The Story of Notation

Th e
BY
Mus
M A
L
N ew Y o
W I LL I AMS
A BD Y
rk
on
Ba c
on
h rle S crib er S
a
1 903
on s
P r e fa c e
r t f
m der mu ic l y tem lie
deeply
embedded i tiquity th t it i imp ible t tr ce the
e rly hi t ry f i t
t ti with ut refere ce t the
Greek y tem fr m which it h pru g ; d thi i
f cert i
v lve the
w rd f u d i
cie t
tre ti e which
u f mili r t m der mu ici
d Greek
ch l r
the tech ic litie f m der
mu ic l tructure
t the ge er l public
Th e w h m y be l rmed t the le gthy d tr ge
l ki g w rd u ed by Greek mu ici
m
me ded t mit C h pter I I ; but t the me time it
mu t t be f rg tte th t t h i c ve ie ce f the e
l g w rd w the very thi g th t ece it ted the i
f
ti
mu ic l t ti by which u d c uld be
repre e ted
p per
p rchme t
t e i
m ll c mp
T HE
oo s o
ou r
n an
on
on o
s
as
on
ass
no a
or
a ns
on
ss
so
an
reco
a re
sa
on
a ns
an
an
an
as
a a
no
ven
n a
a re
os
oo
o a
so
a n
a re a s
os s
as
an
on
no a
use
or
on
5S2
E W Ff
M U S SC
S t o r y o f No t a t i o n
th k
due t S ig r A F i d l i i di M g
f t h N ti
l Libr ry t N ple ; t C v liere P g
f the C
li r Libr ri
erv t ri i the me city ;
d t the R
F W G lpi f the imp rt t w rk
they h ve pl ced t my di p l
My
an
an
ona
ons
ev .
MI
L OR
F
a o
n,
os a
D - O N - S E A,
vi
or
an o
no
s a re
or
an
sa
an
F AB D Y WI LLIA M S
.
o,
C o n tents
C
OU
HAPT E R I
RE R S T TI
N I N W R ITI G
PA
E
G k n t t n O t ni nt n t t ns T bl s G k
n t t n G k t m s ns B t s N m s L t n l
n t t n B nn n s
m ny
T LI N E
OF
T H E H I S TO RY
M U S I CAL S O U
OF
T HE
DS
EN
ON
OF
The
re e
io
be ti ca l
o a
o a
io
ree
o a
io
h er a c e
o a io
i e ig
oe h i u
egi
i g of h ar o
-
eu
of
ree
h
a
p
C H APT E R I I
Oi
v l m nt
n c nt G k n t ti
s t n nst n t s m n t n by Pll x
wt
sc l
G t Sy st ms N
ns
n c tn
st n s
s n
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n t t ns n t
n tc
st m t c
t t m s c l s n
ly
bt y
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wt
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tc
s
st n s
N c ss ty
n
v
n
t
n
s
m
ns
v
n
w l y n s P n c n G k l b t l
t s
s
t s c l s s c l t t
Fx
m v bl
s n s Q t t n s In c t n
n w ly n t c s n s by cl v v c n t t n
Amn c n t m s t t ns s t ns T
Lc n
m
b
A
mn
l
n nt
tt n
.
gi n
a nd
d e e op e
ie
ree
o a on
o f th e a
Th e
ri
e
d
r
m
u
i
u
e
i
o
e
d
o
T h e gro h o f
e
g
th e
a e
Th e t w o
rea er
e e d fo r m ea
e
of
i di a i g t h e
di i i o
ri g
t o be ou d ed
e a er
of
o a io
i
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h
i
a
n
d
d
a
a
i
Th
o
n
o
e
e
e
c
p
v e n t i on
ha
u i a
h i gh
l o w i s p u re
ou d s a re
or
a r i ra r
Th e
re e
h ei r s ri g h i gh a nd l ow
a m ed
i h refe re e t o e g h , n ot p i h N a m e of a l l th e
ri g
e e i
for i
i g o e m ea
of a oid i g t h e nu
e
ie d
Th e
re e
a ph a e
a me
h oe i i a
a p p i ed for
hi
r o e
h oo
h ou gh
u
Th e t wo grea
of m u i a
p p
i e d a nd
u a r er o e
o a
ou d
di a io
e
of
e
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a
e er d e i e i n th e
o a io
ie
i
io
o d e a n d h ei r ra
o
ro p es
Th e o ri a
p
od e
eca
e our
i or s ca e , a nd i s th e k ey t o th e a ci e
no a i o
-
vii
C H APT ER I I I
c l t scs mc st c v c kl s t nsnt nt cl n ntctt t nst
A
j
c s st s m l t n
s b n n t l
k
n wn A
G
k
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n t G k yt c l s ns S
st l
t
c
n L t n A nc nt c
l
s t
n t t n yt c l
cc
nt t n s ns t nsl t n t
n n t t n n t t n x st n
n nts
Gt kG skcGl ks s l s t y n ns Cl t s t n C c
m
n t t ns
nst n t s
An t n
nC c
s cc ss
ns t n t l l
G ksns
ll l
s nt n
s
t
l
Sb ntw n n s c l lsss s t Gbl s k n Gt t n y Gnv tnt I nn t v l
c st n
l
nt n y
B t s c ll n t t n
.
T he
omp e e
he
of
ru me
a nd
o a
no a
io
The o u
e ra
h ereo
E q u a te m
u d omi a
t o th e
a io
h ord u gge
o a io
a nd
re e
ri s t o x e n i a n s
t
h
t
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ra
m
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p
il
re
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o
m
a
i
a
e
h
m
rh
ree
r a me
equ a
e
e
g
p
i
e fo r th e a u o , W i h
e
ie
n a
i n u s e fo r e a h i g a i
p
o
i g , ra
a ed i
h mi a , a n d a e u a i o
o a i o , rh
i g rem a
o f th e fe w e i
o a io
Th e
m od e r
o a io
Th e
h ri i a
hu r h
o mi a i o
of
re e
mu i
re e
ef o ff th e u s e o f
a do p e d
re e
e o d i e fo r i t s h m
, bu t
iph o
The
o f th e
ru m e
th e
a n d th e i
o a io
ru m e
a
R om a
h u r h i s t h e u e o r o f th e i
p r e ud e
i g t h e p o u de
A e uia
r e p re e
to
re e
o g , th e
regor
th e
rea
er a
i h ed
i gi g
h oo
e a
a nd t h e i
io of a
r ee
o a io
e
of
e
ee
th e o
n ew o n e
The o m p o i i o of th e gra du a a n d a i ph o a r
o a io
oe h i u
so
a ed
ri s to x e nus
rem a r
i
o du
ar a
C H A PT ER IV
v l m nt
ly c x V
ntt n
b tw n m m
m ns
t n
c
n
A
f h G
n ms
k
c
n
t
s
d
f
n
i gi l s w k s w i t h n m s Th
m ti c
i
Th
R m n i n s i gns F
R hyt h mD iff
n
c
s ign d p m b thi ngE xpl n
f h
i
d p t d by h B n di ct i n s f S l s m s
d i ph
h
m sM i s t k s x p s d by t h i
s ch s
Th l i q
i ndi c t
hi c h
w
b
s
v
b
d
i
h s i n gi n g f n t i n d v i ll g ch i s f
d yT h m d n
l tt n t t i n d i v d f m h m n ch d G g y h
G t c l di hT v i nv n t d i O th tt mp t s i nv n t
l tti ni t t n i hI is f g m E ly ff t s i nv n t
l
n
t
t
n
k
l
n
f G
ing
H b ld
p ct
Li n
d d
n t t i ns f n d i S ici ly Att mpt s
c mbi n ph n t i d pi ct i l n t t i ns
Th e d e
ea r
o a
ee
to
er
o a
ou
er
o a
or a
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eu
or
c an
to
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to
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to
or
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er
ar
ree
e r re ea r
a nu
or a
er a
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o a
ca n
o r
re a
o e
ro
a n u a n ce,
a
ot
e r
o a
a e
n ot
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a, a
n eu
er
an
ra
eu
ac e
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re e
an
eu
rea
ou t
or
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er
ea
t e
eu
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of
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uc
to
C H A PT ER V
G A t
n H ch ct H s c sms H m t
t n
G n n x c s S l m s t n
.
u i do
re
ea ch i
Th e
is
a ra
u i do
ia
is
er
he
viii
is
ar a
h o rd
33
io
h od o f
p e rha p
49
C o nte n t s
t by h G k syll bl s s d f thi s p p s
N
i
S
t
v
Th G i d n i n H n d O igi n f h S t ff
ft
i
) p i
O
i
n
C
l
f
s
Th
h d
s
f
h
p p
g
d
n
t
l
h x ch d s C l
h st v
d lin s s d f
G i d i n vi t d
R m B c m s f m
s R t ns hi
m
s t y d di s si mpl m nk
s
u g es ed
g
u
t e
o n t : su
an
er
a u ra
on a
an
to
t e
u e
ot a t on
ar
or
to
e ur
ou
C H APT ER VI
s
or
ur o e
or
u e
o ou re
or
os s
er
ree
PA E
72
M ea u red m u i c Ca nt u : gu r a l z s D zs ca n tm F a u x ou r a on
Con t r ap u m t u s Th e e u ma i
a da
o a io
p ed t o th e ee d
o f m ea u re d m u i Th e r u e
og e
i
e
ra
o
o
f
o
g
H i s ve m oo d Th e gu res N o e T h e o ri gi of th e er a r
'
'
tcn t t n t
n s
s
sc
l s v n by F n c C l n
s
ts n
t n y
t v s n w c c ll
ct l s n t s
vs n
P nt
ck ct n
lc
l t s P ty
ct n C lc t ns
ls l t s s
nc
yt
nl
m s
n
t
s
n
t
s
w
by
t
n
y
by
b
n
y
v s ns
mpm
H n ym s
p
M
v s v m s v l s n t s J nn s
n
i m e di i i o , h i h w a s a ed p e rfe
R u e for th e o e
D i i i o o f m oo d
io
Th e p i a
oi
or p ri
o f p e rfe
a n d i a u re
o f th e
ro p ri e
a nd
o mp i a i o
g
p e rfe i o
ru e for i a u re
i
i
a
i
a
a
r
a
f
f
re e rh
h
m
T
h
r
o
D
e
e
o
e
g
g
pp
i ar
ea u re m e
of
e re n o t
bu t
o e
er a r
di i io
I n s ta m , te
a n d clz r on os
r et ax
u
i ero
,
of
ora i a d o e n o t
i
e
a
u
r
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h
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e
e
a
u
t
o
o
o
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e
e
g
d e G a rl a nd i a s ru es Th e t wp/u m
C H APT E R VI I
w t n s v s t ntc nt y t s
sc S
P b bly s c
c ns n s w w tt n w n Gy l
F l s s c T n n cy
sc m l t
s b n nt
G k
tt c
sy s t m
l n n t by l s s c c
n cy m l t n
n nt b t
l
H
A c m l c t
t m t bl
P s
N m n I nc
t
nt
M s
V
s
n
t
s
s c l s s t c l bj ct s
c m lc t
90
xt mct
fro m th e ri i g of a ri ou fou r e e h e u r a u h or o n
ea u re d m u i
fe w u h
u m er i s i c u men i n
ro a
me
ro d e
or
do
o mm o
ri
o g
e re
e
M a gi er d e G a rl a n di a O d i ngton
e de
of
a
e mu i
m edi ae a m u i
d u e to
u d o mi a
to
o du a e t o t h e
re e
i o o f th e
e
ree
sy n n emm on
e ra h o rd i n th e
T h e ra i i g o f th e ea di g o e
fa e m u i p ro d u e d t h e
m od e r e d e
Ro er d e
of
o du a i o
t o th e d o m i a
B a u dl o s d i a ogu e
a mboys
i e a e
o
p i a ed
D e M u ri o f a ri a n d D e
u ri
th e
or
a
om pe e
i ger omp a ri o o f th e o ld a nd n ew m e h o ds
a ri ou
i me igna u re
E c e ia i a
i on
to
o
e
o
p i a ed
mu m
ra
s
n ls
st
vl
t nt n
sn
nt n
s
sn s C
t ss t
-
ix
III
C H A PT E R V I I I
PA E
P
sc n c s b tw n
It
l n
m n t ns
F n c t c n n t s C n s n
ls
V t y nst tst snPP n tl s Cv ss nt ct n t nB l
m
H
n
s
P
l
t
n
T
P
t
A
n
M
m
v lt s ns t t n y ms n t c y
t n y
vs n
b t n t c ll
M l y
v
t
ns
l
s
sc l
tw lv s t n s
ct v
s t bl s
k
yb
ns t n t s c lt s c s by
I nt
ct n w tt n cc n t ls ly s n t s
S s s
c n t ct t s
bl
s s ts
C H A PT ER I X
t bl t s s ns t
t
bl
t m k s
M
nv
t
t
n
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v
s
n
n
t
s
v
l
c s t s
t bl t s n t c n t s
ls
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c
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n
n
ly
lw ys n t bl t s
nt
ct n
ts
t t n V s cl s A n t bl t b k
wM c ly b l n
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l t t blt s
M
c
Lt c nts lt
t bl t s It l n l t t bl t s n t c n t S n by
C n B
M
n
v
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nc l
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5
.
i a a nd
P hi h p o f
o f ru e
o
re
h ea h i g R e d o e
i o , a d d i i o , a nd
Re
oi
of d i i i o ,
i r
e de
P ros d os ci mu s d e
a er a
hi i p o f
ra i o
de o
a ro
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i me
o t h by
oo d
ro a i o
a di
D e a o f t h e er a r
ea u re m e
er a r
a ga i
re o
Th e ea i g o f i me a e d a r s zs
or e
di i i o
Za rl i no
e
S yn co
o f th e p u
a n d t /z es z s i s d eri ed fro m th e m o i o
a e re
i
n th e o
emi o e
e
e
a e of
a t i on
T
h
e
p
a u ed
ru m e
D i ffi u i e
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e
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k ey i g a u re
Ear
i de a
ri
a
e
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io of
it
D ou e
a nd v i ce w a d
a
h a rp u ed to o ra di
ha rp a n d a
M a rch ettu s
of
a d ua
io
di
re
ie
fu i o
p e rfe
pa
ee
'
'
I 3O
The
a er
a u re
a
R ea o
for h ei r u se Th e
e d i ae a
di i i o
of
o e
th e
er a r
e e r a d op e d
ri e
a
a u re
i n d iffe re
ou
Ex
o r h e ra
D i e ren t
from V i rd u ng a nd
ea r
a mp e
gri o a Th e ba r i e
T h e d ot o r p oi
io
a
a
fou d i n a a u re
o f p erfe
a ri ou
a u re
Do
o f re p e i i o
ef
n o rga
a
oo
h i h form er
Th e u e a a u re
e o ge d t o S eb
a h
a e
Pa u l ma nn
u e gra e
o e
F u e
e rs e nnu s
a
a u re
a ia
u e
a
a u re
i rod u e d i o
pa i
N a rba ez
e ro e di
e rga m o
u denk u n i g
o d er
re i a
a u re
of
the p ri
ip
e of
th e
I4
a u re
C H A PT E R X
V s w s s cst vL bl l n s slyn vl cstl vs c sO v nl
t s by B s st v tw nty l n s L n s
G l t n
v l n st v
v cs
ns t n t s G t s t v
l v n lyt
n
k
n
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n
w
t
s
cl
s
l n x l ctn t n n lyly s v nt l ntt sc nt ySyn c

.
form o f a e
o a
eger
i e
Ear
ore
ri gi
o f th e
ord
o re
D ou e u s e o f a i g e
a e i n m ed i ae a
i me a nd
ra h m
fou r i e
A
a e of
e
i e
a dd e d a s re u i red
ra d u a a d o p i o
o f th e fi e i e
a e for
q
oi e
a nd i
ru me
rea
a e of e e e
h eo
p u re
re ti ca l , a n d u
o
t o m e dl aeva l
ri er
Th e
ef
Th e
ba r i e E p a a i o o f e a r i rregu a ri i e i n i ts u s e U s e o f
th e d ot of p erfe i o
i n ea r
e e
h e ur
ee
o pa
a ri ou
C o n ten ts
t n n l s t l s c v t s ty l s
t s ns A l n t t n s ns G n
F nc
It l n n s n t s
C b k n c c l
ct ns s m b v t s ns s
nc
s
l
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n
n
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B
l
ck
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s
s
n
t
t n 7 M t n s t s nsS
tm
s ns L l n
F
b ss
PA E
G
i n E g i h ca h ed ra m u i
D ri e n n o e ,
es , o r h o d
P l a yford s i m e i g
d u g R ep e i i o
ig
er ma ,
re
h, a nd
a ia
a me
of
o e
T h e , or ro e
ir e,
a n d fra
io
of a
e
i re e a s i m e i g
D i a p p ea ra e o f
t h e q u a re a n d o e ge
a
o e
o e u e d for a u gme
a
io in I 6 6
ar i i
R a m ea n
i me ig
troz z i o s i e
ig
eger i e di f cu l ti es
i gu red a
io
'
I 64
C H APT ER XI
t bl s m nt
n n t s l c s s l z s
B c s c nt t
s
x
ss
n
s
ns
S
ns
n n t S t cc t s ns n t t n
G k C c
G k C c n v l st c m t c
t t c n c n t G k m s s t l l s by
s nts
B tt n y
G k l b t c l n t t n c nt n
s
st nt s t
b n j ct
W st
P n l s m nG kn t t n
.
Es
i h
a h
ig
d o e i n p a e o f qu a re a nd o enge
ig
a
a a , Gl ez c/z w z e d er R egen
R i e of e p re i o
for or a m e s
ig
The
a
a o
o a io
o f th e
re e
h u r h The ree
h u r h h a s e er o th e h ro a i
e ra h o rd
T he a i e
re e
i u ed
th e p ea a
od e
ri
of
a
Th e
r ee
a ph a e i a
o a io
o
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u e d i n th e E a
fo r ce u ri e a f er i t h a d ee re e ed i n th e
V i l l otea u
e
ri ci p e o f
o de r
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C H APT E R
TT E MP T S
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X II
N O TATI O N
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ar
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a
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19 6
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ar
Ch n l
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e e r en s
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ra
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or
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18 6
N t ti n
o a
38
48
57
L i s t o f Illu s t r at i o n s
m
St C l by C l lc
p
T n
T
c n H
G ks P s ns
y t ns
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s
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m n Ly s
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m
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m
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y t n H w t t n t ll S m l nst n t s
t ll
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th e
i
p
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to i di
ru me
e, o
xii
for
Th e
2 1
a e
a e
a re
i g t o th e
ar
a ri ou
I 7, I 8
ru me
i n h a p e t o i di
a r.
or o i e
i ha ra
re e r ed
ere d
I 6, 2
i n th e i ns tru
th e
a
14
fro
i ha ra
th e
a nd
a ed o r a
e mi o
a
of
mu i
er
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12
a nd
a e
h
a
p
o rd er
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er e d
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r
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ar
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ou
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f
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h ei r
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e of
eq u e
od
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ree
z ere
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a
th e
r on t z s
re
re ,
th e
pa i e
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and a
re
of
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er
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ph a e i a
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o f th e
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ree
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a mp e
a me
Th e p e
orde r i s
io
o a
in
ged
ree
vu r e
'
a e
Th e
a rra
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ri g
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of
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er e d
or
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Eg p i a
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Do i
ar o
'
PA E
re
ha s
L i s t o f Ill u s t r a t i o n s
G k n m s n t s w t t m n v l nts
ll s t t n
m n n
w Pyc n n
l btc l ntt n
sc l
( ) P nc n G k
v y lb t
wt t nn s
m ns
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sn
tc
w l by t n n
yk
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w t v lv n y k
sn
tc
c lt vcl
nst m nt l n t t n
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b n n v nt l t t n nst m nt l ll ws s l
t tns
s mt n s
nc n w t
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t #
wnw s
c m nc n
n xt F
l tt s m t l t
v s
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s nt m l y
w t n s c ns s l ct
t c l l tt s w c
m
bln
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t y
sc m
s w n j st m n m s c ns n ns c s ly l ct
w l c tcs s n t b l n n
mt
w c t y s wt
w t v lv n y k
Kt
y t n H st ll s N b x l s n n c n t
t mb s
v j B ts M s m
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tm
c n t s ns
s c P n s s t Pyt c
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( )
v y l b l t ty
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nt n l v n c s s
nt t s b n
n n
n c nt G k c m s t n K c
l
ss bly
v kn wn
l s G k c s t ns w c v
b v lv m
l st y
l c Hymn
t m s c s v w t n l st y s
t s c by t s ls
st s n
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nst m t l s
s v m l mb n v t
ree
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o e
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ra
of
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ree
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for m ,
i g p eg a n d a
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o
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u r i g th e
ho e
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re ,
i h ou
u i g
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o
p eg , bu t
for ra i i g th e pi h
F ig
er
om p e e
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d eri
ree
ee
'
Al ypi u s
fro
ha
th e
i n q u a r er o e
on
th e h i gh es
a nd
a er
me
o r re
er
i g a t th e
o
e d for t h e
i g mu i i a
ged t o th e
ri
e o
h ei r
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er
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ha
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p ie
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ed
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o
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ru e
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he
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ud
Th e
hi
co u
o mp o
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ree
di
O d e,
for
xiii
of
as
not
o
p
hi h ha
i io
t h e D e ph i
th e
te n
of
ig
of
ea r
th e
da i
36
37
h o i ng
i
g e
a u h ori
; bu t
ei g a ge u i e
hi
to
for
ca re fu
i s th e
re
er
34
ie
u eu
ree
32
ha i g
th e ca e
a re
u ar
of
i g
a rd ,
r ep re e
ri e
to
the
ri
er
th e
h er
er
q u i re d , fro
i ia
u co
eri e
e
o
p
re
ro
fo
g do
th e p a r i
ed
co m m e
To
e.
he
in
i r her i s
ph a
ig
Th e m u i
i r h er
io
31
u e e
roceed i n
i n the
p res er ed
Ro
u ed
e a nd a c e
h rom a i
i g
a rp ,
re
as
o a
ru
o de r
fro
o a
Th e
rop e
ho
Th e
e e
h ere
ru
of
a nd
re o
in
i h
o a
ph a
ed
ed
o rd er
F ig
ora e
e a
a e
o rd e r
i h a ra ,
PAGE
yet
h o ru
er e d .
39
C mp F i g p 3 4 d F i g I ( ) p 6 T h C h s
h v b n cc mp n i d by
i ns t m n t l i s i s p p s d
h Ki t h
G k s l mi s ti n x mpl f
l h ps wi th t
M si ci ns f m E gy p t i n s l b s sh w i n g s v
d
f
w s t i ng d g i t
f n t p i ll s
44
Unst v d n m n t t i n f h t nth c n t y wi th s gg s t d
t nsl ti n
G t hi c n t t i n
i mp t n t n m s
d th i g d l
F i g 3 sh w i n g h m
h sq
d l z ng n t t i n f P l i n
d v l pm n t i nt
s n g Th signs sh wn i thi s di g m m s t
b
c n f s d w ith h n t t i n f m s d m si c th gh h
l tt b w d s v l f i f t s f m th m
f v i ll g s i n gi n g i l l s t t i n g h m d i v l
E x mp l
f
l iq s c n t n t s
h L t i n l ph b t f
An ly tt mp t
n t ti n
F i g 4 ( ) N t t i n by v i s f ms f h l tt
F
i nt s c
F ig 4 ( b) Th s m p
w ith t n s d s mit n s
h s i gn t
s
i n di c t d i
F ig 4 ( ) P i t i l n t t i n s gg st d by H b l d
Th
p
w d d d wnw d m v m n t f h v i c i i ndi c t d by
st k s
F ig 5 ( ) A n
ly S i cili n pi ct i l n t ti n di s c v d by
G l i l i d Ki ch tt i b t d h t nth c nt y
Th G
k l tt s th b gi nni ng f h st v gi v cl
h n t s
d h g
b
bly
s
w
s
h
p s nt d
p
f h m ny l
l tt mpts i nv nt n t t i n
F i g 5 ( b) Th H pt ch d f T p d
s
n
t
by
v
n
d
p
li n s c nt i ni ng n t s h sp s b ing ti li s d Thi s
sy st m w n v i g n l
F i g 5 ( ) A q t ti n f m h
M ntp l l i
G d l f h
l v n t h c n t y i w h i c h h p i ct i l d p h n t i c
sys t ms f n t t i n c mbi n d li n s b i ng d w n b v
h s y ll bl
n t ti n
h l tt
g id s
xiv
are
t e
ee
o ru
o a
e o
an
41
ea r
o a
ea u re
ra
ou
or
or
ae a
ore,
o a
an
o a
ar
uc
ea r
an
o ne o
t e
er, a
er
at
re e
re
oca
or
e er
ur
o a
es a s
era
ro
to t
ro
re e
u
A D
ur
o a
er
er
or a
o a
66
ra
68
e re
e no
ue
69
se e
use
er , r e
u re
not
a ce
a re
an
er
to
66
a e
62
e u
an
o a
to t
u e
o e
uo a
as
or a
o e
60
a u re
55
us e
er
50
51
ua
n ot
47
ro
ra
ut
ree
to t
o a
a r ou
e e
o e
ra
e r
u se
n t
an
an
ea u re
ts
era
c or a
ro
eu
to
ar
o e
a e
ur
ar
o a
u a re a n
t e
ue
o-
o rro
or a
er
u e
o re
42
ou
ar
e era
a n e e r, or
o a
eu
ra
to
e o
ar
o e
ro
ro
an
a ra
ree
ru
A GE
ua
an
ra
70
71
L i s t o f Ill u s t r a t i o n s
N
PA G E
n t ti n
st ff f tw li n s
ns l
d d
c mb i n t i n
f h M n ch d
G id f A zz x pl i ni ng hi
Bi sh p
Th d l d
L g Egypti n H p f m t mb p i n ti ng di sc v d by
B c ( Ch pp l l s H w)
F ig 5 ( ) ( ) N
li
n t t i n st v s f
d w
l i n s ( F d C ) wi th v t i c l s t k s l di ng f m h
syll bl s h p l c whi ch w l d b cc pi d by h
n t s i l t m si c
f G id n i n H x h d s
F ig 6 T bl
f nst v d n m n t t i n w i t h t nsl ti n
E x mp l
84
Th G id n i n H n d
Ly f s v n st i ngs
S p ci m n f nst v d n m n t t i n
N t ti n f S p ni sh T b d s f
d
li n d t v s
d b v s f m F nc
f C l gn
with
E x mp l s f l n g
t nsl ti ns
97
F ig 7 Th P l i c
Lig t s d R s ts Th P li c w h
f
m di v l m th d
w c ll d
p s nti n g w h t i
n t i c i p ti n w h n
v ic m v s i n t i
ch d b f h th Th Lig t s w h m ns
f
i
h
i
m
s
n
t
n
s
s
n
l
s
y
l
l
b
l
i
d n
p
g
p
g
sl Th igi n l f ms
p s nt t i v i h l g t s i gn
f st s
w i
s nh
d
E d f s ng s t
i
d bl b
f p w f l s nd
Ki t h
F i g 8 T b l s h w i n g h v i s f ms f n t s
d sh p s
d s c i b d by m d i v l w i t s
f nd i
ly m si c
T h m d n f ms
dd d f
c mp i s n
A n E gypt i n f n l b nd sh wi ng p f m c l ppi ng hi
w
h n d s i ti m
h
m si c
c st m y with h
n ci nts
F i g 9 Th v i s S i gn t
s s d by m di v l m s i c i ns
d P l ti n
i n di c t M d Ti m
G k p f m s h Ly
eu m e
o a
o o
re
eo
to t
a er
ae a
re
re e
ro
ea
t e
ra
ou r a n
ra
ve
s a
o o
e,
to
on a
or
u r.
88
ts
ea
er
or
era
e
a r ou
ae a
a re a
to t
or
er
or
or
re
e r or
ea r
er
a e
er o r
a r ou
oo
er
a u re
e, a n
on
u e
ro a
re
XV
ae a
1 10
1 18
ar
10 5
ar
ar
as
as
an
o e
ou
or
100
91
96
o e
e or
ere , a n
ee
ts
ere t
a u re
no
as
t e
re e
a o
ou
er
79
85
87
ar
e rs
ra e
an
o ne
n u s e a re
er u
82
ro
re
t e o
77
ro
o ne a n
on
ou r
ou
a ra o
ree
ere
or
o a
re
no
s ou r
re
o a
a u re
re e
re
ac
eu
e o re
on
ou
s an
a,
75
o a
rou
or
es
eu
ra
to
or
73
er
o a
u ua
e e
re o
an
t e
an u
z st o
e o
e o
an
'
on a n to
an
o e
ro
s us e o
ar
us
ru
o e
ar e
on
12 2
to
12
12
An Assy n b n
s w t c l n cl n t
ns
m s c
tm
St M y s C c B v l y
M s t ls P l l
xt ct m
Cl v c
T bl t
w t t nsl t n P t
n s c by
5
A c l st
ln s wt s m sc O n
T bl t
t 5
L t T bl t ll st t
x ls
st l n
cl s nc n c n t
nm sc
m
G t st v l v n ll s t t
v l m nt
n
s
t
cl s G C F
cl s by M s A n
nc m st n
st v s
t
ln s
c nt n n
t cl s
cl (m n )
t nt c nt y m t s
s n t n sy n c t n
L t T bl t w t t ns l t n A c l s
sc n t V l n
V l T bl t w t t nsl t n
s nt Fl t T bl t w t t nsl t n
M c s L t T bl t
A
7 w t t nsl t n
l s L t T bl t
w t t nsl t n
5
W ls H T bl t
B n y w t t nsl t n
S l ns s
ntt n
S c ns v s m n t s s s
t xn t t n
M ss Gl v
s wn
N wc
L
ri a
in i
in
F ig
10
a r,
P a u l ma nn
a mp e
The
oder
rea
ef
io
t en i
of
ar
i h o rd
an
i h th e
a ff-
ef
for t wo
es
at o
F ig
12
ee
e op
a nd
Vi rd u ng s
Di
The
Vi rd u ng s D i
13
co a
mo
F ig
14
or
R ev
a rp
h od o
u e
a nd
new
of
9,
fro m
o a
ur
io
a ri ou
i h
i h
6,
ra
i h
ra
ra
i g th e
or
gri
o a
io
e ffo r
to
i h S ol fa
-
J oh Cu r we n
a d d er
I7S
I 79
gri
io
u p er e d e
17 2
16 7 3
od er
I 70
io
io
169
re
io
io
o a
ho
a u re , 1 6
ra
ra
I 66
io
i h
i h
a u r e,
io
ra
I 56
h re e
th e
s ix
1 50
ie
u ri
op a
a u re ,
a u re, 1
a u re ,
p ro po ed
p e i me
o er,
io
of
De
i g
i h
a u re ,
a nd
u e
in
form
ef
u s e of
o f rep re e
ca
u e
h od
u e
io i
F ig
rga
ra e d
th e m od er
of
ur
in
a e o f e igh
p o i i o o n tw o
o
a i i g a l l th e h ree
ef
s p ecti vel y,
o d er
use
Th e C ef
E igh
mu i
ra ed
o rga
o re
orga
148
a u re ,
e of e e
Vi rd u ng s
a u re
Th e d e
1 1.
e 1
a
i
r ha d
h
e
g
er e
a ff o f
da
a pp i
hi d re
hu r h,
ra
of u s e of
a nd
F ig
i h
u e
ar
fro
o a on
i h
1 1,
a u re ,
ha rp
ra
r
gi
A D
.
t o th e
re
of
P A GE
18 2
I97
2 01
th e
2 05
2 14
2 15
xvi
Th e
HAPT E R I
C
OU
T LIN E
T H E H I S T O RY O F T HE R E P R E S E N TAT IO N
M U S IC AL S O U N D S I N W R I T I N G
OF
OF
Th e
G k n t t nOt
nt n t t nsT bl s G k t
t nG k t m s ns B t N m L ti n l h b t c l
t t B nn n s
m ny
io
J)
io
o a
re e
ree
no a
h er
e-
egi
i on
a nci e
ig
oe
i g
of
io
o a
ha r
hi u s
eu
of
es
no a
ree
repre e t ti f mu ic l u d i writi g c lled

mu ic l t ti
imply t ti fr m t
m rk
ig i thi g c mm pl ce
u iver l d
t
t
pp re tly
imple th t we
verl k the
p
f ct th t
t ve with i t v ri u ly h ped
te
d l l th t g e t
c vey c mp er th ught t
the w rld
the ut c me f ce turie f experime t
d gr du l impr veme t
Whether the E gypti
the Hebrew C h lde
ther S emitic ti
d
whic h h d rrived t cert i degree f mu ic l culture
ted their mu ic i
w ; it m y be pre umed
t k
T HE
s
or
a
no a
n,
an
on
a re
a ns
n s
no
a re
on ,
on
so
no a
so
no
ou r
on , o r s
so
on o
an
n a
no a
os
sa
oo
no
na
n s
a n
an
an
no
so
a ns
ons
S t o ry o f No t a t i o n
th t they did but up t the pre e t thi g h bee
di c vered f the t re f mu ic l e m ei gr p hy
It c
t be id t h t the e ti
were t yet
f
u ffi cie tly dv ced t be ble t i ve t me
d i
writi g d w the v ri u
u d f v ice
f
the f ct re m i th t
m t
t
k
Th
we k w t pre e t the Greek were the
G
N mh
ly cie t E ur pe
ti th t did
f the lph bet f
th i
f letter
d t h ey m de
d the
purp e
did the Hi d
bef re them
We ter E ur pe
fter th em ; t h Per i
th
u ed u m b r
ki d f t ve f i e
d
2 ? li e betwee which the umber were
Ntt
pl ced while th C hi e e u ed peci l ig
their pe t t ic c le
f
pre e t t ti begi with th t
T h h i t ry f
rr ged th eir lph bet i gr up f
f t h Gr ek w h
t h re letter t
c h t e t h u h wi g the mit e
rter t e T h k wledge f th i rr ge m e t
d q
p ed w y u til redi c ver d i t h i etee th ce tury
d t h er w h
by t h l b ur f B l l m
F tl g
I n ly st g s f m si c l d v l pm n t i s ms th t c t i n
t di ti n l m l di c p tt ns f ms wh i ch n m s giv n f m
h f n d ti n f c m p s i t i ns
S ch h R g f h S t h n
I ndins f d y h N m f n ci n t G c d i l l p b bil i ty
h
d
i
T n s f w h i ch h n m s
s
v
h t i tl s f s m
p
f h P s l ms s c
h
N gi n th N hi l th G i tt i t h
A s l ng
h m s i c i ns sk i ll w
ch i y x c i s d i m k i n g wh t w sh l d
c ll v i ti ns th s t di ti n l f ms n t t i n w l d b
n c ssity si nc i w ld b sy n gh t ch by v i ti ns f
w ll kn wn m l dy
a
r ee
os
an
use
na e
ua
an
ass
t e
s o
to
ar a
as
on
e o
ra
e ea
er
ou
re e r
a:
or
to
a re
ea
ou
ro
or
er
e tc
o a
er a
n a
an
ee
re e e , a n
a re
to
on
e, a n
s o
se
s a
a re
e e
ou
or
as
e e o
e n n
or
e:
ns
ns
a nn ,
or
o
,
er
on
no
er
e o
on
on
ou
ea
no a
an
ea r
ra
n s
n n
o a
our
s a ns
n a on
or
an
o a i on s
or
an
as
s o,
a ns a
e s
on
na
o os
ar
as
an
an
as
on
an
on
a ns
no
a ns
en s :
ru
so
no
an
on s
na
sa
a nno
as
na u
no
as
ou
ou
n ot
ea r
ar a
I n t r o du c t o r y S ke t c h
h ve expl i ed the t ti t ble give by Alyp i
Ari tide N i m h Pt lemy G d t i
d l ter
writer
The t ble
rr ged cc rdi g
T b
tr pe
d m de
h w ucce i
t
f
g
I:
letter pp re tly t ke t h ph rd t
i
N
t
t
i dic te t h eve
te f the three ki d
ic chr m tic d e h rm ic
f c le the di t
The Greek l u ed
y tem f time ig
tw
f which h ve urvived t
the pre e t d y i the
l g
d h rt ( )
ig pl ced ver
G
k
v wel i L ti gr mm r
d t h ey h d
T m
g
me
f repre e t g
cce t
th t the r
t ti w
c mplete the medi ev l t bl ture
f which w
h ll pe k l ter
the m der t ic
a n
co
s,
an
an
a ns
on
no a
as
s ol
fa
f ee
e- S I
ns
or
ns
so
on
as
on
an
o a
ns
an
an
r ee
az a
n in
as
us
us
en
s s on s
au
an
a so
on
no
a on
on
us
ac
no a
on
The r t
f L ti letter f
repre e ti g mu ic l
u d i f u d i the writi g f B
hi
B
t
i
thi
b ut A
th
ugh
it
;
5
m i t ke t
pe k f t h
B ethi
t ti
i ce
he ever u ed the letter t i dic te mu ic l mel die
n
so
use o
or
oe
oe
ns
s a
00
an
no a
us
on ,
s n
2
s.
G kw t
t
nt s
C st
m s
f
m n c
T
t ts s
s v
t v s
n
lb s w
n t by M m
W ll s
s v n t nt
c nt y w t L t n t nsl t ns T y v b n t nsl t ls i nt
F nc G n
nt n l s
B t s
t
ls
s b t
t
s L tn t t
H
m s c
5
st y w c
tly s
t
l
M
A s
w c
c s bj ct x m n t ns m s c l
m
s Ox
C mb
nt l
t v ly c nt
1
h ei r
e ra .
ra ri e
ur
the
ge
i h
of
a nd
d egree
e
r
i
d
o
.
p
at
ic
ra
wa s
bu t
au
wa s
hi h wa s th e
ford
io
a nd
few
rs
in
he
yet i
a nd
ha
r
a
e
g
r u ed
u
p
for
ri dge
th e
a ri ou
i i n th e
ee
h ri
E u rop ea
a ed a
ra
ia n
h
ee
h or
h i ef
in
of
E gi h
oph er
wh o
p hi o
o f a fa m ou
a nd
u ri e
ce
u s ri p
ius
eibo
no t a s
p oe
wa s th e
hi h
th e
ed
pri
re e r e d
p
a re
e rm a
ud
hi u
00
e re
a nd
oe
rea
a nd
re
A D
ri ers o n
ree
a ll
ou ri
re a
h ed
is e
co
io
p a ra i
for
e
ou
i dd
on
h rou gh t h e
re e
After h i time t h ere r e y tem f ig c lled
d
eume fr m the Greek i j
ig derived
d c
fr
m
the
Greek
cce
t
temp
r
ry
;
N m
with thi the L ti letter beg t be u ed
repre e t the degree f the c le th ugh t i
t
m
u
if
rm
m
er
u
til
y
te
ti
ed
by
y
L t
i
Guid
the
eleve
th
ce
tury
f Are
;
Al p h b t
f li e t the eume
while
by
the
dditi
}
l N t t
e hu dred ye r g
t ve w
i ve ted By thi time
w f rm f mu ic h d ri e
d it
which the v ice
g di ffere t mel die
i
bec
me
imper
tively
ece
ry
t
d
me
B gi i g
y
tem
which
h
uld
b
lutely
i
dic
te
fH m y
b th the ex ct pitch d the ex ct time
v lue f the u d t be u g ; d the hi t ry f
t ti fr m the eleve th ce tury t the ixtee th i
t ry f the e ff rt m de by churchme w h h mpered
by the l gic l di ffi cultie by m rbid cruple ver
d
the me i g f w rd
c te m pt f the m re
pr ctic l e ff rt f the w rldly mu ici
p i fully
ev lved methi g like
ti f ct ry y tem up
which the l tter were ble eve tu lly t gr ft their
w
re ult ; d the t ti
w it w
w k
c mpleted
The hi t ry f t ti i
t ry f hum e ff rt
u t i ed ver m y ce turie t w rd the tt i m t
f
bject T f ll w ll i t det il w uld require
w rk f me m g itude d
i m me e umber f
f c imile I tere ti g cc u t h ve bee writte by
i Germ
Hug R iem
d by D vid
d L
y
a
ve
os
ua ,
a in
on
on o
no
zz o
a nn
o a
an
n,
an
o a i on
ca
ni n
a s
a ne
nn n
as
n,
an
so
so
an n
s a
an
no a
so
a ns
or
sa
o,
on
an
so
an
an
o o
ssa
so
on
a s
no a
on
ar
ou r
o,
s an
a n
on , a s
on
no
as
s o
a n
on e
or
an
no
es
eu
n s
ns
an
so
no a
a nn
on
n s
an
an
an, an
an
en
a n
ns
an
us s
I n t r o du c t o r y S ke t c h
Fre ch I the ucceedi g ch pter w pr p e t
f ll w t with
much det il
p ce permit the
t ry f which we h ve give
utli e d fterw rd
t
give h r t cc u t f me f the hu dred f
ttempt which h ve bee m de t uper ede the y tem
th t h t ke
m y ce turie
d
much p i ful
e ff rt t perfect
in
ou
as
as
n s
n so
.
an
o s
s , an
os
an
so
so
as
n an o
a n
HAPT E R 11
O igi n d d v l pm nt f h n ci nt G k n t ti n Th s t i ng d
f
h
Th
h
ns
t
nts
n
t
n
by
P
ll
x
wt
s
c
l
m
i
d
Th
i
m
g
t Sys t ms N d f m ns f i ndic ti ng h s t i ngs
w G
b s n d d G v
t s divisi n f n t t i ns i nt ph n t i c d
hi gh
di s t m t i c
Th c n v n t i n t h t m s i c l s n d s
ly bi t yTh G k s n m d th i s t ings
l w
i p
h igh
f
n c l ngth pi tch N m s f l l h
d l w wi th
s t i ngs N c ssi ty f i nv n t i ng s m m ns f v i di ng h
nwi ldy n m s Th Ph ni ci n G k l ph b t p pl i d f thi s
f
h
s
t
s
c
h
l
s
m
s
i
c
l
t
h
t
Fi x d d
T
h
w
p p
g
g
m v bl s n d s Q
t t n s I n d i c t i n f n wl y i n t d c d
s n ds by c l v d vi c i h n t ti nAn ci n t m d s d th i
t nsp sit i nsT p s Th L c i n m d b m A mi n
s c l d i h k y h n i nt n t ti n
C
an
ru
ou
an
o e
o a
ra
oe
e er
a e, a n
t e
to t
o a
ET H I U
ro
an
an
e r
e our
6y w /z i c
or
eca
t e
n otes
an
e r
l i tt l e
to
ou
o a
cer ta i n
c e
e a
A n ci en t mu s i ci a n s i n ven ted
cou ld be lz a n a ea dow n to os ter i t

y
p
o r a
ea
a re
re e
oo
ro
a e
ou
ree
no t
u a r er - o
rea
ou
ou
to
or
o a
ra r
re ere
e e
ea
ar
u re
or
e a er
ee
ro
o a
re e
e a
ur
rea e r
or
e o
or
mel ody
Greek
k w t h ve u ed fr m prehi t ric
time
v riety f tri ged i tr m e t plucked like
th
h rp with the ger fterw rd with
th
ger
plectru m f b e w d
m
d
et
l
lly
wit
h
the
ger
f
th
I t :
h
d
m
i
left
d
plectru
the
rig
t
h
d
h
m t
i m lt e u ly Th e e i trume t were f
m y h pe
d i e
but i pri ciple they were l l
like
umber f tri g f equ l
e rly equ l
THE
o
a
an
an
ns
or
an
n s
en s
or
ns r
no
a re
na
s z
on
oo
an
ns
n s
an
an
an
or
A n c i e n t S t rin ge d I n s t ru m e n t s
l gth were tretc h d ver
u di g b by m e
f
cr b
upp rted by t w h r whic h pr jected
b ve t h u di g b
After the i tr ducti
f
the plectru m t h m re
cie t m eth d f pl yi g
with t h ger
w
c lled P l m ; i g
i g t
uch pl yi g w
c lled P l m di ; d
i tru m t whe th
pl yed w c lled P l
t
i
He c
w rd
P l m P lm dy
d
P lt ry
It i t t
purp e T R G N
R
EE
R
NER E
ARP
t
f
gi ve de cripti
the m y h pe which the illu tr ti
u fficie tly
h w f t h e e little i trume t t h li t f me
give by P llux i clude t h Lyre
V
t
Kith r
B rbit
C it h r
C hely
f
fS
!
g
P lteri Trig S m buc Pecti Ph r
i
t
m
Ph m
S p d Ph
Lyre
m t
I mb
Cl p i mb
P i mb
S ci
d p
ei which h d f rty tri g
d the E pig
O t h er uth r m e ti
which h d thirty
t h S im iki
E gypti
i
tri g ; the M g di
M g di
tru m e t f twe ty tri g i w h ich the
ct ve f e ch tri g w pr duced t h ugh whether thi
w
d e by dividi g the tri g i t the pr p rti
f
en
os s
a r, s
e so
on
sa
ns
en
er on
sa
sa
e ou r
an
o ou r
os
Inx
sus
os
as
os
on
on
na
u cu s
t in
n s ru
en s
an
an
a e es
on ,
as
on ,
on s
oe n I C I a n
on
o s
ar a
CO
on ,
x ,
an
on ,
s a
ve
n s :
ns
on ,
OR TH
or
sa
on
an
sa
s no
us
sa
an
as
an
as
s n
os
a ns
o ns
ox
sa
as
ox
so
an
n o
on o
by me
merely tu i g
f the bridge M g
i tru m e t
ct ve b ve
th er i tru m e t
th
c lled picc l i tu ed
ct ve b ve
the ute i t k w Fr m thi i trume t c me
the verb t m g di
me i g t i g pl y i
ct ve
The me th t c h iey c cer
the
Kith r
Lyre f eve tri g the E pig ei the
i ce Greek t ti
S i m i ki
d the M g di
eem t h ve bee devel ped i c ecti with
the e i trume t
The pri ciple f t ppi g tri g by the left h d
g
i
b rd
guit r vi li etc th ugh
th
d k
pr cti ed by t h E gypti
w t the Greek
d e t ee m t h ve bee f v ured by the l tter ; d
it i thr ugh i trume t f t h lyre tribe th t w k w
th
me f t h v ri u u d i t h Greek c le
d the ig
u ed t repre e t the m i writi g At
r
t
the
Lyre
h d f ur
eve
ly
three
Th L y
tr g
d It
pr b ble th ugh t
c p ble f pr f t h t th f ur tri ged lyre w tu ed
t
wh t fterw rd bec me t h
rm l
D ri
tetr ch rd repre e ted by emit e d t w t e
B C D E d the t h ree tri ged lyre m y
h ve bee u ed f the e h rm ic tetr ch rd B C E
bef re the e m it e B C w divided i t qu rter t e
O
th
f ur tri ged lyre m y h ve bee tu ed t
tetr ch rd l c le u ed by m e S uth S I l der t
th
P ri E xhibiti f 8 7 8 C F G C Tetr c h rd
t k uch
imp rt t pl ce i the Greek mu ic l
y tem th t w c
t g f wr g if w
ume th t
2
a ns
ou r
as
s o-
no
no
or
a a
on ,
e r-
oa
an
as
in
oo
oo
us
a re
on ,
on
on
an
n,
no
an
on
so
an
n on
or
an
a nn o
an
ar
on
ea
on
so
an
n o
or
as
on o
an
on
on
as
no
an
no
on
Is
or
o nn
ou r
no a
no
or
n s o
re
a s
s n
ns
a ns , a n
ns
e na
on
s no
on
n s
as
s n
an n
n s
ns
an
ns
a no
an
ns
o o
s e,
na
n.
n n
us , o r
an
ns
on
s an
s a
e ass
Th e G r ee k S y s t e m s
the e rlie t i trume t were tu ed t

