the drug (side effect of the drugs). It

is the additional and unwanted effect of a drug aside from the intended or

expected action. Sometimes adverse effect are harmful and may be the stronger

than anticipated results of a drug or something quite different.

Adverse event: An injury or problem that was created because of medical

management (error) rather than the condition of the patient

Attitude: Pertains to the presence of mind. Free from worries or emotional

anxiety, free from disturbances and interruptions.

Bad outcomes: Not necessarily medication errors. Theunfortunate events

that can occur even when everything is done correctly and well.

Close calls or near misses- potential adverse events (most of the time

near misses are not recorded)

Cognitive Domain: It is related to the process of knowing, understanding

and learning.

Delegation: A group of people who represent a company and

organization: the process of giving power or word to someone else so that they

are responsible for part of normally does.

Dosage: The overall amount of a drug to be administered, determine by

patient's age, body size, weight, allergies on specific drug. Modern techniques

enable controlled dosage using transdermal (drug absorbed from a plaster on the

skin) and implant devices. The latter are polymeric substances that contain the

drug and are placed just beneath the skin to deliver the correct dose of a

predetermine rate.

Drugs: Any substances, vegetable, animal or mineral, use in the

composition or preparation of medicine.

Documentation: Act of documenting/recording relevant data’s. Official

documents, reports etc. that are used to prove that something is true or correct.

Homicide: Killing of human being by another.

Malpractice: Failure to meet the standards of acceptable care, which

results in harm to another person.

 Medication error: A wrong drug that introduced into or on the body for the

purposes of medical treatment.

Skill domain: Ability to do something well specially because you have

learned and practice it.

Narcotics: A drug as (codeine, methadone, or morphine) that in moderate

dosage dulls the senses, relieves pain, and induces profound sleep but in

excessive dosage causes stupor, coma or convulsions.

Negligence: Failure to provide care that a reasonable person would

ordinarily use in a similar circumstance.

Oncologist: A specialist who study of tumor and neoplastic disease.

Parenteral administration: Situated or occurring outside digestive tract

especially introduced or otherwise then by way of the digestive tract.

Pharmacology: A branch of medicine concerning the preparation,

properties uses and effects of drugs.

Route: Method of transmitting or administering a remedy.

 Therapeutic index: Measure of the desirability of a drug for the attaining

of a particular medical and that is usually expressed as the ratio of a largest dose

producing no toxic symptoms to the smallest dose routinely producing no cures.

Toxic: Relating to, or caused by a poison or toxin affected by poison or

toxin; acting or likely to act as a poison.

 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

 Several local and foreign studies, reported incidence served as a basic

foundation of the present investigation.

Related Literature

Foreign

Nursing journals 2002, a poll designed to investigate nurse’s attitude and

expression regarding medication administration and error reporting were

conducted.

The formulation was done thru a series of question or statement based on

the asked practice of medication administration that commonly lead to

medication errors, error reporting is a valuable tool to measure a nurses

medication competency, most medication error when a nurse carelessly neglects

to follow the “Ten rights’ “ of medication administration, during the nursing career.

Medication error were not reported which might be personally or professionally

damaging, incident reports of medication error are placed in the personal file, a

good way to understood why errors are occur a through analysis of information

obtained from incidents report, when committed a mistake, fully disclose the

error to the patient and family member. The facility has a policy for disclosing

even to patient and their families. Receiving an oral telephone order and writing it

directly on the patients chart and then read back the name of the drug, dose and

route to the prescriber and transcribing the word “ units”, using the abbreviation

“u”, when administering “ high alert” drugs ( for example, opiates, concentrated

electrolytes, anticoagulants , heparin , or insulin ) ,having another practitioners

independently, double check the calculation before administering any

medication, and check for allergies by asking the patient and checking his chart,

ID bracelet and remove the medication from its unit-dose package before I enter

the patients room, concentrated electrolytes solution are stored in nursing units.