me ki d f
tetr ch rd l c le
id by Cl i d ( P eud
d
i
T p
Fi t
h ve i cre ed the umber f
E uclid ) t
Im P
tri g fr m f ur t eve pr b bly by m i m
dd i g
ec d tetr ch rd b ve the t h Ly
r t f rmi g hept ch rd y tem
an
er
er
so
n,
on
es
as
eo n
sa
n s
ns
rs
r O V f
en
re
BC D E F G A
c le w gr du lly exte ded by

f tetr ch rd
the dditi
u til it w
P
f t
devel ped i t t w
perfect
y tem
m
Sy
t
which give
keyb rd d the me
f i t key
The Gre ter Perfect S y tem c i ted f f ur tetr
tw
d w
ch rd
hept ch rd
c mpleted by
Pr l mb me
the dded u d
l
m
P
BC D E F G b c d e f g
l
Thi y tem w l c lled D i sj t wi g
Di j
t
t the fre h t rt b ve the middle
where
th
tw
tetr ch rd
di j i ed The C b i :
J
Le er Perfect S y tem c lled the C j t Sy t m
S y tem c ted f three tetr ch rd W th
Pr l mb me
s
Th e
y tem
s
on
or s
as
an
oa
e r ec
na
s e
on s s
os a
a no
n os
ro s a
Ino
en o s
an
as
as a so
u nc
a re
so
s u nc
s o n
ss
ons i s
a no
os a
on u n c
nos
on
or
as
our
us
n o
s e
Pro s l
BC D E F G a b bc d
A
The re der will perceive th t
F l i sh d
a
ou r
a new n o
BC
.
676
te B
,
a t,
is
here
i tr duced i rder t bri g t h c ju ct tetr ch rd
i t i terv l ;
i t gree m e t wit h t h th er
t
th
t tr ch rd prev iled ver t h ct v t th i ti m
d
ll wed B tur l d B t t ccur i t h
me c l
Th i B t pl yed v ry i m p rt t p rt
i m ic ll t h r ugh t h m edi ev l ti m e
We h ve w g t
w rki g b i the p i t
t whic h t h
i
t
hi
t
ry
c
l
f th
Th B gi
th
m myt h
pr
e
t
p
rt
fr
d y begi
m g f
d tr d t
mpl t
d W th t h
;
M
l
f t h gre ter perfect y tem the hi t ry
f
N t ti
m ic l
t ti begi
The mi g d writi g d w f m ic l u d w
n
n o
e
sa
us
as
ou r
es
an
i on s
an
e,
an
o n
as s
a es
e l on
co
n use a
e s
ns
a s
no
an
as
on
na
a e
an
u s rca
on
o a
us
na
no a
an
E AL E
M
on
AN ER
C
ns
PA
L
n o
S T UN ING AN D
us
Y IN G
so
RE
as
S.
tur lly u ed f i trume t bef re bei g u ed f

v ice ; d t h i terv l u g t k their me fr m the
tri g f the i trume t O
e ily b erve wh t
na
an
s o
or
ns
ns
n s
a s s
n s
IO
na
n e ca n
as
or
No t a t i o n S y s t e m s
g e
c h ildh d b by f very te der ye r will

le r t i g tu e i imit ti f i t elder but
the me b by d it f m re difcult t pick t
th
me tu e
i tru m e t
Pl yi g by
i
very much m re c mplic ted d di ffi cult pr ce
d
me
th
i gi g by
rt f guide t
;
h w wh t ucce i
f tri g t
trike
bec me
i di pe ble
Gev ert p i t
y tem f mu ic l
t th t the
t ti k w up t the pre e t d y m y
Cl
m
be divided i t t w cl e T h r t
which i th t f t h C h i e e Hi d
N 2T
2
:
25
M der Ar b the G g
the A c e t Sy t m
Greek
ic S l f i t he c ll
d the T
ph etic th t i t
the
u
d
p
y
e ted by lph betic l letter rith m etic l P h ti
gure
by w rd The ec d cl
N
t ti
i which the upw rd
d d w w rd m ve
me t f the v ice
u d f the i trume t i
pre e ted m re le pict ri lly by higher
N tm
d l wer p iti
ig w h ich
f the
g
Y
i dic te the u d he c ll di te m tic
I t l
fr m Greek w rd ig ifyi g i terv l I t
w uld t be mi t c ll it pict ri l y tem T thi
f the Jew
cl
bel g t h liturgic l t ti
Aby i i
By ti e Arme i
the eume f
the cie t C h urc h
pre e t y tem which
d
we h ll
l ter i c mbi ti
f the
eum tic
d the ph
etic t ti
It i
tur l th t the
o
on
s o on
in
oo
o s n
sa
sa
s n
no a
on
o n s
no
an
so
no
o ns
on
s s n a ns
an
s ee
an
no a
H i s t de l a M u s i qu e a e
II
on
re
na
i p 39 4
.
on o
n erv a s
on s
no a
na
v ol .
o a
ns
ou r
on s .
ns
re
n a ns
re
a re
ass
z an
on
as
on
on e
s e
so
ss
an
ass
o os
ss
ass
a s
or s o
or
os
sa
an
as
or
o ri a n s
on
re
on
ass
an
ss
s o on
ea r
o s
ou
n o
s o
so
ou
an
an
s s on o
ns a
ear
ns
an
an
on
on o
ar
ph etic h uld precede the pict ri l meth d f
th t the l ger
l cker tri g h uld pr duce
l w
d tighter
u
d
d the h rter
m
Th
i
tri
g
high
u
d
e
tirely
f
p ti
rbitr
ry
c
cepti
it
h
bee
withi
d
;
d
experie ce th t per
de titute f
h i gh
d
l w i
mu ic l k wledge h ve bee u ble t
bi t
y
gr p the ide th t the treble u d f
pi
higher t h the b
The c cepti
d l w
pplied t
f high
u d eem t h ve c me t t h Greek but l wly ;
te chi g pur
d whe they were bliged f
k p
Th G
e t give me t the tri g f their
m d th
f th
lyre
they
c
lled
the
l
we
t
tri
g
d by
h gh t
tetr
ch
rd
Hyp t W t h me
l gt h f
I
trume
t
h
rp
h
pe
uch
f
f
th
St i g
the trig thi tri g w t h highe t
whe pl ced upright
we h uld y the l ge t
S t rti g fr m pr l mb me
the me f the
tri g were f ll w
on
e co
as
s ou n
ar
a no
a re
on
on
so
r ee
na
s ou n
os
na
or
r n
ns
In
igggig
A
B
as
G eek N
r
of
P l mb m
Hy p te h y p t
r os a
a no
n os
Ex p
e n os
on
P hyp t hyp t
ar
a e
on
na
ri n g.
est
on
a na
s r n
es
es
to
e ra
est
12
l t
i on
Add d t i g
H i h t tri g f h hi h
t t ch d ( p d c i g
h l w t
d)
N x t h igh t f hi h
t e
e St
sa
as
a no
os a
1)
es
s s
o r, a s
a ns
n s
on ,
as
a e,
en
or
s o
as
an
an
so
as s
na
an
s on s
as
as
an
an
no
an
so
on
on
ra r
an
ou r
an
so
on
ca
s a
or
on
or
or
or
es
ro
s ou n
t tr ch d
e
t e
S t rin gs o f t h e
e
N me
M od
a
rn
s.
G eek
Na
me
a n os
L ich
of
Ly r e
St i
Exp
r ng
yp t
a
on
a e
s on
ar
s on
Lich
a n os
or
s r n
re e
un n
a ne
a ra
o re
n e e s ynn m en on
N ete
s ynn
m en n
es
e ra
es
er
es
re
or
con
on u n
on
s r n
s
or
s ri n
en s
or
er
as
s r n
no
as
e a
an
s o
nan
ns r
or a n
T ite s yn n men on
s e
no e o
so
ar
an
of
ng
or
s r n
tri
or
an
e no e
or
iddle
a no s ,
iddle tetr ch d
t i g T h i i th
M iddl
m t i m p rt t
t f th
wh l G k y t m I t w
th
t th t g v e th pitch
f t
i g
d it
ct v h
r m i d t th i d y f
t i g d i t um t
It
m
ft r w d
b
c
th
D mi
t f th G
Ch t
g i
T hird t i g f th
j u t tetr ch d
g
F
e
x
t
t
l w t t g f c j ct
t tr ch rd
L w t f th c ju ct
h t
t t ch rd
th
t
t i g f th L e er
p fect y t m
m
M es e
L ich
of
o e
os
bb
ore n ge r
s on
es
et ch rd
N xt t h i gh e t
t tr ch d
ra
wa s
or
es
P hyp te me
s r n
er
t e
Hy p t me
or
e ra
i on
a na
F g t i g f h igh t
t t ch d it
pl ck d
w ith h f e ger
H igh t tri g f middle
o re
l t
s e
or
ss
e
N me
M od
a
G eek N
rn
s.
me
of
E l t
t r i ng
x p a na
N xt
to
midd
r ea e r
er e
men on
ug
a n os
d i ez eu gme
o re
N t di z
e eu gm en on
es
e ra
T ite hyp e b
r
ol a i on
o re
a ion
N et
aa
h yp erbo
a n os
s e
is
s r n
no e
zes
s un
s r n
or
e ra
It
s un
er
or
s r n
s r n
es
or
3)
s r n
or
e ra
h yp erbol a i on
s e
or
e ra
Lich
er
or
e ra
n on
s r
u ne
L ich
i th
l
G t p f ct y t m)
T i
t in g f th d i
h d
j t t tr ch d
t i g f d i j ct
g
F
t t ch d
L w t t i g f di j ct
t t ch d
T h i d t i g f e xt e m
t t ch d
g
t i g f xtreme
F
t t ch d
L w t t i g f xt m
h
t t ch d ( T
l igl t
t f th G k
y t m)
P a ra me s os
T ite di ez e
i on
re
us,
re e
evide t fr m the b ve li t f me th t
th
e rly Greek m u ici
h d
ide th t
u d
uld be h igher
l wer t h
th er H ce it
w
i m p ible th t they h uld i ve t pict ri l
t ti
S ever l f the tri g h d l th er me with
t
whic h it i
ece ry t tr uble the re der Th
m e cl ture w
very u wieldy it i
if we were
n
or
as
os s
no
an
a no
so
en
na
on .
a
no
a ns
co
no a
no
as
ssa
a so
as
na
Al ph abe t i c a l No t at i o n
th
D mi
lw y
w rd
T ic
t
S ubd mi t Le di g te etc i Th
te chi g mu ic i te d f A B C
the Wi l di
Fre ch meth d U i
At very e rly f t h t
mi
peri d Greek mu ici
f u d it ece ry
m
it t d
i ve t le clum y meth d f i d i t
t
f
m
f
u d
me
ugge ted the
i g
d
t th
f the
lp h bet It w
Greek
lph bet we k w it but
e rly D ri
lph bet
h wi g tr ce
f Ph e ici
S e m itic rigi
f
The lph bet h vi g bee ugge ted
me
repre e ti g mu ic l u d i writi g we m der
w uld im gi e th t thi g w
impler
C i
t h t begi t the t p f the c le
t
g
b tt m d m erely give letter t the m t f t h
th
t
lph
bet
c
l
rder
But
the
g
Al p h b t
ve t r did t d thi by me pr ce f
re
i g wh ich h
expl i ed they
t yet bee
pplied t h r t letter f the Ph e ici Greek lph bet
the tri g c lled N l hyp b l i (
t
d
)
t h e c rried
lph bet by rem rk ble erie
th
f ct ve
ugge ti g pr b ble c ecti betwee
t ti
d t h m g di
Fig I ( ) If w m me t
i ly le p ver
ce turie we h ll d
m e twe ty
Germ lph betic l t ti with
lm t equ lly
i c m pre h e ible erie f f th f which h wever
t h expl
ti i ext t ( p ge
It will be ee th t t h t h e retic l c le f t w ct ve
i
f
lre dy exte ded by t h dditi
te bel w
Pr l mb me ; d w h ll
l ter th t t uit
to
na n
ns
so
use
ss
an
no
no a
on
an
os a
or
u r ou s
a rra n
on
no a
on
ou r
an
a no
n os
os
s, o
an
an
an
on
ve
aa
ou r
onn
o a on
so
a na
a n
a n-
o n
ss
no
ns
so
In
er
a ns
e e
ns
an a
as
s :
on
'
ar
as
en
n.
as
an a
a s on n
a e
or
no
no
so
n o s
es
an
In
n a
n ece s s
ca
a n or
an
o n
na
no
s o
as
s rI n
o ne
e no e
ssa
so
as
a ns
n es s
u n_
or
an
7 e,
nan
no
on
use
e s
on
s ee
o o
no
the ever l m de d tr p iti key the c mplete
t ti give c mp
ct ve
f r ther ver three
whic h i t h li m it e peci lly me ti ed by A i t
p ible f v ice d i tru m e t T h E pig ei
d S i mi ki
c uld theref re embr ce e rly the wh le
r ge f the t ti
a
no a
on
as
or
an
Alp
on
on
n a
ox en u s
on.
( Cont i nu ed
on
5
1. 2
"
"
I
I
E
C
Vau l am Cheth Teth l od
e
a eth H
hl mel D
eh G
B
am
Deta Epsl lon Dig
eta Eta Thera
eta 3 d
aZ
ota K
B
m
appa am
b
d
a mm
I
t )
( Poi
Ale
r s
n s
'
on
ns
F IG I
on
no a
os
s an
on
a ns
ass
os s
an
s a
an
ucce i
m
(B
u d At
t gether with trite
t ) bec me k
w
the L cri
y
Ai li
Hyp
d
ri
Tr
pe
C mm
;
h
d th ugh the p i t i
till
much
deb
ted
g m th ere eem little d ubt t h t i t i terv l
Tig
g were u ed i ki d f h rm y
ele
me t ry t ee m t
childi h ; but it mu t t be
f rg tte th t w
pe ki g f the e rlie t i f cy f
y tem f mu ic which i i t riper ye r h pr duced
Ai
wh
i sh d b t
l
s
w
hi
d
3
p
ph
m si c i n
d h
th f h l i st xi s ti ng w k m si c whi ch
s ms c nsi st f s i s f l ct gi v n by hi m st d nts
h
At
ns H w p pi l f A i s t tl d h th f l ss th n
h nd d b ks
i s s bj ct s
v
f w h i c h nl y f gm nts f w
h
t
xt
nt b w
b
l g th m h f hi m si c l
d ct i n f m l l s i ns
w it s
i by t h
Th e
nne
s s on of s o
en on
an
a s
o n
to
ee
ve
an
re
as
oo
ree a re e
e au
or
ro
on
or o
er e
a r ou
to t
on
00 ,
er
16
er
to
e au
or o
to
on
er
ra
uc
er a n
no
e
o o
no
as
or
e, a n
,
a s
n an
as a
u res
e a re a
o
so
BC
ou
e ea r
ut
a n , or
on
ou r
s s
n as
e a re s
r s tox enu s ,
a n, or
o us
o s
no
as
o aa,
n a
a n , or
at
Ly r e Acc o m p a n i m e n t s
ymph ie f Beeth ve d the mu ic dr m f
W g er At y r te thi e rly di t ic tyle c lled
d T p
by Plut rch the tyle f O lympu
d
w
c mpete t t pr duce imple ch rd f t w
l
m
t
S
u d ; d th ugh the cie t writer
d
i f rm th t the i gi g t gether f b y
b tw
d m
lw y V
d m
f w me
w
d
d e i ct ve
ly
d i
ther I t m t
i terv l yet it eem fr m p ge i
Pl t R p bl i
ge i Plut rch
d fr m cert i p
h rt w rk M u ic th t whe the lyre cc mp ied
t
the v ice it freque tly u ded
te th t w
i u i
ct ve with the v ice
h ly
T h s Pl t bj t b y s b i ng t gh t t
mp n y
wi th m l dy di ff n t f m th t f h v i c i d n by p f ssi n l
lp y s A n n nym s G k w it wh m w sh ll f l t
sp k s f h C i
cc mp ni m nt P l t ch s y s Th
d T p d
A n ci n t s
h m s i c i ns f h p i d f Ol y mp s
b t 6 7 ) w ld h v ppl i d h T i t
c mp ni m nt
P h yp t i f t h y h d n d t d i
th e
on
so
on
o s
on
e o
er
ere
ea
BC
ou
to
no
to
e, a s
an
no
as
ers oo
e as an a
ts
u s e.
a e r,
an
er
er,
co
an
u ar
r e er
re
ro e
on
er o
e
e e
Pa ra n e te a
o a cco
er,
e a
t e
not u
T it
no t
ou
a e,
ar
en
t e
ee n
n s ru
au
r ee
or
assa
ou
rou s s
ro
to
s ou n
assa
ec s
a n e'
no
a o o
so
a n
as
o rc e a n
er ,
as a
en ,
as o
an
er
n s on o r o
an
c, a n
on
n an
s n
en , o r o
an
on
an
us
an
an
n o
n an
an
s o
Pa rhyp a te
n t N t t h y s d i h c mp ni m nt
di p h n y
m
nt
li ch n di z gm n n ) d
( di s c d ) w i t h P
y
ph n y ( c n c d ) w h M s
A d
nly did th y ppl y h s n ds T i t d P th s
b
f
i
ls N y m
h
cc mp ni m n t th y s d N
d i ph n y ( d i s c d ) w i t h P
d
d P hy p t
y m
sy mph n y wi th M s d Li ch n s If t h s w ds s m s t ng
d
t th m d n
hi m i m gi n
t ch f h m n y x p l i n i g
l
Th e
o e
e e
or
a ra
ut a
nn
te
en
as a
o
n as a
er
er,
et
os
or
n t
co
e eu
ou
e a
as
an
17
te ,
e e
e a
e an
a ra n
or
e e an
rea
as
e non,
nn
n t
a
e e
u e
e e
n ot o
or
ea
er o
a ra n
an
ar
te
a e, a n
ra
ee
u e
ar
or
te
S t o ry o f
No t at i o n
We mu t give few m re det il f the Greek

mu ic l y te m i rder t h w the re der wh t their
t ti w required t expre where it
M
bl
t
differed
fr
m
imil
r
d where it w
S d
ur ; d it m y help h i m t
u der
f the
t di g f the c lled m v ble u d
Greek tetr ch rd if we y th t w m der m ke
th s Th n ci nt s s d h T ni
cc mp ny h
h m tt
S bd mi n nt h M di nt cc mp ny h S p t ni c d S b
cc mp ny h T ni c S bd mi n n t S b
m di n t h S p t ni c
I n c s f thi s ki nd n m s m
d D mi n n t
m di n t
c nv ni n t th n n t ti n ( S R W stph l M d G i Al
t nsl ti n f P l t ch s M i p
/ m
d
8 83 p 6
s
n o
on
no a
ov a
an
er o
2 ;
ee
ra
o. ,
a e
o a
to
t e
an
us
an
ore
a re
t er
r ec.
u s c,
es
use
u ar
er o
to
ns
u e
so
to
sa
an
es , 1
zu
er
s o-
an
as
an
ss
as
ou n
o s
Synnemenon
e e
P n t Sy n
M s
Lc n s
Sym n s c n c s w n s ns t s t s
ct v s
t n t v ls w
n s
sc s W l n
As
P bl m
t t cc m n m nt lw ys b v
m l y
A s t tl s k t i s l m nt y m ny M
w
mx n
mn l n
s ys t t M
ct
c ct
m s c
c ct
c by m l y l n
t M
A
v v y
A
(G v
t
n c b tw n n c nt
m
n m sc
sn
n c ss ty
nc
cl ss n t t n s
G k
l y ln
sts
m l y s
m n
mb n t n
F
l st y s
cc s t
n c cc m n m n t t t
t n by t s l
ly
m
l ss
t v ly m n m ny
n
Anc ts s n b n
t m ns
a ra
h
i
o
e
p
h er i er
all o
t o tl e
ro
e od
e e
or
ord
No
P a rhyp
ere u
four h
er e
d i a ph o i e
or
di
ord
19
ha
pa
th e
i ha
e e
fh
wa s
a nd
from
ea r
ri
o e
th e
ar
as
i x i s , ou r
o rd
e e
e
ha r o
p ea s of h
i i g or i g i g, a n d h e a
i x i s h a d n o e ffe
h a th e
on t h e
ha ra er o f th e
u i , fo r
h a ra er i s p ro d u ed
a o e
e od
e a er , L a
u s de l
er
n d h e re we h a e th e
nt , i p
ri
roo
of
th e
ha r
to
th e di ffe re
of
rea o
ree
ic
th e
th e
co
h a rmo i
me
i
e e
od
io
p ea e ; we i p era i
i magi e i t
The
.
ee
ie
of a
d i ffere
a o
wa s
a ll
a nd
i n th e
in
a
p
de
i en
ha
d ha r
oo
ie
ega
18
to
or
o a
we
a nd
u gge
ar e s o a
i f we d o
t o requ i re fu r
th e
To
u e d.
io
e od
us a
ea r
m ere
of
al l :
ro m ou r ea r
o d er
o m ed
ra re
get i t , w e
of
h er
ea
n ot
F i x e d So und s
m v ble u d i
c le f the third m y
be m j r mi r d i m ved by Beeth ve i
p ge uch th e i S t p 3 N I where
he lter the m de i lter te p ir f b r m re ver
m v ble
u d ccur i the mi r c le the
tw
ixth d eve th bei g r i ed i
ce di g d
l wered i de ce di g
I
Greek mu ic the highe t d l we t u d f
e ch tetr ch rd were tu ed t the i terv l f perfec t
xp ssi th th p l i n di t ni c ss i n f t n s d s mit n s
h
c n c pti n f si ngi ng w m
d
h vi ng
iv d
th y b g n l t h t ni ng f t h i i nst m nts
m l d i s t g th
f
i
h
d
i
c
v
t
y
x
ss
n
t
y
w
l
d
i
d
y
p
gv
p
ch ct t h m si c ; d nf t n t ly th y di s v d t b t h
s m ti m t h t t i ngs pip s di vi d d c di ng c t i m th
m i l p p ti s p d
d c t i n d n i t m s i c l i nt v ls
Th s
st i ng d ivi d d by b idg
h ng
i
h
ti f
p
d
h
t v f th nd gi v by h wh l t i ng
Th
fth
ti 3 p d
f
th
4 3
m j
tn
9 8
mi n t
A d
till w iv m t h m t i c l mi n ti th t tt ly s l ss
d i n c mp h ns i b l
h p ct i c l m s i c i n
H nc f w d G k
m s i ci n w
f Pyt h g
d i v i d d i nt
h ls
h f ll w
s
w
wh
cc pi d th ms lv s wi th h m th m t i c s h xcl i n f h
f m i
d h f ll w s f A i
p pi l f A i st tl
f
d v yt h i ng c nn ct d wi t h h s l
n ds h
wh
d wh
s
nt
d
t
st
s
id
f
m
s
i
c
A
i
s
t
d
s
i
i
l
i
h
i
i
i
p
Q
tt ib t s f m f n t ti n Pyth g s diff i ng f m th t d c i b d
by th G k w i t s d
t h w it f s i w n d d
m
th n m nt i n i sh w th t i th s d y s th t ti n
xist d b si d h i g l j t th y d w
of
assa
an
n ot
e o
or
to
er
a ra
er
a t ca
ro
s r
or
on
an
t e oc
an
o o
a rt
re
o r e erre
o re
u e
o re
or
es
t e
er
o
o ne
t e
e o
a
a s no o
u se ,
I9
ou
o o
ro
a re u
er
o e
as
t o t,
o no
ee
er no a
e,
an u s
es r
e e a r,
u nt
to t
ro
ora
er re e r
ree
us o
ar
ca e s ou
u e e
ers
er
e or
to t e
o ra
us
to
one.
enera
er
In
ae
ore
r s tox e nu s , a
to
ou r
oo
or
er a n
e ra
o e
er a
o e s r
u ces a
sa
er
t to
ru
to
a c or
o sc
er
an
an
co er e
or
ou
e ar
o a
a or
ra
o r, a s
an
e r
ro
a e
or
so
: 2
er
re e
an
re e
er
no
to t
en
u s c,
an
ere
er a
e at
e a rr
e s ou
e o
s o o n,
or u
e ra
u ce
ro
u ces
re
er
or
c s uc e
to
ar e
u e
at
e r,
ro
a rr
as
a o
no
s :
an
an
s o
o.
on
re
1,
a s
an
or
on a a o
na
so
n a
our s
os
an
as
no
or
a o
so
o s
f urth
S ud
th
were lw y r ferred t
Fix d
Pr l m b m e w
l
ed
d
Me e
bei
g
tu
ed
ct
v
bel
w
But
F
d
i
teri
r
d
f
ch
tetr
ch
rd
th
tw
a
d by v ri u
bec m e t v ri u ti m e
m
ici
ubjected t
im m
v riety f lter
ti ;
d h e ce were k
w
the M bl
S u d A y mu ici pr ctic lly t ught wh t h
lik d b ut the m v bl
d
N w
experie c th t equ l te m per m t
w
i
whic h every i terv l except the ct v i ligh tly
m f rt t
e
pr
duce
di
c
t
f t
V
t
ght
t
be
u
ffi
c
e
t
h
w
t
h
t
t
t
h
i
h
h
ti
w
ic
h
d
c
c
pti
f
h
r
m
ic
t i g f
f th
l c m bi ti
lt r ti
tu i g
i t
w
l d t f t h m el dic i terv l w uld t pp r
ff d
very rbitr ry pr ceedi g but w uld
t i d
d
ctu lly did pr duce ple
t
t
T
hi
ti
t
d y th
S
uther
I
di
h m
y mu ici lter the pitch f te by pre
i g the
tri g be h i d high fret ; d t h i ger
f S uth It ly
tr g
vibr t th t it i
E q l t mp
m nt i
h t m pp l i d
h m d n sy st m f
t ni ng g ns d pi n f t s by whi ch l l h s mi t n s m d
d
l l i n t v l s xc p t h
ct v
f t n
b
q l
s l igh tly
c s i n c nv ni n c h
h m i ddl
Up
f h
igh t n t h c n t y k y d i ns t m n t s w
lly t n d i
g n
n q l t mp m n t by whi ch c t i n k y s w p f ctly i
t n whi l th s w nb bly h sh Th m d n sys t m whi ch
h di s p s l f h c mp s
s lt
i
i n vi t b l
pl c s v y k y
f h d v l p m nt f h
f m si c
o
a nd
nos
an
s ou n
s ou n
a so a
as
as
a no
os a
ea
an
a ns
us
on s
ou r
an
ou
un
ou
un n
ou
no
ea r s
en
na
u n ra ne
or
ua
an
t e e
e
ua
e,
n n
no
ea
asan
on
an
s en
an
er a
to
a u e no
ee
er
e e o
er
at
on
er
e a rt o
ar
2 0
o er,
a re
e,
to t
er
s an
ut
so
er e
e
e ra
er e
er
ou t
ere
er a
ea ra
e a r.
s n
a re
to t e
ru
e e
o a
ss
to t
e re u
ur
era
t e
an
so
o or e
e o
no
us e
e ra
as
on
us
on o
ua
an a
us
on
a s
e a
on .
on
sa
ar
an
an
ons
no
o
no
en
on
n e rv a s
ov a
na
as
a r i a i on s
s ou n
no
en s e
an
an
e re u
M o v abl e So und s
re lly imp ible t ti m e t k w whether

i terv l
f
f the
m ll emit e
repetiti
me te
i
i te ded ; d the udie ce ccu t m ed t it i
delighted
d
ppl ud
e ff ect th t t the m re
t lid rther
u d di gree ble d t f tu e
a
os s
an
no
or
an
on
on
n e a r, s o
R AN L
OM
sa
RE
an
an
no
S AND
no
an
ARA
sa
K IT H
ou
The r t eff rt i the directi

lteri g t h
f
tu i g f the m v ble u d eem t h ve bee
rec rded by P lym t w h m
m de
Pi
8
We tp h l me ti
h vi g p ibly bee
t m
;
t r f the t ti
The di t ic
th i v
c le wh ch
bt ed by tu g pure
t
d ft h by
f urth
th
m der
h rp f ex m ple w ltered t the
ft di t ic f
P l ym
t
t h i c le t h lic h
f e ch t tr
; i
ch rd w tte ed by qu rter f t e pr duci g
t h i terv l (
ce di g) emit e 3} t e % t e
W stph l M d G A l /
34
pp
n n
a s
as
on
u s.
on
c:
oa
2 1
ter t
a on
so
a nos
on
na s u s
on
os s
ni n
as a
na s u s
ea r, a s
us
ai n
as
18
or
na s
as
no a
an
on s
so
en o
on
or
z u nz es ,
on
on
on
e tc.
S t o r y o f No t a ti o n
The ext lter ti w the M iddle ft di t ic
I
u ed by Archyt
thi b th t h m v ble u d
tte ed A d it w t th i f rm f
M i ddl S ft di t ic tetr c h rd th t the
t ti w
f
pplied
ic
t
ti
the
ec
d
i t h di t
f
R
i fx;
u d f the tetr ch rd i i v ri bly h w
by letter repre e ti g i terv l f le th
emit e
b ve the r t (C mp E p 3 9 with Fig p
f the tu i g which
We w c me t
lter ti
pu led m y le r ed m ; yet there i
re
h
why it h uld It h bee
id th t
t
Q
f
c
uld
ever
h
ve
t
ler
ted
the
i
terv
l
T
qu rter f t e which ccurred i t h
e h rm ic ge u
d t h t they c uld
ly h ve bee
t
h e retic l
d
t pr ctic l
Y t w
t
Th
ly
h
ve
c
t
t
ref
re
ce
t
thi
ge
u
b t i dt
w
but
if
tu
e
i
trume
t
t
it
we
d
i
t
pp
th t
get ccu t m ed t it d
th E
h m
i
l g
we
h rm y we
G
begi t like the e tr ge mi ute i terv l
Fr m Plut rch it w uld ppe r th t t h e h rm ic
ge u w i ve ted fter the time f O lympu
d
th t it t r t c i ted i mitti g the
Th
lich
thu pr duci g the i terv l emi
li t E
d
F
t
e
m
r
th
rd
A
b
c
e
etc
E
A
D
b
b
j
h m
i
I
thi c e the tetr ch rd ly c t i ed
Tt h d
th ree u d But the emit e
b
c me divided i t t w qu rter t e c lled d i
d
th
tetr ch rd bec me die i die i m j r th ird
E F bF A
A d
lth ugh the Pyth g re
tried t
n
as
no
as
an
an
zz
an
on
n n
as
s no
u a r er
ea r
on
en
as
an a s
on
on
ss
on
no a
a on
no a
so
as
or
so
a on
a on
so
as
a re
on
a s on
sa
no
a s o
o n es
on
ra n e
on
ar
on c
en u s
as
ea r
ar
es
or
on
on s s
an
a o
as
so
n o
a s
on
s o on
an
a s
on c
e ra c
an
on
an
no
a nos
no
s a
ns
use
an
as
o u r e a r s oo n
on
as
no
r ec a e
on
on s a n
an
e ca r c a n
an
on
a
.
on
on
s s
on
s s
2 2
a o
on a n
s oon
es es , a n
a ns
or
E n h a r m o ni c D i e s e s
c mplic te the c le by imp ible m them tic l d i

pr ctic l mu ici held t the qu rter t e
ti
ti
which they c uld e ily bt i by
T h Em
Th
ic i c lled by A i t
E h rm
h m
i
the m t be utiful f the ge er ; d he th m t
c mpl i th t hi c temp r rie h ve b tif l
G
f
the m t p rt l t the t f perf rmi g
i t i terv l
where their f reru er pplied them
elve m re t thi th t y ther ge u With the
w ge u
dditi w
ece ry t the cheme
f
t ti ; d it w very imply m de th ugh t
i
w e ff ect
the w y w h uld expect T h
were
pr duced by tte i g the m v ble u d ; d w
h uld expect theref re th t
me w ig c rre
d
i
t
t
w
uld
be
i
tr
duced
but
the
g
p
Greek h d
ig h wi g tte i g ; their t ti
c uld ly h w h rpe i g f the u d
T i dic te the t w die e the i ve t r f the
t
ti imply l id the letter i t b ck f the r t d
rever ed it f the ec d thu
o
nc
ons
as
on
os
a ns
or
a s
no a
as
ne
on
an
on
a s
or
E ma
on
u !i
.
so
ne
an
n,
no a
on
n o
so
no
n n
on
so
n n
on s
en u s
ne
ea u
n s
no s
on
ou r
os
ssa
n n
on c
ar
nn
as
as
o an
an
an
on
on
an
ar
ox en u s
o a
os
os
on
ea r
r s
a n
a ns
os s
no a
or
an
s :
K >f, 1 1
But cert i letter uch

H c uld t be N t ti
rever ed d N c uld t be l id i t ide t i di t
i ce it w uld bec me Z I the e c e t h E h
m
i
the i ve t r either dded methi g t the
D
i
letter
ubtr cted me p rti
th t
t h ere c uld be
m biguity
The letter thu ltered
h w i Fig
But it will pr b bly trike the re der th t we h ve
f xed
h w lter ti
u d
W h ll expl i
a n
an
s n
n o
or
n a
on
so
so
no
no
as
no
a re s
as
ar
e s es
s a
ca e
on c
on , s o
s s
on
o a
on s o
so
e s
a n
l ter
th t wi g t t h p ibility f tr p i g
the tr pe t y mit e f equ lly tempered t ve
very u d h w i Fig ( ) w c p ble f bec m i g
eith er xed m v ble u d cc rdi g t t h tr pe
Th
ext e ff rt t pr duce v riety re ulted i t h
f th
i
i ve ti
w h ic h r m i
C h r m tic ge u
i
th
Greek
pre
e
t
th
C h rc h t
Th Ch
hA i t
h ree f r m
Wit
it
t
k
t
d y
m ti
f em i
t
d d h m ti
c
i
ti
g
th
T t
h d
t e m it e mi r th ird t h f t h m ti
i which the t w l we t i terv l
f t h tetr ch rd were
on,
o an
so
or
ro
a ns
ox en u s
r s
as
oc a
so
use
os n
a ns
an
on
on
os s
se
s :
oo
e ra c
s an
or
on
ar
on
,s e
eso
ro
c,
( D)
ons s
c,
a s o
\g
no
ro
e
3
A A
t e ch ; th q i l t
i w h ic h
h m ti
th
r t t w i t rv l were
f
t e Puri t
bject d t t h i tr ducti f t h chr m tic
Th C h
h ic h t h ey
g
u
w
id
e
te
h d
ffe m i
m ti G
h r ct r
d w
c
v
luptu
u
t
d
id
d
t be g
e
erv
ti
g
d
f
y
ut
h
f
f
ff m i t
t h chief bject
f t h cultiv ti
f m u ic
T
xpl i n h m tt by m d n i ns t n c h n t E f
x mpl i m v bl i h k y f C si n c i i tt n d p d c
h k y f C mi n
b
i i
x d i h k y f D wh t h h
l tt i m j mi n
b h
d
m s t S n d y s d i n g h M ss
It
k
h G
Ch c h i B y sw t
of a
on
ea
e s es
n e
ro
en u s
co n s
na e
e,
er
a or o r
ut
n t
on
an
on e o
or
e,
na
an
c,
er
on
or
oo
oo
er
n t
or ;
ro
on o
as
o a
ca n
ur
an
sa
er e
33
era
a s
en
u a
o e
to
ro
or
er
or .
ea r
on
a e r.
ur
at
ree
Th e P yc n o n
m g t the Greek w th t f educ ti

b y were
t ught m
cc u t f i t hu m i i g i ue ce
d Greek i
ju t
they
t ught L ti
m der
ch l
cc u t f the me t l
tr i i g which i give by tudy
f th e e l
gu ge
The m e meth d f t ti
u ed f the chr m tic f
w
the e h rm ic ge u ; Th E h
I i f ct
d
i
m
t
tell with cert i ty t
N t ti
m
d
w
which ge u
m
y
f
p iti th t c t i *
t h Ch
h r m tic
the
c
h
ARP
m t G
m
c t t bel g
f t h ree
u d f rmi g the l wer p rt f
T h gr up
the chr m tic
e h rm ic tetr ch rd w c lled
i
d t h pyc
f every
pyc
c m p ct
f the
tetr ch rd w
ted by the t h ree p iti
letter h w
p ge 3 d i Fig I (h) ; but the
p rticul r tu i g u ed w
t ti
t h w by the
T
lively pe ple e ger t expre th eir rti tic
feeli g i mu ic the m t y f i gle key w uld
bec me irk me i pite f the p ibility f
tu i g it i d e di ffere t w y
d f qu rrelli g
ver
equ l u m ber f i m p ible m th e m tic l
tu i g T h ey f u d ther utlet f expre i i
d i
m d
tr p iti
f the t p
The m de
better the ct ve pecie c lled by
the cie t the h rm ie c i ted f cert i de ite
on
on
u S IC
as
a re
as
oo s
an
on
an
on
os
non ,
n a
n n
o e,
oz
n s
a ns
a s no
n on
ons
ons s
os s
an
or
ro e
on
on .
s n
on
os
no a
os s
ss
as
o n o on
or
an
an
an
or
en u s
a Ic
ro
ar
on
an
so
an
n n
0 s er v e
i on
on
on
o a
on a n s
en
ar
as
os
s o on
no
on
n n
as
or
so
co
an
no a
or
oni
as
an c
on
a n
no a
F GY P T I A N
or
a s
sa
as
n a
a n n
an
on
an s n
on :
s s on
a n
i
rder f t e
d emit
e
the chr m tic
d qu rter t
ic ge u e m it e
d e h rm
mi
e
r
third
the
c
e
d dit
k
G
f
th
might
be
d
the
ch
r
cter
mu
ic
;
H m
m
h
r
y
u
ed
m uc h ffected by t h
w
M d
i
E
f
give
c
mp
iti
very
y
w re th t t h ere i c ider ble di ffere ce f ch r cter
give t m der m u ic cc rdi g t whether the m j r
th
r m d i u ed ; d th t ch ge fr m
mi
mi
r t m j r h rm y will t ce ttr ct tte
n
an
on
an
on
on
an
on
on
or
no
o r,
an
o n es
as
as
r ee
a a
an
o n i es
ar
or
or
no
a o
on
R M AN L RE
O
a o
an
on
ARA
S.
A N D K IT H
an
on e
on
os
ons
s a
no
an
or
on
as
es
tw
ti
I te d f
m de
h rm ie the
Greek like their ucce r t h e rly church mu ici
h rm
u ed eve m de
ie t e ch f which w
ig ed peci l c h r cter d w
med fter t h
upp ed c u try f i t rigi D ri
Phrygi
Lydi M ix lydi Hyp d ri Hyp phrygi Hyp
lydi
There
be ly eve ct ve pecie
y
A i t
f
there
ly eve
u d i
ct ve
Th tr pe c rre p
ded t
key We h ve lre dy
on.
ns
ass
os
a n,
or
an,
ca n
sso s
on
or
on
ans
an,
an,
an,
so
sa
on
o ou r
an
as
na
as
a n,
n,
on
a re
an
on
or
o x e nu s
an.
r s
ou r
Tr o p es
d M o des
an
expl i ed
p ge 6 th t the tr pe c i ted f t w
ct ve c t i i g the gre ter d the le er perfect
y tem t c uld c mme ce
em
y
Th T p
t e f
equ lly tempered ct ve
d
t h ere c uld be m dul ti b th f tr pe d ct ve
pec e
the c ur e f c mp iti ju t there
be with
ch ge f key d f m de The
Hy m t Ap ll di c vered i 8 9 3 t D elphi h w
ex mple f b th ki d f ch ge
It i u f rtu te th t the Greek g ve the me
D ri
Phrygi Lydi etc t the tr p iti
f their tr pe ;
d
lth ugh the e tr
C f i
p iti were i ti m tely c ected with the f T m
m d
h
much
c
fu
i
ri
e
t
h
r
ugh
t
y
the imil rity f me f B ethiu w h w held f
ver th u d ye r the gre te t uth rity
cie t
Th f ll w i ng h t xt
t i q t d f m th B l l i d C
d
H
l
i
l
8 94 p 58 8 i w hi ch h wh l
Hymn
f h
p
g
Ap ll f nd ng v d m bl by th F n h S ch l t D lphi
i gi v n w ith t nsl t i n by P f
T h d R i n ch i t m d
n t t i n Th hythm f h
m s i ( gti m ) i h w n by h
m t
f h p t y
Wh
m
syll bl s t
w
h s m n t
b s ng
h
n t i t p t d Wh
w n t s
s ng h s m
h
Th
d
syll bl i v w l s n d i p t d
will n ti c h ch m ti c h ct f h m si c p l i ity whi ch i
sti ll b s v bl i h G k Ch ch m si c th gh i l y di s pp d
f m th t f h W t
( R m n ) Ch h w hi h t i n d h D i t n i
g n s nl y
a n
o
s
on
on
an
us
na
a ns
es
as
an
an
on ,
an
an,
an
os
ro
an
an,
a n,
na
n o
an
ca n
on
ss
an
in
on
an
on s s
on a n n
s :
ons
os
a ns
on u s on
on s
os
onn
es
on
a n ce
to
o a
o,
s as
or
ou
ra
ra
t e
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or
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s no
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ts
er a
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re
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et n
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t e
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ore
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s s
ro
ro essor
or
as
t e
ar
uo e
on
e r
as a
or
ra c
u e, 1
s :
s on
na
san
on
er
s ee
on- ou
ro- os ,
'
ou
urc
ecu
re a
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ar
ea r
er
t e
ea re
a o
d mixi g
mu ic k wi g th i g f tr p iti
up m de d tr pe c ll d ll t h c h rch m de by
wr g me The w rd Tr p h bee u lly
tr l ted M de d th i h dded t t h di fculty
If w c uld fr m the r t h ve h d t h di ti cti m de
betwee tr pe d ct ve pecie m uch u ele l b ur
w uld h ve be
ved It i u l t refer t t h
di t ic ge u
ly i de cribi g t h m de i ce th i
d t h key
ge u i t h ly
w t
w k
;
b rd f t h rg
pi
which i rr ged i
cc rd ce with t h
cie t Greek di t ic tr pe
e ble
ily bec me f m ili r with the ubject
t e
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w ll t m
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We
th e
so
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quo e
e u d o- E u
ed
fro
o de
two
id,
n ci nt G k w it s Cl i d th
w i t i v y cl
i
A i
ct v )
w h sp ci s f d i p s n ( i
l i di
I nt d H m nic p 5
a
M ei bomi us , E u c
s,
ro
er
r s to x e n a n
an
No
re e
er,
ar
e on
es , o
er
ea r a s
a o
a,
er
to
a re
Th e C o m m o n O ct a v e
svn
s t w c c nt n b tw n l w n t s
w s st w l t n
ns
(
Hy t y t n to
s ( B B ) It
c ll by n c n t s
n
scn w c
c n t n b tw n m l
M x ly
s ns
w s w l tn
scn lc
P y t y t n to T t z n n ( C C) It
c ll by n c n t s Ly n
t w c c n t n b tw n
s ns
w s w l tn
t l m
ns m L c n s y t n to P n t
z mnn
It c ll P y n
t w c n
(
)
b tw n l w s n s
w s tn
t
ns m Hy t m s n to N t z m n n (
)
It c ll
n
t c n t n b tw n
l s ns
w s w l tn
t l c m
ns
w
m P
y t s n to T t
( F to F )
c ll Hy ly n
s xt b tw n
nts
w s
tn
s xt
ns
L c n s m s n to P n t
It c ll Hy y n
s v nt
( G to G )
c n t n b tw n l w s n s
w s w l tn
M s to N
l w st l c
m
( A to A )
P sl b n m n s
s It
c ll C n L c n
Hy
n
nc
c c s nt n to
s wt tt
t n s s t n s w c ns bl y m
by c n
n
ct v s c s m n
n
P y n
cs m t
ln
st
l w st t
ct v
lc
tt
e
Th e
p yc n a
of
i s fro m
a rh
ed
pa
th e
th e
u pp e r
the
top ,
D to D
th e
ee
ho
fro
ere
ed
a rh
th e
ed
am
ro
me
h,
th e
ee
e,
i s fro m
me
to
h a ge
a
of
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wa s
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th e
th e
as
ee
th e t op ,
ea
er e
a nd
e o
i
a
g
ho
Th e
ho
is i
a e
i dera
p e i e re a i
g a s th e h igh e
ed
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e e
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ha s
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o ri a
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o di
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th e D o ri a
a nd
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or
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ho
it
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ru
o f p yc na ,
o e
ou
o mm o
ed
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m i dd
t he
co n
is
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e
pyc na ,
h yp erb ol a i o n
ed
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ai
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r
o
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hi h
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ie
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d i e eu g e o
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t o th e p ycna i n
i ts p rop er p
on
ed
fro m
fro m th e t op ,
to
wa s
f h p a e fro
hyp erbol a i o n
wa s
i gh be ,
a e
ai
e te
e.
ye t
e e
ee
ou
d p
p yc n a ,
e o
of
o e
th e
ee
hi h i s
e o
e e
as
of
er
Th e r e fe re
p od ori a
ho
h a h ou gh th e o e
h r gi a
of th e o
ri e
Th e i
Th e fou r h ,
i s i n th e
th e
h pa
h fr om th e t o p , ru
wa s
i s th e i
ai
pa
d ia
po
h yp e rbol a i o n
o
ho
pa e
Th e f h ,
p yc na ,
er
th e t op , ru
a ed
th e a
ed
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di e
ho
hr gi a
ou d
er
fro m th e t op , r u
fro
w a s a e d D o ri a
of
ho
ed
ai
The h i rd ,
at
wa s
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t he
ee
is
ri e
i ha
hi h i s
a,
n
c
py
wa s
to
fro
ru
ed
ho
d ia
of
ou
h pa
ai
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ie
ta i n e d
ho
p ycna ,
is
p a ra m e
e o d,
h pa o
di a
Th e
ho
ou
hi h
p a ge
s ee
pa
ed
or
no e
e ra ch ord .
i n th e
mm
L cri
Hyp d ri
ct ve
t
A
A
h
give
the
t
rti
g
p
i
t
m
der
f
(
)
t ti ; f
we h ll
l ter medi ev l m u ici
fter m y experi m e t lly ettled
c lli g thi
ct ve by the r t eve letter f
lph bet
B thi s d ft him h ch ch m si i ns f m th n
y s mi x d h n m f ll ws
Co
Th e
o
no a
on , o r
n us
as
on
o r, a s
an
oe
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an
es a s
o n
c a
a ns
or
ou r
on
ou r a
an
ur
na
er
s ee
n s
a n , or
o re
1 2 00
n
G k E E B thi s D D
E
E
Ph ygi n
D
D
Lydi n
F F
C to C
B B
G to G
M i x ly di n
I t will b m mb d th t B ch w t T cc t d F g i h
i
m
m
m
d
d
B
t
h
v
n
t
t
v
nt
D
t
D
D i n
(
)
q
Lydi n ( F F ) m d
h
th t th gh h i
Ai
wh t ll
W wi ll w t n
c lly th i limi t to h c mp ss f s nds v i l bl y p cti c ll y
t his i limi t d by v i c s d i ns t m nt s li ttl v th ct v
h i i)
F
f m h h i gh s t s n d f h v i gi n l t s ( l i p
l i i) m y
h l w s t s n d f h m st p f ct t s ( l i hyp
b
h
m
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t
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ls
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h
i
d
h
h
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p
p
f
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l
w
st
n
t
i n t v l f m h s h t st
p p
t t d lik wi s h high t s nd f b y v i c t h
h g
l w s t s nd f th t f m
H w h v d ni t i nf m ti n th t h v i l bl mp ss i th
d p b bly ll t h
m
h
tim f A i
h
h
R
n
c
w
g
p
li tt l v th ct v s d thi s i b n
by h ft n t p s
f whi ch Al yp i
h c mp l t n t t i n
gi v s
A i s t id s Q i i l i
Tn
L
w sp k f T n s
y
i
s d i th w ys i th f p i tch f c t i n i nt v l p
d
d by h d i ff
n c b tw n h f th d h fth f h
h Ly di n
sys t m f h t p
Ph ygi n A d i i f t p
th t w h v sp k h
Th t n s ( i
t p s ) c ding A i
thi t n i
d th i p
n mb
l mb
m
c nt in d i h di p s n
i
ct v f s nds ) B cc ding l t m si ci ns th
( h
ft n t n s wh s p l mb m i xt n d h c mp ss f
ct v d t n A d A i
n m d th m t h s H yp d i
Hyp i i
Hyp ph ygi n Hyp l i n Hyp lydi n D i n I
t i n Ph ygi n l E l i Lydi n Hyp d i n Mi x lydi n w
Hyp i i
Hyp mi x lydi n Hyp ph ygi n T th h
l t m s ici n dd w t h s
ch f h t n s i s mi
A d
D ori a
to
ree
to
to
to
oe
to
to
no
or
to t
ou
re e o
er
e o
us
u nt
s u e
ere
ro
ea
an
er,
ee
o e
ros a
e.
er a s t a n,
a er
s a
re e o
en o
er te e o
as
es.
a rt
au o
to t
o e
o a
t e
t e
ee
er a
an
as
ro
or a
ou r
or
ea
or
e t u s no
or
e co
e ou t
or
e e
e a
ro u
a no
en o
er a
ro
or
ro
e no
a n,
er
o o
or
2 0
O
3
to t
er
or a
er
ea
I bi d
an
or u s ,
no
es e
s a
2 2
as
or a
a re
ere
a o
2
.
r ee
t e
a er
or
er
Mei bomi u s , Ar i s tox
oaeo
to
or
a no
r s tox enu s , a re
a re
r s tox en u s
to
a c or
u t, a
ou
ou
ee
ros a
e o
o ast us ,
ro
e an
t e
e o
er
ra
ere .
e.
e r
e o
et
er
e, a s
to
e,
au o
an
es
u e
u e
t e
eore t
ou
re e o
an
us
to
ro
a nu s s a
ree
u ce
or
r s tox e nu s , a n
e o
a n.
ou
er e
ree
ere
an
s us
an
or e
u e:
rea
ro
er a
ru
ore
e a
ou
ou
an
t e
ro
er
r s tox enu s ,
s no
ere
ua r e
o e
ee
n t
ue
e.
to
ur
an
e,
a a an
ro e a
ere
re
or a
to
V o c a l No t a t i o n
t n b v i p d c ss i f w b gi n wi th h l w s t b s mi t n
b l w i p d c ss i f w b gi n w i th h high s t
W c nn t g l w th n h Hyp d i n b
s i p lm
b
m
i h l w s t s n d th t
b h
d
F t l g c ll
c le f A mi r the key c le
f
by i t
t ti w h ve
key t the m
l
t
f the Greek ;
t ti
d he m de
p
Th
the i m p rt t di c very th t i t
t ti
M d m
Fig
gree
with
the
Hyp
(
)
A Mi
lydi
t ti give by Alyp i
S i ce S l h
A i t
h
t ld
th t l l the tr pe gi t h
were
emit e p rt i the b ve rder K y t t h
A
d
we
fr m the Hyp lydi
bt i the
N
t u
rel tive pitch f l l the ther tr pe
d
he ce
perfectly well tr l te their t ti i t
m der
t ti
(C)
o
e a
ts
e o
e e
or
or
on
ou
er
ca n
on
an
ro s a
no
ts
eca u e
ea r
or a
ut a
ou r
no a
no a
e e
or
or
en os
e e
re
re
a no
ts
o e
co
s ee
1,
an
r s
an
no a
on
ox en u s
as
us
us
an
as
v en
a n
o a
an
a ns a
no a
ca e
ca n
n or
on
no a
on
ca n
no a
on
on
n o
on .
K C
After the Greek h d perfected their i trume t l

f
t ti
they i ve ted
w
the v ice
Thi c i ted f t h eir rdi ry lph
rr ged i gr up f three letter
b t
:
$
2
m
f
th
ju
t
the
i
tru
e
t
l
py
i
N
t
t
t ti
rr ged i t i gle letter i three
p iti
But here g i t h ey did t t rt
we
h uld expect t the t p b tt m f the c le they
s
no a
on ,
ons s
or
os
on s
an
o a
ortl a ge,
n a
ns
s n
no
a n
or
D i e M u s i h Sys tem
.
31
as
na
or
o ne
ne
cna
on
an
no a
n a
ns
a er
Gr i echen ,
18 4 7
as
on
u ed Alph f th u d c rre p di g t
C m pl ti g t h i
d pr ceeded d w w rd
they t rted g i wit h
lph bet t F
lph
f which the letter were i
b t
w
verted
the
m util ted ; w h ile f
d b ve G t they u ed th ird
lp h bet me f wh letter were
i vert d w hil the m j rity h d
cute cce t
cie t writer w h refer t
Th
t ti i v ri bly give b t h t h
v c l d i tru m e t l f rm f
e c h te d we h ve rr ged
c m plete
th
erie f t h
i
g
wi
t
h
ARA
t h ir m der
ig ic ti
i
Fig
It
m u t be re m e m bered t h t every
t repre e ted here c uld be
either xed
m v ble
d ubject t
di ff ere t tu i g
cc rdi g t m de d ge u i
wh ich it ccurred Fig
pre e t t h
t ti i ge er l
t h r ugh ut tiquity ; th er
f rm f t ti
eem t h v
RE
exi ted but
they ppe r t
h ve h d
ly l c l d temp r ry v gue it i
t
ece ry t di cu the m
an
ne
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on
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on
LY
ns
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an
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on
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K IT H
or
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o ou r
on
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ss
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2
3
no
HAPT E R I I I
c m l t s c m v l ns t m nt l n t t ns
s c st c
k s t n c nj n ct t t c s st s m l
t n
s b n n t l t m m n t k n w n
G k n t t n
l t m m n t G k
A
yt m c l s ns S m
t ll
t c n L t A
n c nt c
l s w t n t t n yt m c l
cc nt t n s ns t nsl t nt
n n t t n
tt n
x s t n mn nt s G k m s cG k s l s t n
C st n C c
t G kml
ymns
l t
ntt n
ns t m nts
Ant
n
m n C
c
s cc ss
ns t m n t l
l
G ksns
All l
s nt n
stl
S n n sc
ls s t bl s G y
G t Int v l
b tw n l ss G k n t t n
nv nt n
c m st
l
nt n y B t s
ll n t t n
F IG R p 3 4 i c mplete cheme f the Greek t
Th e
re m a r
ar a
io
e of
he
e e
th e
to
dom i
ie
of
ig
io
ia
h ri
o ff
h
o
p
u s e of
th e
of
re u d e
th e R o
to
o ne
Th e
ed
o a
so - ca
E 2
m o de r
r ee
a nd
of
th e
of
ru
re
regor
io
a nd
the gra d u a
in
mi
th e i
a nd a
i ph o
ude
er a
of a
oe
ar
bu t
ru
io
io
io
p re e i g t h e p o
rea
th e
th e
and
no a
Th e
for i ts h
or o f
e ui a
o a
ree
ree
Th e
re e
e o di es
th e
i hed
io
ree
io
o a
hi g
rh
h
ea
io
o a
hu r h i s t h e
p o i i on
io
n ew
hi u
fo r
us e
ra
e
p
th e
to
s a
no a
ti extr cted fr m the f rty t ble f Alyp i ; but

Ari tide give few te bel w the l we t
T
h
ther t ti
S uch
d me ti
mp l t
C
cheme i c lled by A i t
C t
N
t
t
i
pyc o i
cheme f p y
d
;
f
c ff vi le tly t th e w h prete d t
h
Al yp i
te ch mu ic fr m it f he y they eem
t ti i the d d bject f le r
t thi k t h t the
The t ti
he y c
t h w th
i g mu ic
on ,
s s
r s
ve
s o
no a
a no
on s
an
no
s a
on
cn a
ox en u s
us
e e
o a
an
on
os
us
sa
or,
no a
no a
on
on ,
33
en
sa
an
a nn o
od u a
u gge
u
a
q
i h
a do p e d
o a
p era
in
h o rd
e ra
io
o a
of
th e
hoo
i gi g
th e o
ee
a ed
ree
au o
ra
i g re
hur h
a nd
e a re s
th e
io
o a
for
t he fe w e i
ef
i
e
p
ua
Th e
ig
ru
E qu a
ree
Th e
h ereo
ri s tox en i a n s
rh
and
oca
~Ari s tox enu s
x ct p iti
u d (thi i evide t fr m Fig
f the
if it c uld
c uld i g eri f
d eve
twe ty eigh t p y
Wheth er he w ld bject t t h
os
an
cna
so
on o
no
menldl
Enharmoni c
l ns
es
Q /W N w v
S h u
w3
r r
ou
F I G; 3
s n
one
H u n h
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rl
m r{
my x rbf
r C P n OE N
'
F L
F LW
r BA u
le r i g
a
n n
t t
of
Al yp i u s i s
th ere were
'
ma n
'
5 N
'
M A K ro
'
'
'
'
Z EA
z co
r BA
e f t h ep r te t ble
give by
k w but h m ke it evide t th t
y i c m pete t te cher
well per
s om
not
'
MAK IO H
no
n,
34
as
as
as
O rd e r o f
Tr o p e s
f rmer i h i d y I t i bey d the c pe f thi little

b k t h w h w the t ti w u ed f the thirtee
tr pe e ch i the t h ree ge er Th e re der w h
wi h t g further i t t h m tter w h ich i le gthy
will d the wh le f Alyp i t ble l id t i
pr ctic l d e ily u der t d f rm i the r t v lume
Hi t i
l
M iq
f Gev ert
d
d
l A ti g i t
The r t d third te f e ch gr up whe u ed
i
m
l
m
b
m
equ
l
e
it
e
p
rt
The
p
c ju ct tetr ch rd lw y dd t t i t
Eq l
w
tr pe
pr duce
h uld y
mit
S
m dul ti t the ubd mi t N w if
we write t l l the tr pe i m der
t ti w h ll
d th t they
ex ctly expre ed by the ig ture f
mi r c le Begi i g with the key t ti
the Hyp lydi we h ll d i t i terv l expre ed by
I
de
ce
di
g
c
le
f
A
mi
r
t
)
(
G
k
i
t
tetr
ch
rd
i
tr
duce
B
t
the
g
j
T
d
y
ture f
c le f D mi r
d D mi
r
t M d
give the tr pe c lled Lydi
Here t h l t t t h
c j u ct tetr ch rd tr duce E t
S b
m dul ti t G m i r whic h give the d mi t
Hyperlydi tr pe Here the w t i
A t givi g the Phrygi tr pe (C mi r) C ti ui g
we get Hyp p h rygi F mi r d i t l wer ct ve
Hyp d ri ( l F mi r) D ri B t mi r M ix
It m st b f g tt n th t th G k s h d sign f ;
i ndi c t
th y w bl ig d t k h pp m st sign f h
b tt n d
i m d n
p yc n n n xt b l w h n t
q i d
l n g g th y h d
s
nt
A
B
b
p
#
o
o s
oo
o
n o
an
as
ou
on
n a
ue
s a
us
a re a n
os
oo
or
no
eno
us
s o re
a no
ro s a
on
as
an
on
no a
one ,
a
on
e.
as
ua
on
no
ou r
na
ou r s
n no a
on
no
in
r ee
no
en c
en
on ,
ss
a n.
s c on
an
no
a e
on
na
a s
no a
on e
nn n
ss
sa
na n
u nc
a n,
ou r
a re
as
ou
on
an
no
an
an
n ot
a e
on e
ua
or
e o
no
a so
e re
to
use
o e
no
no
to
re
u re
re
ree
re e
3S
an
to
on
no
no
an,
to
na n
an,
ne
o
,
at
or
or a
er
to
er
lydi
mi r Hyp li A t G# mi r
li
F
I ti
r Hyp
mi
r
B
o li
C# mi
#
mi r Hyp i ti G m i r I t i thu
Th C
f
ee
th
t
the
cie
t
Greek
m
de
9
l
t c
f twelve key
i
the
circle
which
upp
ed
g
g
lg g
d th t the i evit ble
be
m
der
t
;
k
w: t
w
c
eque
ce
either
the
retic
l
p
k
th G
tic l equ l temper me t l ge er lly
believed t be m der i ve ti
We h ve i the
cie t Greek te f 7 ye r bef re the C hri ti
y tem which i better d pted t th t
k
G
upp ed m der i v ti equ l temper
N t tw
h
w ; f
me
t
t
where
we
expre
d Eq l
em
t
e
tw
T mp
ff ere t w y
di
C
m t
t C
C t D b etc
#
thu cle rly di ti gui hi g b
twee di ff ere t ki d f e m i
t e the cie t h d
t ti
which u ed ly
ig f
d Db i
pite f the f ct
C#
which i pr ved by th writi g
d Ari tide
th t
f Pt lemy
they h d ex ctly the me
urce f key t their c m m d
we h ve
pi f rte
ARA
d th t their m them tici
were lw y i i ti g
the imp ibility f dividi g
the t e i t t w equ l emit e
The rel tive pitch
i terv l betwee the u d i
an,
a t
no
no
an,
no
1"
rc e
no
an
no
a n,
er a s
no
r ee
on s
an
e ra
r ee
o a
ua
era _
a n ou r o
en
an
o ne
as
on
on
n o
ns s
re
an
K ITH
or
a ns
on
ss
as
or
a no o
or
ou r
on ,
on
an
sa
s o
so
an
an
as
ra c
a no a
n s
on
n s
an
or
os
a so
nn o
in
on
on
on
00
os
a s
an
no
use
as
an
so
an,
as
no
or
an,
e r ae o
an,
o ae o
os s
on
6
3
so
G r ee k R u l e s o f C o m p o s i t i o n
ly t h i g th t
t ti i requir d t expre ;
mere mel dy with ut rhyth m d cce t i f rmle
f
i gle
The cie t Gre k l id eve m re
d me
tre
the the ry f rh ythm th n we d
d Ari
wr te wh le b k b ut it
t
i t i m t ly
E very m l dyw
t d with i t w rd
i w y th t we h uld c
ider i te ely rtici l I
the r t pl ce cert i yll ble were bliged
v
l
t
h ve higher te th their eighb ur
M I dy
d cert
d phth g were pr v ded W th
tw
te ; d i t h ec d pl ce t h rhythm f
the mel dy w
te f
te depe de t
the metre
f the w rd
th t l g yll ble W
u g t l g te d h rt yll ble
t
h rt te ; d
c lled l g
yll ble w re lly pr u ced l g i
dwelt up
S me ide m y perh p be
t
f
f
f
the
e
ect
f
uch
dwelli
g
up
g
yll ble by b ervi g t h mewh t i g
g meth d i which the m der It li
f w rd th t
dwell
th e p rti
precede d uble c
uch m l
a t
l
c val l G i a i etc N ti m e ig
m u ici
were theref re ece ry t
f p etry ; but EG P I A N R N GE
f mili r with the c i
N T M EN
f
i trume t l mu ic d f d ubtf l
c e cert i ig were pl ced ver t h
te t i
d i t t h eir dur ti
They
give by
ym u
Greek writer f b ut A
but they were i
l g bef re h i t i me
th e on
n ot
an n
an
ss
an
ox en u s
an
on
on
as
ca
a n
n- n
n s
an
or
or
ns
an
37
2 00
ST
RU
'
a re
an
a ns on
s n
as
on a
ns
ssa
on
so
on
on
on s
e o
as
n a
s o-
on
ns
ov
or
ons on
os
o,
a s
a,
an
on
on
ono
no
s on
on
an
as
no
on .
ns
or
no
ss
o, a n
no
so
s :
an
as
o a
c on nec e
on
ss
o ca
a n s
ai n
ons
no
no
an
oo
as
e o
an
on
ss
or
on
no a
no
a n a non
us e
The h rt yll ble pr duced i gle time i t h
we m ight y qu ver ; d wh tever
m u ic
time
give
by
the
r
t
t h v lue
f th
Ti m
m i ed the
h
rt
yll
ble
th
t
ti
me
re
ig
me ure f the re t f the piece
Gr mm ri
u ed the ig
t
i dic te
h rt
yll ble
ti ue t d
t
thi d y ; but
d c
mu ici u ed
ig f it The time ig u ed by
mu ici
by A ymu
the l g
d give
t w time
h rt i dic ted th u
equiv le t t
cr tchet J The three time l g w i dic ted thu
equiv le t t
d tted cr tchet
The f ur tim
l g h w thu
equiv le t t
mi im a
w
Th
time l g m w equiv le t t
Acce t w
h w by d t c lled ictu pl ced
b ve the te but the ictu ccur irregul rly ju t
d e the m der b li e i the r t h lf f the
eve tee th ce tury
R e t c lled empty time
were h w thu
S i gle time re t A equiv le t t
R t
T w ti m e re t
T
Three time re t W
F ur ti m e re t
Th
f
ym u writer give the t ti
umber f v c l exerci e u g t the yll ble t
t
te p ir f lurred te the lur bei g h w
by j i i g the te thu
o
or,
as
sa
s n
ns
as
a ns
a ns
a ns
o-
an
on
as
no
as
s s,
a r-
or
on
'
a .
as
ns
a re
as
as
on
L_ I ,
on
v e-
so
non
or
no s
on
a n
an
or
an
es s
o-
!
l
L ]
a n on
a -e,
o,
o n n
I )
no
no a
no
8
3
on
o- a
A n c i e n t M e l o di e s
The ig X betwee t w
te ppe r t h ve
i ndic ted th t t h r t w t be u g t t
There
l i thi tr ct ever l i trume t l
exe i e i which the ti m e d cce t
cle rly
m rk d ver the te T h f ll wi g little piece i
upp ed t be f the ul
n
rc s
no
os
'
L F l L I F l
-
n a
a re
os :
'
ns
s a cc a o
or
an
'
as
a so
a re
no
'
'
L f L F l
I F
F L I
The Greek t ti h d v gue f b ut th u d

ye r ; the e h rm ic d chr m tic ge er fell t f
ge er l
th ugh every the ri t felt b u d
D
t de cribe them
A ymu tell th t
the pl yer f di ff ere t i trume t m de
f d ff ere t m de
thu the N t ti
nd tr pe
pl yer f hydr ulic rg
u ed i f
the tr pe the k i th i t f ur the ute pl yer eve
the mu ici w h cc mp ied the d ce eve ; d
he give li t f the m de u ed by e ch The v ri u
exerci e f v ice d ute give by h i m
E
i
t
i
g
d the three well k
w Hy m t Ap ll
E mp l
N eme i d the M u e
ll i t h Lydi
D
m
t
l
f
The
Hy
m
t
A
l
d
(
p
)
p
A3
2
3
:
t D elphi i
Phrygi
8 9 3 begi
i
th
N
t ti
C
d
i
h
mi
r
e
d
h
Hyperp
rygi
t
(
)
m
F
i
r
tr
pe
B
t
h
p
rt
c
t
i
ccide
t
l
b
(
)
r wed fr m th er tr pe Th ere
fr gme t f
B ll m
A n ny m s p 5
A pp n dix A G l il
on
no a
use
a ns
ar s
o a
an
i n or
no
er
a nn ,
an
ns
ns
n,
an
x s
o,
xa
es
ou n
an
on a n
o a
n a s
a re
39
on
on
an
o a
an
a re a
ou
an
no
e.
s x
ro
no
an
s :
an
san
an
s s
n s
or
s us
a ns
ns
s a
n on
an
on
u s e,
n s
or
eo.
ther D elp h ic hym i t h Lydi tr pe d with
i tru m e t l t ti
tru m e t l t ti eem
th i
t
h ve bee freque tly u ed f v ice A fr g me t
f
ch ru fr m t h O t f E uripide di c ered
i i the
p pyru d publi h ed i 8 9 t Vie
Lydi tr pe d c t i
i depe de t i tr me t l
cc mp i m e t ; but it i t mutil ted t give y
f
i
ide
t e ff ect
th r fr gme t
k w
Tw
pi ce f t h mu ic f Pi d r r t Pythic d give by
Kircher f d ubtful uthe ticity th ugh it bey l l
th
k w rule f Greek c mp iti
It i i th
Ph rygi tr pe d c t i b th v c l d i t
me t l ig A fr gme t f mu ic di c vered t
Tr lle c rved
pill r i i the I t i ( B mi r)
t ti
upp d t d te fr m the
A t h i mu ic i
ec d ce tury f
it h w th t the Lydi
tr pe th ugh m t ge er l w
ly
u ed
t the
t t h t ti m e
Be ide t h letter t ti
th
Greek u der the
R m
E mpire
d perh p
e rlier u ed y tem f
l m i ti f i gi g xerci e c i ti g
I
G
w
f the yll ble
t
the
f
ur
7
S Im
w
te
f t h tetr c h rd ;
d
t iz
Th e e yll ble
give
ly
m m) m
by A ymu w h qu te
umber f ex mple
a no
ns
n a
no a
on a
an
an
no
ns
no a
on.
on
ou r
e ra
os e
an
ru
a
no
an
no
as
ns
as
an
e,
os
o ne
on
no a
an
on
no
on
os
n a
an
ns
on a n s
n s a re
an
n a
an
ov
nna
on s
a
an
oo
on a ns a n
no a
n 1
r es es
an
or
s an
n a
ns
an
on
an
so
r ee
l sa '
no
7 a
7 7
a s
or s n
on
sa
on ,
ons s
non
/ e.
re
an
r a i n/ a
n on
a re
n t t i n f p t f Pi n d s st Pyt hi c d i t h s gi v n i
Ki ch s M
K i ch
s y s t h t h f n d h igi n l M S i
gi
h m n st y f S
S lv t M ssi n b t c s f i h v b n
di s c v
d by h n m
s n t iq i ns wh h v s ch d f i si nc
hi d y
Th m d n n t ti n i
fc
s
f n d i K i ch
1
The
er
t e
o a
o a
us u r
er
er
an
t e
ar
e re
.
er
a or a t
e rou
o a
ar
ua r a
s, o
o
4
ou
u t no
ou r e, n ot
ou
ea r
e or
ra
or
ee
er
A M el o dy
by Pind a r
F IG 2 A
.
Ch o r u s Vo c a l i s
xp w
'
9
o 7
! M l
A0 ; [m y
a.
i
d p f
x
3w
1
8L
or
ertiA-
M 1
:
0
p
x ov
v09 Ka t
9 r 9
l
m o at ri a - ra y
'
u
ms
r
a
~ x ov ~a
r 6
ms
'
as
Ch or u s In s t ru me nt a l i s
up
with
th u
t ti
no a
to
on
h w
they
how
be u ed
to
a re
s :
a nd
u s e now
uch
rm 7 o
n o 7 77
7 a
imil r exerci e
"
as
7 6
i gi g m ter w uld
s n
as
By the ixth ce tury A Greek t ti w k w

ly thr ugh the w rk f the ri t wh ic h were
w
t y t
l ger u d r t d d
h d
D
pp
be i v t d The e rly C h ri ti C hurc h
ee m t h ve d pted t h p pul r Ly d
i
i
g
with
h
lyre
t
t
ju
t
l
ter
t
)
(
M i
time M rti Lut h er d pted ecul r tu e
f
the purp e f h i R ef rm ti
Ariu the heretic
i
f the tu e
rder t ttr ct t h m ultitude m de
c m p ed by S t d
I i p et w h
s
d
w
f
f hi
t
ri
u
l
civi
u
e
th
T
d
d th e
S
g
th d
b
h
m
b
t
e
d
p
t
mb t
h
i
h
h
ere
y
by
writi
g
hym
i
S
yri
c
t
t
H
y
m e tu e
But t h gre te t mu ici
f t h i e rly peri d w
S t Ambr e f M il w h w
th
ccu
ed
f f ci
ti
g
pe
ple
with
th
S t Am b
m
f the h y m
h
m p ed
ch
r
c
f Mi l
tid te t here y He i k w t h ve bee
t h c mp
er d ut h r f t le t i hy m t pre e t
i
i
th
d h w
pr b bly t h uth r
C h urc h
n
on
on
ea r "
Sa
en
s on
us c
os
o a
en
o a
no o
on
or
es
on
an
an
on a n
sn
ss
na
as
co
os
is
ns
as
ox
an
an,
as
r os e
an
an
use o
or
sa
er e s
as
as
es
ro
u n es u s e
o co
an
no
os
as
one
s u s e,
no
no
as
a ne
an
s o
on
or
no a
oo
e s
en e
n o
use
Gv t
e a er
an
os
ns
an
as
H i s t d e l a M a s de
.
2
4
no
as
iii
an
as
ns a
s x
vo l .
os
e a
p p 6 3 , 6 5,
.
e tc
A m br o s i a n M u s i c
f ur ther
He w f ll wed by Prude tiu
p et wh e
g f
l v ice d lyre were i
te ded f h m e i gi g by the C hri ti
d ti
P
i
pl ce f t h hym
ddre ed t p g
deitie After h i time hym c mp iti fell i t the
h d f prie t
d m
k d i feri r p et w h
c ti ued l l thr ugh t h M iddle Age t c mp e
m re le c rrect Ambr i tu e
H w were the e Ambr i
h ym
h ded d w ?
We he r d re d little f them f the R m
Greg ri C hurch mu ic h
ver h d wed the Am
i
b
which i pr ctic lly c ed t M il
The
mu ic ppe r t h ve bee e tirely empiric l The
lyre d ute were rigidly excluded fr m the b ilic f
t h C hri ti
i ce they were c ected with the h ted
p g w r hip The pl ce f the i tr duct ry prelude
c lled C m which w i te ded t give t h pitch
d t remi d the i ger f the tu e w
t ke by t h
tiph
u g by the prie t d the p tlude w
pre e ted by the Allelui The i trume t l t ti
w
t theref re
l
ger
required
y
wh
eem t h ve lived t w rd the
d ti
G
y th t the
d f the fth ce tury A
k
G
cie t m de
f cert i letter i te ded
i
N
t
t
t
h wm
te
It ppe r the
l
f
d t
t h t the
f the
t t h d pr ct c lly
thi g
ce ed by h t me d th t fter T h d m f t h p t
h d cl ed t h p g
ch l the t ti
w
l ger t ugh t The p t i
f C hri ti
of
s on
os
as
or
or
s n
so o
an
a ns
en
ru
an
on
ns
ss
or
on
an
on
a ns
an
o s
on , s
an
s n
en
au
en
an
us
n s
an
o
os
no
ns
an
sa
on
Gv t
e a er
re
43
n,
os
er o r e
i i i pp 7 8 , 7 9
.
r ee
no a
v ol
eo
oo s
on
re
no a
an
as
n a
n o a i on
os
a n
no
u S Ica
is
use o
as
an
use o
as
as
on
as o
as
a s no
a n.
or
as
an
onn
rou
os
an
s n
an
or
ns
an
as
ro s a n ,
n o
an
on
os a n
an
os
an
os a n
us
an
ss
o a
on
r e er r e
as
as
on
o
an
mu ic w
exte di g i gi g
ch l were pe ed but yet
ev rythi g w t ugh t by
S i ger w t t i t di t t
c u t r i e fr m th e i gi g
ch l t te ch but we he r
f
ki
d
t
f
S i gm
ti
u
til
th
be
i
t
gh t by
h th
g
e
g
f th
E
ce tury C h ri ti ity
i tr duced t w
w thi g
i t i t mu ic the rhy m e
d the i gi g f the pr
w rd f S cripture Th
rhyme w i ve ted i the
e rly d y
u ed t
d w
ttr ct the vulg r ; d the
etti g f pr e w rd t
mu ic w
velty
k w t t h cie t Greek
wh
ly g p etry
It i rel ted by J h the D e c
th t Greg ry the Gre t w h w
P pe fr m A 59 t 6 4 l
l t d th
cr d mu ic f t h
i
C h urc h
d h d it writte
b k c lled t h A ti ph ry
wh ic h w c h i ed t t h lt r
f St
f
Pet r
m del
wh t the mu ic h uld be ; th t
oo s
as
oo s
as
e a r.
n o
an
no
ou
s n
en
as
no a
on
au
ni n
ar
s n
ne
an
as
o on
s an
ec e
sa
oo
a n
as
s
co
as
on
on a
as
an
un
no
e an
os
as
an
no
os e
as
an
an
n o
44
T
P
Y
G
G r ego r y
G reat
t he
he f u ded the ch l f i gi g t R me th t he
hi m elf t ught the b y
d th t i
the i th ce tury
there were till h w the c uch
which
L g d f
h l y while te c h i g duri g ill e
d the
d with which he be t the ch l r
M uch
t hf
z
d ubt h bee thr w
thi t ry i ce it
i
t me ti
ed by y c temp r ry writer by the
Ve er ble Bede w h lived i the ext ce tury d wr te
m uc h up
the m u ic f t h Liturgy ; d the ly llu
i i t h writi g f Greg ry him elf t mu ic i
decree f 59 5 th t the i ger w h were
G
g y
prie t were t t ccupy them elve
ly
w
with i gi g wh ich m erely delighted the f T d f
pe ple wh le t rr t ted G d b t were t
m i
le d life f di t i t c e the
f their v ice
f the G pel
t
the recit ti
d
t
le ve the i gi g t the ubde c
d i feri r
clergy Thi d e
Greg ry the Gre t
t p i t t
h vi g bee
f v ur ble t the mu ic f the Liturgy
d it w
pr b bly l ter P pe Greg ry w h rg
i ed i t M re ver if the l d Greek t ti w
w
l ger u d d
w
t i ve ted till the
eighth ce tury it eem imp ible th t Greg ry the
Gre t c uld h ve writte the mu ic i b k eve if
he h d c llected it
Gev ert fr m
exh u tive
ly i f the Gre
f the wh le
g ri C h t pl ce the c mp iti
ry d Gr du l d Hym betwee
f t h A tiph
ye r A 4 5 d 7
H divide thi peri d
th
G v t O gi d Ch L i gi q 8 9 pp 9
n
an
n n
on
s n
oo
ss
an
en
ro
no
as
on
no
on
se
or
1 0
use
os
no
as
as
n a
no
os s
an
on
no a
o
a
one
an
ne
an
on s
o n
oo
an
re
an
on
us c
on
no
an
on ,
on
as
an
on
ca
s n
an
s n
an
r i en
or
s n
as
s n
o a
on
s s
an
s on
n on
on
o a
an
D.
ri
a na
os
an
an
00
n es
on a
e aer
45
on
an
tu r
u e, 1
ns
a nt
s s
0,
e tc
i t t w ep ch t h r t the ep ch f imple
t m
yll bic ch t i wh ich
te (
t tw )
u
g
e
c
h yll ble he pl ce dur g
t
w
P b bl
d
E m p re
l
t
ye
r
f the We ter
th
f
D t
t
R
G
thic
upre
m
cy
me
Th
k
d
t
h
C mp i
t i
direct i herit ce fr m
f ch
f
ti
G d l
d pt ti f Greek mu ic
d A ti
ec d peri d i th t f t h rid
Th
h
y
P
ch t wh ic h w cultiv ted t
very high
degree f perfecti i t h i gi g ch l
Th i
f th
ep ch h pl ce t the time f the d mi ti
By ti e e m per r t R m e fr m A 555 w rd ;
t ti by eume beg
d duri g th t peri d the
be u ed
t
B eth iu like G d t i refer t the Greek t
i
ti
th i g f the p t
The cie t mu ici
rder t f cilit te refere ce d t v id t h ece ity
me
i ve ted
f lw y qu ti g tri g by their full
cert i little te ( t l ) by wh ic h t h
me f
tri g were ted d divided i t their ge er
th
with uch brevity th t if y
wi hed t
d m de
de cribe m el dy he c uld write it b v the ver e ;
d the e
te f u d were
d m ir bly m de th t
t
ly the w rd but l the mel dy c uld be
h ded d w t p terity etc It i evide t fr m
th
b ve th t the Greek t ti h d f lle
f
t
d B et h iu
c mm
hi m elf fter givi g
f the Lydi
de cripti
t ti
d e
it
t
f
h i ex mple
but empl y the L ti lp h bet t
o
n o
an
on
ra
ua
an
on a f
an
on
o s
an
no
no
s o
an
u s e,
a
1
an
o a
an
so a
on
no a
on ,
Or i gi n da Cha n t L i t u rgi qu e, pp
6
4
ou
na
a so
one
an
ss
n o
no a
an
e n
so
a ns
as
os
na
on
or
on
no a
an
on
an
an
no
an
on
na a
no
a n
an
us
as
D.
on
no a
en
au
on a s a
on
na
oo s
or
s n
in
is
an
an
as
on
in
on o
z an
as
an
os
or
no
or
os
a e
one
as
ro
s :
no
2 1 , e tc .
use
,
no
An
U n o r t h o d o x No t a t i o n
the c ecutive rder f t h

c le but
E uclid d e
mere
ly t
i
dic
te
p
i
t
B th i
t
wh
ch
he
refer
f
U
f
ri
g
th
t
;
i
L t
mple A refer i
t
L tt
i di t
pl ce t p l m b
S d
i
me
ther t
h yp te etc
The rigi f
L ti letteri g f the
th
c le c
t theref re be
referred t B thiu w h
eith er i ve ted
u ed
f
ki
d
t
ti
y
Bef re c cludi g thi
c h pter w mu t me ti
ther t ti referred t
by D vid d L y The
tetr ch rd
divided i t
qu rter t e t wh ich
t
pplied the r t t letter f
the Greek lph bet
A U
th d
which rec mme ce
k
G
with e ch w ce d
N t ti
i g tetr ch rd
lph bet rec mme ce with e c h
ct ve Thi
t ti h
w
MS
bee f u d i
ly
in
on s
oe
us
er s
ou n
an
no a
on .
en
n o
a re
on
en
a re a
r ee
on
H i s toi r e de l a
p
ne
ne
a s ou r
no a
one
N ota t i on
as
,
ox
o a
on
uss
on
an
no a
n or
a no
on
18 8 2
oe
or
a no
a nno
ano
ex
n one
ros a
or
no s
15
o n s
ca e
so
se
as
on
on
as
M u s i ca le,
47
A
I
C
I
c ected with th w rk f Ari tide Q i t il i
It i
el e r f rred t ; it ce d t h c le
w h er
wh r w k w th t the Gr ek pr cti d their c l
t
fr m t h t p d w w rd
we d fr m t h
b tt m pw rd ; it i b lutely m et h dic l d m
c
tetr
c
h
rd
h
vi
g
ec
d
letter
l
t
h
w
p
tt ch ed t e ch f t h t letter All thi i
pi i p i t t i t bei g eith er very l te i
m ere refere ce
ti which w
ever d pted
f th
cheme f the
writer d r der
we
h ve ee w the c e with the c lled B ethi
t ti
onn
no
ea s
n on ,
o n s
on
as
no a
on
or
s a
ne
no
en
as
or
a es
an
co
on
s
ou r
nv en
an
s o-
a nu s
se
as
so
use
as
u n
as
ea
e e,
no
e e
ea
as
an
HAPT E R IV
d v l pm nt f h n m s
f h G
k cc nts A ly
c d x f Vi gil s w ks wi th n m sTh m ti c n t t i n
Th R m n i n s i gns F
R hyt h mD i ff
n c b tw n m
s ign d p m
b thi ng E x pl n ti n f h m ns
d p t d by h B n d i ct i n s f S l s m s
d c i ph
h n m s
M i st k
i n di c t
x p d by th i s ch sTh liq
whi ch b b s v d i h inging f nt i n d vil l g
ch i s f d yTh m d n l tt n t ti n d iv d f m h
m n ch d G g y h G
t c l d h v i nv nt d i O th
tt mpt s t i nv n t l tt n t t i n Th i s f g mE ly
ff t s
i nv n t
i
c
t
i
l
n
t
t
n
I
f G
k l ni ng
i
p
H b l dL i n
d d
n t ti ns f n d i S i i l y Att mpt s
mb i n p h n t i c
t ti ns
d pi t i l
C
Th e
e o
es
n ua n ce,
o r
or
to
or
or
as
on
ot
an
o a
no a
or
e o
a,
ea
eu
a e a
ra
ro
er
a nu
ar
ea r
ree
t e
er
ou
t e
u e nce o
c or a
e r
o a
n ot
n eu
ee
u e s cent s
er
o a
er
e s
o a
ou
o a
er
to
rea
or a
n ea r
the ch l f i gi g t R me were i h
i g
l g the te cher were e thu i tic d the
mu ic f the C hurch w y u g d vig r u
M
it w p ible t h d d w t h mel die by

b
d
d
fr m m ter t pupil d fr m g er ti
a
t
ge er ti
The p ibilitie f c rrect
g
Z
Z
g
tr mi i by mem ry where
y tem
g
f wr t g
k w
The
m
p
g
ti by
H meric p em were recited d h ded d w
M m y
f ge er ti
d
bef re they were writte
t
t ke m re m der i t ce the M rie f N w
Z e l d were
me twe ty ye r g
d p
ibly
w
ble t recite fr m mem ry their ge e l gic l tree
As
as
er
e an
l g
to co
o e
er e
o
e neu
ere
re a
e o
ree
e r re ea r
re
to
uc
on
a,
ca n
eu
os e
t e
re e
n eu
or
ou t o
eu
an
on
as
as
ea r
os s
as
on .
ou r s
o o
en
os s
US
an
on
an
an
s as
an
an
as
s n
oo s o
s u CC
s s on
a ns
in
on s
a re
sur
ri s
an
ns
49
s a
on s
an
en era
an
so
no
a an
no
n,
no
is
or
o
an
or
ao
o, a n
n a o
os s
a re
re chi g b ck f 5 ye r the t f writi g h vi g

bee u k w t the m till t ught by the E gli h mi i
rie But with the pre d f the C hurch d the i
cre i g dem d f te cher the ece ity r e f me
n
or
no
00
ar
an
as n
or
os
ss
an
s s on
so
Pa
fu f
P er
cc
gr
me
411 C o
E M E N TAT I N
U
me
sus
RA N A
SL
T IO N O F
r m fe
(T
EN H
T
E E A
S,
EN T
in
os
UM
: 7
z
/
1
u t
11, t
mi
se
ER LE M E
SO
tis
is
tu
S.
r te remi di g the i nger f the tu e he

h d le r ed ;
d thi
ece ity pr duced
w f rm f
i dic ti g mel dy which h devel ped i t
t ff
t ti
The kee witted Greek h d t f iled t perceive
th t i rdi ry pe ki g d e peci lly i rhet ric l
utter ce the v ice ri e d f ll Ari t
M d m
c ll th e e i ecti
c ti u u
ti
mel
dy
pp
ed
y
tem
tic
m
ve
t
y d me t by th xed i terv l f mu ic l
g
ggf k Sy tem
ff
N W th
gr
mm
ri
i
di
A t
d f ll f t h
pe ki g v ice
t d the ri e
by cce t t fr m d t
bel gi g t t h
t the
g
g f de ite i terv l but th mel dy
a n s o f a t a ny
no a
an
s n
a ne
n o
ou r
on .
na
an
on
ee
ccen s
ca e
n s
no
a cce n u s
s on
an
a
0
5
e s
on
a s
a s
on
ca n u s ,
on s
an
os
no
an
as
x e nu s
s on
as
ss
n-
a ns
Acc e n t s
M elo dy
an d
the pe ki g v ice c lled c ti u

mel dy The Greek w rd f
cce t i p od i which rigi lly
me t
cc mp ied
g ; thu
b th the Greek d L ti f rm f the
f
w rd h w the i tim te c ecti
cce t with mel dy It mu t be

b r e i mi d th t ly with the decli e
f Greek mu ic
d
t
d liter ture
did the
f cce t begi they were
imply i te ded t r mi d the re der
f wh t he h d le r ed with reg rd t
f h i v ice
the i ecti
The three cce t u ed f thi pur
p e were the cute i which the p
m ke
tr ke ri i g fr m
Th Th
left t right h wi g th t
S
t
h
the
v
ice
h
t
ri
e
;
g
g
i
gr
ve
which
the
by
p
Eitg
t f lli g fr m left t right i
d f n
d
i
f
f
ll
the
v
ice
t
;
f th
d the circumex i d i t
i
i g
f ll
i gle yll ble
Thi the ry f the Greek cce t h
received
rem rk ble c rm ti
withi rece t ye r by the di c verie
The yll ble which be r
t D elphi
cute cce t
i v ri bly give
high er te th
t h eir eighb ur
Li dd ll S tt L xi n 7 h di t i n
of
ou s
r os
an
o n
use o
an
ar
on s o
n s
on
an
on
on n
na
s on
an
an
or
an
on
n s
os
r ee
as
en ,
s n
en
an
or
ca e s
an
v o ce
n s
no
n s
co
an
co
on
a re
as
on
ca
on a s n
I
5
<
B
O
Z
U
H
H
O
while t h yll ble with circumex cce t h ve
de ce t f t w
eve three te
t k
At me ti m e
ther it i
w w h e the
f
te ch er f Greg ri m u ic beg t m ke
Greek cce t
t h i i f
the mel dy
m m i
th
But they we t furth er H vi g ce gr ped t h ide
th t ri i g cce t g ve picture f ri i g u d
f lli g cce t f f lli g u d th ey el b r ted
c mplete y tem f t ti c lled eum tic It i
i tere ti g f ct th t the e rlie t c dex f the w rk
f th
f the chief tre ure
f Virgil
Th
L ure ti Libr ry t Fl re ce d which