Reducing medication errors require the commitment of everyone with a

state in keeping patients safe.

In a similar manner, Fundamental of Nursing Review Models of

Assessment Technologies Institute include the extent of medication error of the

nursing students worldwide as much as practitioner on the following measure for

preparing and administering drugs, check the label on the medication container

3X, return medication to the pharmacy if the label is missing or illegible, follow

agency procedure for accounting for controlled substances (example. Narcotics),

notify the nurse manager if there appear tampering with any medication , never

administer medication prepared by another nurses, observe 10 rights, to identify

client ( check identification bracelet and ask client to state his/her name, remain

at bedside until medication is taken, administering schedule medication within 30

mins. of scheduled time , recheck medication of the clients questions their

appearance or time of the administration and monitor the effect of the

medication.

This concept of safety measures would likewise guide each student from any

legal liability during the exposure.

Related Studies
Local

The famous Somera case, wherein one Lorenzo Somera a head nurse,

was found guilty of the crime of homicide through reckless imprudence, has been

cited actual case in nursing malpractice in this jurisdiction. In this case, RN

Somera a 10% solution of cocaine instead of Novocain as ordered by the

physician. The patient died after having been given a third syringe of cocaine

solutions. Hence, Somera was convicted of her negligence.

Foreign

A pharmacist received a telephone order from oncologists to start a patient

as what he heard as “thalidomide” therapy. Because prescriber and pharmacist

must be registered in a restricted program to prescribe and dispense thalidomide,

he called the pharmacist who was authorized to dispense it. The second

pharmacist realized that his been seen the patient earlier on rounds and the plan

wanted to start the patient influtamide, not thalidomide. Both products are used to

treat cancer.

Although reading back a verbal order after you’re written it provides a

measure of safety, the drug names in this case sound so much alike that

readings back the drug name without spelling it might not have prevented to

error. Never accept verbal order for chemotherapy drugs.

A prescriber who wanted a patient to receive 1000 units of heparin, 25

cc/hr .however , handwritten “ cc “ looked like a “u” and the order was interpreted

as 25 units/ hour.
 Whether poorly written or not, the abbreviation “cc” is misleading. It's short

for “cubic centimeter “, a measure of solid materials. To describe a volume of

liquid or gas, use the appropriate metric measure, such as “ml” to indicate

“millimeter”. Inappropriate abbreviations are totally considered unacceptable.

Double checks are worthwhile and research shows that staff trained in the

proper technique who perform independent double checks catch 95% of errors at

each verification point.

When more than one practitioner administer drug to the patient during a

shift, the risk of double dosing increased. For example, one nurse might has an

ordered insulin drugs for the patient being switched from subcutaneous insulin

therapy and another nurse, unaware of the change, might administer previously

ordered subcutaneous dose. To promote safety its requires a designate

responsibility in each shift, give and get report any time of transfer a patient care

to someone else. Check prior doses when retrieving a medication from an

automated dispensing cabinet, note when the last dose was removed for that

patient, check the medication administration record immediately before

administering a medication to insure correct timing, tell the patient what

medication you’re administering and ask when, if ever, he received it before and

document immediately by always taking the MAR to the bedside and

documenting the drug dose as soon as you give it.

More drug look alike drug order for a patient admitted in psychiatry unit

was includes the antidepressant fluoxetine ( prozac ), 60 mg by mouth daily and

what appeared to be “ Norvase” ( amlodipine, a long acting calcium channel

blocker ), 15 mg by mouth daily. The patient had received one dose norvase and

request the pharmacy and missing dose of psychotic Navane (Thiothixine) which

was not included in the patient profile and again retrieved by the pharmacist and

dispensed and resulted to hypotension. It project unfamiliarity with the usual

dosage and administration leading to medication error that may harm the patient.