i
d
te
fr
m
the
f
urth
ce
tury
pr
vided
ft
g
t
wit
eu
guide
the
re
der
me
h
IV
IS z
f
i
f
k
reciter
but
h
di
f
f
ere
t
c
l
ur
the
t
;
V i gi m
h w th t they
f
th
l
ter
d
te
th
W k
b k Th ere i
f c imile c py f thi
c dex i the Briti h M u eum but t h edit r evide tly
di g the eume h
mitted them
t u der t
lt gether
At wh t d te the
f the
cce t f the gr m
m ri t remi d i ger f wh t they h d le r ed by
beg i
t k
w
It i upp ed t be f
By ti e rigi
tr ce f it i the t
d ther
ti
till u ed by t h Greek C h urch w h ll h w
l ter (p ge
We d t h A tiph ry pr vided
with c m plete d fully devel ped eum tic t ti
d ti g fr m the i th ce tury i t h Libr ry f S t
G ll ; d t h
f th i
t ti w k w ll
ver E ur pe t t h t ti m e N t ly
but t h
or
so
n s
an
BX S
an
an
or
'
as
as
o a
so
s n
as
one
ea
on
so
no a
or
use
on
n,
n c
ec
an
no
no
or ce
s n
as
an
no
o, or
n s
o o
or
oo
no
a
an
a ns
on
use
z an
s n
no
as
no
use
as
e s
no a
no a
on
on
on a
no a
os
n n
an
an
e a re
n s
s o
n, an
an
ea r
an
a re
as
s o,
on ,
no
Th e N e u m e s
S t G ll
c t i m rk f expre i i ve ted
by R m u
m k f S t G ll uc h l l t
higher i j m l wer c l i quickly M k f
t
e
t
t
t
The R m
b t b
i
E p
letter were c ti ued
m y M S S t ll f d i
t h thirtee th ce tury
li t
th
The gr up f te were ll give
me N m ti
M
S
S
i
which h ve bee pre erved v ri u medi
d the
l writi g ;
h pe f t h eume v ried
with di ffere t h dwriti g
d i
di ff ere t c u trie
th ugh they were lw y e y t rec g i e U f
t ly t h ey were merely
guide t th e w h were
t
lre dy f m ili r with t h mel die they
T
h
i dic ted where t h e v ice we t up d
N
m
d w but g ve
clue t t h i terv l
l
d
t
t
be u g w h ether em t e o t e
i di t
third f urth
fth etc
th t t h ey I t l
t previ u ly
u ele t th e w h
f mili r with the mu ic N either did they i dic te
the v lue f te ; f the ide f xi g the le gth f
f me ured
pr e yll ble by me
te h d t
yet ccurred t m u ici
The w rd were u g
pr u ced except where
umber f te
p eum ccurred i which c e the yll ble w
le gthe ed t uit the tu e ; but t h xed rhythm
etc
pplied
f cr tchet
d qu ver
pr e w
yet u k w
Free m g
t
:
f
i
which gr up f te
R h ythm
d
w rd
u g with ut de ite time v lue i well
i dic ted by the eum tic t ti
d it i
im
o
on a n
an
u.
usu
aev a
an
as
es
eu
os
s :
an
ga
es
no
ss
or
os
no
on
on
or
or
a re
ca e
n er v a s
no
a re
or
so
n or
cou
n s
no
n,
ou n
r e s s on
n na
a ni a n
.
ar
e ea r
u na e
eva u r ,
an
in
an
r,
an
as
ce er
no
s o
s s on
en u o
on
on
on e, o u r
on e
MSS
os
ono
as
a re
no
o
as
53
or
an
on ,
an
as
a
as
no
no a
as
an
no
no
as
os
a ns
no
as
a ns
p ible t repre e t Free Rhythm by me
f
m der t ti
The w rd
ig ) mu t t be c f u ded
m (
with p m ( bre t h i g )
ever l writer h ve
d e T h l tt r it i true i
ki d f
m
i
cce
t
u
ed
ver
v
wel
the
pl
ce
Sig
w
the
letter
H
but
i
h ere we h uld
P m
eum tic t ti p m me
l g
th
rid p ge u g
yll ble
eve with
yll ble t ll ;
utc m e f religi u ferv ur
i te e th t it c uld l ger expre it elf by w rd
but by m el dy l e T h me i g d pr per
ti
m t bei g m i u der t d i the i
f the p
uppre ed by
t
t h ce tury they were curt iled
f t h Gr du l which i u ed
P le tri i h i editi
C hurch
t t h pre e t d y i t h R m
Are the eume c p ble f luti ? A f w ye r
i
i
thi
que
ti
wered
the
eg
tive
w
g
pite f the l b ur f m y le r ed m
th
f the Be edicti e
But
i
ce
the
m
k
m
m
tery
f S le me h ve c lled ph t
hx g
m
gr
phy
t
their
i d they h ve
ucceeded
l d
i decipheri g ll t h m re imp rt
t MS S
c t i i g the mu ic f t h Gr du l d A tiph ry
f th
except t h t t h i terpret ti
r me t l
f tw
eu m e i till m ewh t d ubtful Fig 3 i i te ded t
h w t h pr ce
by which the luti h bee rrived
t
It i f c ur e by me exh u tive ; it give
d cute
ly f w f t h m y c mbi ti
f gr ve
cce t d the u m ber f c lu m m ight be exte ded
o
os s
n no a
n eu
as s a
ns
on
een
a
no
on
on
on
oo
or
s n
ex e c u
s x
ss
on
an
on
so
so
a ns
as
an
no
an
on
or
an n
a ns a
ss
n eu
a a
na
on
one
an
n eu
no a
use
on
a on
on o
e n
as
no
on
n eu
on .
n eu
a ns
en .
on a s
o o
so ve
on a n n
n
s
on
an
so
on o
an
na
54
on s o
ns
a ns
no
ona
e o na
on
an
so
ss
an
s s
as
n a
n a
an
i de itely S till it will
wer f purp e f
expl ti
d the c te cce t
The V g
A gl
V g l
i dic te
te h igh er th i t eighb ur
f
F m
i the rece t
Thi
triki
gly
exemplied
i
tl
di
c
verie
f Greek m u ic
N m
u d ubtedly equi
t m p i t i
Th P
v le t t t h gr ve
de ce di g cce t th ugh thi
d e t cc r i t h eume
f cute
d
c m bi ti
Cl i m b i
Th
Cl
gr ve cce t i t i the circu m ex cce t i dic ti g
high f ll wed by l w te
m
i
h
P
i
m
t
The P d t
ed fr
pe
f t
It i pu ctu m j i ed t virg
l wer f ll wed
by higher te
L ti w rd m e i g cli m ber
d
S l
S
ce t f t w
m re p i t
d
virg
little l dder h igh te f ll wed by t w
Cl m
m re l wer e
l
T
twi ted l w high l w
P w
exte ded high l w high
Th re t
f the
eu m e give i Fig 3
merely
f th
m dic ti
lre dy expl i ed d
be
e ily u der t d ; t h u m ber f p ible c m bi
ti w very gre t but ll
be u der t d fr m t h
f w give
Th u m uc h w
lw y k w b ut t h eu m e ;
t k
wh t w
w w h w high h w l w t h
u d repre e t d by t h e m w r wit h r g rd t
th er D i d clivi repr t i terv l f e m i
n
on
a na
a or
zr
es
ro
z ce
an
no
es
eu
u nc u
or
e n
s no
'
'
zr
os
or
a ns
o n
na
on
'
i
z vzs
o a us or
no
63
s na
an
o a
oo
'
'
a zc u s
zc u s ,
an as
no
o n
ca n
s a
or
o or
an n
o n s an
'
a cu s ,
on
or cu u s ,
ec z u s ,
s
as
ons
so
a no
no
ca n
an
os s
ca n
a re
a n
na
oo
as
as
o or
os e
oo
as
on s
no
no
no
as
es en
6
5
or
n e
a
an
one
B e n edi ct in e
R es earc h
t e t e third f urth d
d the
me
d clim cu
D i d the c
dicu
f the p d tu
pre e t ucce ive c le u d
le p ? d wh t
were i t i terv l ? The e que ti
which pu led
f the pre e t d y
le r ed m
l tr ubled the
th
f time they drew li e
cie t
d i c ur e
cr
the p ge
guide T h ide t k r t d i
h rt time the
t ve w i ve ted fter which the
i terv l were de itely k w
The Be edicti e f S le me hit
the h ppy ide
f m ki g th u
d f ph t gr ph fr m the M S S f
the Gr du l d A tiph ry i l l the libr
h
T
P
f the e
rie i E ur pe d c mp ri
f
ph t gr ph reve led
m t rem rk ble
imil rity i the eume
d i
the te f
th
v ri u c u trie f We ter E ur pe
N g
m
T h tr diti
l mel die h d bee pre erved
with the m t crupul u c re t h te f l ter time
d the eume
gree i
f e rlier time were f u d t
lm t every p rticul r ; d whether gr du l
E gl
tiph w
u g i It ly
Sp i
d
i
whet h er it w
u g i the i th ce tury
the
ftee th i t mel dy w the me N w it i e y
e ugh t re d the qu re G th ic t ti c lum
6 t 9 Fig 3
i ce it i lw y writte
t ve ;
tiph
d by the imple pr ce
f c mp ri g
writte i qu re t ti with the me tiph
m nt m n gs t h M S S i
Th
m k b l th t h B n
g
di ti n s
i nclin d
tt i b t i mi c l s i nt p siti n d h
m l d i s th m lv s
di v i n i ns p i ti n
on
on
an
n s
as
en
an
o o
an
as
as
no
s n
e a
ree
a re
se
ss
to
to
u e
a n
or
t to
ra
57
s s o re
ra
u ou
ar
on ,
on
er o
as
ns
an
an
or
no a
an
or
sa
on ,
es
e no
or
no a
33 O
sa
no
n n
as
or
an
e o
ro
an
s on
an
on
os
on
os s
an
os
an
n a
os
oo
on a
o o
on a
s o
z z
oo
an
no
as
san
re
a
a so
an
a s
ons
or
sa
an
a s
an
so
an
s o on
an
an
ss
s a
an
on
an
on
an
writte i eume we e ily rrive t t h i terpr t ti
d w
th t p rticul r tiph
f the eume f
c ti ue thi pr ce till wh le b k i tr l ted
f Pl i
m tter f f ct the qu re t ti
g
A
tr l ti f t h eume
i
The Be edicti e h ve eli m i ted ever l l d e t b
ever i dic ted
l i h d err r
I t h r t pl ce the virg
l
g
te
but
merely
high
te
th
ugh
E
f
l w
it
cc
i
lly
u
ed
te
The
i
d
p
virg f c lu m 8 d 9 theref re i
l ger
h rter th
the pu ctum f c lu m 6 7
The eume h ve thi g t d with the time
d 9
v lue f l ter me ured mu ic i which t h qu re
he ded virg w d uble
three time the v lue f
the l e ge h ped pu ctu m S ec dly it i
me
time th ught th t the f rm f the eu m e
d
f
th
G thic t ti
ch ged t pecied peri d
C mp ri
y m u cript h h w th t thi
f m
w
e The lder u t ved eum tic t
t the c
ti c ti ued t be u ed f ce turie fter the li e
h d bee i ve ted
d c lum
6
d 7 h w th t the
wkw rd e rly G thic f rm were u ed f ce turie
fter the i ve ti
f the qu re
t ti
h w i
c lum 8 d 9 The h pe h w i Fig 3
t ke t r d m fr m m g t the hu dred f
ph t gr ph publi hed i the P l g p / M i l t
S le m e
C lum
h w the u u l f rm i the e rlier
MS S
I
c lum
the c m m e ceme t f
w
the te de cy t pl ce
he d
virg
The
th
n n
on
a ns a
s a
e n
o s
ex
a ns on
on o
a n
no
or
s a
a s ona
a ns a
na
no
r ro r s
on
no a
e ca n
an
oo
on
e a
on
on o
an
ss
or
as
no
os e
on
or
an
oz
on
an
on
or
on , a s s
a re
no a
n
an
no a
an
so
as
ns
or
ns
an
an
ns
an
on
an
on
an
as
a s no
ns
or
s on
on
no a
on
as
no
no
as
an
an
ns
'
o o
o ra
u s ca e a
zze
8
5
on
s ee
a.
N eu m a t i c No t a t i o n
rigi f the he d w i the cti
f the p
i
d
r pid writi g it w dr w upw rd
Th
dd i
light i v lu t ry pre ure give
it left ti f
d the re ulti g
the p rchme t
light H d t t h
e l rgeme t fterw rd t k the f rm
Vi g
h w
c lum
u
til
it
4
7
3
bec me tere typed i the qu re he d f c lum 8
n
as
on
en
an
e a
n as
ss
n a
as
on o
n a
a nd
ea
in
an
ns
oo
ns
The v ri u h pe f the pu ctum

l due t
me c u e A br d ibbed p dr w d w
th
w rd t h h rte t p ible di t ce fr m left t right
the
gr
ve
cce
t
pr
duced
the
l
e
ge
c
lum
f
(
)
o
e s
sa
a re
a so
en
os s
6, 7 , 9
Th e
oa
an
oz
ns
clivi th r ugh ut pre erve i t virg f ll wed by

i t l wer
te
The p d tu i imply l wer te j i ed t virg
The c dicu lter i the S
Gr du l ( c lum 8 )
p d tu d virg but i l ter M S S i f u d i
t
rigi l f r m ( c lum
The p rrectu bec me
it
d
the lig ture f me ured mu ic
uch g ve
m re tr uble t b th cie t d m der the ri t th
the wh le f the re t f the t ti
The blique li e
lw y repre e t t w
u d
mely th e f the
li e
p ce
which it begi
d e d
I the
f c ur e
t ti
f Pl i
g the lig ture h
time v lue ; but i me ured mu ic i t time v lue i
exceedi gly di f cult t u r vel
We h ve t p ce here t give full de cripti
f
f
eum tic t ti
t h i i tere ti g ubject i
th
very f re chi g but we mu t me ti
me f the
s
no
na
an
on
no a
as
no
so
on .
or
59
na
an
an
os
no
s
on ,
n a
as
as
as
no a
ar
no a
an
a.
ns
o a
a n s on
an
on
n s
an
o n
no
a,
a r u rn
or
n s
s s
s a
o a
an
on
on s o
o
ther eume
n
t r op lza
so
the
ph
os t r o
h
a
p
r zlvtr o
an
repe ted
They
d the T
a re
u d
n
Th e S t r op h zc u s
ligh tly
the b ve with lightly di ff ere t
a nd
O r zkcu s
a nd
'
the D i
The e i dic te
a
P r es s a s
a re
di ffere t f rm f
me i g
The Q l m
ig methi g like
i dic ti f
h ke ccur betwee the l wer d upper te f
ce di g mi r th ird It i upp ed t h ve bee
ki d f trem l
d
ki d f h rte ed p d tu
Ep ip /
Th
f the clivi
the C ph l b
m dic ti
were
h w th t
Th S le m e ph t gr p h
t
liq
the e eume were u ed i c ecti with the h lf

v wel
lique ce t letter L M N R i which
u d i c rried t t h ucceedi g c
t
th
The A
i
virg
p d tu with r u ded
t h r ed f
he d It i l c lled p
t d
ever l ther me It h t d with t h lique ce t
letter
Perh p the lique ce t te r e fr m
pr ctice which
be b erved i u educ ted c u try
ch ir i ger f the pre e t d y w h metime c rry
yll ble i t the ucceedi g te thu
n
an n
no
u e s ce n s
n ou s
s n
as
All
p eo
no
oo
os
an
o so
s :
th d d w ll
But th ugh the eume were t h rdi ry me
f
remi di g i ger f the ri e d f ll f the mel die
they h d le r ed by h e rt th ere were i exi te ce letter
o
t t
o n
no
o n s on a n
an
on
as c or n u u s
n o
o o
on n
or
e s
ca n
os
on
na
a so
a s
on
or
e so
a z zt s ,
zon u s ,
no
o o.
on o
an
ou r
n so
a s
an as
'
u z zs
ha
pl e
s n
on
an
60
a ns
na
e o
ea r
Th e M o n o c h o rd
t ti
well th ugh they were t much u ed f
i gi g t ight They were derived fr m the m
ch rd
i trume t f
l g tri g
L ti
which w me ured ff by
m v ble
Al p h
bridge the bridge bei g pl ced t cert i
b ti l
p i t c lled A B C D etc t p
N t ti
l
duce the v ri u
te The l d h
W
i
t
h
t
h
m ic d chr m tic c le
d the v ri u
m
N
tu i g f the di t ic c le h d l g d i
ppe red well the wh le f the y tem f t p i
ti
f tr pe
tr pe ly rem i ed the rigi l
O
h w i Fig ( ) d thi w m de the f u d ti
f the divi i
f the m
ch rd The e divi i were
very e rly i dic ted by the letter f the L ti lph bet
I t w f u d th t by t ki g w y the bridge lt
gether the wh le tri g g ve
u d l wer th A ;
d
b th f rm f the L ti G h d
AN t
bee t ke f
u d b ve A the Greek dd d b l w
letter g mm w t ke t re p re e t thi P l mb
l w
u d he ce
w rd g mut d the
m
Fre ch w rd g mm me i g c le Here
the w
de ite xi g f the i terv l f te chi g
purp e t y r te d th ugh m y ttempt were
m de t utili e t h letter t ti f re di g Att m p t t
mu ic t ight yet f rtu tely f
e dM i
f them
th
ucceeded
t ff t ti by p h ti
might perh p ever h ve bee i ve ted
N t ti
f il
The
f the r t eve
letter f the
Th g m t i
h g
n d d f n d ti f m i Pl y f d
ons
no a
s n
as
an
no
ns
on
an
n n
no
as
as
an
as
or
so
n,
os
s n
use
or
R u l es f or S ong,
t e
rou
an
an
an
1 6 58 .
61
a s
us
n
s
ou
en o s
a
s
or
n on
no a
or
no
an
or
r os a
on
e o
na
no a
n a
an
on
s on s
an n
e,
na
o e
our
an
os
ra n s
so
es
eu
as
as
so
s o
C o ev a
as
on s
o a
a n
ono
an
on
ca
ar
on
s ons o
en
a_
ro
an
ne
a n
on
as
on
ono
on
one
as
or
as
o n s
us c
r ea
on
on e
o a
on
on o
us c
or
mu ic h u til quite rec tly bee
lw y
cribed t Greg ry the Gre t ;
t
but Gev ert p i t
t t h t he c uld
i ? t h ve bee i t i ve t r i ce the r t t
2 i: g
t
f Are
it
y
tem
tic
lly
w
Guid
i
t th
did
t
live
till
me
f
ur
ce
turie
w
h
M d m
l ter Fr m the ti m e f Guid it h bee
L tt
d h
N t ti
ccepted by ll We ter mu ici
rem i ed i
thi d y th ugh t h
t
Greek g mm
ly rem i i the w rd g mut
M
t
y
ther
ttempt
were
m
de
pply
V i
t
h
t
h
t
letter
the
L
ti
lph
bet
f
tt mp t
gre
ter
perfect
y
te
m
f
the
Greek
l
y
t
pp
i
Gev ert m e ti
t h L ti
Al p h b t
I A
y m u writer f
tre ti e
f
P
c lled D H m i I ti t t
ugge t
f
P
th
f ll wi g meth d thu rec g i i g
N mt
the m j r m de the fu d me t l c le
a
lph bet
in
en
as
as
o n s
ea
n o
n v en
o
er
use
as
an
as
a n
a r ou s
or
s x :
'
l on
on s
a non
ur
os e s
o a
a ns
use
a ns
on
an
z z o,
so
no
on
o a
as
s n
no
ou
a o
A B C
n s n
n a
z on e
as
F G
ns
on c a
ar
G &C
A t ti c mp ed f v r u f rm d p iti
f the letter F t be de cribed bel w
l
m
b
A
t
ti
which
t
rti
g
fr
m
i
3
p
m
which i c lled A ( i
y tem ) l l the
i terv l f the chr m tic d e h rm ic c le
lettered with L ti letter
the pl f the t py i
Fig the lph bet pr ceedi g upw rd i te d f d w
2
no a
on
no a
en o s
no
n
a s
2 ,
io
as
an
ou r s
62
on
ns
a re
cn os s
ca a
ro s a
o ns
os
an o
s on
s an
on
os
E a r ly E x p e ri m e n t s
the c l
a e
Thi
H u c ba l d
of
give by
is
Ad el bo l d ,
c temp r ry
on
o a
l
.
S t rti g fr m pr l mb
A
the
lph
4
bet pr ceed t L which i
1 the
d f the le er
perfect y tem the t rti g g i with M
B it
pr ceed t S
Thi i ugge ted by
ym u writer bef re Guid Areti
S
t
rti
fr
m
pr
l
mb
me
A
the
lph
5
g
f
bet pr ceed
P
t ki g
tice f
Eh
Thi i derived fr m B ethiu
6 T w rd the
d f the eleve th ce tury
y
m u writer ugge t the me t ti
the Guid i
I A B C etc but b ve G he begi
the Greek
lph bet i
regul r rder
It w uld eem the th t there were
m y
tte mpt m de i the e e rly d y t impr ve the
t ti
there
we m y be ure
t pre e t ; f
th t the i
eve y tem which h ve c me d w
t
repre e t m y ther th t h ve bee l t N w
d y whe there i b lutely
eed f it we get
w
d impr ved
t ti which i i te ded t
uper ede the t ff t ti
b ut ce every t w
three ye r ; d ll the e ttempt fter bei g c re
fully c t l gued i k i t blivi
the helve f the
Briti h M u eum
T
ce turie g there w
pre i g ece ity f
w
t ti
dv ci g d the l d
M u ic w
m eth d were
t
dequ te t rec rd it w ch l
d it
were bei g f u ded w c mp iti
m de
n
n, s
a n on
ar as
en
n no
on
no a
a
as
s x
o us
a
an
ne
an
a a o
ne
no a
on .
a n a n on
on a n
on a s
no a
s n
n o o
or
on ,
on , a
os
or
on
on o n
no n
so
or
no a
an
no
s o
en
no
no
as
an
ns
an
a re a
or
n,
as
ou r
no a
.,
ss
n os
sa
no.
en
a n
ou r a a
as
a no
nos
os a
as
me
aa
ou r
a no
ou r (
os a
as
ne
Ab t
ou
an
as
ss n
A D
.
63
os
900
ons
an
ne
or
ss
oo s
an
ry t te ch t P ri wh t w c mp ed t
R me
i g t M drid the mu ic pr duced t
t
i
Wi che ter I the tw tieth ce tury we h ve
l ly
ccepted t ti
d mu ic c mp ed i
R me
be perf rmed i P ri withi t w d y f i t
public ti
wi g t the l b ur f m edi ev l mu ici
pite f thi hu m
ture i uch t h t m
Y t
xi u w t impr ve
uper ede t h t ff t
ti
they were t i ve t it i t h te th ce tury The
f i dic ti g the pitch f
tw
y
tem
u
d
A S i gl
were
the
c
curre
tly
the
ph
et
c
E mp l
d
h
t
pict
ri
l
but
ly
i
gle
i
;
i whi h
Ph ti m u cript the f m u M tpellier A ti
d
h
were
they
c
mbi
ed
A
d
if
we
p
y
Pi t i l c me t c ider wh t the eume me t it
N t ti
w
perh p
t
tr ge th t
f re
f
ther
were
l
g
t
me
eeki
g
ti
mbm d
f ct ry m bm t
Th e
eume were
ig i dic ti g uch delic te h de f cce t d
rhythm d uch wi g d p t e u m el die
th t it w uld eem
imp ible t repre e t the m
by b re d c ld l ki g letter
it i t repre e t
t h em by m der
t ti i which the te v lue
m them tic lly pr p rti
ed t
ther He ce
th ugh m y ttempt were m de yet
e ucceeded
f
m y ge er ti
W w
n c sk d by n t li s t wh t h i w p ssi bl
d i w iti ng h s n g f bi d s g
nly
h n igh t i n g l
Th
tt mp t w k n w f i t h t m d by Ki ch i hi M m
by
m ns f m s i c l n t t i n w hi c h f c
i t t ll y i n d q t f
wa s
ece
ssa
or
s n
in s
as an
s no
an
on e
c or a
on s
o a
6
co
ns
an
an
re cor
a
on s
t e
o a
ou r
an
on a n
sa
on
a no
on e
s a re
n on
no
as
an
in s
os s
on ,
ere
ea
an
no a
an
oo
s n
an
as
an
a i on .
on
'
co
so
on
no
one
so
on
'
ons
as
on
no a
e n a re
a ns
on
e s
use
on a r
an
in
an
s o
or
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un
s o
or s
xa
a n na
o s
on a s
an
os
on ,
as
no a
on , o
en
ca n
v e rs a
a u ra
er
as
a e.
to
e o
64
ou rs e ,
er
s
o a
u rgz a ,
ua e
or
T h e O rga nu m
S mewhere b ut the i th ce tury

a
n n
beg
men
to
an
f the
m ke pr ctic l
ymph ie
d
di
ph ie ( c c rd d di c rd ) f the l d
i
f
Greek writer
they beg t i g i
R
S
g g
p rt It true th t the p rt they g
i P t
f the
were t r t rig r u d pt ti
ymph
ie
ly t the pl i
g ; i ther w rd
they g i
thi g but c ecutive fth
d f urth
d ct ve ; but thi ki d f i gi g which

if u g
by t w
m re v ice with uit ble l w e y will
th t it pr duce
weet c c rd imper tively
dem ded x ti
f the i terv l
It h
metime
bee deb ted whether uc h mu ic c uld ever h ve bee
t ler ted d me ye r g we he rd u iver ity
pr fe s r deliver lecture i which he e de v ured t
pr ve th t the c lled rg um ever exi ted i

ythi g but t h e ry But i
e rly t ge f mu ic l
culture the e i terv l
ju t the e th t
h
T
c me m t tur lly t the fr t ; d t h
m
g
w rd u ed by H b l d f c c rd i
h
d m
t m
i gi g t gether M y mu ici
L d
he rd i t h l te eightie the u e m pl yed

S
t t
f L
d w lki g b ut the treet
d
i gi g ; the te r pitched th eir v ice t fth b ve
th
b e
d
g the tu e with them quite h ppily
Thi w the cie t rg um pure d imple
h p p s
If h s ng f b i d s i
v p bl f b i ng c d d
i w i l l b by s m s ch sy st m
h n m ti c n t ti n f h E l y
F th s
a
on
use
on
an
on
an
an
s n
se o
in
IS
s an
in
in
on
an
an
s o-
na
a re
uc
anu
c on
an
s a
on
on
or
so
on
as
an
ou
n an
a s
n ss
os
an
a s
s o
on
so
s n
n o
s
on
an
on s
on
a ns on
o or
s ee
on
n no
san
an
o o
ar s
ea r
cen u
s n
on
s n
ass
ur
on
er
an
an
o e.
ans
an
on
as
er ca
eu
an
e o
o a
re or
H u cba l d ,
an
on
r ee s
s an
as
an
no s
t e
i n G erbert ,
65
v ol
1 66
ar
w experie ce
A ther i t ce ccurred withi
p rty f C h ri tm w it i R utl d
g Ade te
Fidele with vi li i u i
wh ile l i tt i t
o
as
an
ns
no
Hucbald 7 7 7 7
B
e low Fi nals
Hucbald
rA 1
C
1
an
s an
a c a r one
n s on ,
n ou r o
Above Fi nals
(1
Highest Notes e j g a a
c uld pl y ly i
key pl yed the tu e quite
u c cer edly f urth b ve t h i ger
ch ief i f rm ti
the rg um f t h i th
O
w ho
n
on
ur
n one
on
n o
on
on
66
e s n
o
an
n n
H u c ba l d
and
O do
te th ce turie i derived fr m the M i E

cribed t H b ld m k f S t Am d
i
hi i
der very le r ed m w h died t
i Fl
M i
w
gre t g i A 9 3
but
94
p
E
p ed t be by O d
Abb t f T m i e
h i i di
The writer wh ever he m y h ve bee
very much wedded t the ld Greek le r i g
w
d wi hed t m ke
exhibited i the w rk f B ethiu
f rm t it He ce he
l l mu ic f h i time c
i
d g ve L ti letter
g wi ded m e
t t d the l d l
uch I t M e e M t Lich
me
P t
t them
P rhyp te me
etc
C t Hyp te me
d wr te
the letter ver the w rd th t were t be u g
er
ide which he evide tly
i the ld Greek m
f the L ti
derived fr m B ethiu c u l
letter
But thi y tem did t ucceed d he tried ther
T ki g the l f the f ur C hurch m de
hi
b i he i dic ted them by the letter F i di ffere t
f rm Fig 4 ( ) He the i cc rd ce
t ti
N
with Greek precede t i verted d muti
g
i
l ted the letter f the u d b ve d g;
bel w the l ; f the u d b ve
t
d Od
f C lug y
he w
ble t i ve t te
c ll the m rem i i g ( uperu u ) u d He

th
S i gi g f th T
give i h i S h t M m i
y p ge f p lm d pted t thi
d th P l m m
d
t ti
lly p ge f eume c ected with
it It i referred t g i by Herm
tr ctu
C
ugge t
lter tive the letter E f u i
wh
Vid A mb G hi h B n d pp
q
a nd
r aa
an
on
a e
o
as
na s
as s,
s
as
or
an
sa
no a
or
an
on , a n
na
an
r os
a n
na
esc
te,
67
as
so
sa
aa
an
an
on
as
an
s as an a
no
o r
o s
an
so
so
na
n,
a n n
use
an
or
no
as
s on ,
s on ,
a nos
an
as
re s u s c
an
n n
no
an
a nn
n,
r a
re s
na
s on ,
u s ca
su
an
on o
72
no
as
on
0,
o, a n
a s ca
a n,
0 or
os
uc
as
s,
on es
o nn
a nn
on
or
n s on ,
12 2
cl s e
emit e T f t e T S f mi r third (t e
e ) TT m j r third D f f urth A f
d e m it
fth AS m i r ixth AT m j r ixth AD ct ve But
b th th e e clum y y tem l f iled ; i f ct they h d
p ible dv t ge ver pl ci g the rdi ry L ti
letter b ve the te the bjecti t which we
h ve ee
for
an
on
on
no
or
na
on
no
s a so
on
or
a o
an a
os s
s
no
or
a o
no
on
or
n.
( )
FlG 4
ucbald
Pictorial Notai ionsugges ted byH
writer f E hi l d i w i ve ted
t
w
d th i m y p
ti
ibly h ve bee the p re t f
ff
t
He
drew
li
e
wr
te
t the begi
Fi t
f
i
g
T
t
e
e
e
d S f
m it
d
m
wr
te
the
w
rd
b
t wee
li
ddi
g
th
N t t
th
v ri u f rm f F t h w th pitc h
d j i i g th
yll ble by li e t guide the eye Fig
b
c m plete c h eme f rg um i
4 ( ) whic h give
f ur p rt i f rt h fth
ct ve i perh p
d
th
e rlie t exi ti g ex m ple f full c re Th i
Th e
nc
on , a n
rs
rz z
s no
os s
or
on
ne
n n
an
no a
or
on
o a ro n
an
o n n
e s
ou
an
o
68
an
n
nes
ou r
an
A S i c i l i a n No t a t i o n
y tem l f iled d m c ti ued t
the e ter
d m re f mili r eume
M y ther ttempt were m de t i ve t
i
t
p
c ble t ti
G lilei d Kircher refer t
y tem
f whic h they f u d tr ce
wh rei p i t
were pl ced
li e ; d Kircher y he A i a
:
MS
f the te th ce tury
f u d it i
If N t t
he i right it d te fr m the time f H b l d
He give i l i p 3 the ex mple h w i Fig 5 ( )
d
y th t he f u d m y hym writte with mu ic
i
thi w y i the libr ry f the m
tery f S
s
a so
an
on
n a
an
sa
n vo
an
S lv t r
o a i on
on a s
F IG
ns
uc
an
ra c
IMPOf L n
o n s
sa
2 1
o use
an
on
on
no a
en
an
an
an
Xap
e i the m e libr ry by the w y i

which he di c vered the Greek m u ic f Pi d r r t
Pythic O d T h li e ly
u ed d t h te
h w
by bl ck p i t
r ther little circle
The
p ce
u ccupied d t the begi i g f t h
eight li e
eigh t Greek letter whic h
quite i
m
c mprehe ible f
Ambr p i t t th ey
m d t them elve t
k w y tem f t ti
But G lilei i m re explicit H e y th t bef re the
ti m e f Guid the p i t were pl ced
eve li e
which were lettered cc rdi g t the Greek hept ch rd
a
at
a o
a e
on
o n s
no
a re
or
an
o n s
69
sa
a re
a re
o n s ou
a cco
no a
on
on s
nn n
n s
no
os
o no
e no
an
or, a s
a re
ns
a re
sa
s s na ,
Fig
h
N
tice
h
w
the
e
e
rly
(
5
)
m u ici
c uld ever get w y fr m th Greek te ch
i g
G lilei trie t h w t h t t h y tem he
de cribe w
ce i ge er l
but Ambr p i t
t th t if thi
h d bee
the c e w mu t h ve
of
T e rp a n d e r
a ns
ou
on
as
F IG
u s e,
o n s
os
as
J
D
e rd m re b ut it M y it t h ve bee u ed
i
me rem te l c lity ? The pre e t writer m y
ye r g c me cr
l c l y tem f
mu ic l t ti which h d bee u ed i
vill ge church
S li bury Pl i f the
vi li ute d V i l cell bef re the dve t f the
h rm
ium ; d we k w th t i e rly d y there
were m y uch l c l u e
Fig 5 ( ) h w
ther f the m y ttempt t
c mbi e the ph etic d the pict ri l t ti
d
there
will
be
f
u
d
i
P
l
e
h
e
M
b l
g
A th
p
l ii Pl te 9 the ph t gr ph f p rt f the
E ff t t
M tpellier Gr du l f the eleve th ce tury
mbi
th
i w h ich lph betic l letter
Ph
fr
m
t h)
(
ti d writte ver the w rd
d b ve the letter
Pi t i l
th
me
eu
Thi
y
tem
th
ugh
with
N t t
t th
ume i f u d i Pl te I f E ly
H m y publi hed by the Pl i
g d
B n y H i y l ii p 38
h
so
n,
an
co
O a on S
ou
ar
ur
or
o
o ra
an
O
7
vo
an
a re
a ns o n
s tor
u s z a e,
s s
on s
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on
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0,
n o
a re
a n
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c or a
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an
E a rly E ffo r t s
edi v l M u ic S ciety id t d te fr m the te th

ce tury
The ye r A
w
i well k
w upp ed
t
i which the w rld w uld
be the
d
d whe
m
f u d th t the e
we t ju t u u l th t
bre k w m de i the tur l eque ce f eve t
M
ae
100 0
as
as
no
as
one
no
sa
en
a s on s
en
on
na
n, s
an
s
as
os
n s
(C )
F IG 5
.
l i s p ecca a
k fre h he rt built c thedr l
d churche
k C ru de beg t e j y life d ge er lly
evide ce f the relief fr m the l g u pe e
w ce tury
m der
t
w the birth f
d with thi imp rt
w
t ep ch w begi n
t
they t
u dert
t give
The
ti
ch pter
oo
oo
sa
ne
on,
an
an
n o
sa
an
T nsl ti n
ra
Qu i
of
F ig 5
.
l is p ec
on
an
a s
( c) :
ou r
an
s
ns
no a
ne
HAPT E R V
A tn
c ct
s s s
G n n x c sS lm s t n
G k syl l bl s s
t s
s
2 p
O n
St
St v
O n
Cl s
s t
c sC l l n s s
s t v G
B m s m s t n
m n st y
m nk
u i do
o H i s
re
th e
of
ri gi
of
a ff
th e
ef
o ou re d
e co
fa
for
or
Th e
u ed
Re
ou
o e
u
r
p
p
N ota t i on
h a rd ,
for th e
to h i s
ur s
of
oi n t s
a nd
u i do
of
ho d
er
a u ra
a nd
er
su
ed
die
hi g
ed
ea
u gge
p erh a p
T he
u i do ia
io
hi
t
t c n
s s s t by
G n nH n
p p
nt l x
m
nv t
H i s me
a rca
h ord
u ed
th e
h or d
-
he
re e
ri gi
h a ra
ia
u i do
Th e
er Hi s
os i t
he
to Ro
si mpl
e
e
f
i
E gli h Guy
Guid e Areti
Are
wh m
ttributed m y i m p rt t i m
t
t
ti
w
Be
edicti
e
i
m
t
p
t m k w h lived i the e rly p rt f the
Ch
f G id
eleve th ce tury He w
rde t
d
f rmer m f gre t ge iu
g d ghter i the
c u e th t he h d t he rt N tur lly he m de m y
e emie w h je l u
gry with him ucceeded
d
i
getti g h i m b i hed fr m h m
tery a p
d i g wh ich h d the excelle t e ff ect f pre di g h i
te chi g t h r ugh It ly d fterw rd t h r ugh E ur pe
d
w
fter i e h u dred ye r we
till b t
i g by it
B m G id i
t
M i w t d u der
h i p rtr it t Are
l m u ici
m uc h did m d i
ppreci te h i ge iu Hi pri cip l w rk w d
t
the m
tery f P mp
e r R ve
H i chief
ch r cteri tic eem t h ve bee pr ctic l c mm
G U ID o ,
z z o,
a re
a r a c er
u
on
o,
a o
an
an
o,
on a s
ns c
os a
a ns
one a
as
nna
ee v a
en e
an
a re s
n ve n or
ro
ona s
o
an
z z o, s o
is
re
oo
an
n n
ea
an
an
as
no
an
an s
as
an
on ,
no a
an o
c ee
an
or,
en s
r ov e
no,
on
or
on
G uid o
S ar c a s m s
e e
pp ed t the my tic l dre mi g f the
rdi ry writer
the ig r t rule f
thumb te chi g f the rdi ry i ger
The we ter w rld w t thi time full
f highly re pected mu ic te cher fr m
d
It ly Greece Fr ce
G i
Germ
y
but
their
ig
r
ce
f
f
f
p mm
w
cc
rdi
g
Guid
t
)
(
c t m
i hi g ; f
ex
mple
he
t
p
y
t
d
S
y
they
uld
Si gi g i i betwee
d
te
t
h
M t
g
5
fth
d their te chi g
it
m t u ti f ct ry th ugh they
w
ible pi i f them
h d the highe t p
2
5
f
R ule
elve
Guid begi h i
U k
w S g
Tre ti e S ight
i gi g) with the f ll wi g rc m
O f ll livi g m
i ger
the m t
@
f tu u ( T mp i b
p m
t i
2
t
t
t
i
h mi
i
f
every
f
)
t w
k w m y thi g be ide t h e
which we h ve le r ed fr m
t ch er
Little b y if they h ve ce rrived t
i i t k
wledge t re d thr ugh the
P lter
re d l l t h er b k ; ru tic
quickly u der t d the cie ce f gri
culture ; h w h h
ce pru ed vi e
ce pl ted tree
ce l ded
will be ble t d the me thi g g i
d pr b bly better the ec
d time but the e w derful
ns
as
os
na
an
as a
s n
na
no a n
or
an
o s
an
no a n
as
as
on e
on s
or
ora r
no
Co
is
a s er s
u s
as
ns a
os
s n
no
ar
n es
a u
s nn
su
sa
c en
,
ca n
an
os
ea
73
or
an ass
on
oa
sa
o r on
nes
oo
an
a s on
ou r
er
or
on
os
su
a re
an
no
ca n
on
as
sa
c a n ores
an
or
on
n os r s
us
or
no
en , s n
n
o
n on o
ns
on
os s
s a
an
0
9
an
no
a n,
on
m y i g ev ry d y f
i gi g m ter
d their p pil
hu dred ye r yet they will ever be ble t S g the
m lle t u k w
tiph with ut previ u i t
ti ; th t they w te
m u t f ti m e with their
wretched i gi g th t w uld i f le r i g ll the
b k i the w rld b th cred d ecul r He refer
f the
here f c ur e t the
eum tic t ti
which c uld t p ibly h w h w t i g u k w
ch t
h ve the f ce t c ll him elf
H w
m
m u ici
i ger if he c
t i g t ce d
c rrectly
ewly c mp ed
g ? Hi M b l g
c t i the fte qu ted rc tic rhyme
s n
as
on
so
an
,
an
os s
on a ns
an
n-
or
no a
an
as
I s ti
mt
ca mp a n i i M m i ca
a i t n n t,
Qu a
i lli
s ci z
N a m ga i f a ci t, gn oa
D i n z tu r hes t z a
n on s a
pi t
'
Cwter u m ton a n ti s
7106 i :
mi n a
S uper a hi t p hi l omel a
S i l a na en t
Vel
a cu
v oca l i s a s z n a
'
T w i xt a i nger
etc.
ici
W i d th d i t c d c d iti
O
th r k w
p t th
W h t d th h m y c m p
H wh w k w ith t p l
M y b c ll d m
b t th m
If f l
d
d th d i g v i c
Or h rill
ch ic
d h m k
A
b y l d r till
f
N igh ti g l
m e h rill
s an
ne re
ea s ,
mu s
a nd
e an
e o
on
on ,
no
on
ar
an
os e
'
or
s ou n
s s es ca n
ou
o re
an
ou
ra
un
s,
a e s a re
ar
74
an
ea s
er n
a
ou
an
es a
or
an
e,
e,
on ,
no
on
s n
s on
M u s i cor u m et Ca n tor n m
M agn a es t a i s ta n ti a ,
ru c
o s n
sa
ns
os
n n
a nno
ce
in
or
an
s n
su
use
ca n a
or
sa
on
no
an
s n
an
as
an
s n
oo
no
an
z ro o u s
G U ID O OF
RE
ZZO
EX L A I
P
N I NG
H IS U S E OF
BI S H O P T H E O D AL D U S
M O N OCH O
D TO
G uid o
an
d No t a t i o n
It fte u d duri g the M

if w were
t
i gi g the pr i e f G d but if w were qu rrelli g
m g t ur elve
Th
w y f the phil
pher i
t my w y ; I
c cer my elf ly with wh t i u eful t the C hurch
d
bri g
y u g ter
By the e d imil r yi g Guid did t f il t
pr v ke h tility Like ll ref rmer he
h d h t
f e emie
wh e e ff rt t
H ti l i ty
uppre him merely re ulted i getti g
t
g i
i
d
G
him m re widely k w Let
w
wh t he did f mu ic l t ti
He tell
th t he m de h i pupil bec me f mili r
with the letteri g f the m ch rd G b t i
hi
ec d v lume repr duce
cie t picture
t ke fr m M S t Vie
repre e ti g Guid
M
h
exhibiti g hi m ch rd t Bi h p
Th d l d
f Are
He i plucki g the tri g
with the quill d f
fe ther held i h i left
h d while h i right h ld
ki d f blu t k ife
wherewith t t p the tri g t the p i t h w by
the letteri g G mm A B C D E F G b h
d
the b dy f t h i trume t The de ig er
f g
f t h picture evide tly k ew little b ut mu ic f
hi
letteri g w uld t pr duce ythi g like the pr per
d he mit t h upper
i terv l
te de ig ted by
Thi
letteri
g
which
if
Guid
66 H
d
d
H
Th s l tt s c ll d
w ft n pl d
bv h
ll
b
c
th th s b
n so
s n
os s
sa
or
us
on
ona c
eo
nna
e,
a s
an
o, a a ,
e e
er
er
e tc
cc,
ex ce
ee
C,
75
a,
ere o
c,
or
en tes ,
o n s
no
er
an
ns
er
an
a ns
no
on
on o
zz o
os
s ee
an
us
no
on .
no a
us
us
ono
en
an
no
os
no
no
ss
on.
as
ou r
os
no
as
os o
an
on
ass
ca n
an
on
a s
on
a ce
na
on e a
t e
i ve ted by Guid w c rmed by h i m d h
re m i ed t the pre e t d y e m br ce b th the
d
f
t
h
di
ju
ct
tetr
ch
rd
Gre
k
y
tem
t
d
j
w
by Guid time t h
te t i t y m
lm t
6
th
u
iver
lly
i
dic
ted
by
letter
b
c
lled
Tw F m
w
b
bec
u
e
it
r
u
d
m ll
t
d m
f b
fte ed t h h r h e f
d bec u e it
the trit e f b The te p m w give t h ig h
c lled 6 q d t m
b d m ; t h Germ c ll thi
te h d i the picture it i give
h Guid c lled
t
the c pit l letter g
the
m
ll
letter
l
w
(
)
p
t
b
ve
the
high
( high ) the d uble letter
)
(
M y bl me the e term
uperu u but we
w uld r ther h ve p i ty th decie cy
i
The ft b w m tly
g which t rt fr m
F f ; G i the f rth te f t h r t uthe tic t e
the
ct
ve
pecie
D
d
i
the
f
urth
;
(
)
f
U
te
f the ec
d
uthe
t
c
t
e
E
t
e
;
(
)
B fl t
b f the third ( F t f) If y wi h t v id
the ft b y mu t tr p e the eume i which it
ccur i uch w y th t y h ve the te G
h
i te d f F G b He l ugge t th t it i
g d pr ctice t c m m e ce mel dy
e ch f the
f ur l i tur
d i g it thr ugh wit h the e m i
t e
give by the l tter f t h m c h rd T
m ke t h i pl i by
m der ex m ple it w uld be t
i g G d ve t h Ki g r t i t h key f C
begi i g C the i t h me key but begi i g
D th e
i
the me key but begi i g
E
d
g i i the me key but begi i g
F It mu t
n ot
a n
u nc
an
sa
ro u n
an
on
ra u
ua
no
an
no
r a ves
e r a c u ce
su
so
er
no
ou
a ns
a c u ce
.
on
on
e s
ss o
n s on
use
an
os
as
or
n as
s su
an
as
u ru
es e
a ra
or
so
as
os
e,
an
as
or
e n on
n ne
e s
con
as
s o
an
no
o s
or
on
as
se o
no
on
n i
so
ns
0,
ou
nn n
a n
sa
sa
no
on
sa
nn n
nn n
on
nn n
76
a,
ono
s n
a so
o a
ou
sa
on
a,
ou
os
n, a n
a n
s n
on
as
na s
on
a ns
n s
oo
on
an
Th e H ex a c h o rd s
be remembered th t t th t time mu ici

r te church mu ici
ly k ew th
u d
e ted by the m ch rd
i
the white key f
rg
t gether with b
t
d m ; th
h rp
d
th
f ur rem i i g t
were
t
yet i ve ted
He ce if the pitch
w
c h ged it c uld
ly be i the w y
ugg e t e d
f urth higher with
a
a ns
an,
ro u n
so
re
re
p
ou r
an
a n n
no
o r a t a ny
a ns
on
ono
a s
an
as
on
or
the
of
use
ro
The tudy f Greek

mu ic w i m per tive
every mu ici i
th e d y ; d the
P I E PLA I N G A HA P ( EG P A N)
divi i
f the c le
i t tetr ch rd pr b bly ugge ted t Guid hi
divi i i t hex ch rd
But it i
rem rk ble
f ct h wi g the pr phetic ture f h i
d
I b (
ge iu th t i te d f u i g y f the mz E
church t e
the cie t Greek m de
hg
;
the b i f h i hex ach rd he b ldly truck
w li e
w k
t
d u ed wh t i
w
the
m j r m de f re eei g th t thi mu t be the chief
m de f the future
He w pr b bly i ue ced by
the ecul r mu ici
were lre dy u i g thi
wh
o
as
on
an
os
s on
s on
an
n o
n o
TI
ns
na
s n
an
ON
ST
u o'
an
on
an
s or
as
as s o
ou
ne
a o
o
an
as
a ns
77
no
no
as
s n
t le
m de ; d we h ve ee th t
t f the i
ve t r f t ti
e de v ured t d pt t h L ti
lph bet t it
dditi t rr gi g erie f hex ch rd he
I
m de
erie f u d f i gi g exerci e
f
f
h
perh p ugge ted by the m
t
)
G d
S g g exerci e f R me u der t h empire
S l mi t S ee p ge
f
t
E
ch
ver
e
hym
(
J h the B pti t beg
te c rre p di g t the
te f h i pri cip l hex ch rd