Two infants with the same first name and similar hospital ID number were

in neighboring isolettes with their medication administration records between

them. The nurse picked up wrong MARS and administered a dose of

Palivizumab ( Synagis; used to prevent respiratory syncitial virus ) to the wrong

infant. In this scenarios JCAHO ( Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health

care Organization ) implements a rules to avoid error in the mix-up and equip.

A patient being discharge from a hospital in Australia was told to “take two

orange-and white capsule “( Phenytoin , 100mg ) each right to treat seizures. He

also received a prescription for calcitrol 0.25 mcg, which in that country are also

orange – and white capsule. The doctor prescribes four capsules of phenytoin

every Tuesday and Friday.

The patient was readmitted with seizures and ask to demonstrate his

regimen, the error become obvious storing the capsule in the same bottle.

Synthesis

The literature and studies direct the researcher a sufficient background on

the problem on hand and provided them high level of critical thinking of
medication error. This related literature guided them in formulating the tools used

in statistically measuring the extent of medication error.

A medication error can be defined as an act of commission or omission

that prevents the achievements of the therapeutic objective that is benefit for the

patient. Research indicates that medication error is often preventable. In fact,

serious medication errors are those most likely to be preventable. Most

medication error results from errors at the ordering stage but may also occur at

the administration stage. Prevention strategies should target both stages of the

drug delivery process. Staff nurses are encouraged to stay current on the latest

findings related to medication errors in professional journals, seminar, and/or

continuing opportunities.

Nursing supervisor assist with the medication administration of the cause

of any error and implement changes that help to prevent further occurrences.

This consists of making time for talking about the incident, sharing experience,

and problem solving to prevent and reoccurrence.

Conceptual framework

The conceptual framework of this study was anchored with the theoretical

perspectives of Imogene King's Goal of Attainment. Major concepts in the theory

of Goal Attainment are interaction, perception, communication, transaction, role

stress, growth and development, time and space.

Interaction is a process of perception and communication between person

and environment and between person, represented by verbal and nonverbal

behaviors that are goal directed. Each individual in an interaction (nurse and

client) brings different knowledge, need, goals, past experiences and

perceptions, which influence the interactions. Interaction is important to the nurse

and client so that the client will gain trust to their nurse, verbal and nonverbal

communication with the doctor and nurse is very important because one of the

factors that lead to medication errors is misunderstood handwriting of the doctors

and nurses as well during endorsements. And some only verbalizes their

endorsements. Receiving a telephone order is another leading cause of

medication error.

Perception is a person's representation of reality. According to King this

concept includes the import and transformation of energy and processing, storing

and exporting information. Perceptions are related to past experiences, concept

of self, socioeconomic groups, biological inheritance, and educational

background.

Communication is a process whereby information is given from one

person to another either directly or indirectly communication is the information

component of the interaction and nonverbal signs and symbols between nurse

and client or client or environment is communication.

Transaction is purposeful interactions that lead to goal attainment. King

goes on subsequently expand the definition of transactions to include.

Observable behavior of human beings interacting with their environment is the

evaluation component of human interactions.

Role is a set if behavior expected of persons occupying a position in a

social system: rules that define rights and obligations in a position. If expectation

of role differs, then the role conflict and confusion exists. This may lead to

decreased effectiveness of the nursing care provided.

Stress is a dynamic state where by human being interacts with the

environment. Stress involves an exchange of energy and information between

the person and environment for regulation and control of stressors an energy

response of a individual to persons, objects, and events. An increase in the

stress of individual interacting can narrow the perceptual field and decreased

rationality. An increase in stress May also affects nursing care.

Growth and Development is a continuous change in individuals at the

cellular, molecular, and behavioral levels of activities conducive to helping

individuals move toward maturity. Time is a sequence of events moving onward

to the future, time is duration between one event and another as uniquely

experienced by each human being.

Space exists in all directions and is the same everywhere. Space is

immediate environment in which nurse and client interact. King's personal

philosophy about human beings and life influenced her assumptions. Her

conceptual framework and theory of goal attainment are based on overall

assumption that focus of nursing is human beings interacting with their

environment leading to a state of health for individuals, which is an ability to

function in social roles.