Wh ever
y
i
thr ugh pr ctice di ti gui h cle rly the

h
i iti l te f e ch f the e i li e
th t he
c mme ce with y li e t ke t r d m will be i
p iti t e ily i g t h e e i
te wherever he
meet with them The hym i que ti w
[
i
t
F f m li t m
t q
C
n o s
as
o s
s n
or
s o
1
6
7
7
,
,
s s
in
in
so
ui
an
use
one
on
on s
no a
an
s a i on
s x no
s o
can ,
e,
no
on
os
an
s n
as
s x
u cea n
s on a r e br i s
sa
so
no
on
an
ax s
re
ca n
as
u or u
E m i ra g es tor u m
S a noto j
l a bi i
r eu tu
oha n n es .
bee r i ed t whether Guid w

w
ctu l i ve t r f
lmi ti
but the
t the
que ti c
t be di cu ed here It i i i t f
purp e th t if Guid did t i ve t it it c me i t
m ewhere
b ut h i ti m e It w f u d th t
whether hex ch rd beg with G C F the m e
erie f f ur t e with
emit e re ulted He ce
e ch f the e te c uld bec me t f i gi g pur
p e ; d the y te m w
l g u t th t wh ic h
m y ce turie fterw rd w c lled the m v ble d

Do
as
ubt
s x
on
no
a n on a
no
ou r
os
os
an
no
on
as
8
7
or
or
n o
a
sa
s n
or
a na o
c en
or
su
as
as
on ,
sa
o ne s
s a
so
an
no
an
as
ss
on s
n o
s o
so
as
a s
a n no
on
use
ha s
The yll ble t bec m e fterw rd c h ged t d
bei g m r e y t i g ; d wh h rm y h d
d the le di g
te
d d t c u terp i t
m e pr m i e t t h
c
eque
ce
bec
h d i
:13;
i w
yll
ble
dded
b
ut
the
d
f
F
g; t h eve tee th ce tury t c mplete t h
S lmi
f
eve
te
the
m
j
r
c
le
which
the
ti
l l
mi f
bec me D
d the
te
thu med i Fr ce d It ly t thi d y
The cumbr u me cl ture u ed byB y H wki
i
f rce duri g the wh le f m d i m l
d ther w
time
ly di ppe red t the d f the eightee th
d
ce tury Thi me cl ture t ke fr m the Guid i
hex ch rd w
f ll w G m t A B m i C f
l
E l mi F f
t D
t G
l
t
h
l
mi
etc
d every c h ir b y w
aa c mpelled t le r it by he rt Guid (
me
b ut h i time ) d pted thi
me cl ture t the j i t f the ger f the left
d m ki g h i b y i g the te
he p i ted t
h
the v ri u p rt f h i h d S t rti g fr m the t p
j i t f t h th u m b t h c le w rked d w the thumb
i
circle r u d the ut ide f th ger e di g
i ide but the highe t te f l l w give t t h tip
f th
l ge t ger The gure f the
c lled
Guid i H d
p ge 8 7 h w t h rder f
m i g f th j i t i
m re e ily u der t d m er
th i the l d gure where every j i t i give i t
d the rr w he d i
c mplic ted h h d l me
the d tted li e h w t h directi f ll wed by the c le
n
sa_
on
no
an
as as
an
o n
ns
an
o n s
n a
s
ex a c
or
na
an
on
80
s o-
or
o n
as
as
o n
as
re
on
va
so
as
no
ns
r e,
on a n
no
on
on a n
an
an
an
na
s n
a n
o n s
an
'
r e,
on e
r e,
so
no
no
u rn e
en
so
a,
s no
an
sa
on
an
as
s no
an
s na
s a re
s uc
so
a,
en
a o
r e,
o,
o, a s
no
an
as
on
an
o n
ons
en
cee
an
s n
as
o e
an
a nn
oo
No t a t i o n 51 Po in t s S uperp o s s
rder The Guid i h d mu t h ve t ke
gre t
pl ce i medi ev l te chi g f it i de cribed by
d the
e rly l l writer
t ti
g mut
ti ed t be u ele w rry t ch ir b y f m y
ce turie
Am g t the m y tempt ti t i tte ti which
urr u ded the ch ri ter i the eve tee th ce tury
their right t cl im m ey fr m y
w
S
p
per
e teri g the c thedr l with pur
M
y
t Thi t w c lled pur
hi b
m ey It i id th t the m ch lle ged c uld c ll
up the ch ri ter t repe t h i g m t if he f iled t
d
the t w ev ded if he ucceeded the m ey
p id
w
We mu t w pe k f the i ve ti
f the t ff
t ve thi g f mili r t
d fr m i t f mili rity
pp re tly imple th t f w pe ple
Ri
f th
w re f the mme e umber f p
S
t
ff
me t c ti ued thr ugh m y ge er ti
which were required t bri g i t t i t pre e t f rm The
r t tep t w rd it eem t h ve bee the i ve ti
t ti which the Be edicti e h ve
f
d
S
p
p
give the me f N t ti a P i t S p
P
i t
p
Gre t c re i t ke by the cribe t
m ke the p i t d t h p rt f the eume h w the
i terv l by their di t ce b ve t h text d b ve
bel w
ther Thi w pr b bly d e by l yi g
p r llel ruler
the p rchme t d the tur l re ult
th t me
hit
the pl
f dr wi g
w
B v n d St i n H db k f S P l C h d l
o
nn
c on
an
or
on
on
an
or
ss
on , a n
no a
on
an
on a n
as
on s
on
na
an
ur
s on
on
oo s
on
on
so
no
so
as
an
on e
on
o u s an
on
se o
a re
ns
or
as
ax
so
ax
sa
as
e ri
ex
on
n s
no a
on
o a
ons
os es .
o n s
on
o n s
an
er
os e
er
an
as
so
e a
an
one
a
er,
oo
au
at
or
na
an
an
on
an
on
an
s s
as
s on
a a
one a no
a s
o n s
on
na
an
e ra
or
S t o ry
No ta ti o n
cr tchi g li e cr the p ge
guide t b th
the cribe d the re der At the c mme ceme t
f thi
w pl ced
li
e
ge
er
lly
T h St
letter
ll p m t
d
F
p
rt
eume
f
fO
Wt h
ccurred
the
l
e
were
me
t
t
Li
i dic te t h te F The c le degree i di
t d by the re t f the eume depe ded
the gre ter
le ex ctitude with which they were writte b ve
s
an
an
e no
in
on
T
T
H
1t mT
l
1
t
at r
c l
'
a nh
e c e s xa
(d )
n o
an
i on s
or
on
ss
as
or
ne
ca
as
ave
ne
os s
'
mi m s
T1
IdT
o r n a ta
'
bel w the li e Fig 5 (d d ) h w f rm f t

ti f which M S S h ve bee f u d i m y p rt
a nd
on o
n o. 5
an
no a
an
of
9
.
It ly ; h vi g bee i ve ted t N
t l t h Be edic
ti e h ve c lled it the N
t ti
It will be
t li
ee th t vertic l li e
dr w fr m e ch yll ble
a
on a n o a ,
on a n o
n s
a re
82
a n no a
on .
a
C l e fs
L in e s
an
the h ri t l li e c lled F
little b ve bel w
it Thi li e i
t c
ti u u
d i i ked ver
cr tched li e with ut t h i d f ruler A p ible
luti i give i m der
t ti
The ext tep w the dditi f th r li e b ve
F which w i te ded t repre e t C ; thi xed t w
te de itely d f cilit ted the pl ci g
t
S
f
f the eume repre e ti g
u d betwee Tw Li
d F
C
The letter F d C whe pplied
t
i
the li e i thi m er were c lled Cl
d
Fre ch C lef th t i key f
ther
Z li
expl i they u l ck the d r

cce t
d give
the k wledge f the te
S metime th ugh
r rely ther letter e peci lly G b h d were u ed
cl ve G h vi g bee le u ed th C d F h
ret i ed i t h pe better i the m der Treble C lef
th the ther t w letter ( S ee Fig I I p ge
The prefere ce f F d C i
t f
t
eek F
w
th
begi i g f hex ch rd it w the l we t
c ve ie t te f reciti g
d C w
the
;
begi i g f
ther hex ch rd t
h
Th
i t di t
ce fr m F ; d the e t w f F d C
clef were i t f pl
g W th
Cl f
the dve t f me ured mu ic third cl vi
G w dded
th t the three cl ve repre e ted the
three ki d f hex ch rd the m l l the t l
d the d
m
Amb s giv s n th
n F d C b th p s n t d by h
syl l bl f
d mi f
h
nly mi t n i h h x ch d i t h s
l l y sh w n by l d l i n s
to
z on a
on
so
as
no
an
on o
a no
os s
so
or
on .
as
n no a
an
on
or a
no
a ve o
n es
an
as
no
an
nn n
no
ss
no
as
c on
an
e c
as a
an
ro
c ea r
so
an
as
e s
n a u ra e ,
e,
u ru
a i n s on
or
as
c 1e n
su
o i ce
an
an
as
ar
on
as
an
an
or
an
a no
v en en
ss
an
or
nn n
or
an
an
a n
on
no
ar
or, a s
oo
as
a ves
n o
no
n a
a nn
a n,
an
e r rea s o
a,
co our e
se
e o
e
an
83
a re
n t
re
re e
e a
or
c ur e f time li e w dr w h lf w y betwee
F d c which g ve ; d w by pl ci g G d b
betwee
the
li
e
the
u
d
F
G
b
H
h
St f
c
uld
be
de
itely
xed
Fi
lly
f
urth
Th
li
e
w
dded
either
b
ve
b
l
w
C
Li
w
F
f u d c ve ie t d the t ve
f f ur li e
3
which h bee
u ed f pl i
o
s
n
a r y
o
S
t
g
St
f
thi d y
f
u er c cfoc c t cizt a
V
F
w c m
Li
pl ete
F r mu ic
ther th
pl i
g extr
li e were d d
ed b ve d
bel w the rig
i l f ur w
h ll
i due
c ur e
In
an
, a
an
0,
r ee
n es
as
as
so
on
as
ou r
an
.0
n es
a n
a n s on
an
na
as
s ee
Th
l i
n e s
were t r t
c l ured F b
i g
ge er lly
red d C yel
l w;
d whe
there w
t h ird d f urth
a
o o
an
an
a s
an
NE M E N TAT I N
U
or
e o
'
or
a n
s on
ave
or
an
na
'
as
as
no
ave o
as
C o l o ur e d
L in e s
li e the e were either cr tched

the p rchme t by
me p i ted i trume t
dr w with bl ck i k
There w
regul r rule i the e rly d y
f li e
Thu the P l g p h i M i l
m
g ve t w ex mple fr m L mb rdy f the
twelfth ce tury i which there i
li e ly th t i
cr tched d
clef give f it w
upp ed t
r pre e t
t h er te th F I
eleve th
twelfth ce tury M S f Are
the
h
me
f
(
Guid ) F i give
red li e d there
tw
ther cr tched with ut lef
A ther three li e
t ve f t h begi i g f the twelfth ce tury fr m
i ( f m u Be edicti e m
tery h lf
M te C
R me
w y betwee
d N ple ) h
F red C yell w
the third cr tched A very u u l c mbi ti f f ur
li e w F red C yell w the rem i i g t w cr tc h ed
n
o n
so
ns
a s no
or
a eo
ra
on
u s ca e
es
so
ma
ag
ni
mi
RAN LA
S
l is
pl n t
t is
na
OF
c us
ti
p u l sa t
ti
to
ci
ra
do
v ol .
Fm
i p
.
ro
85
na
du
Ul
on a s
i
gt
ti
me
a n n
Te
N E M E N TAT I N
U
no
c
e
p
a re
as
u s - qu e a d oc
tu
H eu !
O.
TIO
an
os
or
an
zz o
an
ri s
mi
as
on
as
nn n
a s s no
or
on
as
one
an
no
n,
or
no
no
an
on
o s
Li t
ma
tra
i n ge
-
ns
or
ri
cu m er
to
ra
na
ro
re
l ns p l n g
e
C r owe s t , S t ory of Br i t i s h M u s i c,
f u d i t welfth ce tury Gr du l f S t Peter
y ther M S S The red F w
d i m
t R me
ti ed i me pl ce till t h f urtee th ce turythu
Fr ci c Brevi ry f th t time i the V ll i l l
Libr ry t R me h
th ree li e t ve red d t w
bl ck with ut clef while m y M S S f the
I
thirtee th ce tury h ve f ur bl ck li e
me
c e d ti g fr m the th irte th ce tury we d
f ur red li e u ed i th m u cript f S umer i
i
d th e e
t u c mm
th i d y
i m
t
;
By the ftee th ce tury t h
c lled Greg ri
t ve
ee m t h ve ettled d w e tir ly t f ur li e f
the me c l ur either bl ck
red But eume
c ti ued t be writte with ut li e f
ever l
ge er ti
fter t h i v ti
f the t ve
If it be
ked w hy the t ve h uld h ve t ke
l g t
devel p whe we h ve ee t h t it w pr ctic lly
i ve ted bef re the time f Guid cc rdi g t G lilei
d Kircher it m y be
wered th t m y i ve ti
eem t die t their birth ly t
ppe r i
ther
f rm l ter The t ve h w
pp 6 9 7 eem t
h ve bee
u ed ly i
re m te p rt f S icily ; they
were pr b bly u k w bey d i t im m edi te l c lity
d eve if k
w th eir uit bility f
with eume
w uld t be evide t
f the
Wh t p rt did Guid t ke i the i ve ti
f m der
t
ve
the
t
fe
ture
m t imp rt
G d
d
t
t
?
Th
m d m l wr ter were
th
St
pr ud f h m th t t h ey ttr buted t
ti
e tirely t h i m
y te m
w
d c lled the
Thi
is
n a
an
an
en
cu
on
o o
ons
an
no
no
a r o an
on
on s
n a no
an
on
va
so
v en
os
ave
or u s e
n o a i on
on
so
an
on
o re- a
on
or
as
o, a
on
an
n,
no
on
ans
or
on
an
s
en
on
so
s o-
a re n o
an
as
sa
an
ce
an
an
as
an
en
a s c on
as
an
as
an
n so
nn
an
86
I s
ne
1n
G uid o
t he
an d
the Gu id i
A n tiph o n a r y
t ti
Ambr tell
th t the
M gl i b h i
Libr ry t Fl re nce p e e M i l
f the te th ce tury c
t i i g metime
red
metim red d yell w
li e If thi d te i c rrect
Guid d i d t i ve t the
li e t ti but there i
d ubt wh tever th t h
gre tly impr ved it d
rmed i t
He t y r te
dded t w
w
li e t the
on a n
no a
a na
cc
so
no a
no
so
con
an
ne
ssa
s a
use
an
ss
on ,
os s
us
no
on a n n
an
os
es a
on .
or
i gi n a l
tw o ,
a nd
h vi g thu p
t ve i
d
d
whic h e ch degree f
the c le h d i t w
pr per li e
p ce
he pplied it t t h
wh le f the A tip h ry
He y th t w fter
m y t rm c lm c m e
him He w f rced
t
G
I N I A N HA N
le ve h i m
tery f
t
P mp
by t h e vy d m lice h i w i ve ti
rc m h d pr v ked ; d P pe J h XI X
d hi
derful re ult f h i te chi g i vited
h e ri g f t h w
c m p y wit h
bb d Peter t h
h i m t R me i
a
u ce
ro
or
sa
an
ona
no
as
T HE
os a
an
ona s
sa
o
as
on
an a
an
A D
.
10 2
87
4 33
-
ne
an
an
D.
U DO
an
on s
Pr v t f the C thedr l f Are
The P pe m de
w y tem r pe tedly
him expl i the wh le f h i
re d the expl ti give i hi D g t
G d i
t
which
f
rmed
the
pr
l
g
e
f th
i
i
t d t A t p h ry d d d t r e fr m h e t
R m
u til he h d u g c rrectly ver icle th t
previ u ly u k w t him He l ked up the
w
A tip h ry
m rvel f i ge uity
d wi hed
t
ret i Guid i h i ervice
the m t f v ur ble
c diti
Guid he lth h wever w uld t t d
R m
th
clim te ; he bec me very ill f R m
d
fever
it w
h t ummer
w
bliged t le ve But he p
m i d the P pe t c me g i i t h
d i
wi ter
truct the prie t i
th
w meth d
H i w rk bei g rec g i ed
d
ppreci ted by the P pe d the high
i i l
t R me
he retur ed t
P mp
d h wed h i
R
d
A tiph ry t the bb t i
m
Th
re ult w th t t h
m
t h
bh t w
w c
vi ced M t y
th t it w
g d w rk
rr w th t he
d expre ed h i
h d li te ed t
Guid e emie
d
f
rced
him
le
ve
the
m
tery
t
L RE
d
Guid w
bi h pric but
h
preferred t re m i
imple m k m g t
d t
m k
bri g h ur t h i m
tery by
o
os
a n
nv i e
a na
on s
on a
a n
on s
on
on a
o o
an
as
no
e i
no o
oo
on
an
os
as
as
an
n s
on a
a n
os a
an
an
c a s
ro
an
ns
e ne
an
an
an
as
se
no
as
ece l v e
as
an
oo
ss
on
no
as
a
a
on
is
o s
is
no
an
as
ne
ca n u ,
n i
z z o.
so
o n a s er
o s
is
an
on a s
'
on
an
a n
as
ono
88
e re
on
o na s
on
R e fo r m e r
A Tru e
w rk ;
d it i pr b ble th t he e ded h i d y
t P mp
d hi
w
U like the writer f E h i i d i
temp r rie Guid did t eek t be d the t f
mu ic t the b lete rule f the Greek the ri t
which were ly pplic ble t
di ff ere t d i i t
be t d y f m re highly devel ped f rm f t th
hi
T ki g mu ic
he f u d it he imply
w
ught wh t w
uit ble f the time he lived i
getti g the be t re ult fr m the exi ti g
d f
i
the
p
t
c
diti
Thi
wh
t
every
ref
rmer
t
(
)
h
f the tr
d e d it i perh p
ge t tr it
i every g
i the
ture f m th t every
d
every c u try w h w rk f t h impr veme t f t
cie ce religi k wledge i cur je l u y u pici
d di like ;
d
Guid him elf y m y be m
p red t the gl w rker w h h vi g i ve ted
u bre k ble gl
i rew rded with de th t the h
d
f the h
gm
h is
an
on
ar
as
on
on
con
on ,
an
ass
an.
o ne
or
ar
an
o,
an
n
a
ar
on,
co
e an
a o
sa
on e
as
an
n,
no
ass
an
an,
ar
or
on s
as
as
an
an
na
or
no
so
as
an
so
r a
no
an
nc
o a
os a .
an
an
C
M ea
pu n ctu s
s c C
Th n
mu i
The
u re s
u red
mu i
a ntu :
HAPT E R VI
gu r a l i s ,
o a
D i s ca n tu s , F
tcn t t n
s c
l
s v n by F n c
N t s
n
w c
c ll
ct l s
P nt
ck
ct n
ct n C l c t
s
nc
yt m
nts w
by t n y
m
H
mp
p
v m s v l s n t s J
e
eu m a
bou r don Con t r a
aux
n ds
s
s
vs n
mea u re d
ra
o
o og e H i s ve m oo d
o ri gi
of
i me di i i o ,
th e
er a r
R u e for th e o e D i i i o O f moo d
io
a da
p
of
ed
t o th e
ee
of
Cl n
Th
t n yt
g
Th
d p f
n t s vs n
hi h w
P
i
i
i
f
f
i
Th
l
i
c
d
l
t
s
p
p
g
p
m
i
f
i
i
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d
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ns
f
h
l
s
l
t
s
y
p
p
g
p
i gi n l m s
m nts
f f
h h
Th
D i pp
by bi n y d ivi si ns I
b
i
d h
n y m s f M vi d s
h nn s d G l di
d
ls
gi
r et
o e
te
re e
an
ea u re
Th e tr ipl u m
er e
n ot
e re
u s,
er e
ea ra
er e
an
or
o e
as
gi
ru e
r on os
ra
o e
or
ru e
or
a u re
ea u re
n s ta n s ,
o ra
no t
oe
ar an
of
ro
a u re
ar
e ro
to
ut
ar
an
er
a ue
ru e
a s
c me t the peri d t which m der E ur pe

mu ic m y be id t begi We h ve ee th t m
m ki g experime t with the
h d bee
ymph
g
f the Greek mu ici
ie
by
glggii i gi g i f urth d fth d ct ve
M i
Further e ff rt were ly tur l d fre h
re ult were bt i ed by ccide t Th u it w f u d
th t t h cc i l
ie w
t;
f di p h
t u ple
th t t h ird
t h ugh cl ed di c rd by
d ixt h
the Pyth g re f t h Pyth g re te chi g h d
c uld
w c mpletely uper eded t h t f A i t
perfectly well be u ed l g m tru ted t the
d
t t m them tic
Th i h d bee b erved m y
WE
n ow
sa
s n
an
en
n s
on
an
ans
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us c
e o
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0
9
en
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r s
as
ass
as
on
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or
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use o
a ns
on
o x en u s
n o
as an
ea r ,
an
F r e e R h yt h m D i s a pp e a r s
ce turie bef re by the Greek writer G d t i but

eem t h ve bee f rg tte u til redi c vered
ticed by Fr c f C l g e But
further
d
devel pme t t k
pl ce I te d f t h
m c 2 T orn
ld
te g i t
w f rm f
te
wh c h A $ m ccz n n c r ecibbh
t beg
7
m re i ger
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te 2" u ct ,a n 1 1 11 73 11 2 ?
f
g i t e ch f t h
3
te f the pl i
n
t
a
m
o
m
i
E
g T h pl i
g
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l t ll it
w
w
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rhyth m
1
c lled
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n
an
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ns
no
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ne
a ns
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a n,
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s n
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us
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au
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s on
a ns on
no
os
an
as
ca n u s
a nu s ,
pl
m u s i ca
ten or ,
a n
or
0 a
en
u s ca
s u ra
hi l zls o r m e n s u ra ta ,
c a n tu s
u r a l zis,
c on
tra
mk w o h
Her m 1ml rm
PA R
A H MN NE E N A
1
1C 1
u n c tu s
mm t
ca n
'
tu s or i d u s , d i s ca n tu s ,
de n ,
{ 0 f1?
ca n t u s
a na ,
while
cc mp yi g
th
v ice v ice were
c lled m i m
rmu s
OF
OT
UM
TI O
writer divide C hurch mu ic i t

t
pl
which i i i m ple te f u cert i
i mp l
t
v lue w h e m de i Greg ri ;
S i m]) l
h
i
m
h
t
t
t
w
ich
i
ple
te
h
ve
cert
i
g
a nd
th e
O ld
ex
u ra u s ,
a nu s ,
os
n o
an
no
no
ca n u s ,
ca n u s
a n
ex
a n
v lue
which m y te
;
i
p rt
u g i due rel ti t t h
te
i
i
m
t
w
m
d
ther ;
which
t
f the
p
f the pl i
te
me ured g i t
g
G m ll m
ki d f
T the e mu t be dded G ym l
f
t
w
u
ed
gl
d
v
ice
i
gi
g
i
E
tw i
g
f
th m
t p rt i third d ixth
It
bec me evide t th t it w imp ible f
i ger t i g t g l i u le there w
me
de ite regul ti
f the umber f
te t be u g
g i t the u t i ed te f the t m t h xed
d
h
m
f
g
e
ce
r
e
f
r
N
t
ti
;
M
d
m
t
c
lled
m i
m
bi l i
M i
i
me ured mu ic ; but t f ce turie
did mu ici
c me t
c mplete u der t di g
t
th
det il f the t ti
f th
t
t
g
d i the
d they were bliged t c m bi e t h m i
m
t
f th
le r ed Ch urch m u ici
with t h
t bl ture f the de pi ed w rldly i trume t li t
bef re they rrived t
ti f ct ry d e ily u der
It i pr b ble th t m
t d t ti
y experime t
were m de i v ri u pl ce The cle re t i f rm ti
we h ve i th t give by Fr c f C l g e w h
uri
hed
t t h begi
i
g
f t h t h irtee t h
F
f
ce
tury
He
preceded
d f ll wed by
w
C l g
u m ber f writer
m i
m
bil i
wh
c ti ued f t h ext thre ce turie w rki g
t th
m tter d gr du lly ev lvi g
ti f ct ry
y tem
a
one
or
s on
s o on
s n
ca n u s
on
a ns
no
a n
s on
an
ca n u s
os
or
os s
so
as
s n
ss
as
no
a ns on
u ra
no
or
s an
or
s n
an
one
on
er
os
an
a ns
as
in
ca n u s
a re
co
a re
no
mp os i tu s
c a n tu s
no
us,
on
o a
ea s u r e
en s u r a
u s ca
us c
an
an
n a
as
n s
n o
o o
nn n
u s ca
an
a ns
an
ns
s a
as
u ra u s
sa
ca n u s
an
on .
no a
on
or
oo
no a
no
en
en s u r a a
as
a ns
e. ,
en s u ra a
or
s,
on
r a n co o
o o
ne
a n
on
or
an
an
as
on
en s u ra
u s ca
s a
sa
T i n cto r , P r opor t i on a l e, i n Cou s s ema k e r ,
vo
l iv
.
M e a s ur e d M u s i c
The ide f repre e ti g the i terv l by me

f the
li e d p ce f the t ve t which w dded
m re f the cl ve C F G h d t ke r t d pre d
ver E ur pe d it rem i ed t i ve t meth d f
h wi g the rel tive time me ureme t f the te
which were pl ced the t ve Th virg h d bec me
th
qu re h e ded te H d the pu ctum either
qu re
l e ge ; d the e f rm were t ke
i
the b i f the w t ti
expl ti
f
which we will ll w me f the e l d writer t pe k
f
them elve begi i g
t with the
F
e rl e t but W th Fr c S ce he the E l
p
Ill
cle re t
m
g
bl
i
t
me ured by l g
h rt
I y
d
m
bi l i
bec u e i pl i
g there i
me ure
A Time i
me ure f u d
f ile ce which
i
c mm ly c lled re t I y th t the re t i
me ured by time bec u e therwi e tw v ice p rt
f which
c t i re t while the ther d e
t c uld
t be kept i
their pr per pr p rti
M e ured mu ic i divided i t wh lly

d p rtly
me ured Wh lly me ured i di c t f which
every p rti i regul ted by time P rtly me ured
i c lled rg
um which i ly cc i lly me ured
The rg um w
l ger trictly te g i t
te
A d
i
mu
t
k
w
th
t
the
rg
um
u
ed
y
W t nsl t
h
L ti n w d p
s t si n thi s i
f mi l i
t
E gl i h m i i ns wh
L ti n
f
h
p s
a o
s an
or
or
as
or
as
on
s,
on
on
an
o s
r a n co s
a na
an
ons
as
a s on a
an
on
s on
no
as
sa
on s
sa
or
s no
as
s on
n o
as
no
a ns
a na
as
an
15
is
no
on a ns
as
so
no
as
a n s on
one
no
z zs
in
o,
as
as
no
no
an
on
en s u r a
u s z ca
on ,
an
no a
nn n
an
so
an
ens u r a
one
oo
an
ne
oz
no
as
on
as s
as
a n
a ns o
a s
an
ar
ou
ra
a e
no
us c a
or
a u sa
93
use
as
an
re
au e
ce
or
t e
w y The rg um pr per i the pure
i
but
the
ge
er
l
rg
um
whe
the
pl
i
m
g
g i me ured
Here we
remi ded th t
l g pl i
gw
ly u g i u i
Pl m
g
ct ve i t te were t me ured b t
f the
f
ll
wed
the
tur
l
pr
u
ci
ti
g
li iz
g w rd Thi f ct h bee t fte l t
igh t f by writer
pl i
g w h h ve e de v ured
t
give time v lue t the eume
ry
d t the rdi
t ti f pl i
g
D
i c t i the c
ce f ever l di ff ere t
O
mel die
uth r the pr ceed t divide di c t
i t ever l ki d fter t h m er f l l e rly writer
d
me m der w h eem u ble t v id cl ify
i g everyt h i g
The meth d f te chi g c u terp i t
till i v gue i E gl d d we believe i
me
p rt f the C ti e t i which everythi g i cl ied
i t ve pecie i
direc t utc me f medi ev l
meth d
Fr c w cl ie time me ureme t i t m de
m d
S me y there
d
me eve We
i m
reduce them t ve
in tw o
a nu
an
s on
as
or o
a re
a n s on
s no
on
as
as
n s on
no
na
on
as
a n
on
or
an
as
s on
on
on o
an
so
or
an
o no
oo
a nn
na
an
ass
o n
an
so
ass
s,
oo
s x
so
n.
All the te l g
A l g te f ll wed by h rt te
A h rt te f ll wed by l g
A l g f ll wed by t w h rt
h rt f ll wed by l g
Tw
All h rt
on
O
O
O
O
n o
as
a re
O
O
na
no
sa
III
IV
V
an
ass
11
an
os
on
n o
s o
ns
o n s on a n
oo
ur a
n o s
a ns on
as
a ns o n
an
on
no a
no
on
o s
s
no
94
or
a s
o s
no
on
on
on
P e rfe c t i o n
an
I m p e rfe ct i o n
F IG RE S
me
imple ther
c mp u d
O f gure
The c mp u d gure
the lig ture
O f imple
gure th ere
t h ree ki d the l g the b i
d
the mi b i
d the l g h
three v lue per fect
imperfect d d uble
The l
g i c lled perfect whe it me ured i
three Time
The Ter ry i the m t perfect f umber f it

t ke i t
me fr m the Tri ity which i pure per
f ti
The gure f the l g i qu re with t il
de ce di g fr m i t right ide 1
Th
imperfect l g i repre e ted by the me
gure It c t i t w Time
wr g
d th e
w h c ll it
l g
t
A imperfect l g
ever t d by it elf it mu t
lw y h ve breve bef re
fter it d it i c lled
imperfect f thi re
The c fu i
f the
l gic l d ctri e with mu ic w very gre t i the e
time the umber three mu t be pre erved t l l c t
theref re t w time l g mu t be c mpleted by breve
t
bri g it t the ter ry c diti
It h bee
d
d t
h wi
rece t hi t ric l w rk th t the
givi g f ter ry v lue t
te w
t due t
the
l gic l i ue c but th t t h writer merely p i ted
t the
t
imil rity f three te i
the
se
an
an
on
ec
on .
Th e
ree -
l onga
r ect a
an
s on
o no
no
or
o-
a er
as
95
no
en e
en
o n
os
as
as
on .
on
as
na
t e
on
a ue o
on
a re
os
an
sa
or a
on
e,
on e
n l v l f h l ng w w t i m s d
l ng i f l t i nv nti n H c p h p
w ti m l n g
f
o rigi
t h ti m
or
a s on
na
an
s,
ca n n
o s
ou
a r ec a
e a v o u re
as
is
o-
r ev s , a n
'
s :
on
on
as
on
os
on a ns
on
or
on
on
s a re
na
na
T HE
a re
r ev s :
,
a re
so
a re
ERN I
CONC
an
er a
th e p erfec or
s th e e p res s i o
d ctri e f the Tri ity The rgume t t ke i th t
pr ctic l m w uld t cquie ce i
b urdity
Th ugh there i much t be id f thi view we
d
c
t gree with it ; f the freque t di cu i
h ir plitti g ver mere w rd h w th t the C hurch
mu ici were t pr ctic l The pr ctic l m were
n
en
no
a nn o
a ns
no
N TAT I N
O
an
s s on s
an
PA N I H T R A
en
ozen
OF
or
or
sa
e
o
u
n
as
q
OU B D OU R S .
the d e pi ed pr ctiti er
f mu ic the l y i t
me t li t w h h d
c ecti with the C hurch
d wh
ever c u ed c fu i by m ki g triple
me ure t h b i f their t ti
The D uble L g h the f rm f t w l g

which
j i ed t gether i
b dy
th t the
te r f the pl i
g m y t be br ke
Th t i
t
i
the
d
uble
l
g
u
ed
chiey
the pl i
w
y
s
n a
s s
an
as
o sa
as s
o n
o
,
on
on
on
on
o ne
as
6
9
no
on .
as
s on
no a
n s ru
on n
a ns on
no
a re
on
no
so
on
a n.
L o n gs
an
d S h o rt s
g which w the te r
h ldi g p rt i rder
t h t the ther i ger might h ve ple ty f time f
rid r me t ti f t h eir p rt
The breve i either t

therwi e It i
qu re with ut t il
The emibreve i either m j r

mi r
d i
f rmed like l e ge
E l ewhere we le r
th t the t b w
divided
i t th ree emibreve the

ther breve i t t w
The m j r emibreve i ter ry the mi r bi ry
A l
g i f ll wed by l g
breve d thi
i
l the c e with breve
d
emibreve
If
l g f ll w l g wheth er the ec d l g i re t
te the r t will be me ured by three Time
d i c lled
perfect l g
But if l g i f ll wed by
m re breve it
will be t w time l g d i c lled imperfect ; except
whe betwee t h l g d the breve there
i pl ced
little upright li e c lled
ig
;
f perfecti
f m
divi i
d i which P tz
;
c e the r t l g i perfect while the breve
m ke the l g which f ll w it imperfect ; thu
s on
as
s n
o na
n a
no
a so
on
or
an
no
on
on
on
s on
s,
oo
ns m i
which w uld be repre e ted thu i m der
p e ra
-
Su
Su
an
on
on e o r
an
e
p
ra
ns
97
om
a,
ni
t ti
n no a
an
on
on , o r
as
na
on
is
as
an
on
n o
or a
on
no
on
re
na
on
s a
an
as
no
or
r ec a
a o
on
or
oz
a o
n o
n o
or
r ec a
on o
or
on
It will be ee the th t the little upright li e c lled
b
the divi i
f the m
d i pr ctic lly
li e
t h ugh t till m y ce turie l ter w it u ed t
regul r i terv l
with
But if t w
three f ur m re breve f ll w
the l g the the l g i perfect ; u le it i p d d
by i gle breve The wh le di ff culty ri e fr m
me
f h wi g the regul r
t h ere bei g yet
me ure f the full ig ic ce f the d i m b m d i
t yet u der t
d
w
O f tw
t
breve t h r t i
ter
ry
the
(
)
t
ec d bi ry The b i
c t i
wh le
time the b i l t i
l g u t the imperfect
l g i v lue f b t h th ugh repre e ted by di ff ere t
gure
me ured by t w time but wh t i c lled
i gle time f t h breve i the mi imum time th t the
v ice i c p ble f utteri g di ti ctly Here we h ve
the rigi f
w rd mi im ; d whe it bec me
ece ry t
te f le v lue th the m i i m
the the ri t bjected t h t
c uld t h ve y
thi g le th the le t
But if betwee t w
d betwee
l g there ccur t w breve
the t w
f m
breve t h ere i
divi i
d the the t w
f th
tw
l g
imperfect
breve eit h er
d
like will be t ; but thi very r rely ccur
y
Fr c give the f ll wi g ex mple
s on
a s
on
or
or
on
or
no
as
as
ar
ou r
us
as
s n
an
oo
no
a ns
ss
r ece
'
as
as no
na
on
on
a re
ssa
on
s s
an o
Da
an
no
oo
an
tra ~d i ,
ca
8
9
a,
an
ri ,
s on
r ec a
an
one
ss
an
o ne
as
a re
ou
na
on a n s
no
sz
r ec a
r ec a
an
ss
a na o
use
on
ou r
er a
as
a s n
o
rev s
or
an
r ev s
oo
or
P o in t o f P e rfe c t i o n
equiv le t t
n
ri ,
Da
d i,
t ra
pi,
ca
which there eem

bject i c ideri g the breve
tw
time v lue i them elve ; f they
f three
imply the c mpleme t f the imperfect l g
But if three breve
ccur betwee t w l g t h ey
will e ch be t u le i ue ced by the divi i
d betwee the r t t w f the three breve i
f m
which c e the r t l g i imperfect the middle breve
A d wh tever c t i
three time whether
t
i
uttered with
cce t
m re c titute p f
ti
We w c me t the rigi f
d tted
te
If
ever l breve f ll w
l g the l g i
lw y imperfect u le the ig f perfecti i dded
it The ig f perfecti with Fr c
t
Th D tt d
little b
imil r t the divi i
i
f
N w
m d ; it fterw rd bec me the P i t f
i
E gl
Perfecti
d the Prick f Perfecti
mely
d t fter
te
O f the breve which f ll w

y mu t be m de
th t m y be ece ry i rder t pr duce
t
the ter ry umber which c titute perfecti
Th t i t
three
time
mu
t
be
dhered
t
y
thr ugh ut
But if t the d f gr up f breve there
tw
in
s no O
as
a re
r ec a
one
on
o ns
on
er e c
ou r
ss
a r,
on
on
on
n o
or
no
s on
on a ns
no
on
on
on
as
or
ss
oo
r ec a ,
o-
or
on s
an
s on
s a
on ,
na
oo
ou r
or
an
a no
na
sa
on ,
r ec a
o n
an
ssa
on s
on .
en
99
a re
rem i i g the the l t mu t be c
brevi thu
a n n
s
as
on s
idered
as
Liter lly
a
but
thu
tur l i ti ct w uld pr b bly le d the i ger
na
ns
s n
s :
which pp re tly the l g f ll wed by breve

w uld t d bec u e t h i ger w uld c ider i t
d y c p te it
i
ff ected by the previ u breve
the r t b
The rule the u f rtu te i ger w
bliged t le r were terribly c mplex wi g t the
w t f imple expedie t f i dic ti g the me ure
with ex ct e
But if there i ly
breve left it will m ke the
g imperfect
l t l
cer i g emibreve the rule
the me
N w c
f
breve ; but m re th three emibreve c
t be
t
c t i ed i b i
O f the e three emibreve
e ch i c lled mi r ; it i the le t p rt f
t b
i
A d if the breve c t i
tw
emibreve the r t i
c lled mi r the ec d m j r f it c t i t w
mi r
fo r
no
on
o,
as
s n
as
as
on
one
on
on
or
n n
on a n
re v s r ec a
no
no
as
on
on a n s
s a re
an
s,
no s .
na
as
n o
ss
on s
as
an
a n
as
a s
an
a r.
s n
a o
i oo
a nn o
a r ec a
s
or
sa
on a n s
r ev s .
I n u e n c e o f N e u m e s
The cce tu ti
r d m j r emi
f the mi
breve depe ded
their p iti with reg rd t the
l ger te th t preceded f ll wed them
A
t
It i
ece ry t qu te the rule f emi
ti
brev
they rrive t the me re ult
th e f breve everythi g bei g rr ged
t
pr duce triple me ure
c tre t f the Plic ( Fig 7
I the ixth ch pter Fr
d
p
which i the p ip h
ph l i
f the
He d h i c temp r rie h d t rrived
m
t the ide
th t
yll ble which begi
high
l w
d i
d e d
u d
i
u g t
m re t ; u der the i ue ce f the eum tic
tw
ll
t ti they c idered th t the u d w
th t it beg l w d e ded high
th t i t m ved
up d d w
d mu t theref re be repre e ted by
g
they id by
te He ce r e l l
th
tr uble me c mplic ti
f the lig ture
the
pr per tr l ti
f which i
exceedi gly pu li g
Fr c begi h i ch pter
thi ub jec t thu
The plic i
te i which the me u d i
d d
t h gh
d l w
The pl c m y Th Pl i
Se l g breve
t
em breve
i
h rt te but
i gle te pr ceedi g
t tw
upw rd
d w w rd
The emibreve plic c
t ccur i imple gure
but it i p ible i lig ture
will ppe r l ter
Plic
ce di g de ce di g The l g plic i
i t right
qu re gure h vi g
ce di g li e
n
on
on
no
on
or
ssa
on
os
s u nn
a o
cce n u a
or s
an
no
on
es
as
or
os
as
an
neu
es
an
an
o or
no a
on
an
u re ,
ns
ln O
IV I
so
no
on s
or
one
z z
so
ca
on
no
o s
no
s or
or a s
s
a s a re a s
a s
s n
no
os s
o ne
sa
os
s
one ,
on
no
as
one
on
an
no
v e rs
as
cu s
on
v ce
sa
a ns a
or
so
an
an
o r, a s
n, a n
ce
ns
an
on s
so
so
on,
on
n o es
an
on u s
an
a s o
as
sa
a nno
an
or
as
S ee p 60
.
10 1
n s
as
on
on
i t left ;
with
h rter
d fr m the e t w
li e c m e i t
me plic f lded t gether ( S ee
Fig 7 p
The de ce di g l g plic h t w li e the right

bei g l ger th the left I the ce di g h rt
plic the left h d li e i the l ger d i the de ce d
i g h rt the left i
l the l ger A d te th t
the plic h ve the m e p wer
d v lue
the
imple te de cribed b ve
which
We w c me t the Lig ture ( Fig
r e directly fr m the p
t
the t l the
l im
d
li
f th
eume
h
w
Li g t
i Fig 3 p 55
The re der will re m ember
th t thick blique li e i lig ture m erely repre e t
tw
te wh ich
y
t d t the
M rley
begi i g d the d f t h li e
w
Let
wh t Fr c h t y b ut lig
ture ; d we m u t b erve th t fr m here he u e the
w rd p t
p i t t i dic te wh t w h uld c ll
the te f
t
t h c m plete lig ture
d g
me
c ti u u u d ru i g ver t w
m re
degree f the c le
A
ce di g lig ture i
i which the ec
d
p i t i higher th the r t Here we meet with
f the m
t c mplic ted d tr ge p rt f the te ch
i g
i v lved th t i t i m rvel th t y
c uld
i g t ight i th e d y
Lig ture
either with pr priety with ut p
a
nn n
no
o n
o n
as
so
os
so
P la in
,
a nd
as s
an
o sa
n s
e s
or
os
one
on
one
an
nn n
as
an
u ra
an
nt
as
or cu u s
sa
an
no
o r no a a n
s o
e n
as
s ee
on
cu s o
en
no
sa
u nc u s ,
o f re p ri
an
an
an
us
s n
no
an
or r ec u s ,
a cu s
an
as
a u r es
on
a so
as
on
sa
os
no
no
on
as
an
na
an
on
an
on
one
an
an
s O
one
a re
E a sy I n tr od u ct i on t o P r a ct i ca l M u s i c,
1 7 7 1.
10 2
1 59 7
ro
a ge 10
P r o pri e ty
an
L iga tur e s
with pp ed pr priety A d th i i with

re g rd t the begi i g f the lig ture f the l tter
p rt i either with perfecti
with ut
te
d
th t the e di ff ere ce
e e ti l t the lig ture f
lig ture with pr priety di ffer fr m
th t i with
t
r ti l im l di ff er fr m irr ti l
Pr priety i the chief te i the c tructi f the
lig ture d ccur i i t begi i g while perfecti
i
d
the chief te t i t
E l ewhere we re d
E very pr priety i
h rt impr priety l g ; pp ed
pr priety pr duce t w emibreve i ce
l ei
lig ture
m re th
tw
Whe ce
t u ed i
if ever l te c me i t lig ture they
f ll w
e ch perfect te i l g e ch imperfect te i breve
except th e th t
m de emibreve by pp ed
pr priety
The m e i g f the f reg i g e te ce bec me
cle r by further qu t ti
li e de ce di g
E very de ce di g lig ture h vi g
fr m i t left ide i id t be with pr priety
But if it
i t r t
te i h rt ( Fig 7 p
i t r t
li e t l l it i with ut pr priety
h
te i l g
ce di g gure i with pr priety if it h
E very
tr ke t l l
But if it h
tr ke
the left
right f the
th
r t te it i with ut pr priety
r t te
ce di g lig ture i h rt if there
t il l g
f
if it h
t il i t left ide
very lig ture wheth r
ce di g de ce di g
E
r
i
e
t
p
y,
a
os
or
nn n
on
as a
o
no
an
no
no
n a
no
no
os
an
one
s n
os
o.
no
a on
a re a s
a re
o ne
on o
on
ona
on
on
n o a
or
n o r a re
ons
en
an
nn n
no
an
o ne
or
an
ona
or
ss
ou
a re
s :
s a
os
'
an n
o a
a s no
no
no
on
no
an as
as a
sa
as
a s no
s ee
as
ons
o n
on
on
s s
or
i s no
no
on
10 3
as
or
of
St o ry
No t a tio n
which be r li e ri i g fr m i t r t p i t i w ith
pp ed pr pri ty th t i i t t w r t te ar
i
emibreve
But t h ere i
e e ti l d i ff
th
m iddle f the lig ture
ll th
te f which
h rt
Th
w
rule f the l te f t h lig tur
f ll w d f t h ke f brevity they m y be p i t
m i d whe the l t
te i l g t h lig ture i id
d
t
be w i th perfecti ; whe h rt it i with ut
perfecti
The l t te i l g if it t d imme
d i t ly ver i t predece
r if it t d u der it d
ep r ted fr m it It i h rt if it t d bliquely
ver u der i t predece r d j i ed t it With
ri i g
f lli g li e j i ed t the right h d ide
f the l t
te f t h lig ture it i id t be pli
t d
d if bei g plic ted t h l t
te i t j i ed
t i t predece
r it i l g ; if plic ted d j i ed it
i
breve
G ili lm
the m k give
t ble f lig ture
m
k
C
S
i
t
l
iii p 7 6 ) m rked with
(
p
th
letter L f l g b f breve m f m xim
f
m ib
i
wh ic h ll wi g f pr b ble lip f
th p
gree f irly well with t h b ve rule
R e t ( Fig 7 ) h ve
w t be c
idered A perfect
l g re t f th v lue f t h ree ti m e i
uprigh t li e
h ree
c
v
ri
g
t
p
ce
A i m perf ct l
g
R t
re t c ver t w p ce A breve re t
t i i g ly
time c ver
p ce A m j r
e m ibreve re t c ver t h upper h lf f p ce T h
mi r e m ibreve re t ( mi i m ) c ver t h l wer h lf f
a s
os
na
an
e sa
or
on
on
no
e ren c e
a re
s n
no
as
an
an
o n
sa
an
s no
no
as
an
on
s a
an
an
an
sa
o n
sso
or
sso
on
no
or
on
sso
o n
an
o n
us
ou s s e
no
no
as
or
no
as
or
se
ca
no
ss
no
o n
s n
er,
re v s
en , a
on
or
or
or
vo
on
or es ,
cr
or
or s e
on
e a
no
s an
ons
on
es s
a n n
on
one
no
one
10 4
a o
con
Pl i c a
L i ga t ur e s
F IG
Pl i c a
As cendi
8
B g
on
an
d Res ts
La ng
Des cendi ng
S ho w
Des cendi ngLi gatures
Propriety
Re s t s
M
i
m
n
r
l
o
r
e
M
f
erfectf ong Im
r
ec
B
a
a
i
av
t
S
e
e
P
i
p
y
'
inim
a
Semim
a
Crom
icrom
a
Sem
10 5
Endorleti od
p ce Th
d
f the peri d i
i dic ted by
u me ured re t exte di g b ve d bel w th
t ve
A d
te
y Fr c
th t re t h ve m
vell p wer ; f by the m the m d
i terch ged
m g them elve
Thu f Fr c We h ve q ted fr m him r t
bec u e he i cle rer th
ther ; the wh le m tter
h d pr b bly bec me f irly
ettled by h i
Ch g
f ti m e
We will w
wh t hi pre
T mp
f
d
t
T
h
h
ve
uth
r
y
w
d
E
h i i di
H b ld
Od
i
wh e
d y me ured mu ic h d
ri
e
t yet
g
ig
g
i d
h
t
t
i
the
ece
ity
it
quite
live
f
M i w
f
i
p
rt
ce
l
w
r
pid
temp
he
m
f
d
i
td
rem rk th t t ly the pitch but l
the r pidity f the
g m u t be v ried cc rdi g t
the e
i ger mu t lw y tte d
; but th t the
t
the e u ci ti
which mu t be u g
f the eu m e
t
uit ble p ce d eith er with tedi u l w e
with uch irrevere t h te t u d like the b rk
f
d g
But t t h i time t h rhythm which c i ted
f gr up
f yll ble
w
u me ured
d f eume
d ther
it w like the pr e rhythm f the P lm
p etry i the Bible
R iem
upp e th t the l d free rhythm beg t
give w y t t h me ured m u ic de cribed by Fr c
i
the eleve th d twelfth ce turie
d th t the
m d f rm ed the t rti g p i t f the w te ch

i g
The lde t writer
m e ured mu ic
a
en
as
ar
an
an
es
an
o,
an
an
oo
s a re
re
os
s o
ss
o so
on s s
as
sa
as
an
an
an
as
a nn s
os
or
o:
a so
an
n,
as
os
no
as
o,
an
oo
on
as
no
on o
s o
or
s n
or
an
s o
s on
sa
s ee
n or
a s on
ss
an
uc
as
s,
r a
n v en e
an
n or
as
an
e ce s s o r s
us c
uo
nc
ar
no
u se
er e
o.
or
sa
on
no
on s
106
on
o n
an
as
an
ne
a re
E a rly
Hier ymu de
Th e o r y o f Ti m e
r vi
A ymu N 7
f
d J h
e de G l d i
C
m k
Th
wh
lived d t ught
E gli h mu ici
li t
t P ri
The e i f rm
th t i the W it
l
e rlie t time the l g w equ l t t w M
M
breve
t three ;
d it i
u f rtu te
th t they mixed mu ic with the l gy d thu p
d
d i extric ble c
fu i
Hier ymu de M r vi c ll the m lle t d i di
vi ible t e which
be he rd cle rly d di ti ctly
i t
i t t
y th t thi i
d
Th
wh t the c e t c lled T mp
Time
li t
Here w h ve d t ct utc me f Greek i d
f
t h e ry ; f A i t
build the wh le Ti m Di i
y tem f Greek mu ic l rhythm
m
i
m
p t
prim ry t h
ti
f the h
bi
d
b
b
time which he y i the h rte t ti m e v lue
"
G
d
i
give c mp iti
d i i divi ible
?
h g
t
S me te Hier ymu y
l g
me h rt me very l g ther very h rt He
give th f rm f the l g t h breve d the emibreve
t
Fr c d e
d the de cribe
t l gi
l g s m
t b
i
t b
i im
The r t te
f
h
ch
t
i
l
g
d
if
yll
ble
m
re
th
y
y
te the ec d te i l g He the de cribe
the plic
d lig ture
d m
g re t he de cribe
the p i i m
pp re t re t w h ic h ly exi t f
i t t We h uld y bre thi g pl ce It i
triki g h w m uch pl ce the i gle Time t k i

e rly th e ry U der t h he di g D i c tu w
on
ou s s e
an
Mo
an
er,
no
an
n s
no
so
in
on r s z
o s
a , no a
an
an
one n o
ns
n
sus
an
r u
an
an a
an
an
on
10
ase
or , n o a
no
an
as
in
een
on
no a
on
s s
ave
s n
s ee
an
sa
s on
ea c
on
on
co
a re
no
es
ea s
ea r
an
s sa
an
r ev s s
r ev a r , n o a
on
an
an
on
an
r a os
on
on
ro
us, a
on
s o
us
an
on
on
e n s u ra
na
on ,
os
es
er s
so
an
as
one
sa
r on os
sa
ox e nu s
ea r
n o
on s o
na
an
is
r s
or
o.
s on .
an
ns
a,
o o
ca n
an
n s a ns ,
o a
on
as
on
on
u ce
an
us
an
ar an
on
n o
n on
a nn
an
an
or
s
oo
n
e
ve me ur ble mu ic i th t which i m e ured by
m
m
Ul t
t h me
ure f
m y
f
id f te which
v lue th
i
f le
f
m re v lue th t w time
uch
ucce i
three emibreve ; d it m u t be b erved th t every
m
te f pl i
g i l g d lt m
i ce it
c t i the me ure f three time th t i t y

whe it i j i ed t di c t f it w till u me ured
if u g l e
J h e de G l d i me ti
i m
d dividi g
d
th t de cribed by Fr c (p ge 9 4) N i t t w
givi g di ff ere t umber fr m Fr c He
s
y
th
t
ther
te
cher
ther
m
d
dd
E
zd i f He pe k f
t
b
i
c
t
i
i
g
d
J h
time
t
l g
c
t
i
i
g
tw
G l
di
tw b
blique l g which i
gre ter th
t
d uble l g which
l g
t i
ever l l g i it elf d l g which tur
it elf t w rd higher d l wer u d
lig ture
i
m der p rl ce l g t p ge He divide
th
m d i t perfect d imperfect de cribe the
lig ture with pr priety with ut pr priety d with
pp ed pr priety with d with ut perfecti ; the
plic ted lig ture etc The c h pter
Lig ture i
wit h l l the e writer l g d b cure if ly t h ey
c uld h ve f re ee t h i m ple m der
f t h leg t
ig h w much tr uble th ey w uld h ve ved t h e m
elve d
T h R e t he tell
i
divi i
u d m de
f the
i
due pr p rti
i m ple d c m p u d
Re t
ha
as
as
s sa
no
an
no
o n
a on
a nn
as
an
or
s s on
s n
as s
sa
as
ar an
ons
sa
an
or
e ns u ra
ra
one ,
an
on
as
an
an
a n s on
on a ns
ss
a re o
e n s u ra
ra
an
one or
as
s x
as
o, a n
an
n o
o. 1
oo
oo
a n n es
ar a n
o ne
an
oo
on a n n
as
an
ns
an
on
an
e s
on
on
c on
assa
a o
on
so
s an
on
an
on
on a n n
as
an
an
n,
r ev s
on
n o
an
os
on
r ec a
an
r e ves ,
on
r ec a
r ec a
o r,
r ec
a ns
n use o
on
sa
us
s us
on
s on o
s a
a re
10 8
so
an
o
h
a nn e s d e G a r l a n d i a
J
S imple re t
th e which c u e c ti
f
u d cc rdi g t the v lue f me m d m er
d they m y be perfect
imperfect The
R t
t ch
perfect re t d e
ge the m d but
the imperfect ch ge it ( fr m tr ch ic t i mbic
A c mp u d re t i d uble
triple
qu druple
etc We h uld y th t there were re t duri g t w
three
f ur b r etc He give the me f rm
f
re t
Fr c (p ge
The divi i
f the m
d i little perpe dicul r
tr ke pl ced bel w y li e ; it i
p
DW
f
p ed t be h rter th the re t f the
tsd
s
so
os
a re
an
so
on
es s a
oo
or
a nn
or
es s
or
an
s on
os
or
or
sa
oo
an
is
an
o s
su s
or
an
or
s :
,
as
an
no
no
sa
no a
an
as
no a
no
an
on
an
n on
sa
on ,
re
on
a n a r ec a
s a so
v s on o
no
s ca n
a ns
is
a n
ra
no
or
a ns on
an
of
s on
the yll ble
su
the me i t ccur l
i
i m y pl i
M
S
S
t ti Di i i f
g
q u re
h w the mu ic l t the verb l yll ble
t
S yII bI
gr up f te were c lled yll ble
f
A p i ti he de cribe
pp re t d
t b ws
exi te t re t h rter th
H vi g expl i ed the t ti he h w h w i t i
u ed f di c t The te r i he y c lled the r t
p rt the di c t the ec d p rt The
Di
t
r t p r t h t be c idered i three
wy
mel dy t the umber f p i t i t
t
f l
t i
d
t
the m d di p iti
g d
h rt te A t the ec d p rt the di c t we
t the um b r f
h ve t c ider i three w y l
te which th ugh diff eri g i qu tity mu t be t
gether f equ l v lue t th e i the te r
d
t m
i ngl
t
I
D
ivi i
oo
sa
s as
or
an
an
or
no
or
e. , s
on
os
os
e no es .
10 9
no
an
an
c on
on
s a so : as
o n s
on
ons
oo
as
as
on s
as
an
as
o
o
oo
which mu t gree with th t f the te r ; d t
d
th t the t w p rt u d well t gether A d
t
bt i c l ur whe t w p i t
t ke with
f the te
r either m y be di c rd All uth r
ll w thi lice ce which fte ccur i the rg um
m tet The
d e peci lly i
third p rt dded
T pl m i
the di c t He de cribe
t
the t l g
qu re with
t il the d pl
h
d
p
l g
d uble the le gt h f
th
r t d t h plic which
di ffer i ever l re pect fr m
the plic f Fr c
We cc i lly re d f the
um p id t prie t w h c uld
rg i e
d i g i triplum
d q
d pl m
D
C ge
qu te
p ge fr m the
l gi m
N
buri l regi ter
f P ri
f
the
thirtee
th
I T HA A
PL E R M
ce tury
rder f the clerk
wh
h ll i g the Al l l i i rg um triplum
d
l
ther p ge
d
q
p m t receive S ixpe ce ;
rder t h t the f ur g i
f the Allelui receive
tw pe ce e ch
A gl i
t bl t i bbl q t i bl
B n y l ii p 36
s
cor
a n ce ,
o O
a n
no
an
rz
on
as
an
CT
IT S
ua
ru
e u a
ur
a n se r s
or
ce,
or
an
an
re
vo
e,
1 10
a no
e,
assa
or
an
s n
an o
s n
assa
an
e c ro o
ru
ua
o.
a s on a
an s
a ns
an
un
era
a o
a or s u
an
a as
an
on
r ec a
an
o s
one
o c on
as
o n s a re
an
s so
no
o o
ua r
e.
or
HAPT E R VI I
C
E
xt ts
w tn
v s t nt c nt y t s
P b bly
Sm
sc
m s c
m s
ls mm n s n w w tt n w nGym l M s t
F ls m s c T n n cy m v l
m s
m
lt
s b m n nt
t nt n
G k
m
tt c
s yst m
sn
m
l n n t by s m s
c
n t n n cy m
lt n
n n t b t H
l H
t m t bl M s P s
Ac m l c t
M s
N m n I n c m t nt s n s C
sn
m t
s V s t m n t c l s t l bj ct ns
c m l t dm sc
from th e
ra c
ea u re d
de
ea d i
io
UC
fal
o e
i
p
pe e
i
p ca
wa s
ur
fe w
od e r
a n dl o s
ures
a ri
of
a ri o
p
E
dia
c e
ra i
i g
of
De
th e
of
th e
of
th e
o du
a mboys
ogu e
a nd
of
e di ae a
de
de
er
io
re e
Th e
u ri
Of
d u e to
on
h ro n
a gi
de
h or
au
th e
om
ro
de
De
i ger
e s ig a
ed
er
e- a
a ri ou
h od
Ro
h ord i n th e
i c p ro d u
do
ee
do
e ra
a ed
or
en on
ri
e re
t o th e
to th e d omi
od u a e
sy nne
i s i cu m en i n
er
gs
fou r
a ri o u
O di ngton
i c to
re e
of
G a rl a nd i a
u
i gs
or co
ri
u ri
th e
ol d a n d n ew
i a s i ca
io
to
the te chi g with light v ri ti

fr m
b ut the middle f the twelfth ce tury ; d the lig
t ure held their pl ce th ugh bec mi g m re
d m re
r re u til the eightee th ce tury They
de cribed
i
S
p
i
h
by
er
e
di
E gli h by M rley
i
C
59 7
Berg m
fu d i T b
6 3
P
i
pri ted i N ple i 6 3 5 d eve i the
M i
ex mple f M rti i b k C u terp i t pri ted t
B l g
l te
774
pri t
le th f rty tr ct
m k
C
me ured mu ic bel gi g t the f urtee th ce tury
l e ; d it i evide t th t if f rty h ve urvived
the c ti e t l w r ccide t l re
d ther f rm
s
o,
s o
o o
ou s s e
as
er
an
a on
on
n s
ss
ra
on
no
on
a re
on
a s s on
e rc u s s
an
o n
n a
oo
as
an
an s
na a s
a re
u s c,
on s
an
an
n a
III
an
on
de tructi
very gre t umber mu t h ve bee
writte ; d we k w t h t the c m p er e peci lly
m er u
E gli h m e
were
u
d he d i
N mb
l
m
t th
m
gre
t
e
tee
t
e
T
h
ere
f M i l
d expl ded tr diti
th t c u ter
ld
T ti
p i t beg i E gl d There i thi much
m t h
b
f u d ti f it th t p rt i gi g w
w I
tre u u ly cultiv ted i E gl d d t
P
very e rly ep c h re c h ed h igh degree f perfecti
The f m u c
S u m er i i m i c m p ed by
J h f R e di g i 5 c
t be i gle
Sm
e
ff rt ; it m u t h ve bee preceded by h
i m
f i m il r c m p iti
dred
it
c
uld
i
h igh
t h ve re ched
t d rd f de
f the
It i
r del
l pm t
d c mm
fG l
di
g referred t byJ h
pe k
wh
c l ur pr duced by i t i
i g f the
f the
te y R epetiti f t h me te i c l ur by
which the he ri g i ple ed ; d w
thi ki d
i r
d c mm
f r
me
t
del
g
Th
S
tude
t
f
m
der
c
u
terp
i
t
will
rec
ll
C mm
h
h
f
f
t
pr
ibiti
repetiti
te
s
g w
f
utc
me
medi
ev
l
te
chi
g
It
i
pr
b
b
l
b
p
y
ft
t
ble th t f w f the r del were writte
w i tt
d w The prie t w h were bu y i ve t
d W
i g
t ti
the l gic l li e w uld
f it f
m ke
wh t th ey
t be very e ger t
reg rded w rldly m u ic d
uch pp ed t t h
d the c m m
mu ici
t h Tr ub d ur
C hurch ;
M ei ter i ger
etc m tly g their
M i e i ger
of
on ,
no
an
er s
s es
r ea
ee n
eeC
an
en
cu
n 12
0,
as
an
n,
on
os
a nn o
s n
en
ve o
s on
no
sa
un
ro
er e
no
as
nn s n
on
s n
1 12
no
os
an
or
a ns
o o
as s
use
on
on
o o
an
on
o n
on
no a
an
o, s
on s o n
on
use
on
s a
ca
s an
on
no
an
en
on
ar an
e sa
or
an
or
as
an
en
a n n es o
n s
on
on
o na
a s
on o
on
on s
os
so
one
o o
s n
no
no
en
cu
er
an
n o
is
a n on ,
an
on
an
or
on
is
os
an
r oc
o n
ave
us
an
n,
u s ca
os
san
M agi s t e r de G ar l a n di a
g by he rt d ppe r t h ve extemp ri ed i
d t l l eve t
ki d f p rt i gi g i third
E gl
d
c lled Gy m l
third
ixth c lled F
d i
derive the curi u w rd Gymel
R iem
d
b
fr m G m l l m twi
g
A ec d M gi ter de G l d i w h lived ce tury
l ter th J h e u e the w rd pr priety with

f the
reg rd t the p iti
g
the
Tb Th
g mut There i every g three p

j
h
t
P
t
l
d
qu
re
l
tur
l
t
6
6
l
m
p
q
whi h
F
We k w the h bec u e it begi
ld
g
mm
t
e
d
with
E
it
begi
d
g
h
g
t
d e d with e
B m ll
with G l
we k w bec u e it begi with F d e d w ith d
The tur l pr priety we k w bec u e it begi with
s on
an
ou r on
o
n- s on
an
a nn
on
an
s n
a ux
a,
s on
on
s on
r ee
ro
or
no
a- a
re
so
no
on
or
s on
c ou
ns
ns
or
ns
sun
an
no
na
ns
an
na
an
e, a n
es
i c
ri e i e s
a re
os
ar an
on
a nn
an
n s
an
dr w bec u e there
t
bi l i ve
m
li e
te
Th F
t
i
quired f th
i
m tet
g
d F
d el ewhere
Alth ugh pl
g ue
Li d
w
d fr m the time f Guid h
u ed
S
t
f ur li e the dded p rt h ve u ed three
h
f ur ve i
umber
th
t
the
c
mp
er
y
th ught t
W lter O d i gt
m k f E ve h m wr gly
de cribed
Archbi h p f C terbury
W lt
uri hed i
H
i
tre
ti
e
c
lled
D
75
O d gt
Sp
l t
M
m tly m them t c l
d he give the
cie t Greek t ti
He de cribe
In
on
a re
pl i
g f ur li e
ly eve
te ; but i
dr w bec u e i e
a n s on
a re
or
no
a re
n n
ca n u s
no
ens u r a
ca n u s
a n cu s
or
a re
re
ou r
an
an
a i ns on
i ve
ne
no
an
s x
or
an
as
a v es
os
as
on ,
as
on
12
an
on
in
ecu a i on e
an
u s zcce i s
an
os
no a
1 13
a i
on .
er
on
f the
the cl ve
clef
ig which i f rm
me f the te f with ut them we h uld t
k w the te He eem t be the r t t divide the
emibreve i t three p rt the w te bei g c lled
a
na
no
s , as
ou r
no
no
n o
M i n i ma
us
or
n o
ns
ne
no
no
d
The r t G l di
ym u writer c lli g
m k
him elf Ari t tle wh m C
pl ce
b ut
f C l g e
c
temp
r
ry
with
Fr
c
Fl
t wh
f M i
m
g
the
r
pe
k
l
f
M i
Ari t tle y
N w the que ti
ri e
Wh t ece ity i there t m ke rule b ut f l e mu ic
f l e mut ti ? F wh t i f l e ught t t
be regul ted but wh t i true f l e mu ic d f l e
h wever t with ut their
but
m ut ti
the c tr ry ece ry t pr duce g d
ce
We y th t mu ic bec me f l e whe we ch ge
t et
emit e
emit e t
t e It i
t h wever re lly f l e but ch
ged d it i d e
by pl ci g the ig I; q d t m b t d m i the
pl ce th t i t be ch ged
But G l di i m re explicit F l e mu ic which
i
very ece ry f i trume t e peci lly f the
rg
ccur whe we
e m it e f
t e d
t h rever e
E very t
e m y be divided i t t w emi
t e theref re the u m ber f ig whic h i dic te the
emit e m y be i cre ed i l l the m de
W lter O d i gt
y
The t w b bel g t
th
m ch rd ; th ther lter ti
c lled by
mu ici f l m i
t i
t bec u e they c
y
ar an
ou s s e
on
a se
er
an
o a
on
a n a n on
an
as
o o
u s ca
a re
a sa
us c
or
on
on
s on a n
on
no
o a
on
on
a s
c on
oo
ono
a ns
ns
a sa
u s ca
an
on
a s
on
or
or a
on
n o
ns
n a
no
1 14
on s
an
o s
s,
o
,
sa
ro u n
or
n s
as
on
on
use
an
on
or
a s
ra u
on
an
u s e,
an
ua
on
an
s sa
a n, o
or a
a s
a r an
no
ssa
a s
a s
no
a s
sa
s a
a re ,
on
a re ,
or
on
on
a s
ss
s,
sa
on
a re
on a n a n
Fals e M u s i c
thi ng di
t but bec u e they
ut ide t h
di p iti f the m ch rd d were t u ed by the
cie t
Here w h ve the rigi f the term f l e mu ic
fterw rd c lled m i t feig ed mu ic
d
u u u l mu ic It r e imply fr m
m i
i
it t
the f ct th t the m ch rd the i trume t u ed i
te chi g d i pr vi g the c rrect e f i gi g
f pr duci g the
c t i ed
me
emit e b
twee the u d c lled A B C etc Theref re y
u d ccurri g betwee the e degree f the m
ch rd w c lled f l e u d f it
wered t
t
true te f the m ch rd B t d m w
f l e u d f it lw y h d pl ce
the m
ch rd h d 6 q d t m b th f the e te bel g
i g t the Greek y tem
S me f the e rly writer
f
di like the
thi g th t i f l e ; he ce perh p
the ch ge f me t t The r t f l e te th t
w
u ed w
cc i ed by the t p i
Im d
ti fr m the key f F t the key f B1, f f E
ece it ti g
w
te bel w E which that t
w
c lled E b m l l ( Fre ch w c lled t h S l
E b m l)
Thi tr p iti t the b
d mi t r ther th t ther degree w ugge ted
by the trite ym m o the B t d m ; f
w
h ve h w i C h pter I I the Greek tr pe c t i ed
f thi
withi it elf the ugge ti
tr p iti i t
m
tetr
ch
rd
bei
g
ide
tic
l
with
the
middle
y
tetr ch rd f the key f urth b ve it
I m der mu ic the m t
tur l m dul ti n i t
s s ona n
an
ono
on o
os
no
so
as
as
on
as
ne
an
nne
a
no
u c'
n o
ro u n
as
os
1 15
na
a ns
ca e
or
as
on a n
in o
on
su
n,
no
on
en on
en
'
os
os
on
in
is
ono
a s
ra n s
a ns
no
c a
a s no
a s
a s on
na n
'
on o
no
an
on
a ns
ro u n
or
ss
na
ra
use o
or
ua
an
on o
on
so
s n
a s
ss
an
ns
os
as
as
a ns
so
no
no
a s
a s
c a,
on o
an
a a,
on a n
no
n o
u s ca
nu s
u s ca
an
so
a re
n s
os
on ,
th
the d mi t
fth b
key ; f i te d f
w
de tr yi g
le di g
te we i tr duce
the upper tetr ch rd f the r t key
M d l ti
f the
w key
bec
mi
g
the
l
wer
t
th
t
t
b
The
te
de
cy
m
dul
te
the
D mi
t
d mi t bef re the d mi t i
tice ble
thr ugh ut the c mp iti
f the ftee th
d i
The pred mi ce f the le di g
t
t h ce turie
te i h rm y duri g the e rly eve tee th ce tury
c u ed the ch ge t the m der te de cy t w rd the
d mi t Perh p
ex mple will m ke thi cle rer
E x mple f tr
f the
p iti
c le f C m j r
the m ch rd
i
na n
ou r
ov e
no
on
u a
ne
ne
su
na n
na n
no
a
an
na n
a ns
ono
The tetr ch
tr p ed
pr ctic lly e
d ugge t
M der
a
a ns
os
a o
on
rd A bec me t h
c le ; the b t d
f rce tr p iti
m dul ti theret
s
ro u n
n o
a ns
on
os
on
upper h lf f the
m f the m
ch rd
t
the ubd mi t
a
on o
na n
n use
Here
on
s x
os
s an
na n
an
no
on
ons
os
na n
ee n
an
o ne ,
ns
or
tetr ch rd A bec me the l wer h lf f the
w c le ;
d th
f l e mu ic F h rp which w
t c
t i ed
the m ch rd ll w f upw rd
i te d f d w w rd tr p iti
d m dul ti
ne
th e
no
ns
an
on a n
on
a s
on o
a ns
os
1 16
on a n
as
on
Ru l e s o f F a l s e M u s i c
After the b t d m h d bee u ed f the te E

the b q d t m w u ed t c tr dict it ; d whe
f l e te w required bet w ee C d D
T
h
F d G etc the b q d t m w u ed f
N
t
l
th purp e d c lled d
It fterw rd
d Sh p
bec me d uble cr ( Fig 8 p
d
c lled
lly t k t h h pe f mili r t
me f
h rp i K
The m der Germ
me i g
cr
while the Fre ch c ll it d ie B th ti
l pre erve the cie t expre i q d t m i
Fre ch b
qu re Germ
f
t
d
q
tur l
t u u lly writte
F l e mu ic w
me
f
ce turie bec u e it w
the m ch rd ; d
t
the i ger h d t le r by rule h w t
l
F
i tr duce it The rule were f irly imple
M
At r t it w u ed t c rrect
g
w
t
me ted f urth
dimi i hed fth ; l ter
w tt
h rm y d eve 1 p ed it w i tr duced
t fi t
t
f rm
perfect
c mplete l
l
l
the te bel w the key te bei g r i ed
i the medi ev l expre i
emit e if ece ry ;
it i tr duced the i terv l m i f i t the
i
tt
W
perfect cl e if it w
lre dy
t there
d
Fl t
But upp i g f
re
by
ex
y
S
h p
t
i
t
t
h
rule
F
t
er
C
h
p
y
b
t t
te were t t be u g h rp t w
g
writte bef re
ver t h em ; while if B
E
ther te were t t be tte ed i t h
i gi g
h rp w pl ced bef re them A u writte
ro u n
ra u
ua
no
a s
an
os
on
i es i s
an
an
as
or
a u ra
no
or
an
os s
an
ra u
s ee
oo
na
a n na
or s
a so
ua
os s
cru x
as
an
as
is
r eu e ,
se
an
ar
s s on
ua
an n
na
us
ons
ra u
'
na
a n,
ua
ra
or
ou r
a s
no
as
no
as
s n
eca r r e ,
on
as
or
on o
an
a se
an
so
a s
au
as
ri
or
as
on
as
or
no
on
ssa
on
no
no
or
s n
or
a s
or
rs
n o
a s
no
en
an
or a n
s s on ,
a s
as
an
ar
sun
no
or
a s on ,
an
en
ri
no
an
or
c a usu a ,
as
no
or,
os
ce
os n
o u r c os e,
n s
as
no
1 17
s
h rp
lter the
a
or
be u g ; writte
The e rule h ld g d f
a t w a s t o
no
te
FIG
oo
Semibre vis
Mi ni ma
Crochet a
a
S emimirm
Chroma
u ave r
Di e s i s
Doubl e Sham
x x
1 18
di d t
c ti e t l
no
one
or
on
n a
T h e S h a rp
mu i c E gli h c mp er h ve lw y bee m re
c re f l th their c ti e t l c temp r rie t i dic te
f
the
lled ccide t l
d the r t ve f rm
the die i ( Fig 8 )
c pied fr m f urtee th ce tury
E gli h M S
which b u d i ccide t l
They
were pl ed i di ff ere tly bef re b ve
bel w the
te they ffected
f
A curi u little ch pter dded t the d f
the
ym u tre ti e pe k b ut the h rp u der
the title D S i m i
hybrid w rd evi
A
d
t ly t ke
fr m the Greek y em o
m
y
c ju ct d referri g t the h rp
h pt
c j u ct betwee the t e The wr ter
th
pe k f the
cr
ccurri g betwee
h p
S
t
6
d m
d c but i
thi c e it i
repre e ted by the ig
The
l
ccur
betwee F d G C d D G d A A d B D
d E
Here we h ve c mplete chr m tic c le
A d cc rdi g t the vulg r

uch mu ic i c lled
f l e mu ic
im gi ry di l gue d ted 3 6 betwee R bert
I
de H dl
c fC l g e
E gli hm
d Fr
ri i g t il i pl ced
the right h d
T il d
i
ide f the l g
d the left f the b
N t
wh e they repre e t emit e fr m the p
ti g
previ u
te thu
S m it
s
s o ca
s s
ac
cr u x
os s
an
en n ,
nn
as
ou s
er
on
as
an
a so
an
ar
crux
an
o,
na
an
a o
on
no
an,
on
on
I 19
s on
o o
o es
r e s en
which mu t h ve c u ed c fu i
a
r ev s,
an
a, an
an
an
E r ecta Long a J ,
E r ecta Bre v i s L,
s
on
one
n an
an
s n
or
en
on
an
n a s
a s
an
s o
e n s,
i on
ro u n
an
on
ne
on
a n on
en
o a
on
an
a re
no
n a s
n a
on
an
os
re_
o n es
The me
wh e three
Thi i l
writer It
tre ti e h w
plic ted emib eve
e m ibreve
u ed with
yll ble
give by Petru de C ruce d ther
e 4
f rm i th i
A w term ccur
i
D
H dl
tre
ti
e
the
mil g
S mi l g
wh e gure h wever i the me
th t f the l g The d pl l g i f the v lue
f
i time if t
f
di
g
l
e
but
D pl
time
if
preceded
f
ll
wed
by
breve
l
g
H d l give Fr c
rule i the f rm f
di l gue betwee h im elf d Fr c
d
d ther
dd rule f h i w
temp r rie He
d f hi c
f mi
pe
k
tm
dimi
i
hed
mi b
M
m
em
breve
wh
ch
f
r
m
m ed l ke m
3 :22
h t i
t
with
t
il
thi
tre
ti
e
I
b
we d
we h uld expect l l the
c mplic ted rule b ut lig ture
The ext uth r i C
c llecti i
m k
ther E gli hm J h e H b y
H mb i
H m b y wh m H li hed de cribe
D
11 t mu c
d
f
h
b1e
t
H mb i
cu i g therei m de D ct r f M u ic
He c mpl i th t Fr c h
e ugh
t give
w
expl
ti
He
i
ve
t
te
tw
Th
the
l
ke
m
but
h
m
h t
m
C t h t
h rter t l d the l g l ke duplex
l g but h vi g t w t il (
Fig 8 p
Th
l
rg
c
t
ed
e
l
g
f t
d
Th L g
s
by
t
elf
but
l
g
t
d
g
bef
re
g
fter it were ubtr cted fr m i t v lue Th u
sa
on
a re
o s
on
o n a
s x
an
on
or
an
a o
o
s
n, an
se
an
r ev es
a no
or
r.
o s
an,
a nn
i ni
as
on
er s
an
or
ns
an
ou s s e
n s
r ev es ,
o s
as
a n e x ce
en
si
nn n
a ns
a re
as
s a
o a
on
ve
an
n or a
o s
an
an
as
a on
sa
ex
on
se
ex
ne
an
an
on e
s :
os
a so
an
ons
a na
i a n, a n
as
or
15
no
ne
no
no
n s
no a
c r oc
ro c
on
ar
ai
i ni
an
a
ar
on a i n
a,
ni n
on
a,
s ee
av
'
s an
in
or
e a,
on
12 0
as
an
in
s,
D e M uri s
t he
No r m a n
y H mb y if
l rg i perfect it c t i
d
uble
l
g
l
g
breve
8
7
3
9
A
C
h
p
emibreve
mi
r
emibreve
f
43
7 9
m m
m m
Wh t
m
bl
t
plic ted time t ble f ch ir b y t le r !
There eem t h ve be t w writer f the me
f D
c lled J h e
M uri ;
Juli u w m de R ect r f P ri U i D M i
ver ity i 3 5
d th
ther J h e
de M uri c lled the N rm
eem t h ve tudied
i P ri
but lived d t ugh t t O xf rd
J h e t h N rm wr te w rk c lled Sp l m
M i w i
tre
ti
g
m
g
t
ther
thi
g
f
3
the wh le y tem f Greek mu ic with i t
t ti
f hi
d
f the
t ti
w
time
d h ere
f gre t v lue
He me ti
ki d
h i tre ti e i
t ti i which
t ve f f ur li e i dr w
f
d i
ver the w rd
te d f te lph
i
m
b
c
pl ced
the li e
b t i l letter
d
t
p ce He y th t thi i prefer ble t
"
i
g
the l d Greek t ti which he h ju t N t t
de cribed but th t h the di dv t ge w i th St
lp h
f
t h w m g the t me v lue f t h
theref re it
ly be u ed f pl i
b t i l letter
g F m e ur ble mu ic h y t h qu re t ti
ece ry d pr ceed t de cribe it yi g t h t
i
Guid i ve ted it which h wever he did t f Guid
k ew thi g f me ured mu ic J h e dev te
f hi
eve th b k t
i tere ti g de
C h pter I X
f hi d y
cripti
We
f t h i c m pete t i ger
sa
on
se
i n ors ,
i ni
an
no a
on
on
an
sa
on
ec u u
no
on
no a
on s
on ,
an
ns
a re
ur s
a nn
na
or
a nn
an,
no a
ca
co
an
on
2 1,
an
an
us c
en
a nn
as
as
on e ,
on a n s
or
an
no
on
an
ne
s on
on
n o
oo
I ZI
s n
an
no a
a nn
or
on
sa
no
a n
or
e s
as
on
e sa
an
no
ca n
ns
or
ssa
ave
e a
an a
sa
as
ca
no
as
o a i on
on
no a
n
.
ve
Guid
ha
th t
d muc h
thi
d it i
ha
to
ee
on
s ay
tter ;
ever M di l
recurri g Si
g
u b je c t
f c
mpl i t
T h ere
i g
D
M uri
y
wh
h ve
i m pude ce t
th
i g dt
m
p e di c t whe
th ey k w b
l t ly
th i g f
th
ture f
ce ; wh
c
t di ti gui h
betwee m j r d
m i r c c rd
ig r t
wh
f m
y the r
th i g ece ry t
k w wh i g
di c t i uc h
m
er b ve the
te r th t if by
c h ce they
d i
m ki g it
ma
an
an
aev a
er s
s n
a re
e rs
sa
s n
an
an
A
R
E
N
e na
s ona n
a nn o
ssa
no
12 2
s uc
an
cee
s n
a nn
s n
an
an
no a n
a n
no
a o
on
c on
a re
no
R
O
so
no
co
no
os
C o m p l a in t s
in s t I nn o v at i o n s
c c rd t it i
m re th if t e thr w by
ch ce h uld hit m rk
They mutil te cur
t il d c rrupt the
g ; d if by g d luck they
light
c c rd uch i their ig r ce th t they t
ce pr ceed t
di c rd Al ! Wh t grief ! A d
me e de v ur t c ver their defect by yi g th t
the w meth d f di c t u e w c
ce They
ff e d the i tellige ce
d the e e
f ll w h
k w
their f ult ; f whe t h ey ught t give delight they
pr duce ly dejecti
O h wh t evil pl u ibility wh t
irr ti l excu e wh t gre t bu e wh t ig r ce
wh t be ti lity ! It i s
if
were c idered
g t t ke f
li
heep f
m
h
ke f
lm
O h if
cie t le r ed
d ct r f mu ic c uld he r uch i ger wh t w uld
they h ve id wh t w uld they h ve d e ?
There
me w h k w h w t i g i the m de
yet d
t
b erve them ; ther w h di c t l civi
ly
l
h
f
d
multiply
t
te
me
;
p
y
the e h ket t much bre k their te t much
i
d divide the di c
the c
ce le p
t t
i pp rtu e pl ce h wl hriek d b rk like d g
feed vex ti
f
fetched h rm y
There
l i the e time m y g d d w rthy
mu ici
i ger
d di c
ter w h bei g le r ed
i
the t c mp e m y be utiful di c t b t they
the w meth d f i gi g d l y ide the l d ;
H k t s ki nd dis c nt i whi ch m ny t s cc
h
m nt l
n
b
k
l ng t i n t
F
m
w
g
i sh s h n c m i f
b k n m si c
an
on o
an
an
on
on
ne
an,
or
o s
a re
so
no
no
on
o ns
a ns
ar
ou r
os
e u
ees
ea
u s ca
an
to
an
r a cta ,
12
t e
as
oo
an
an
an s ,
as
no es
.
res
ro
o,
so
oo
re a
an
on
s n
no
an
a r-
an
on
a n
an
of
an
an
er e
ra n
no
s n
ne
us e
1
o s n
, use
a re a s o
an
s n
u ou s
or
ou r
on s on a n
on s
no
oo
no a n
er
su
no
ass
on,
sa
an
an
or
on .
ou s
sa
as
oa
s na
s,
sa
s o
on .
o na
on s o n a n
ns
s ne
an
or
on
as
no a n
an
oo
an
on
s on
so
on a
an
no
u r.
o rna
f imperfect emibreve which
they m ke t much
f the
d i te d
ld
th ey c ll mi im
rg i ed
g the d t the m tet the d uble
d
h
k
t
c
tr
d
uble
triple
t h ey i ert
?
g
ubtle
d
i their m tet thi g t h t
i
d
S
g
It
ev
de
t
th
t
fcult t
D
mp t t
t mp i
l
d t
ti
M uri w
d w
much tr ubled like m y
bef re d fter him
by the i v ti whic h were bei g br ught i t t h
gr wi g t f di c t
f the emibreve
He bject t t h divi i
The
cie t y it i i divi ible while the m der
it
i
y
d they c ll i t
divi i
mi i m
t
C f i
cer i g the gure f the emibreve he
C
i gre t di e i
y
there
m e cut it
g h i g i h lf ther h lf ll it th er pl ce t il
b ve
bel w it ther m ke it like dr gm
Th e w h
mimi im
mimi
be d the
d he give
t il t th right ;
m t c fu i g li t
f t h v ri u
me u ed by di ffere t writer t i
di t th
me thi g h wi g th t the t ti w
fr m bei g ettled yet
f
He dev te
l g ch pter t the di cu i
f
whether the plic ted emibreve h uld h ve i t t il
tt ched t the btu e the cute gle d he bject
t
the m der
wh
i gle e m ibreve w h ic h i
repug t t
ture ; f
mi i h lf
d it require
tw
h lve t m ke wh le He like m y m der
m u ici
c m p re the l d imple mu ic with the m re
F ig 8 p
S
8
Th D gm i
l z ng wi th f t i ls
a
oo
s on
us e o
on
c on
ns
an
e en
co
an
as
au
no
an
or s
one
s on
ac
an
an
as
n o
ns s a
s on s
n n
on
ns
a re
is
a or
an
an
n s sa
e s
an s
s,
an
o n u s on
on s
ar
an
in
nn o
uc us,
as
sa
n
as
ns
na n
an,
ee
11
se
s n
no a
on
as
s s on
an
an
an
12
ra
an
or
on
or
o use s n
na
n o re s
on
os
se
or
so
na
an
e sa
ca e
ar
n s on
ss
se
o use
os
or
ea c
s a
o e
ou r
M e di aev a l Ti m e S i gn a t ur e s
d f cult d ubtle mu ic f h i d y t the di dv t ge

d h i writi g
f the l tter ;
h w th t m u ic w
dv ci g
S me m der
he y
c ider
th e w h d
t cultiv te the
w
t t
be
cultured u educ ted u le r ed
d ig
r t; d
they l k up the l d t
b rb r u irr ti l
but the w
exqui ite d r ti l O ught th t t
be c lled exqui ite i which the e ff ect f g d
i l t the me ure i c
f u ded the w rd
d
t he rd
The l d me ur ble t w light d cle r m

p red with m der F the m der
m y rule
f
their l g d breve
d emibreve
i
M
D
d bec u e there
m y m d i their
i gi g me f them pl ce r u d circle 32 2 2:
t
h w perfect time bec u e the circle i
d N w
perfect f rm Thu
Styl
an
an
an
ne
as
a re n o
os
an
an
on a
c on
oo
on o
un
no a n
an
on a
on s
ar
as
as
ns
on
or
o s
ar
an
an
use
ur S S
an
es
But ther pl ce three upright tr ke

perfect time Thu
co
s :
oo
ns
an
a re
an
as
or
an
so
ar
sa
as
s n
an
an a
sa
ne
a n ce
ns
on
oo
c or
no
os
to
h w
o
the e tr ke mu t c ver li e d p rt f the

p ce t di ti gui h them fr m th e which repre e t
re t A d he w h u e thi te chi g excl im l udly
g i t th e w h d
r t d
t c lli g them ig
u cultured
A d t
h w Perfect M d t h ey
three li e
e cl ed i qu dr gle ( Fig 9 p
Imperfect M d t w li e i
qu dr gle
A d f
An d
s
no
no a n
an
os
os
an
a ns
os
n a
or
an
s ee
F
i
( s
12
oo
use
oo
an
But ther
o
Fig
(
use
tw o
h lf circle
a
fo r
Imperfect M d
oo
F l
Ti me S i gn a t u res
MO
Va lu
0 C
Pe r fe c t
Maj or
Meazu rc
Mi nor
1 1 1l
"
P
Maj o r Mi nor
'
Ti m e
0 o
[
o
Pro l a f i o n
W? !
by uch ig t h ey de te Ti m e
d they c
t de te
with ut the th er
an
An d
a nno
no
a nd
no
ns
one
12
Mood ,
M e di aev a l Ti m e S i gn a t ur e s
S me g i pre ume
Imperfect yi g th t
d N f
a n
to
Perfect
M fo r
use
M oo d ,
u ed
d N m y h w M
f Time
M
v ri ti
d
f
But ther rever e the m tter d
Perfec t
O f
Imperfect M d d
M d
d Perfect M e ure C f
f
Imperfect M e ure O ther
Perfect Time
circle c t i i g th ree tr ke thu Q9 d f Im
perfect M d
emicircle c t i i g t w tr ke 6
Fig
S
uch
d
m
y
ther
thi
g
d
the
(
m der which the cie t ever did ; d thu they
h ve dded m y burde t the t which w
f rmerly free but which w h bec me like
l ve i uch m tter
Here he e d
d hi
recrimi ti
imp rt t i ce they de cribe
e rly f rm f wh t we h uld w c ll the Time
Sig ture
M d
f c ur e referred t
di i i
g
th
f l
d
h rt cc rdi g t the ve
i
m d ;
we h uld
m
d
y
i t v lue i
c t i ed
l g
b
Time referred i the me w y t the emibreve
which
we h ve ee w
S i gle Time i the
e e f t h Prim ry Ti m e f the Greek
T
im
ig ture f Time i dic ted me ure
Th
f
breve d l ter it c me t i dic te me ure f
emibreve i v lue wh ich it till h
T M
d d Ti m e w
fterw rd dded Pr l ti
which will be de cribed i
l ter c h pter
The w t ti
d mu ic were bjected t by the
A bull w i ued t Avig
b ut 3
C hurch
an
or
or
on s
sa
so
as
as
oo
ns
na
na
oo
an
oo
ns
an
or
ar
as
as
s :
an
s n
no
an
or
as
sa
n,
ar
s x
as
on
oo
sa
v s on
or
on
as
one
an
an
on a n
o r,
a re
on s
no
oo
s a
or
ns
oo
n s
an
an
an
an
a re
or
on a n n
use
use
or
on a n n
an
an
oo
a nd
an
as
e s
na
one
one
an
or
oo
an
ne
.
no a
on a n
as
ss
on ,
o a
12
as
as
as
as
non
2 2
S to ry
No t a t i o n
of
uppre the i v ti
u der evere pe ltie
S me di ciple f the w ch l it w
id
while they pply them elve t me ured time

i tr duce w te prefer their w t
Obi t w
the
cie
t
ch
t
the
u
g
C hurch mu ic i
t
d m
em
breve
m
k
lled
W
th
d
N w A t
little te
They i ter ect the mel die
with h quet lide b ut i di c t
metime
d
eve l d d cr wd the ch t with t pl d c mm
m tet
But J h f
S li bury
tury d h lf
previ u ly h d
c mpl i ed th t
th
rite f
l i gi
were p
f
d by mu ic
d th t th e
t u p i d cr wd
delighted with
ll the e v g
rie im gi ed
th t they he rd
c c ert f
S
ire
i
W
hich
P E M E R L E ( G EE )
the perf rm er
trive t imit te the te f ighti g le
d p rr t
t th
e fm
B n y l ii p 49
to
n no
ss
ne
ns
ec
ne
in s
s an
i ni
no
oa
an
an
an
is
an
so
a an
ri
on
n
a
c
e
,
an
a n
re
ro
on
a ne
a n
S 0N
YR
on
R F OR
ns
no
s s
an s
sa
as
as
an
an
no
oo
na
on s
os
no
en .
ur
vo
12
an
o s
S c a n d a l o u s S in gin g
d there i
The time were b rb r u
d ubt th t
while the m re e r e t mu ici
were trivi g t
impr ve the w t m y f t h i ger were d i g
their be t t bri g bl quy up it by their c d l u
i gi g
o
ne
s n
ar
an
s
an
s no
a ns
on
s n
o n
an
a o
12
nti ns d i s c p n ci s b tw n It l i n d F n ch
t chi ngR d n t sC nf si n f l sPhil i p f Vi t yR st s
P i n t f divisi n p f ct i n ddi t i n d d m nst ti n

Phi l ip f C s t P d i m d B ld m d i P l i
M d Ti m
H hby P i t
A n v lt s g ins t t n y
m s
m nt D c y f h t n y d i vi s i n Z l i M l y
i
d h i i d iv d f m h
Th b t i ng f t i m c ll d
f tw l v s mi t n s
m t i ns f h p ls S y n c p t i n Th s c l
i
h
ct v st bl i sh d k yb d i nst m nt s D iff c l ti s
c s d by i I n t d ct i n f w i tt n cci d n t lsE ly k y
s ign t s S h p s s d
n t di ct t s d i
d
D
bl h p s d ts
M a rch ettu s
HAPT E R VI I I
of
a dua
ea
e a u re
e o
ro
a u re
ou
e s
on
an
ru
ra
co
er
no
er
ar
or e
ro
ar
an
ra
ro a t on
a e o
oa r
ar
es s
to
u e
ar
ar
re
re
ar
an
an
an
a ro
an
a rs s
e t e- e
au e
er
us
ee
ru e
os c
e ro
e a
0t
er e
ros
ea
re
a er a
oo
o e
me
v ce ver s
P du di ti gui h e betwee mu ic d
m the m tic thu