Nursing is an observable behavior found in the health care systems in

society. The goal of nursing is to help individuals maintain their health so they

can function on their role. Nursing is viewed as an interpersonal process of

action, reaction, interaction, and transaction. Perception of nurse and client also

influences the interaction process. King wrote, Individuals have a right to

knowledge about themselves a right to participate in decisions that influence their

life, their health, and community service and a right to accept or reject health

care.

Health is viewed as a dynamic state in the life cycle; illness is interference

in the life cycle. Health implies continuous adaptation to stress in the internal and

external environment through optimum use of one's resources to achieve

maximum potential for daily living.. Health is the unction of nurse, patient,

physician, family and other interactions.

Environment is an understanding of the ways that human beings interact

with their environment to maintain health is essential for nurses. Open systems

imply interactions occur between systems and its environment, inferring that the

environment is constantly changing. Adjustments to life and health are influenced

by an individual' interactions with environment, each human being perceives the

word s a total person in making transactions with individuals and thins in the

environment.

King's theory of goal attainment focuses on the interpersonal system and

the interactions that take place between individuals, specifically in the nurse-

client association, that dyadic phase. The relationships between king's major

concepts those are important to this aspect of the interaction process. In this

nursing process, each member of the dyad perceives the other and make

judgments; actions results, and together these activities culminate in reaction.

Interaction results, and if perceptual accuracy exists and any disturbances are

conquered, transactions is the outcome. The systems are open to permit

feedback, because perception is potentially influenced by each phase of the

activity. As previously noted, king's descriptive study relating theory of goal

attainment resulted for a means of analyzing interactions.

King derived the following seven hypotheses from goal attainment theory.

1. Perceptual congruence in nurse- patient interactions increases mutual

setting.

2. Communication increases mutual goal setting between nurses and

patients leads to satisfactions.

3. Satisfactions’ in nurses and patient increase goal attainment.

4. Goal attainment increases patients learning and coping ability in nursing

situations.

5. Role conflict experienced by patients, uses, or both decreases

transactions in nurse-patient interactions.

6. Congruence in role expectations and role performance increases

transactions in nurse patient interactions.

Chapter 3
 Research Methodology

Research Methodology

A comprehensive and appropriate methods, techniques and instruments

were carefully selected by researchers in arriving a successful data gathering.

This chapter presented the method of research used. It includes the research

design, participants of the study, research instrument, data gathering procedure

and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

The descriptive method of research was employed in this study. This

describes the nature of phenomena to which the study is based; to explain the

course of a particular phenomenon to further discover facts on which particular

judgment could be based.

 In this study, the phenomenon considered the causes of

medication erroramong third year nursing students as perceived by

clinical instructors in Las Pinas City.

Participants of the Study

In this research study, we have selected 30 clinical instructors

who have been exposed in different areas of clinical focus and rotation

with third yearnursing students as to determine the causesof medication

error in the said hospital duty.

Research Instrument

In this study, the researcher used tool (questionnaire) to gather data.

First part of the questionnaire deals more on demographic data such as gender,

religion, civil status and educational attainment. While the 2nd part deals with the

awareness on the causes of medication error among third year nursing students.

Data Gathering Procedures

To make the data gathering possible, we passed a request letter asking

permission of our research adviser, and College Dean Mrs. Norma Dumadag

RN, MAN to allow us conduct a survey among clinical insttructors in Las Pinas

City. It was dated March 19 and 20, 2009.

Statistical treatment of Data

This described the profile of the respondents in terms of the following

demographic variables: age and gender

 Sample size: This was used to determine the total number of

respondents that have participated in the study.

n = 30/ 1 + 30 (0.05)2

= 30/1 + 30 (0.05)2

= 30/ 1 + 0.075

= 30/1.075

= 27.91 or 28

Mathematical treatment

This describes the profile of the respondents in terms of the following

demographic variables: Age, Gender, Religion, Civil status and Educational

attainment.

Sample size: this was used to determine the total number of

respondents that have participated in the study.

n=N/1+Ne2
n= 30/1+30 (e)2
n= 30/1 + 30(0.05)²
n= 27.91 or 28

Where: n =refers to the sample size

 N= the population size
e= the desired margin of error

Percentage: this presents the percentage equivalents of the data

presented. The formula is:

P= f/n x 100

Where: P= standard for the percentage

f= frequency
n= total number of respondents

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION OF DATA, ANALYSIS

AND INTERPRETATION
PRESENTATION OF DATA, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the

data gathered. The results of the study are presented in tabulated forms were

analyzed and interpreted. The presentation follows the sequence of the specific

questions posed under the statement of the problem. It discusses with the total

number of 30 respondents in the actual assessment of nursing questions related

to medication error among third year nursing students as percieved by the

selected clinical instructors.

 Table 1

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution Showing Performance Deficit of 30 Respondents in Las
Pinas City as of March 20, 2009

Category Frequency ( f ) Percentage ( % )

High 16 53.33%

Moderate 10 33.33%

Low 4 13.33%

Total 30 100%

ANALYSIS
 Table 1 shows the distribution of frequency and percentage of

performance deficit reveals that 16 with 53.33% of high degree of medication

error could be committed by the nursing students and only around 10 with

33.33% is of moderate, while 4 with 13.33% of low degree.

Table 2

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution Showing Procedure/Protocol Not Follow

Category Frequency ( f ) Percentage ( % )

High 10 33.33%

Moderate 8 26.66%

Low 12 40.00%

Total 30 100%

ANALYSIS

Table 2 shows the distribution of frequency and percentage of

procedure and protocol not followed reveals that 10 with 33.33% of high degree

of medication error could be committed by the nursing students and only around

8 with 26.66% is of moderate, while 12 with 40.00% of low degree.

Table 3

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution Showing Knowledge Deficit

Category Frequency Percentage

High 15 50.00%
Moderate 12 40.00%

Low 3 10.00%

Total 30 100%

ANALYSIS

Table 3 shows the distribution of frequency and percentage of

knowledge deficit reveals that 15 with 50.00% of high degree of medication error
could be committed by the nursing students and only around 12 with 40.00% is of

moderate, while 3 with 10.00% of low degree.

Table 4

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution Showing Inaccurate or Lack of Documentation

Category Frequency ( f ) Percentage ( % )

High 12 40.00%

Moderate 13 43.33%

Low 5 16.66%

Total 30 100%

ANALYSIS

Table 4 shows the distribution of frequency and percentage of

inaccurate or lack of documentation reveals that 12 with 40% of high degree of

medication error could be committed by the nursing students and only around 13

with 43.33% is of moderate, while 5 with 16.66% of low degree.

Table 5

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution Showing Communication

Category Frequency ( f ) Percentage ( % )

High 14 46.66%
Moderate 10 33.33%
Low 6 20.00%
Total 30 100%

ANALYSIS

Table 5 shows the distribution of frequency and percentage of

communication reveals that 14 with 46.66% of high degree of medication error

could be committed by the nursing students and only around 10 with 33.33% is of
moderate, while 6 with 20% of low degree.

Table 6

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution Showing Drug Distribution

Category Frequency ( f ) Percentage ( % )

High 20 66.66%

Moderate 8 26.66%

Low 2 6.66%

Total 30 100%

ANALYSIS

Table shows the distribution of frequency and percentage of drug

distribution reveals that 20 with 66.66% of high degree of medication error could

be committed by the nursing students and only around 8 with 26.66% is of

moderate, while 2 with 6.66% of low degree.