If it i
ked wh t i t h m t
h ree we h uld
perfect
u
tw
t
i
m ber
M
h tt
i
i
m
but
if
it
ked
which
the
t
t
w
;
y
fP d
perfect i m u ic t w
t h ree we h uld
tw
h
t
ree
t
ree
c
t
i
He
di
ti
gui
e
h
f
h
y
d It li
hi g
betw
e
Fre
ch
te
c
Di
i
if
te
t
iled
the
cc
rd
f tw
d
p
h
h
the
It
li
the
t
iled
te
w
et
er
i
t
b tw
g
r t t h ec d c t i three
F
h
d it i t h
0
i
i
It l
ti m e the u t iled ly
; thu
3 1 1
quiv le t t t
but
Acc rd
M AR C H ETT U S
a
of
s :
n n
a rc
as
o or
an
os
us
ua
s as
sa
sa
o.
an
or
on a ns
or
os
an
o
s
s er e _
an
as
ee n
r en c
no
on
n a
n, a
no
or
a ns
o ne
no
an
an
5 10 0 5
on
on e
on a ns
R e d No t e s
the Fre ch the t iled te i

t divided by
qu ter ry divi i
b ve but c t i ve p rt
d ever l p ge
d i equiv le t t F
t f i
;
Ec
f ll w h wi g imil r di ff ere ce betwee G llic d
It li te chi g
He give t w ig f f l e mu ic the tur l d
the t ; d he expl i th t uch mu ic
P l
d
ece ry
t re lly f l e but true
i
M i
d ll
with u t it m t t
c uld
f
be u g
It bec me cu t m ry t c l ur cert i
te red d
here the rule
c fu i g d c tr dict ry M
y th t they either h w
f P du
h tt
C l
d
ch ge f m d t h red te bei g u g
N
t
three time v lue while the bl ck
i
tw
t
i
te
they
be u g i ct ve
But metime red i u ed t h w th t l g bef re l g
t c u t three time
d e
th t the ec d f t w
t t be ltered
breve betwee l g i
it i u ed
h w th t l g bef re l g i t c u t three time
t
d breve bef re breve th t f three emibreve
R d
l u ed t v ry ti m e d m d where bl ck l g
i
the red te
f the v lue f three time
f the
d he
v lue f t w
vely rem rk th t i t h te r
cert i m tet i which red i u ed there
f
t
m y err r ; h w they
be v ided mid t
m y c tr dict ry u e f red te he d e t y
Philip f Vitry y th t red te ch ge wh t w
perfect t imperfect d wh t w imperfect t perfect
i ng t o
s x
ou
an
an
an
an
ns
an
on a ns
no
as
s on
na
no
or
a s
a ns
na
an
e ee
a s
no
a re
an
oo
on
s n
a sa
us o
us c
no
s a so
a re
o s
on
a re o
an
ar
o ou r e
s a re
no
on
or
oo
on
an
on
on
or
no
on
an
on
no
no
a n
o es
us
an
o, or
a re
so
r on
ssa
o o
no
an
or
o ec u s
no
or
on
''
a n
an
an
o s
on
na i
an
a re
sa
an
no
no
an
13 1
as
a re
s o
no
s no
sa
so
as
Philip f C ert
y th t if m h
t the
wherewith l t write red te he m y le ve t h em
empty S y c pe y Vitry i the divi i
N t t b f y gure i t ep r te p rt
perfect
l ft
h ree breve
l
g
i
t
t
imperfect
l
g
i
t
d f
l
t w breve
th w it
Re t
f di ff ere t v lue
cc
rdi
g
b
t
f
the
umber
p
ce
they
c
ver
thu
p i t
re t c veri g
p ce i f the v lue f
d
time t w p ce t w time
; but if
re t c ver f ur p ce it i mme ur ble A re t
d c veri g h lf
de
ce
di
g
fr
m
li
e
R t
p ce i w rth emibreve d th t wh ich
ri e fr m li e d c ver h lf p ce i m m
f c ur e
re t the l t t w
emibreve d
mi im re t
He de cribe f ur p i t It will be remembered th t
f rmerly te were c lled p i t but the p i t h ere
w
w c ll
lluded
wh
t
The
t i
d t
Pi t
f divi i
f perfecti
f
ur
p
i
t
f
D t
f dem
d
dditi
tr ti
We h ve
lre dy de cribed p ge 9 7 the ig which fterw rd
d wh
bec m e the p i t f divi i
e m der p
i th b
li e d p ge 9 9 the p i t f per
t ti
which m de perfect
th reef ld ) th t wh ic h
f ti
d t fter
w uld therwi e be tw f ld d i
te
The p i t f dem tr ti i pl ced b ve mi im

i m j r pr l ti
d it i d ubled
th t the mi im
t d u der t w d t
d
fter th t mi im
th mi nims i b
M j p l ti n i q i v l n t
o
as
sa
e o
an
an
on
c o ou r e
sa
n o s
n o
no
as
s on
as a
an
on
n o
er
ee no
a n
on e
a re
an
no
o es
on e
as
so
on
an
an
es s
s s
ou r
o n s
o n s or
o n s
ec
on ,
on
an
on
an
o o
on s
on ,
a or
ro a
on .
os
on
an
o s
s e
an
a e
n re
o n
ou r
13 2
ou r
to
an
so
a
ree
on , o
o a
s on , a n
a r-
o n
on s
a o
i ni
an
o n
an
o n
ve
s on , o
a re
on ,
s en a
no
o s
o n s
no
an
a re
as
an
re
a no
n a
o ne
a r.
or
Do ubl e
t a i l e d No t e s
m re e m ibreve mu t f ll w d fter the emibreve

tw
m re mi im
d it i
ece ry th t either the
r t the l t m i i m mu t h ve the p i t f dem
t ti
the bject f which i t h w th t t h
emibreve mu t be u g l wly It eem t be
ele m e t ry meth d f h wi g
it d
d
The
p i t f dditi i pl ced behi d emibreve i m j r
pr l ti
d uch emibreve mu t be f ll wed by
mi im
d i ce the p i t c u e
m m t be dded
t
th
emibreve it i c lled the p i t f dditi
d
Thi g i re ult i
t
fter
te ; the
emibreve with ut p i t f ll wed by mi im w uld
cc rdi g t rule be duple but the p i t f dditi
c u e it t keep i t threef ld v lue
Ph ilip f C ert d uble the t il f mi im t m ke
them equ l t
imperfect emibreve ; h d uble the
d le ve
t il
the te empty t m ke M m
t h ree m m equ l t f ur ( tr plet ) ; d W th Tw
whe the l wer t l h
h k f ur m m
T n
equ l t i
The re der will rec ll
m y i t ce f imil r temp r ry ch ge i m der
t
i trume t l mu ic But Philip f C ert g e
i tr duce c ider ble c m plic ti
Thu he dd
m
e pty circle t
te d m ke f ur mi im
equ l i v lue t i e ; he i tr duce h lf empty d
d
d uble t iled mi i m equ l t
m i im
h lf while
three empty mi im with i gle t il
equ l t t w
I
im
P
d
de B l d m d i we d the
t the
f e ch
D irect
d
t ve t h w t h
o
or
an
as
an
an
ar
no
on
no
on
a o
o n
o.
i ni
s a
an
an
o n
ou r
o n
on
a n
o n s o
s o
o n
ssa
s n
an
on
on ,
o a
n a
o n
an
an
as
on,
ra
i ni
i ni
an
a re
an
ns a n
ns
ai
s x
ro s
os c
us
S ee F ig 8 , p
.
1 18 .
33
an
a
2
on
an
s a re
an
s a
s n
en
an
no
as
on s
o n n
an
o a
an
i ni
ons
oo
s o
n a
as a
F ig 8
.
re der the r t te f the ext t ve d i medi v l
time thi w very ece ry i ce the clef were
ever
ch
gi
g
their
i
e
It
w
lm
t
Th Di
t u ver l u t l rece t tl m e
d w
requ red
l te
the exerci e f degree t O xf rd ;
8 96 i
f
curi u urviv l f pr ctice the
which h d
di ppe red
P
d
im
c mpl i th t where the It li
h ve give up u i g ll p i t except th t f divi i

the G llic m u ici
till
y d it
m
C f
i di ffi cult t k
w
t r t ight wh t e ffec t
m
h t they
the
p
i
t
He
l
c
mpl
i
t
h
f D t
h ve gre t umber f d ff ere t w y f
h wi g m d d time where the It li
impler meth d
Pr l ti w
fterw rd dded t m d d time
A m d me t
l g i t v lue i b
d time
me
t
the
breve
i t v lue i
b
p
P l ti
l ti me t t h emibreve i t v lue i
b
d it mu t be u der t
d th t we
th
w rd
b
merely t m ke the m tter cle r t the re der fr m
f b
m der p i t f view T h
li e beg
b ut 6
utc me f the t bl ture t
d w
be de cribed l ter The m d w divided i t m j r
d mi
r t h t there were
a
no
as
an
ssa
an
ae a
s n
ros
n i
sa
as
sa
as
os
an
os c
use
a ns
us
s n
on u s o n
or
no
as
a so
an
an
use
o n
s on ,
use
a ns
as
a ns
o n s
as
or
a ns
o s
r ec
ni
so
an
oo
o a
on
oo
as
as
one
an
on
a r, a n
on
or
so
an o
use
a r-
an
n o
as
oo
oo
oo
oo
three l g
th ree breve
l g
tw
breve
tw
on
134
on
in
a o
j r perfect m d
i r perfect m d
j r imperfect m d
i r
Ma o
M no
Ma o
M no
n a
ro
a r,
use
oo
as
a r, a n
n a
or
00 , a n
no
use
an
oo
e s
o n
an
or
an
ar
a ns
on
an
ro a
ba r
D e c l ine o f M e di aev a l T e a c hin g

Perfect time
three emibreve i b
Imperfect time
tw
P rfect pr l ti
three mi i m
Imperfect pr l ti
tw
But y f the e c uld be c mbi ed t gether ; d i
me f the tre ti e we h ve el b r te time t ble
d remi di g
c veri g m y p ge
f the
el b r te Greek t ti t ble f Alyp i
tw
J h H thby y th t t h ere
p i t th e
f perfecti
d divi i
d we d
ge er l
;
te de cy
ti m e g e
t
reduce the
P mt
umber f p i t H t h by like P d i D t
m
de B l d m d g ve
le th
e
e i
twe ty i t ble f ti m e m e ureme t
mb
A
ttempt i m de by C
m k
A ymu IV t h w the v ri u v lue f

m xim by m rki g ff t h umber f l g they
t
c t i
th
We h ve dwelt t me le gth
d ctri e f
i
the m edi ev l C h urch m u ici
rder t Th Diffi
h w wh t di ffi cultie they h d t c te d
l ti
with i their e ff rt t rri e t
ti f ct ry w h i h h d
b
t
t ti
expre i
The m der
Th
m
l ve brevity i freque tly m t with d the
expl ti
well t h t ti
gr du lly bec me
h rter d impler
By the begi i g f the ixtee th ce tury the wh le
d pr l ti
w
f bric f m d time
f lli g t
piece
s
n a
ar
on
o a
on
o a
an
so
sa
on
no a
on
o n s
o a
an
one
us
o n s
an
on
a re
s on
an
an
as
an
o a
os
ros
os c
o s
us
s x
on a n
on
a re
s a
on
es
cu
ns
e no a
as
ov er c o
an
ons
nn n
a sa
ons a s
an
s s on ,
o a
on
ans
a na
er s
so
on
er
nu
no a
n s
ou s s e
an
ss
e ee
no
as
as
is ,
s o
n on
an
re
oo
an
o a
F ig 8 , p
.
3S
1 18 .
on
as
rev lt
l d threef ld me ureme t u der
Th
E
l
1
t
f
t
h
e
m
c
l
t
me
1
e
d
p
w i l dy 0 1d
tur
l
wh
ch
he
br
g
rgume
t
t
T
hi g
h w th t mu ici
righ t i c lli g
b gi
t
i
bi ry time tur l
which pi i the
w y
gi
b f
le r ed J h S p d r gree
The b k
m
p rt f
di pute with G f i
w
fi gh t
d
repre e t tive f the l d te chi g
d
The rule
c llected by Z l i i h i
[ t i t ti
i
d
m i ha 558 le t they h uld be l t
by Th m M rley i h i P l i
d E sy I t d t i
t P
Z
l
i
h
ti
i
y
t
t
pl
i
g
l M
7
59
i m de with ut
f
m
i
v
ri
ti
ti
e
whe
ce
it
y
c lled xed
g
t f m
di ti gui hed fr m
me ured mu ic
He pe k f metric l mu ic which i me ured i
ver e metre d wh ich
be i tru m e t l well
v c l He y th t e ch te begi i g
Bi y
with the m xim i d bl t h v lue f
t k t h the ext bel w it Thi i
gre
t
tep
f
Pl
i
dv ce f the l d writer w h lw y
h reef ld v lue
beg
with
de
cribi
g
the
t
Nt
c
lled
Perfecti
d
tre
ted
th
tw
f
ld
Di i i
v lue
f ec
d ry c ider ti bei g
Imperfect Z l i
y th t th ey
l f th er
v lue i perfect ti m e
I n E ngl nd dist i n ti n w m d b tw n P l i ns ng d P ick
h
s ng h l tt f i ng h n t s whi ch w
p i k d
p ch m n t
In
Pietr A r
l
g
i
t
the
m
o
a ns
o r e en
on
ca
s on
as
an
sa
a ce o
an
on
uc
a n s on
as
no
ou
an
as
as
nn n
as
n a
ns
an
es
n ro
ca n
na r
no
no s a
o,
er
os
an
on
ca n o
oo
a n
n on
ar
ar
a or
an
u s c,
n s
a re
as
ra c
on c
ar
ca
ea s
a re
n a
en e
a ns
na
as
in
us i
in
na
e or e
n s
as
ve
a na i on
na
ns
we n d
1 54 5,
'
ea c
u c i da r i o,
on s
e e
v s on
ar
ar
on
no s a
on s
o o
on ,
a re a s o o
as
an
on ,
e r re e rr
as
to t e
o e
1 36
ee
ere
an
r c
on
t e
D e c l in e o f M e di aev a l T e a c hing
He c ider th t the Breve i the m ther
i g f ll the ther te
i ce the
d begi
M xim
g were i ve ted fter it Here
d L
we g i h ve the l d Greek the ry f

Pri m ry
time
he
O f the three expre i
M d Time Pr l ti
y th t he i te ded t mi t them whe he beg t
write bei g u ece ry ; but i ce me
Th 9 1"
m der mu ici
might like t re d me L
g
c e t C t le
he expl
them H
di
w rd h w th t they h d g e t f p p i g
pr ct c l
h
d y
f v ur f the t w
f ld te v lue
we k w them
If he y
t h m der
c mp er h uld t umber h i c tile
cc rdi g t the M d he c uld re l ly y th t the
m tter w
f lit tle cc u t
k w
d th t he h d
ledge f uch thi g
The time d pr l ti ig he y were cie tly
cut by perpe dicul r li e t m ke the p ce d uble
th t breve bec me
emibreve d
he
;
y cutti g t h ig ture w t h
me
m ki g
the pe
te bl ck w h ich remi d
t h t it h d
bee di c vered i the ixtee th ce tury th t b th time
d i k were
ved by le vi g the m xim l g breve
d emibreve pe (
Fig 8 p
f the be t which i
He give
l g de cripti
derived fr m the pul e d i h w by r i i g d
l weri g the h d l ti p be t ; p i t i Th B t
i
i
d w be t ;
Greek
d th i
Ti m e w i dic ted by the r i i g d l weri g f the
ons
an
nn n
a n
an
on
no
s n
s s ons
sa
nn
an i
so
an
no
an
an
no
no
s ee
e va
s o on
or
as
sa
on
a s n
an
o,
os
n-
or
as
a rs s
a s n
37
as
us
so
o, u
on
an
as
na
an
sa
na
on
ns
sa
sa
an
an
sa
no
on s
ea r n
oo
o a
ou
no
os
on
as
in
as o
is
is
an
an
so
a i ns
use in
na
no
an
s n
ssa
a ns
sa
on ,
o a
ea r n i n
as
an
oo
an
an
es s
o
ea
f t by the Greek he ce the w rd f t f
p tic l me ure O f y c p ti Z l i
y it
t be rec g i ed wit h ut
k wledge f the be t d
he pr ceed t de cribe it i the f rm it i k w t
;
thu f i t ce h y
te i y c p ted which
c
mme
ce
be
t
d
i
l
ubject
p
Sy p t the d w be t ; it c ci u ly bre k the
ti
time d me ure d m y g bec m e
c fu ed by t much y c p ti
M rley c ll the
be t
tr ke which he y i
m ti
f th
h d
The m re tr ke mp h d t h
l
t h time f
Briefe
t h le
e
time
f
th
g}a m S m ib i f
He
de
cribe
the
t
ti
z: a t h
f th
u
der
the
me
L
rge
the
L
g
Nt
the Briefe t h S m ib i f M i im C r tchet
d
t
h
u
ver
S
emiqu
ver
expl
i
lig
ture
d
M
Q
t c
Time d Pr l ti
ider ble le gth th ugh he
y th t their k wledge i pr ctic lly l t
Th e
w h withi the e three hu dreth y
h ve
m l y
f M i k
writte
the
Arte
h
ve
t d w e
th
h
the
therwi
e
t
they
h
ve
bee
M d
gi :
E gl
Al
t
ught
w i
d
th
0 1d
th
ugh
it
be
h
rd
t
ig
e
the
c
u
e
yet
T hi g
m y we c jecture t h t lth ugh t h gre te
M i k M i ter w h excelled i f re ti m e
d ubt
were w derfully ee e i the k wledge there f
well i pecul ti
pr ctice ; yet i ce th eir de th
th k
wledge f the rte i dec yed d m re light
i
k
wledge
c
e
teede
there
f
th
i
m
t
ll
p
it i c me w d y t th t th t if they k w the
oo
oe
as
no
ns
or
an
on ,
sa
n-
on s
an
o us
an
ca n
no
or
no
s on a n u
oo
no s a
ar
no
n co
n s
s a so s
on
an
on
oo
an
on .
r e e.
co
s on
an
sa
an
as
ss
on
re
en
no a
on
o es
na
an
sa
ot e
or
us c
a s
no
or s u
s
er
on
c a
es
no
s n
n s
138
an
as
se
no
no
no
os
an
o ass
a
as
oo
e a re s
e,
os
an
no
on
on
us c
a re
ea c
es
oo
on
r e e,
on s
a ns
no
on
an
o a
so
no
M o r l e y s T e a c hin g
c mm M de d me Triple they
k
further
l l i g the upper
He give m e ex mple i p rt
t
m t p rt t h D
the Germ
d
w (
h
treble
p
rt
the
ec
d
t
l
t
the
;
;
p
)
d he m ke free
third t ; d t h f urth b
;
f lig ture
Th
i gle t ve he c ll ver e
d
D irect
t the
d
f e ch
ver e i
which he
c ll
I dex D irect r
If
te th t h uld be white i writte bl ck it
l e third f i t v lue ; thi i
imp rt t rule i
ixtee th ce tury c mp iti
It w uld
M
I
Y
t ke t f t f ll w M rley i t ll the
Q
d
t
P
f M j r
c m plic ti
d Mi
r perfect
f
d i
Time etc
d imperfect Pr l ti
whs
:
t
hi l
g li t f pr p rti
f l l ki d i
l
i
the time me ureme t ; f th e w h require
h
g d
t
lve medi ev l c mp iti
hi
b k
re d i c ju cti with the L ti writer i very
u eful
e i the ct ve
Th c mplete c le f twelve emit
w
e t bli hed by thi ti m e We h ve ee th t the
e rly Greek h d u ed uch
c le fi ve
R
tb
d th t their
hu dred ye r bef r
i
I
h
m
t
f
me
t ti w b ed
it ; but f
th
n f
re
the emit e while bei g ret i ed
m the E ter
C hurch were e t rely l t
i
t
jfg
We ter E ur pe i the e rly d y f
t
O t
A
ity ly
di t ic c le
C hri ti
f B t bei g pre erved
mi r with the dditi
on
an
oo
so
s ee
no
so
ca
'
os
or
use o
en
s an
os
us
us
an
ou r
on s
os
an
ar
oo
or
no
e s n
no
an
a ss u s
on
a ns
an
ra n o
s0
en or
z s ca n u s , a s
an
n o
'
S
OI
'
ons
on
s o
no
on ,
o a
an
an
a o
an
ons o
on
es c r
no
co ou r
as
so
on
os
or
on s
os
on
oo
an
a s re -
no a
on
an
no
on
on
e - es a
v
en
so
e s ce e O
a n
n i
one
12
or
as
an
on
as
o e o u r e ra
as
a s on
on
os
a on
on
39
on es
c av e
ou r
The keyb rd i trume t h d by th i time twelve te
t the ct ve
d t h t bl ture u ed
ly
ig f
t
d
h rp ; but mu ici
were m uc h exerci ed
ver the ece ity f m ki g
u d d f tw
We h ve ee th t t h
pl ced betwee
w
te
l ked up
rt f
d w
y tw
ju cti
the b t d m c uld l be pl ced betwee
te
d th b q
tur l w
d m
y tw
u ed t c tr dict b t d m while 6 t d m it elf
c tr dicted t h h rp But u f rtu tely they wer
eld m writte i ce the i ger were expected t k w
the rule f their pplic ti
F l e mu ic ught t t be i dic ted

id
ym u writer I Pl i
g the h rp w
me
ever l wfully d m itted th ugh i
Th Sh p
r
re
c
e
it
e
d it w
t
m y be
w
t
requ
red
l
g
Pl
g
w
u
g
q i d
i
u
i
E
t w
dmitted
f
pur
i pl i
f tr
p
e
p
iti
ly
the
ther
t
;
g
were t ll wed But
cc i l h rp
crept i t t h Pl i
g
d it very ligh tly
i dic ted i the f rm f
el g ted tur l i
me M S S
Wit h reg rd t the me ured mu ic we d t h t
while t h Germ
d mu ici
were
d N et h erl
t
very ch ry f writi g
ccide t l h rp
the It li
d Fre c h
c tr ry w h e
th
ce t h ey beg u ed them f m re freely ; d it
ppe r th t they were g ver ed t
much by
the e ffect f the ch rd pr duced
by t h mel dic
oa
an
ns
an
no
on
no
on
as
ro u n
an
s o
a non
ar
a n_
no
on.
on
so
an
no
as
a i ns on
as
as
se
an
sa
as
a ns on
n s on .
os
s on
n o
as
so
on
on
an
a s ona
an o
o ne
or
on
as
os
a n s on
a ns
no
na
a ns
an
a n,
on
an
or
on
ar
on
no
as
an
so
a ns
n a
an
an
an
as
as
u re
na
a s no
re
c on
ro un
no
as
so
na
ou r
n o
a so
ru
or
on a s
s n
so
as
ua
cru x
one
or a
a ns
ro u n
on e s
on
oo
n, s n
a s
e s
no
an
on
an
ss
an
n s
E it n er
Rules
Fal s e M u s ic
fo r
e ffect f the i gle p rt

Thi i quite i keepi g
with t h rigi l e e f c u terp i t
F mh
d
which i mel dy g i t mel dy r ther
It 1
th
f ple
t u d g
m
ch rd
Herr E it er h g thered the w m
f ll wi g rule i dditi t th e we l i b I i
h ve me ti
ed p 7 fr m
ly i f w i ti g
F l
l ter m i Wh t
c lled ch gi g
te i
te t di g m gl degree M i th
h
i
t
b ve bel w d betwee t w
te f
th
the m e me
ge er lly t be m de
t
emit e ; th t where
te i u d ubtedly
i
p
le di g te it mu t be r i ed by h rp
tur l ; where the d mi t i the b i pre
ceded by the te ext b ve i t ( the ixth )
l
A
ddi t i
thi te mu t be l wered by t ; every R l f
h lf full cl e e d W th m j r ch rd ;
M i
the
wer f fugue
imit ti pre
F l
erve the me i terv l
the ubject
l g the t lity i t di turbed
The h rp
d t gr du lly f u d
pl ce t the
begi i g f t h t ve with the time ig ture I
e rly d y b th 5 t d m d b q d K S i
y
g
u ed
clef Whe key
t m h d bee
t
ig ture beg t be u ed i t h
d
f
the ixtee th d begi i g f the eve tee th ce tury
th ey were tur lly t meth dic lly pplied
w
ex m ple if there were t w F
tw
F
i
C
q
M
M
R b t Eitn
i
k G l
l xx
s n
na
ns
o n
a ns
an
re
an
o
on
us c z
no
or
na
on
a se
an
e r
n or
er n
c on a n
us C
no
a no
s s o
or e
er a
an
a re
an
os
a n a na
a re
an
sa
er e
in
so
on
I I
as
on
e. , a
as an
no
s u cces s
o r a r xe s
no
na
or
s no
ass
on a
u es
os
or
na n
no
a s
a o
u s ca
a ns
nn n
ra u
a sa
ro u n
as
a s
on
s no
an
a s
on a
as
sa
on
so
or
an
as
na
ua
n a u re
na
an
na
or
76
er
nn n
an
no
so
on a t s
14 1
a er
er
en
or
u sz
a s no
o
'
es c z z c
l e, vo
t ve e ch w uld be pr vided with
s a
the key
of
thi
ha d
th t
so
ig ture
th t
na
of
a nd
of
h rp
so
A ther
no
on .
peculi rity f e rly key ig ture which w meti m e

d i
the begi i g f the eightee th ce tury i th
mi
i
t
th
t
f the l t h rp
O mi i
th
key
f E t w uld be pr vided wit h
f m
f tw
ig
ture
t
ly
th
t
f A with
Sig t
tw
h rp th l t t
h rp bei g
i dic ted where ece ry by
ccide t l Thi
pr ctice pr b bly r e t time whe the imp rt ce
f key rel ti
hip w
d w
t yet rec g i ed
c ti ued i
me rem te p rt
time h ured
cu t m
With reg rd t ccide t l there i
t eve t d y
u iver l c e u
pi i
ever l d i
f
d
i
f
u
ge
m
be
di
c
vered
by
p
y
w
A
th
e
wh
i
tere
ted
i the m tter
E
l
g
pre
e
t
u
der
t
d
d y mu ici
p
pre e t d y u ge the e di crep cie d
m ke rule th t will
t m tter ;
d i ce
be ccepted u iver lly we mu t le ve p terity t m ke
t
mu ic be t they
Accide t l were f rmerly writte bef re every te
th t w ffected by them d thi pr ctice c ti ued
t
be u ed by me c mp er eve fter b r were
S g tt
i tr duced We d i C er e di Berg m
a
nn n
s s on s
as
e so
s s on
na
or
so
ro
na
na u re
as
os
on
or
n a
no
as
an
n s
as
an
so
an
as
on o
a s
ssa
ons
on
o ns
sa
ns
a nc es
c re
a n
n a s
o a
os
n on ,
sa
o a re
no
an
o-
IS
on
a n cxes
cr e
as
no
an
ou
ou r
so
os
ca n .
as a
an
an
a ns
n a s
n o o n e ca n
sa
as
sa
s n
an
os
on
2
4
no
on
o e
Do u bl e S h a rp s
which ( reduced
de l g e ner e C r oma z zc o
'
no
te ) re d
f ll w
o
s as
m der r u d
to
Ch i s t
di
m m
J
Here it will be b erved th t the h rp i pl ced
d i
bef re f ur te i ucce i
pite Th U
f th t i
the ig ture
ccide t l i
f th
pl ced bef re 6 The cu t m f u i g t
Nt l
c
ti ued till
t mp
c tr dict b d i
i IY i
l te i the eightee th ce tury th ugh the
m der
tur l h d bee t ught
f the
li e
e rly
6 9 8 by L
F hm
f the c mplete circle f key
With th i cre i g
w
ig f the le di g te bec me b lutely
ece ry ; f lth ugh t r t G tur l
bl
u ed
the le di g te i the key
w
z
g
p
f G# t h
d g w
t
ly
p
cie tic but w mi le di g t i ger d vi li i t
He ce the d pti
f the d uble h rp i the f rm f
S t A drew cr
e rly i t h eightee th ce tury
whic h w pr p ed by M tt h
Le p ld M rt i
d
pr
p
ed
upright
cr
ther
ugge
ti
6
75
were m de ( Fig 8 p
but the S t A drew
cr h rem i ed i
till w
f m dul ti
ider ti
l g ve ri e t the
C
ece ity f
w
ig f the uppre i
f the
d N t
l by P f s N i k i P
Th F l t S h p
Do
mi
ne
no
on
as
ne
as
as
or
ss
ceed i ngs o
Ike
ne
ar
an
on
a ura
'
'
I 43
ar
oz a
a so
ro e s or
16
s.
on s
vol .
n s
an
or
M m ca ! A ss orza t zon ,
no
an
n use
on s
a n
s n
s
os s
an
un
e s on .
s ee
ons
on
os
os
as
os s
os s
u ra
so
na
no
as
on o
as
ln
no
ro c e e
an.
no
is
as
re n c
use o
or
or
as n
se
ra r
ou
ssa
na
as
n s
s n
on
n a
v ers
n use o
an a
v ce
ce
s s on , a n
an
vo
au -
na
e, e x
su
s s on
ec
s,
ro
S t o r y o f Not a t i o n
le di g
m y t ; d the d uble
t
k w t pre e t c me i t
b ut the
t h d uble h rp
me
time
pite
d i
D bl
f
ever
l
lter
t
ve
pr
p
l
h
Fl t
m
The c ve t l c tr
d
t pre e t bei g
dicti
by H
f the e ig
b Wi
di cu ed u ti f ct ry d it i pr b ble t h t me
th i purp e will be i ve ted i the e r
w ig f
future ; th ugh
l g
mu ici
experie ce
c fu i
mi u der t di g it i h rdly likely th t
h
c
ge
will
be
u
iver
lly
d
pted
y
n
as
te
in
no
no
key
of
ou
sa
an
as
an
n o
on
ss
as
an
s on
an
ln
or
ns a
or
s a
an
n s
as
as
on
n i on a
os
on
u s e.
ns
on
re
a l ne
ne
an
os a s
a s
use
na i
as
an
a ns
sa
1 44
on
so
no
a
HAPT E R I X
C
The
t bl t s R s ns f t h i Th t bl t m k s n v
d pt d h t n y d i vi s i n
ch st s
f n t s M di v l
D iff
nt t bl t s i d iff n t c nt i s E x mpl s f m
Vi d g
d Ag i c l T h
lin n l y lw ys f nd i
b
t bl t s Th d p i n t f p f cti n D ts f p ti ti n
V i s cl fsA g n t bl t b k whi ch f m ly b l ng d
s M c P l m M
S b B ch Th l t t b l t
L t g c n t s Fl t t bl t s It li n l t t bl
t s i nt d c d i nt S p i n by N b C n di B g m
d
k
i
v i v l f h p i n c i pl f h t b l t
J
g M d n
a
a u re
ea o
e re
a r ou
to
s enn u s
u re
ro
en
a ez
e ro
a nn
er
u e
er a
t e
e o
e o
ro
er
au
ra
ou
re
or
e er
a u re
ar
or
a u re
ae a
oo
u e
re
er
er
ea r
er e
a u re
o e
un
a r-
u e
ra
u e
n or a
o t or
r e
ou
a u re
o e
ere
o a
a u re
a u re
an
un
ar
er
e r u se
or
a u re .
WHI E the C hurch mu ici were w rki g t

t
ti f v ice derived fr m the eume
d h mperi g
them elve by c ecti g it with the Tri ity by plitti g
h ir ver w rd uc h th t i ce m i bm me
m lle t
te c uld be i tr duced m ller th the
mi im
th t f l e mu ic mu t t be writte d w
t
th t i ce Pyth g r
thi
g
b
u
d B ethiu
y
h rp they mu t t be ll wed h wever much they
impr ve the mu ic d umber f ther c h ildi h
tricti
the lute i t virgi l pl yer vi li t
d
d
m
ther
were
w
rki
g
ki
g
i
t
t
g
It li T l t
T bl i
fr m the
f t bl ture
t blet u ed f writi g Thi w
t b l
w
tem
b
ed
n
the
me
pri
ciple
the
i
trume
t
l
y
L
on
or
or
ax
an
u a
as
or
z zz
a ns
ou
a va a u r a
or
14
sa
no
n,
na
an
an
s sa
no
n s
no
an
an
s n
o as an
ons
an s
as
a s
no a
ou
s n
no no
on n
or
a ns
an
as
or
use
o a u ra
re
as
n a
ns
S t o ry
t ti
umber
No t at i o n
Greek
f
h wi g by letter
th
ther me
tri g fret
rg
key th t w t be t uched r ther th the
u
d
t
be
pr
duced
We
im
gi
e
g
iii ip l th t the Church t t w th t umber
f th
le
rule
b
ut
perfect
mperfect
t
T bl t
l g ture
f
d ther m ch ery w
t
clum y f i dic ti g i trume t l mu ic ; f h wever
well m might be ble t re d i gle v ice p rt it
c rcely p ible th t he c uld t ke i the time v lue
i
he w uld require t d f
f ever l p rt t gether
rg
lute
l vich rd The t bl ture m ker
th
d
b rr wed wh t uited them fr m the C h urch t ti
d pted it t their eed ; d imp rt t fe ture i
their t ti i th t ever did they m ke
Th
te w rth three f t h ext i v lue but
T l l tm
i the e rlie t d y
lw y t w
f v c l
R i
w
me
ured
mu
ic
They
theref
re
h d
lw y
f
1
u
der
t
me
me
ureme
t
t
rt
t
b
d
fr m ; d it i p ible th t the C hurch
mu
ici
were
led
b
ck
the
rigi
l
t
M
duple ig i t i
by tici g h w much
m re c ve ie t the t bl ture m eth d w th their
d mi trel
f the thir
The tr ub d ur
w
th ey wr te their g u ed the
t h ce tury whe
t
qu re t ti f t h C hurch d l rge l
M di
l
lecti
t
ti
f t h em exi t i thi
; they
O h t
pr b bly extemp ri ed the cc m p ime t
w h e i gle i trume t were u ed Wh t they did
with b d f i trume t uch
ee repre e ted
no a
on
of
or
the
a ns
as
so
ss
a u re
or
an
an
er e
68
or
s
on a n
an
o a
on
e en
on o
an
s on
as
no a
on s
ns
na
an
no
aev a
ons
ca
o s
os s
a ns
as
or
an
rc
no a
3 3 8 15
ea s u re
oo
an
or
o, a s
ar
as
s n
an
on
as
so
on
ase
in
i on , i
no
as
no a
or C a
n a
ns
ca n
a n, or
e o
an
i on , i
os s
or
an
n o a i on ,
s s
or
or
an
co
s no a
on
an
es r a s
s n
an
ns
ns
n s
n s
6
4
a s one s
n s
M e di aev a l
B a nd s
the f urtee th ce tury M i trel

G llery t E xeter t Beverley ( S t
M ry C hurch ) the twelfth ce tury
church f S t Ge rge t B cher
d el ewhere
ville e r R ue
w Perh p th y pr
t k
ti
d t get h er u til t h ey tt i ed
th
t
me rt f h rm y
c lled vill ge w it did till quite
r ece tly i E gl d A m br
thi k th t they l l pl yed i
u i ; but t h i i c rcely likely
w h e w c ider the gre t e ergy
with w h ich rg um di c t d
t
t
were
bei
g
culti
p
t d i
the C h urch
d th t
p rt i gi g h d re ched
till
h ig h er devel p m e t
ut ide it It
i
well k w th t
ki d f
extemp re di c t w cultiv ted
f
wh ic h rule were m de ; d
he ce it i
ly p ible but
t
very pr b ble th t the i tru m e t
pl yed u writte h rm ic
m p im t t th
g dt
the le di g i tru m e t i the
d ce
We h ve ee th t the m
ch rd w m rked with th letter
f the
lph bet
d th t the e
in
so
an
or
as
on
en
ns
n s
ns
s on
an
os s
an
no
an
an
an
an
no
an
an
co
s n
u nc u s
va e
os
c o n ra
as
ons
a n
an
on
n s on
ao
n, a n
so
s o-
no
se
no
is
ns
on
ac
an
as
on o
an
14
>
m
m
<
Z
o
m
u
m
A
<
m
m
2
D
H
B
4
O
Z
H
Q
A
W
A
m
Z
d
J
U
H
w
D
letter were cc i lly u ed t gether with the eume
t
h w the ex ct i terv l ; thi w the e rlie t f rm
f medi v l i
tru m e t l t ti ; d we d letter
u ed i the rg t bl ture i Germ y
A w
tur l i the d y whe i terc mmu ic ti
w
l w d di ff cult the t bl ture were t lik
everywhere ; e ch c u try m re
le
Di ff
t devel ped i t
w
t ti
Th t the
mt
C hurch
w
t
ti
pr
ctic
lly
the
me
g
i
t
thr
ugh
ut
We
ter
ur
pe
due
the
E
d i ff
t
f
i
t
f
ct
em ti g fr m
fu t i
ti
he d R me
The C l vich rd w
de ce d t f the M ch rd
d w
i re lity m erely
c llecti f m ch rd i
m e e c h f which erved t pr duce
fr
Th
d
h ree
i t l ter
t
f
ur
te
; while i
Cl i h d
impr ved f rm e ch key h d t w tri g
d
h
Agric
l
h
w
cl
vic
rd
rg
Vi d
d
g
keyb rd pr vided with the letter u ed i t bl ture
f
the e i trume t t rti g fr m F bel w G m t
which i h w by d uble f ; i t mit the l w f h rp
peculi r f rm f
b
d i lettered t h u g g
s
a s ona
an
a s na
as
s o
an
a s
ns
n a
no a
on
an
er en
u r es
no a
er en
c o u n r es
an
un
or
ss
sa
o ne
n a n
ono
on o
on o
n s
an
s
,
n s
an
de
C , 06 ,
Time ig
6
;
f f
6,
12 , 12 ,
6
g ,
t
t
di
Ti m
They
ig
A Breve wh
A S emibreve
-
ns
s
an
cc ,
e
g ,
etc
dd,
I) , [1,
c,
d e,
or
or
e,
on
no
a re
ns
c e,
le time l e ge
h lf time perpe dicul r tr ke
,
oz
1 48
di g
ig ify re t
h rt li e
g ver letter they ig ify te
an
s z
an
e_
f f
an
o a
ns
ei
no
or
no
an
oa
an
on
or
av c
or
as a
one
on
no a
as
a na
as
on
an
as
;
.
M I N ST RE i s
.
PI
LL A R
sT
MA Y S CHU
E E RLE
C H, B V
T a bl a tur e s
A M i im i
tr ke with cr k
A S emimi im
qu ver h t w cr k
A Fu
e m iqu ver h three cr k ;
n
s a s
ou r
oo
s a , ou r s
as
oo
as
oo
a nd s o on.
ep r te l l h i mi im
mimi im
d
fu ; but Agric l d ther j i the cr k by h ri
t l li e
thu givi g t
ucce i
f qu rter
eighth te the ppe r ce f little hurdle
It w cu t m ry t write the D i c t i t h
d
treble p rt f rg
cl vich rd
T
h
mu ic
li e t ve b ve t h
l f
T
b
t bl ture ; d
the t ve the t bl ture
g
;
ig were tt ched t l e ge which fter i t h t
w rd bec me r u d bl ck te i f ct
S
t
cr tc h et qu ver etc
The r t thi g w
tice b ut e rly l l t bl ture
f
i the
vertic l li e dr w right thr ugh them
fte exte di g b ve the t ve
d
l
if the writer w determi ed th t th ere B i :
h uld be
p ibility f mi t ke b ut
me ure Thi li e did w y with t h ece ity
th
t
f c ur e the m der
f the p
d i
f the
t
li e O
the
b
f the f w excepti
vertic l li e i i the rg t bl ture f Ar ld S chlick
l
de
cribed
by
it
er
i
p
E
M
t
h
4
5
whic h h ve b li e
The ly d t u ed i th t f perfecti which m ke
it
te threef ld
we y i cre e Th D t
it
v lue by h lf O b erve h wever i
Vi d
cl
vic
h
rd
t
bl
ture
Fig
p
t
w
g
5 )
(
V i rd u n g
z on a
no
as
oo
s s on
on
or
an
an
an
an
v e-
se
an
an
o n
o a
on
o a an
s as
ur
ns
ou r
use
an
ul
no
no
li l
av e
oz
as
as
no
as
os s
u nc u s
a r-
ne
12
an
a r-
no
ss
use
no
s o
on a s
vo
e,
11
sa
o r, a s
on ,
as
un
I 49
10 ,
on s
no
on
an
F l (3 IO
.
Vi rdu ng Cl avi chord Tablature ]S l l A D
Agri cola Orga n Score 152 9

,
The
s a me
i n Ta b ature
0
5
T a bl a tur e s
d t
b ve the d uble b t i dic te repetiti ; d

w
h ll
th t d t u der te were u ed l ter f
ther bject
O b erve the d uble clef i
the t ve G d dd
Thi w very c m m
Agric l t bl ture
d i
it will be ticed th t t h ere
three clef
D b
d C ; while i
hi
dd G
c re he
a
?
give
clef t e rly every li e I t will
be ticed th t i the t bl ture he d e
t
th
me letteri g
Vi d
but
the
Guid
i
l
d
g
letteri g the l we t ct ve bei g i c pit l t h
middle ct ve m ll letter
highe t te
d th
d uble letter
Gr ce te
h w i the di c t p rt f the
t bl ture by tr ke thr ugh the l wer t il f te
i b r f ur
d ve f Agric l
rg
G
t bl ture ; d th ugh he d e
t
y
N
t
it i pr b ble t h t the tilted ig i t h
ther p rt i dic te gr ce te We h ll
th t
M ce expl i
h w the e gr ce
te
be pl yed
t
t h lute
Agric l give
imil r t bl ture f
i gle v iced
i trume t uch
v ri u ki d f V i l d
th
vi li ; but i t h e m h u e t h m e letter
i l
V
i g
Vi d
i
d
e
the
rg
the T bl t
f
g
l we t ct ve u derli ed the h igh e t ver
li ed whic h mu t h ve g e f t w rd preve ti g
m
rg i t fr m ddi g t h vi li
V i l t hi
i
h
m
t
i
l
Fig
p
A
t
h
ere
purp
e
d
w
(
p
thi f t h e e cie t pr ctiti er were je l u f t h
o s
e s
s ee
a no
ar
as
on ,
no
use
an
on a n
a s
no
o a s
no
no
no
no
r a ce
sa
s o,
o es
an
ns
an
s a s
n s
un
an s
en s
or
a
.
12
an
a re
s ee
ar
or
an, v z
on
on
an
e sa
s n
or
or
as
as
ns
o a
a ns
an
an
a re
no
un
o a s
as
on
or
an
a re
sa
6 S
no
an
an
an
on
no
as
no
o s
a o
an
a cco
os
as a
a u re
n
e
e cr chme t f th
their w
f ther tr de
d like the Briti h w rk m
f t d y i
i ted th t
e c h m h uld tick t h i w i tru m t d t
e r extr p y by pr cti i g
t h er i h i lei ure
y M rley w h
h ur
T h Fre ch
J l
y
m ter
were
ge
er
lly
cc
u
ted
gre
t
f P
eld
ever
w
uld
pr
ck
th
r
le
m
t t
they pl yed th e m m uc h le reve l ythi g
t t h t h r ug h u der t
di g f t h i tru m e t
We give ex mple t ke fr m f w t bl ture ly
with their tr l ti
Hu dred f t bl ture b k
f
d libr rie
exi t i the mu eum
AB h
E ur pe but th
e
tri
ged
i
trume
t
f
A t g ph
l l e ily tr
l
ted
the
writer
t
i
T bI
th
r
rely
give
tu
i
g
t
which
they
refer
t b k
S ever l f the e b k
u u lly exhibited
t the public i
the m u ic c e f t h Ki g Libr ry i
the Briti h M u eu m m g t t h em bei g c py f t h
t bl ture b k f A m erb c h predece r f S eb ti
B ch
rg i t f S t Th m
Leip ig Th i c py
bel ged t B ch d c t i h i ut gr ph
A the
rg i t repre e ted i t bl ture t the
i terv l he c u ed t
u d but the rg key b
pre ed
the lute i t repre e ted the
Lt
h h d t pl ce
tri
g
which
d fret
T bl t
pr duce the required e ff ect ;
h i ger t
g ve ri e t cert i the retic l di ffi cultie
d thi
th
wh ich were verc m e i pr ctice
u fretted
f w key
vi li
lut by pl yi g ly i
d
th
i
i
xpl
i
i
g
lute
t
bl
ture
bliged
i
h
Vi d
g
n
oa
an
os e
an
ns s
en
an
no
sa
n,
a no
ns
on
o-
s n
ea o u s
an
as
ra c
or n
s s on s a s
ei
i o n er s
o o
a ns a
an
os
no
a re
u re-
or
s on
oo
n s
ns
oo
on
oo
oo
as
an
as s
an
no
an
s
on
n s
as
s a
sso
so
so
s a re
on a n s
an
as
ss
u e
s
-
an s
a s
n n
an s
on
as o
a ns a
as
ra
ns
ac
on s
an
an
ss
a u r es
an
an
un
on
a n
a n n
on
on
a
,
T abl a t ur e s
ck wledge th t B ethiu y th t t e c
t
be divided i t t w e m it e ; yet the fret f the lute
d Vi d
divide it i t t w emit e
g
Th
pr mi e t e pl i w y the di ffi culty t h i
T
t
l
l l pr ctic l pur
me future ti m e F
Di ffi lt i
p e theref re the lute w tu ed i wh t f T i g
w
k w
equ l temper me t ll the
emit e bei g m de equ l
the m der pi
d it m ttered
f rte d rg
thi g whether the
chr m tic i ter l were c lled h rp

t ; i
the t bl ture they
i m ply emit e
M re ver it g ve ri e i Germ y t
curi u
fu i
f
me cl ture whereby t h h rp
i
etc were c f u ded with the t
etc
d
c
mp
iti
i
;
f
m
g
three t w
d t be
d
d Nm
h rp while i t t ic tri d c i ted f d i
l t
b
d
h
rp
g
b
t
g
The E gli h d Fre ch lute i t u u lly drew i
li e t repre s e t the i pri cip l tri g f their
i trume t ; while the b
tri g wh ic h
E
h
i
were ut ide the eck d t h eref r c uld
d
ly be pl yed pe were tu ed t the
F
h
d t c c le f C
d were repre e ted
L t
with
i the t bl ture by t h letter
T bl t
m re tr ke g i t it t h tw l we t
tri g bei g repre e ted by t h gure 4 d 5
Fig
p
3
(
d gure
Gerle give t h e m it e by letter
the j i t f the h d the pri ciple f the Guid i
to
no
n o
n o
on
a n
so
on
sa
a nno
an
un
or
on
e or e
cu
os
no
s on
e s,
a n, an
no
s,
06 3 ,
es ,
as
or
o a
s
a s
c on
a s
on
os
u r ou s
er
in
sai
an
an
on o
es ,
on
a no
a re s
un n
zs
an
c a u re
s x
o e
an
r en c
u e
a ns
o ne
or
a u r es
an
o n s o
an
an
n,
ass
on
n s
s x
o ni
on s s
ns
ia
on
an
en
es
no
va s
on
as
an
as
on
as
ca
on
an
on
S3
an
on
on a n
h d d the t bl ture i rr ged fter the pict ri l
h d which h tw ig t e c h j i t
A there were ever l w y
f tu i g the i upper
tri g it w
ce ry f the pl yer t k w r t
wh t tu i g w i te ded f
p
rticul
r
y
Di ffi l ti
d
t
bl
ture
dded
t
thi
w
tw
f
ld
f th
me c lled the
letteri
tri
the
g
p
g
T bl t
d
r t fret b the ec d
ther
;
c lled the pe i g tri g the r t fret t h ec d
d
O ther
g i
M ce
6 the third
c ll t h pe tri g th r t fret b the ec d by
d
peculi rly h ped
t y
d k ; h expl i
th t h u e y i te d f i
Th m
t extr rdi ry letteri g i t h t f V i d g
h
w
Fig
p
h
expl
i
t
t
h
le
r
ed
it
fr
m
(
h
bli d m th ugh h d e
t
h
w
t
y
Bl d bli d m wr te it d w
re
d
it
whe
i
1
;
writte
Thi
bli
d
m
me
w
r
d
C
T bl t
lm
P
m
He w very cele
P
d h i gr ve t
e i the c h urc h f
b t d i hi d y
L dy t M u ich be r t h f ll wi g i cripti
O
f St
I the ye r 4 7 3
th
eve f the c ver i
P ul there died d w buried here t h m t rti tic f
an
an
an
as
as
ne
ssa
cu
es
s x
no
or a n
n n
as
o n
or
an
an
n n
ns
o s
as
o o
so
12
a n,
on
as
an
no
sa
or
on
s o on
a ns
na
a ns
ao
a,
on
so
on.
c, a n
ns
c, a n
0,
so
os
an
c,
on
n n
an,
an
n,
an 8
n.
un
a n s na
on a
as
a u re
a nn
au
ra e
ur
M u s i ck : M on u men t
a nd
bl s
C mb
e,
ri d ge ,
he
or
a nd
bea s ti ca l
on
or a
ns
on
as
R emembr a n cer
on :
s on
os
til e o
es t P r a ct i ca l
M u s i c,
been kn ow n t o lza ve been i n t il e
ev er
Th
16 7 6.
wh o h a d
i d er
a
th e
fa i h
ha
as
cl k T n ty
w
m k bl v ws
c ns s t t c nt m l t n c nc
nt
ct v
n s n w l l st n t n
t t s ll n v t
n t nt t t ss
h ed i n
Ci v i l , t/z czt lz a s
Wor ld , p u i
o
on
an
C ll g
m si c
di s c d
m n s
a nn
au
an
bot/z D i v i n e
or
s ub
a u re
en s
s i n of a
he
ha
th i sm
e
th e
ar
re
th e
ha
u re o f
o ma
54
wa s
ie
as
d ege
of
er
p a io
a nd u i o ,
e er a f er
Ma
ri
er o f
to th e p o
of
era e
ord
so
re
ha
a nd
g he
gro
P au lm an n
m ter
T abl a tur e
i trume t d f mu ic M ter C r d
lm
P
f
ble de ce t f N uremberg d b r
bli d
wh m m y G d h ve mercy
Agric l ( wh e w rk i i ver e ) m ck t the
ide f bli d m te chi g the t bl ture ; h i li e
m y be thu p r phr ed
If bli d m ter te che
d by le di g them
ppre tice w h
tr y
m ke t h e m l
bli d th ey m u t t be t i hed if
t h ey get l ug h ed t We h ve c pied P l m
t bl ture with ex ct e fr m t h ex m ple give by
Vi d
Fig
d
it
will
be
b
erved
t
h
t
h
t
g (
tr l ti give t h me re ult th t f h i ex m ple
f cl vich rd t bl ture ( p
S tri g
u u lly
u m bered eith er fr m highe t t l we t fr m l we t
t highe t ; b t C
r d P lm u e
ther y tem
He c ll t h l we t tri g t h Gre t Brum m er i