Table 7
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution Showing Inadequate System Safeguard

Category Frequency ( f ) Percentage ( % )

High 12 40.00%

Moderate 11 36.66%

Low 7 23.33%

Total 30 100%

ANALYSIS

Table 7 shows the distribution of frequency and percentage of

inadequate system safeguard reveals that 12 with 40.00% of high degree of

medication error could be committed by the nursing students and only around 11
with 36.66% is of moderate, while 7 with 23.33% of low degree.

Table 8
Frequency and Percentage
Distribution Showing Illigible/Unclear Handwriting

Category Frequency ( f ) Percentage ( % )

High 24 72.00%

Moderate 4 13.33%

Low 2 6.66%

Total 30 100%

ANALYSIS

Table 8 shows the distribution of frequency and percentage of

illegible/unclear handwriting reveals that 24 with 72.00%% of high degree of

medication error could be committed by the nursing students and only around 4

with 13.33% is of moderate, while 2 with 6.66% of low degree.

Chapter 5
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS,
RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The results have shown that majority of the study participants have

enough knowledge and skills when it comes to medication administration of

nursing students based on their answers. Moreover, the result shows that the

clinical instructors are aware and perceived of the different considerations.

However, 3rd year Nursing students must give effort and focus in the

concept and application of medication administration because based on the data

that have been gathered majority of the students have high degree of committing

mistake due to lack of intensive and extensive training.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The researchers, therefore conclude, that based from the responses of the
respondents there is significance that there are causes of medication error

among third year nursing students during their clinical rotation.

Indeed, the researchers have evaluated that the causes of medication

error as perceived by selected clinical instructors is minimal.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

After the completion of this research study, we recommend it to the ff:

STUDENTS

For they will be able to identify and prevent the contributing causes

in medication error.

For them to report to their clinical instructor, if they commit errors.

NURSES
For them to learn to admit mistakes and take all necessary action to

prevent or minimize harm that may arise due to medication error.

For them to be responsible and answerable for their doings/actions.

For them to utilize a system approach which patients will be

benefited such as safety.

 For them to protect clients/patients from negligence, harm,

misconduct and mistreatment.

For them to have updated drug reference books to minimization of

error for them to check always drug orders to patients.

For them to learn to verify clients identity before introducing/

administering drug or medication.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cohen, Hady, RN, MS, ( Vol. 33 No. 9 ) USA, Nursing Journals 2004 Spring
House Publication

Cohen, Michael, RPh, MS, ScD ( Vol. 34 No. 8 ) USA, Nursing Journals 2003
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

Daniels, Reali, RN, PhD, ( 2004 ) Nursing Fundamentals ( Thomson Asian

edition ), Oregon USA : Thomson and Delmar

De Belen, Donna Vivian CCRN, CRNA, MS ( 2007 ) Philippines, Nursing Law,

Jurisprudence and Professional Ethics, C and E Publishing, Inc.

Hauschildt, Jim, RN, EdD, MA. (Review Module) USA, Fundamentals of Nursing,
Assesment Technologiies Institute

Lehne, R.A (2007). Pharmacology for Nursing Care. ( 6th edition) St. Louis:
Saunders

William, James, JD ( 2000 ) Texas Nursing Practice Act ( 3rd edition) Texas USA,
Texas Nurses Association

Wissman, Jeanne, PhD, RN, CNE, Pharmacology for Nursing Care ( Review
Module ) USA, Assesstment Technologies Institute.

Universal College of Nursing

Dr.A. Santos Ave. Sucat Paranaque City

Questionaire
Respondent No.________

Instructor: Kindly put check if you perceive that the third year nursing
students have certain degree of medication error among the causes
below;

CATEGORY HIGH MODERAT LOW

E
1. Performance deficit
2.Procedure/protocol not followed
3. Knowledge deficit
4. Inacurate or lak of documentation
5. Communication
6. Drug distribution system
7. Inadequate system safeguard
8. Illegible or unclear handwriting