Gre t Gr wler (Vi d g c ll it Gre t P mm i h i
t
l c l di lect) d u m ber the ther fr m
ve
Th
pe Gre t Bru m mer i m rked by the gure
with t w d t b ve it the t h er pe tri g bei g
h
h w
I
t
t
bl
ture
by t h gure
3 4 5
th
gure t k t h f rm f Z d 5 i i c mplete
N w c me
w h t V i d g c id r
very clever
m
rr geme t but which re ult i the m t h pele
plic ti
I te d f the u u l meth d f letteri g the
t ng t h bli d m
letter t h f t th r t fret h vi g
b
f
ve tri g re pectively begi i g
d
th
wit h the l we t t h ec d fret i lettered f ; g h i k ;
h
t h t h ird I m
d
thr
ugh
t
lp
h
bet
p
Amb s G / i l iii p 4 36
a ll
as
s of
ns
a nn , o
au
n
on
no
an
ca n
ri
on .
c,
e,
es
or
an
e s
n , o,
ro
esc z c
re s ,
SS
s s co
nn n
e a
on
te, v o
so
os
on
an
er
on e
an
on s
ru
un
a re
1,
ns
an
or
s a no
o s a
un
an
a nn s
a nn
au
on s
au
on
as
s
s
as
as
e sa
as
no
an
on
ss
o n
a ns a
un
s ee , a n
an
a so
on a
as
as
os
o a
n s an
66
Whe he c me t he begi
g i with
m ed by c pit l
etc The Gre t Brummer fret
letter c rre p di g wit h the m ll letter f the
tri g b ve i t thu A F L Q X AA etc The
tu i g u ed i
G t B mm
4
5
n
n n
on
a n
c c,
a
aa,
na
a re
ns
o a
er
ru
rea
the te t ke lph betic lly i te d f pr duci g

i
erie f emit e
ther t bl ture h ve t h
f the
f ll wi g extr rdi ry re ult re m i di g
curi u rder f u d i the e rlie t Greek i trume t l
t ti ( Fig p
a nd
no
on
no a
on
1,
ns
a
one
n a
ns
n o
as
na
ao
s o
n a
if we t ke t h emit e ucce ively fr m t h pe

tri g t h ey pr duce t h f ll wi g rr geme t f
D
letter d g
a
o r,
ss
s s
s an
on
e s
an
n s o
u re s :
&c
c fu i wh ich with ut le gthy expl

w uld be h pele t e de v ur t u r vel
on
s on
ss
6
5
n a
a na
ti
on,
it
M a c e s T a bl a t ur e
f wh m
With reg rd t time v lue the Germ
Agric l d V i d g
repre e t tive
wh t we
d cr
k t ti ;
m y c ll the vertic l li e
V i
d M ce i
while M
Fr ce
i
f
W
d pl ce cr tchet qu ver etc ver
E gl
IZ
the t bl ture t h w the v lue f the letter
be e th them t be g u der t d th t
l
f the
letter with ut te ver them
i the third
time f the l t te th t h ccurred
i which the
fr m M ce ( p
b
f the qu t ti
l t i t be f equ l v lue with the precedi g b i
M ce c ll
qu ver The d t u der letter
them the prick refer t the geri g
prick f
the r t ger t w f the ec d
M ce de cribe ftee
v rietie f gr ce te
ccurri g i the lute t bl ture c lli g them C uri
itie
d i iti
i
refere ce t the d r
G
i g
f y ur pl y
The h k i m rked
N
t
with d t bef re letter ; it i f v ri u
ki d
erve h ke he c
t
f which the
he y
I h ve h d cc i t bre k
m ke f
b th m y rm
The b t h w by vertic l li e bef re letter d
the b k f l l h w by c mm bef re the letter
i b r
f the ex mple were
emit e
d tw
b ve t h pri cip l te d m de by with dr wi g the
left h d ger fr m the tri g with twitch fter

triki g with the right imil r t t h left h d pi ic t
vi li c mp er f the pre e t
f Fre ch
d Belgi
It i h rdly ece ry t g i t det il f the
d y
a
o a an
un
an
o s
ar
na
an
oo
v a u es
o r,
or
on
one
or
no
as
as
o n
ra ce
S 0
es
a r ou s
as o
n c
a re
on
use
o s
on
an
o a
an
in
no
as
no a
no
oo
n a
an
a ns
a re
e rs e n n u s
o es
one
ea
ac
one
an
no
S7
os
n o
an
a o
zz
as
on
ssa
I
an
an
an
an
a s on
an
a nn o
sa
or,
gr ce c lled the lur the lide the p i g the ti g
the d ble d i gle reli h ; the l t gr ce he m
l
ti i the
ft d l ud pl y i dic ted by
equiv le t t the It li expre i f d p He
h
c ll it
gre t d g d gr ce
t
er
y
t p t
i
The Fre ch pl yer u ed b tt
s
ons
a s s ag es ,
an
as
t r em bl e me n ts , ma r tel enze n ts ,
a tte
me n ts
"
2 2 7 2 0 7 652 36 3
c ha r
r
a
ce
s
,
g
so
an
or s a e vo x
d d ou c i ss e me n ts ,
m es
o :
ei ne n s
en
as an
s s ons
oo
an
er,
as
an
so
s n
an
ou
me n ts
r a v i ss e
d Pret riu
etc
give
g
imil
r
li
t
f It li
gr
ce
which
give
N it :
v riety t the c cert d ple ure d
delight t the he rer
The lute w u d ubtedly
cultiv ted t
high pitch f perfecti
d th e w h
h ve he rd it pl yed
well u der t d the ch rm it
p e ed i the d y whe few key were u d d
the p werful rche tr d rg
f rte
d m der pi
h d
t yet
erted their pre e m i e ce
The vi l were u u lly i i p rt
d
che t f
d t w tr ble
vi l c t i ed t w b e t w te r
the
upperm
t
vi
l
vi
li
p
rt
bei
g
V 1
c lled t h e di c t Th eir t bl ture i
E gl
d d Fr ce i
the me pri ciple th t
f the lute ;
umber f li e
dr w equiv le t t
the umber f tri g
pl ced
them
d letter
t i dic te the fret
the emit e f the
f the vi l
vi li F the vi li thi w
i m ple e ugh l g
ly t h r t p iti
m de
f it mu t
w
h ve h d i t i c ve ie ce whe the pl yer wi h ed t
bt i
di ffere t e ff ect by h ifti g Th vi li t bl
ture
g ve w y t t h
Fre ch vi li
f the
r an c
no
ass
on a n
o s
ass
10 8
an
an
a n
n.
a n
s o on
on
an
or
use
1 58
as
on
on
on
as
use
no
an
ano o
as
or
as
on
os
a re
an
no s
an
sa
s o
or
a s on
a
n s
se
on
an
an
s x
os
os
an
an an
o s
an
on , a n
a an
as
as
an
ca n
ss
an
os s
on
an
W ind I n s t ru m e n t T a bl a t ur e s
-
clef
which the G w pl ced the middle li e f
li e t ve while the l wer i trume t u ed the

lt te r d b clef The E gli h vi li i t u ed
t pre e t
the rdi ry treble clef
The wi d i trume t l h d their t bl ture f
which w give ex mple ( Fig
p
They were
d th
divided i t di c t lt te r b
W
d
i
t bl ture f u ded the h le t be pe ed
I t
h
t
the
u
d
emitted
w
t
me
f
(
)
l l th ugh i t
tr l ti
tur lly v rie
with the pitch f the v ri u i trume t
t
Thu if l l the h le were cl ed
di c t
ute
de cribed by V i d g t h re ulti g u d w
the l w G i the ex m ple ( Fig
wh ile if ll the
h le f te r ute were cl ed t h re ult w D ;
me i
d th
b
ute w uld re ult i g mut
G The pe i g f the l we t h le w i dic ted by
t h gure
A
the di c t E
the
; it re ulted i
te r d l w A the b
There were
key
the ute d the geri g w c mplic ted Thu the
highe t f required t h t h umb h le h lf pe the 6 th
t
h
i
t
h
d
d
d
fully
pe
d
c
le
give
t
;
4
3
8 53
by le gthy umberi g uc h 8 6 4 3
etc Th e e
c tr cted i t the tr ge
8 54 3
f rm h w i the di gr m It will be ee th t here
g i there i
regul r c le rder uch
w uld
expect ; the umber d gure pr ceed cc rdi g t
t cc rdi g t t h i terv l
the h le
The It li lute t bl ture w m de the pri ciple
d fret by li e
f exhibiti g the tri g
d umber
in
v e-
as
no
o,
as s
na
ns
n o
no
on
as
an
n n
no
on
an
2 n
s s
an
1,
a n
no
an
s an
I
on
S9
1,
an
a s one
a s
1,
n o
n,
on
e s
as
an
on
an
as
as
as
as
s an
a re
s no
so
no
u r es
Is
as
'
on
ass
ns ru
an
an
ass
n s
os
sa
or
on a
no
ns
un
os
an
e sa
na
as
on
a ns a
ass
no
o,
12
n s s
on
so
a so
as a
an
n s
n s
an
ns
an
on
on
n s an
but it c mplic ted m tter by
it were tur i g
the tri g up ide d w th t i t h l we t li e f
the t bl ture repre e ted th h igh e t tri g
It l i
f the lute ; the
pe
tri
g
were
h
w
L t
t
by
the
fret
by
the
gure
4
3
T bl t
The t bl ture publi hed i
c u try h d
t
be tr l ted f public ti i
ther
if they
were b k i di ff ere t l gu ge
i t bl
O rg
mu ic whether writte
t ve
ture w c lled rg t bl ture Thu b k rece tly
exhibited
i the Ki g Libr ry publi hed t
O g
Ve
ce
by
A
t
d
G
549
M i
i ti g f li e Fre ch vi li
d i
nd
li e b
t ve i c lled I t b l t
O g
w
T bl t
d O g
d the w rd
T bl t
wh
u ed i t h me w y i Germ y
W i tt i
Th
It li lute t bl ture by umber
St ff
w
i
tr
duced
i
t
S
p
i
i
8
by
N
53
Ntt
b e f the Vihuel
guit r It i fully
de cribed i S p i h by C er e di Berg m
prie t
d mu ici
f the R y l C h pel t N ple i
6 3 wh
expl i th t m u ic w uri hi g very
mm a little i
f
S
p
i
wi
g
the
de
rth
t
E ? te ch er d writer ; d t h t h vi g
T bl t
h
tr
velled
much
th
t
c
u
try
f
u
d
i
i t Sp i
m y y u g m (M
b )
xi u t
f
le r w h c uld t d
w t f m ter t h
pr ctiti er bei g u ble t te c h Hi b k i
c mplete tre ti e me ured mu ic d f t bl ture
he y
T d v there
tw
rt f t bl ture i
o
an
as
n n
u e
a u re
a ns a
oo
an
as
an
ni
en
ev e n
en
a nO,
ar
an
n o
c on
an
s x
o a
a ur
u ra
as
a n
a no ,
n a
oo
or
an
e c
as
n on i o
s a
an
as
e sa
on
v e-
a no
ass
a u re
an
in
s s
us c
ca
an
an
on
n o ne
or
1, 2
ar
o a i on
or
an
an s
an o
on
or
on
a ns
a n
as
an
an
n o
a n
an
a n,
sa
s :
no
on
o-
on
so
na
an
or
as
a re
1 60
o so
an
an
s
oo
as
a n ce os
en
a u re
o, a
n 1
B a rba r o u s T abl at ur es
d the ther fr m ; th t
t rti g fr m er
fr m er bei g m t c mm
The tri g h ve t be
t uched cc rdi g t the umber
ig ifyi g
pe
tri g ;
the r t fret ;
the ec d ; d
Time i me ured by te f t g t pl ced ver
the t bl ture but thi
ly d e f th e w h k w
t g
t ;
the ther w y i by ig
The
ig he give
the me i pri ciple
th e f
Agric l d V i d g i
upright li e f
emi
breve
uprigh t li e with cr k f
mi im with
tw
cr k f
emimi im d
th ugh they
lightly di ff ere t i f rm P i t pl ced e r the
i
umber h w the geri g
t bl ture
M ce
H i t bl ture refer t
eight tri ged lute guit r
the i r t tri g f which
me i terv l
i the
th e de cribed p 56 th ugh t l wer pitch
The t bl ture h d t very l g life J d k ig
lute i t d vi li t livi g t Vie
writi g i 5 3
pe k f th t f the lute l tely i ve ted
D
It i ge er lly k w th t the lute t bl
5
:
bee i ve ted withi livi g mem ry T bl t :
t re h
There
m y extr rdi rily b rb r
t bl ture which h ve ri e thr ugh i experie ced
c mp er d c mm Lute miter w h
uch b d
geri g t m ke t h mu ic i c mprehe ible d
the v ice get mixed d mi i t f f d f f m i
S i ce the T bl ture h ve bec me quite c mm
thi re
br ught i t c tempt m t
d f
wr gly writte by th e w h d t u der t d them
t le r them ; d they m ke impr ctic ble
d c
u s e , one s a
no
as
ca n o
ns
oo
a re
n s
an
s o
no
un
en
an
n 1
ou s
os
s an
as
or
a s on
on
an
a nno
an
16 1
ns
or
a an
an
or
n o
a u re
o use s
s se
os
an
on
os
on ,
o no
an
on
na
ao
a s
a re s o
sa
or
n na ,
as
or a s
no
os
on
ns
on.
or
n n
as
on,
a re
no
or
so
as
so
as
o n s
o an
on
os
an
an
oo
s x
as
an o
an
or
an
v z
os
sa
un
u ra
or
a re
o a an
ca n o
on
s o
0 s
on
u ra o
on .
1,
o, a n
os
a re
an
d mi u der t
d uble t p
d the me ure
d
mix thi g up
th t it i i m p ible th t y g d
h uld re ult fr m th ir b d geri g if y
h uld
pr cti e d y d ight h i l b ur i l t u le he
th r ughly k w e ch letter i the t bl ture
f
i
6
6
i
ce
writi
g
the
lute
ce
tury
d
M
7
h lf fter J d k ig eem t be revivi g wh t w
lm t l t t ; the rg t bl ture h d l g bef re
thi give w y t t ve f fr m ve t t li e wh ile
tw
virgi l mu ic w u u lly writte
t ve f i
li e e c h
The t bl ture h d t h di dv t ge f t h wi g
d they ece
the i terv l
rily di ff ered f di ffere t
i trume t By t h wi g the ex ct i
D w
l
they were very i m perf c t guide t
t
b k
vi
li
i
t
tr
mb
i
t
etc
eve
whe
f w
f th
di
t
t
m
dul
k y were u ed while f
T bl t
ti
th ey w uld be imp ible Ag i it
gre t dr wb ck th t the t ti
f e ch i
w
trume t h d t be le r ed ep r tely ; f
m
c e him elf t
i trume t
The f ct th t t bl ture w u ele u le the i
w y t
trume t w tu ed i
uit it while m y
di ff ere t m et h d f tu i g were i v gue w
ll
g i t i t c ti ui g i f v ur ; f it i well k w
th t t di turb the tu i g t which
i trume t i
ccu t m ed th r w it t f ge r f
c ider ble
time Wh t w required w
u iver l t ti
uit ble t l l i tru m e t which h uld h w the
d tri g ;
d thi w
i terv l
fu d
t t h fret
s
o o
un
n s
e rv a s
s o
s x
no
an
162
a n ca n
or
ss
an
as
a n,
ss
an
n s
on
or
as
ns
an
or n o
ou
as
a s
as
n n
n n
on
no a
ns
or
no
os s
as
a ns
a n
as
or
o one
en
o s
an a
on s
an
on
ssa
no
on
ss
sa
on s
n s
a u r es
as
n on
an
v z
ns
a s
ac
an
s o
as
one s
os
oo
r a
o s
n 1
na
ar
os
an
an
an
en
os
no
as
os s
an
an
so
an
an
no
ns
on s
no a
sa
on ,
as
V oi ce
T abl a t ur e
the r pidly devel pi g v c l t ff t ti

It i
rem rk ble th t the pri ciple f the t bl ture h bee
revived d much cultiv ted i the i etee th ce tury
f
v ice
t i
trume t u der the me f the
f which w
T ic S l f
t ti
h ll pe k i
l ter ch pter
in
an
or
on
no
ns
no a
n s
on , o
163
no a
s a
n n
on .
as
na
e s
n a
HAPT E R X
O i gi n f
t v L g li n E l y v c l
D bl
f
si ngl s t v i m di v l ti m s
h w
f tw n ty f
l i n s Li n d d d
d by B h m A t v
G d l d p ti n f h l i n s t v f v i c s d
i
d
q
t s t v f l v n p ly th ti c l d
i ns t m nts G
k n wn t m di v l w it sTh cl fsTh b l in E xpl n
t i n f ly i g l i ti i i U f h d f p f ct i n
ly s v nt n t h nt yS y n c p t i n i E ngl i sh c th d l
i
h l d s Pl yf d
tim signs
m si c D i v n n t s ty s
Adl ngR p ti ti n signsG m n F n ch d It li n n m s
b k n i cl d f cti ns f s mib v
f n t sTh C
tim s ignsD is pp n c f h sq
ts
d l z ng
B l ck n t s d f gm nt ti n i 6 7 6M ti niR m
ti m ign S t i ti m ign L g li dif l i Fig d
b ss
forms
ord
a ri ou s
of s a
ra
rre
ea r
e e
ea r
ro
c r
or a u
re
a r-
o e
ne
ra
re e a s
no e
cu
er e
ar
er
un
e-
an
an
an
as
n 1
an
ot o
ua re
eore
ae a
or
or
ra
t e
es
se o
e, a n
e-s
roz z o s
or
u se
er
ea ra
u se
o e
u re
ts
s cores
ve -
e e e
e-
o a
ou r
ur
or
es
ce
er
ar
o e
e- s
u ar
o e
ee
e o
es
s a
ae a
er
e us e o
rea
ru
ua
ra
u re
re
ou
s core
an
ea u s
t es
u re
h ve ee the i gle li e cr tched the p rch

me t gr w i t t w c l ured li e th e i t
f ur
li ed t ve ; d uch it h rem i ed f
E l g
t
hi
d y
Greg
ri
mu
ic
t
But
f
m t f
f l e w
me
ured
the
umber
m
t h St
ly limited by the c m p
f the mu ic
f
m
be perf rm ed Ledger
leger li e
t
h
l
te
i
ve
ti
Whe
r
t
u
ed
they
d
i
t
l
y
p
mewh t wkw rd ppe r ce wi g t i t bei g
th ught ece ry t
th em b th b ve d bel w
WE
n o
n ar
en
e'
an
an
n o
a n
as
u s rc ,
ave
or
or
ssa
ass
on .
use
1 64
a re
co
a an
as
n s
or
in
ve
so
on
a ra
on
o o
as
s n
an
E a r ly S c o r e s
p ce
te ut ide the t ve He ce they were
v ided whe ever p ible by
ch ge f clef
e peci lly f the C clef
The wh le f v c l c re w t r t c t i ed i
t ve d vertic l li e were fte dr w
n gre t
thr ugh it
guide t keep the v ice
S
t
p rt t gether The e li e were t b
f
li e th ugh they l ked like them They
$2
:
2
were pl ced t irregul r i terv l
me
d
time m rked
much
wh le phr e
metim
d the w rd
ly i gle te
c re i the m der
e e f full c re etc h bee derived fr m the
li e thu
c red thr ugh the m y li ed t ve
I the E
ly E gl i h H
m y publi hed i ph t
gr phic f c imile by the Pl i
g d M edi ev l
M u ic S ciety there
ever l i tere ti g
E ly
ex mple f c re f the thirtee th ce tury F v Ii d
d
w rd C ur u ly e ugh the e rl e t
S
t
pecime give i thi public ti f c re
i
e e i
ecul r g i t w p rt e ch p rt
bei g writte
li ed t ve The l wer t ve
h
the F
the f urth li e d i theref re
b
t ve the upper h the C
the r t li e
d i
S pr
t ve The mu ic i writte i
b ld qu re t ti like th t f the S rum Gr du l
d the c mp iti
ttributed t t h twelfth ce tury
i
The we h ve
Pl te I X d X f the me
public ti t w thirtee th ce tury c re f eigh t li e
with very irregul rly pl ced vertic l li e The m
p iti i i t w p rt t h C clef bei g the f urth
no
an
as
an
as
os s
on a n
no
a v es
ar
oo
on
no
so
as
on
ar
a re s
o o
an
ar
an
on
io
n ou r s
ns
as
s a s
on
v e-
ou r
no a
os
a no
a s
an
on
on
ou r
s a
on ,
on o
ne
e-
a v es
as
an
an
s on
on
ass
no
s o
a ns on
es
so
an
as
s o
an
an
ar
a s
as
as
s n
ns
on
on
os
on
16 5
an
sa
on
co
eighth li e
th t here ( d i m y ther
medi v l c re ) the li e ch ge their m with
the p rt th t i writte
them Th u i
F i gh t
the
eight
li
ed
t
ve
we
referri
g
t
l
d
the
f
ur
l
we
t
l
e
W
ll
be
re
pect
vely
St
D F A C
me ;
d the f ur upper the
but if the l wer v ice cc i lly ver w i t the
upper f ur li e f the t ve they temp r rily tre ted
bel gi g t the l wer C
th t t h fth d ixth
li e bec me E d G i te d f D d A While if
the upper v ice ver w i t the l wer h lf f t h
t ve the third d f urth li e bec me b d g
i te d f
d c
A thi pr ctice i very c mm
i the l rge t ve u ed by medi v l writer
w
give
ex mple i m der t ti t h w
me i g
a nd
ae
so
an
na
an
on
an
es
a re
o,
i ne
in
a v es
as
on
s o
ns
ns
an
n no a
an
an
o s
an n
our
O r, to
No
t ke
a
m der
o
ex mple Br hm
a
on
ae
on
an
n o
o a
n o
so
sa
a re
an
an
a s ona
an
an
Op
s,
10 ,
Ped
Here the l wer p rt mu t be re d i the b clef t h

f the t ve m u t
upper p rt i the treble T h i
h ve led t c ider ble i c ve ie ce whe the p rt
o
ons
on
166
as
ass
us e
S t a v e s o f M a ny
L in e s
cr ed
whe m re th t w v ice were m
pl yed ; d we d very e rly th t the t ve w
f ge er lly ve
divided i t tw
m re p rti
li
th ugh it m u t be re m e m b red th t
we id
i
p 58 uch ch ge c
t be tt i
C h pter IV
buted t de ite d te t h ewer meth d bei g u ed
c curre tly with t h lder f ce turie
Pl te XX d XXI f E ly E g l i h H m y h w
three p rt c re f the thirtee th ce tury f le th
ftee li t h f urth f which h th F clef
f
S
t
the eighth d thirtee th h vi g the C clef
t
F
The umber f li e v rie fr m ftee t
i
g
:
f urtee d thirtee
iti f the
d th p
t
clef i fte ch ged The t ve i
c red
but h rt vertic l li e
pl ced t i terv l with
i
it t
h w the c rre p
d ce f t h m u ic with
the rh yme V l xxii f the M t h f t f i M i k
i
t
h
h
c t i
f c i m ile f p rt c mp i
g
d
ti
t ve f twe ty f ur red d blue li e
with ut y vertic l li e
Leger li e bei g
yet u k w the c mp er
dded
w li e right
cr
the p ge
f
A
t
whe ever he required t write
te b ve i w t
Y
the t ve he beg with O
e evi f L
i
d
f thi
Pl te XXIV f E ly
m y where extr li e h ve bee cr wded
E gl i h H
fter t h c py w begu
i
S m etime th c mp er c pyi t did t eve t ke
the tr uble t
ruler t
c re t h t ve i
Pl te XXI X d XXX f the b ve w rk h wi g
os s
or
an
n o
ne s
ne s
an
an
es c
on o n
an
ne
a s
on a s
v e-
no
us c
os
an
an
as
es
on o
en
an
ss
on
no
os
a re
on
ar
on a ns
as
n, an
n an
ar
sa
as
or
an
a nno
s O
as
an
e O
on s
on
or
an
n,
no
os s
a no
os
ave O
"
e?
an
ne
es
i n es
ou r
en ces
n a
on
ar
o us e a
.
an
n.
as
ar
os
or
or
no
16
as
S t o ry o f
No t ati o n
extr ct fr m
thirtee th ce tury t h ree p rt m
p iti i the U iver ity Libr ry f C mbridge i
which the f urtee li e
very irregul rly dr w by
h d
The ge er l rule i the e e rly E gli h c re eem
t be t
eight li e f
d thirtee t
t w v ice
ftee li e f three v ice c mp iti
The f urtee th d ftee th ce tury M S S h w
i cre i g te de cy t dimi i h the umber f li e t
i
d t give e ch v ice i t
ve
ep r te
Th F i
t ve ch gi g the clef whe ever ece ry
1m
S
t
By
th
ixtee
th
ce
tury
we
m y c
ider
?
f m d
the
l
ed
t
ve
pr
ct
c
lly
c
rmed
f
l
V
h here
f
v
c
l
p
rt
th
ug
d there ther
M i
t ve were u ed ; d c mp er m de
l l ki d
f extr
rdi ry c
th ey pl yed trick
with t h t ve writi g wh le m veme t
tw
li e
eve
ly t h w their kill
But th ugh the li ed t ve gr du lly bec me
rmed f v ice th m e c
t be id f i t
me t e peci lly f th e wit h key T w
I tm
t
ve
f i li e were freque tly u ed f
m t l
d eve
the
h
rp
ch
rd
the
S
xtee
th
St v
d f
the rg
t ve
t
t h ce turie ;
the right h d d f eight li e f the
f i li e f
left Th t t h i w c m m i It ly i h w by
piece by diver c m p er i t h
M S b k f rg
libr ry f t h R y l C erv t ire f M u ic t N ple
p
w
ich
h
i
d
eight
li
e
t
ve
h
t
i
(
pri ted the mu ic bei g writte by h d The preci e
a
on
os
an
co
a re
as n
or s x
v e"
an
s s
an
ssa
ons
v e- i n
or
on
an
an
ave
c on i r
n s
os
an
o-
or a
or a
o use
as
on
o ca
us c
or
a n on s
n s
n s
on
or
os
a
con
a nn o
so
sa
as
v e-
or
an
na
o s
an
nS
n o n e on
or
ao
s O
e s
ns
or
sa
os
ru
'
s x
en a
a
or
in
si
an
es
e en
s x
oo
s ee
an
an
ons
168
an
or
os
an
e s x
an
or
an
on
as
an
or
s a re
s
T he G r e a t S t a v e o f E l e ve n
d te f thi b k i u k w but t h c mp iti

by G llucci ch pel m ter t P ri i 59 7 ; P qui i
b r 58 rg i t f S t Peter t R me ; C ver i
i
6
l
6
d
t
w
u
k
w
; M
55
4
53 3
c mp er m ed D Z pp d V d le
There i l i thi libr ry i m il r b k lith
gr phed c t i i g piece by v ri u B l g e e d
Ve eti
rg i t h vi g the me rr geme t f
t ve ; but i
t b th h d h ve eve
li e
I
thi b k the third h rp i mitted fr m the
ig ture d h rp
c tr dicted t by tur l
but by t The b k i regul rly b rred thr ugh
a
oo
o,
o n
c r ca
0- 1
an
a an
an
an
on
no
an
an
oo
o o
a re
as
sa
s on a
on s
os
an
n 1
on e
na
an s
e ru o , 1
a so
on a n n
00
an s
n,
as
s na
os
no
oo
an
a s
on
s a re
oo
no
na
a s
ou t.
By the middle f the eve tee th ce tury the

i t
li ed t ve w pr ctic lly i u iver l
f
d v ice
me t
except
pl
i
g
d
(
)
F
h
i
T
h
c ti ued
till w
d i likely t
I
m
d
t "
l t f m y ce turie
f
m ;
The c lled Gre t t ve f eleve i f v m

i
the retic l t ve which w
ever
d I t
pr ctic l
except by ccide t
the
i
m t
r t f the three ex mple f c tr pu t l
o
n s
as
an
on
as
as
or
no
an
ve
ns
or
use
sa
a ns on
so
an
s o-
an
a
s
c on
use
T b l Cl
re
B Cl
as s
ef.
S n
op ra
o.
zz
Me
ef.
169
Al t
an
as
on
o- S o p
o.
l e
in
as
v e"
or
ru
es
ns ru
en s
n a
Tn
e
or.
pr gre i fr m D M uri h w i Fig
i t f the t w li ed t ve f the pi
o
s s
s s ons
v e-
F I G II
.
The Claves
It
rg
1 1.
c on
a no or o
an,
or Clefs
Us e of Cl efs i n Ars Di s ca ntus byDe Muri s
MS Organ BookNaples about 1600

.
br ced t gether the middle li e C bei g mitted

I t will be f u d th t by d r wi g t w
rd ry t ve
a
i na
s a
C l ef F o rm s
p ce p rt
lli g
the mi i g
d the
m iddle li e we h ve
the retic l t ve f eleve
li e c t i i g the three clef i their pr per pl ce ;
d by u i g the f urth t
the eighth
h
T
t
G
the fth t the i t h
the ixth t the
S
t
f
te th with the C clef lw y
the ixth
El
we bt re pect vely the te r
lt
l
y
p
d
S pr
clef the clef i the Th ti l
me i
ll
d
the me li e but it h
bec me cu t m ry t
me it cc rdi g t the v ice
it i u ed f
Thi the ry w h wever t k w
t
the i ve t r f the t ve ; they like Guid merely
pl ced the clef where they f u d it c ve ie t d did
t c
ider th t the C clef w
lw y
the middle
li e f t ve f eleve
t f which
ther li e were
t ke
required
The clef h v
ee i Fig
t ke m y f rm
d except the G clef h ve quite l
t y re embl ce
t
the letter they repre e t I the e rly
V
m
M S S we r rely d the G clef u ed ; the
F m
d F were by f
C
the m t u u l th ugh
l f
we d ther letter u ed clef uch

t
the r u d
qu re b
d dd G w
f v urite f
d h rdly ppe r till we
m e re
c me t the i trume t l t ff t ti i
Th
t h S xtee th ce tury
I the
l ed t ve
G Cl f
it w t
ti m e freque tly pl ced
the
middle li e d w the c lled by E gli h mu ici
th
the Fre ch vi li clef ; i f ct the G clef w
d i c lled by
ti e t
ci ted with the vi li
C
tw o
an
on a n n
an
s n
n n
an
a no
n a
sa
on
ons
n, ou
n as
e, as s
on
no
no
an
on
1 1,
an
an
os
ar
or
or
or
os
as
ns
n a
as
or
as
no a
ou s
or
a s on , a n
so
an
or
an
ca
o,
u re
eor e
o,
an
as
as
ev e n
r ea
ave 0
as
no
na
on
no
sa
n o s
or
or
i s
an
ss n
or
ain
in
on
no
v e- i n
as
on
one
,
an
as
asso
on
as
n,
an
on
a ns
Germ
the
the
a ns
Ch i a ve d i
Vi ol i n S chl il s s el ,
by the It li
a nd
a ns
v i ol i n o.
xcept by E gli h c thedr l c mp er it h bee

th
r rely u ed f the treble v ice i ch ru
pr
clef C the r t li e bei g u ed f thi
purp e i Germ c re t th i d y ; but f
l it
d
w
freque tly u ed f the te r pr
lt
v ice Y t it h
the C ti e t lw y bee
id
d m re
i trume t l th
v c l clef
f
The C clef m y ccur
f
ur
l
wer
li
e
y
thu
S p n M zz S p n
Alt
Tn
E
an s
as
on
on
ns
as an
a no,
so
or
an
n c on
an as a
an
on
or s o o s
n a
s es
as
no
or
as
er e
on
os
os
or
a no
so
n s
s :
ra
o.
ra
o.
o.
o r.
u ed f S pr
lt
r v ice ; f
d te
V i l cell tr m b e
d b
the
i
l d keyed
rche
tr
It
freque
tly
ccur
i
Th C
i
trume
t
mu
ic
uch
H
del
Cl f
cert B ch rg w rk
d the wh le
f the right h
d
d t ve f the f rty eight Prelude
fugue w rigi lly writte with the
pr
clef
wh ile t h C l vier U b g w pri ted with the lt

d
treble clef
E gli h c t h edr l c m p er g ve up the
f the
i
pr
f v ur f t h treble clef b ut t h
d
f t h eightee t h ce tury
It i u ed i B yce
c th edr l m u ic
ex m pl but i Ar ld
f
f the w rk publi hed i
c ti u ti
the G clef
79
i u ed f
the treble v ice
It
vi l
o a
is
or
o on
a no ,
o,
on
no
an
a.
an
o,
a s s o on s
n o
ns
os
as o
a no
so
en
on
un
or
os
an
an
a no
or
use o
so
as
on
con
an
as
an
na
an
an
or
72
e,
n 1
0,
no
Ba r
l in e s
rece t time the G clef h bee u ed f treble

lt
te r v ice ; f the
d m re rece tly till f
t
l t th
te
be u g
ct ve
l wer th writte
d the clef i theref re
M d m
u
f t
metime d ubled thu
prec uti
ci
very ece ry where m re th f ur p rt
u ed d
excelle t guide t the eye f the
re der i
l rge v c l c re A imil r d ubli g f
the G clef ccur i C P E B ch D i I l i t i
d
Wi i t
t
w
the
ute
p
rt
h
w
th
t
i
t
775
ute
t
be u ed The F clef w
metime
pl ced the m iddle li e d c lled the B rit e clef
The b li e th ugh u ed i the t bl ture b lutely
d with the m der
regul rly
me i g Th B
ly gr du lly crept t V ce p rt beg
i g t ppe r there b ut
It w t
r t irregul rly pl ced t h ugh there i meth d i the
irregul rity f it d e
ccur i the h ph rd
t
m er f the l d
c re
cr
the m y li ed
t ve
The irregul ritie d t re ult
might expect
i
lter ti
pecie fr m d uble t triple
f ti m e
I
triple time they c i t i pr duci g
ixf ld
f
i ef ld i te d f threef ld b by th mi i
b
li e
d i
duple time the ly irregul rity
Th w d
b
st cc s i M l y s I d i 59 7
d
i
f
i
h
di
n
t
l
y
s
s
c
n
s
x
l
s
6
d
h
m
T
7
p
q
g p g
p
i
h s c nd
d t h i d p ts f t h i s w k
d th
g l ly b
gh
h s t p t b in g n b
t th s i
d
In
an
o,
as
no
a re
an
as
no
or
an
n, a n
or
or
se
so
a re
ssa
an
er
s e,
a re
an
o
s
so
on
an n
so
ar
on
n n
o a
a r-
no
ns
t e
,
o no
on s
ou
ne
as a
os s
az a
an
re
a r,
or e
u cee
ar
ar
ur
n t
u e
or
a r re
I73
or
s s on o
c on
nt r o u ct on ,
a re r e u a r
e o
on
ue
an
e o
ar
a s on e
an
or
an
o e
ons s
n n
in
oi
or
a nn
in o
en
s ra e
an
as
a r-
on
on
an
an
e e
a rre
rou
it
t pr duce
cc i lly pl ci g b li e
m e ure f t h v lue f
d
h lf the re ult
b
bei g much t h me wh e
c mp er c mme ce
hi
d m ke
fugue with wh le duple b
the
S
wer e ter t the h lf b
th t there w
meth d i t h irregul rity f th rigi l b rri g d
it i p ible th t the c mp er h d er feeli g f
rhythmic l v riety th we h ve d th t they like
their ucce r f the pre e t d y purp ely di pl ced
the pri cip l cce t t by i tr duci g i gle b f
le th the rm l me ure but by le gthe i g the
rm l b
Alth ugh the b i f u d regul rly u ed
thr ugh ut me e rly eve tee th ce tury c mp
iti
t bly f ex mple i C cci i
per
E yd i
publi hed i 6 yet it w
t e t bli hed
u iver lly till the eightee th ce tury Thu i
b k f Du f
lfeggi by Ch i t f i
G d l
publi hed t N ple i 6 9 3
C re
n
i
li
e
f
u
d
eve
educ
ti
l
b
:g
ii
El m t
m M i
w
rk
e
titled
P
i
B li
by Greg ri S t i N ple 68 3 they
b e t th ugh i the me uth r C p c b f
rg
cemb l fter the ubject i give t with ut
b r the re t f the piece i b rred regul rly It w uld
ppe
r
th
t
b
r
were
u
ed
i
N
rth
It
ly
P l
t
bef
re
they
pe
etr
ted
the
uth
th
f
f C rl
c
mp
t
Ge
u
ld
Pr
c
pe
th
D t
di Ve
publi hed t Ge ev i 6 3
b rred A d h ere we m y tice peculi rity th t
i f u d i much mu ic f thi
ext ce tury i
d the
s s s
in
as
a s ona
no
ur
as
no a
ce,
00
s a na
on
a r-
ne
a re
an or
ecu i a r
ra x s ,
a re
r z cz s ,
or
n ou
on a
no
o or
u s cce
an
en or u
sa
a o, a
ro z z o ,
r s
so
n n
a s no
or
os
ar o
a s n
ua
ar
an
or
or
as
os
an
ar
so
oo
sa
ra
ons
no
a r.
na
an
ss
an
an
os
os
sso s o
no
a r.
a r,
os s
so as
ar an
a r-
as
e sa
a ns
so
in
use o
os i i o n s
n os a
a re
s
no
s an
17 4
S y n c o p at i o n
the
fter the l t te f b thu
f the d t
te i t the ext b
The m der
l e gthe i g the
te f the
d m re pr ctic l meth d i t tie the l t
te f the ext b
Thu
t the r t
b
o
use o
n n
an
no
ar
as
no
n o
ar
no
a r,
as
a r.
no
(a )
M o dern
meth d
o
( 5)
meth d ( ) will be f u d i much ld c thedr l

mu ic d i little pu li g t th e u ccu t med t
d there i yet
it
ther cie t w y f tyi g
te
whe the r t i equ l t the ec d by pl ci g white
te the b li e thu
Th e
an
an
no
on
an
a no
a r-
equiv le t t
zz
on
na
os
s o
a no
Pl yf rd i 6 58 c ll y c p ted te uch
d the d t the
the e D rive
te
D i
Prick
d
f perfecti
dditi
He
N
t
l de cribe
tye
h ld t h w P i k f
P f ti
th t
yll ble i t be u g t t w
d V i l mu ic t
i vi li
m re te ;
h w th t
a
no
o ne
no
or
an
I
no
7S
o es ,
as
r v en
on
or
an
an
on
a so
r c
er ec
or
o
on
S t o r y o f No t at i o n
b w
ever l te
t
be pl yed with
Hi
full cl e i i dic ted by the ig
c lled by
p u e I the i etee th editi f h i b k publi hed
f
w
the
edit
r
pe
k
the
tyed
te
i
73
referri g t the m der f rm give i t h
Th
d he l
f
reg
i
g
ex
mple
m
tw
;
N w
ti
velty the tyi g f qu ver
Ty d
"
thu
f
i
te
d
Nt
J J
l
till u ed
time
I
6 58 the circle w
ig but Pl yf rd give e ch time ig
gure
Th u
Perfect f the m re m d 0 ;
f the le
Perfect
m
d
f th
f
Imperfect
the
m
re
m
d
6
;
M d
Imperfect f the le Q
The w rd m d i here u ed i the e e f pr l ti
t the breve
i
referri g t the mi i m
me ure
ig f repetiti i the letter S with d t
Hi
thu
Adlu g i 7 58 pe k f the circle with d t d
circle with li e
r pidly di ppe ri g bei g
ece ry w t h t b r were u iver l ; but the gre t
y i till u ed f
emibreve i t v lue i
C he
the ther time ig ture bei g fr cti
emi
b
f
breve ( equiv le t t C ) etc He y th t the
l wer gure i dic te the ki d t h upper the umber
f
te i b
Pret riu h d i 6 8 pr p ed little
tr ke
weri g t t h b li e
Th
c lled d uble b h bee i
fr m the
no
os
0,
no
en
a so
an
. N
ns
o e
n 1
n,
us
oo
no
as
ne
o n
ons
on O
n n
o ne
a re
as s
as a
s :
ss
oo
oo
ss
no
or
on
oo
oo
oo
ns
n a
o a
on ,
as
o s
no
ssa
sa
a r,
as
s s
no
n a
a ns
s o-
sa
a r-
ar
17 6
as
sa
a s
a
os
un
n a
on s o
n 1
an
sa
or
a r.
na
or
use
F r e n c h N a m e s o f No t e s
e rlie t time it i the re t which m rk the d f

c m plete peri d d i c ev l w ith t h
Th
ther re t A it d e t m rk the d f
D bl :
me ure d
c mplete peri d r rely
B
e d with c mplete me ure the d uble
t
f
ccur
ccurred i
p
r
b
d lw y h
y
me ure
The repetiti d t ppe r very e rly i i trume t l
mu ic ; we
ex m ple i t h t bl ture ( p
whe ce they were i c rp r ted i t t h t ff
R p t i ti
f
y tem F the repetiti
Pl i
g
D t
p ge t h R m gure I I w u ed
i the Kyrie
t be u g t h ree ti m e
111 if it w
m t
ig c lled p u e i E gl d
Th
F
ppe r very e rly i b t h m e ured mu ic
Th
t
i dic te dwelli g
d t bl ture
P
te bey d i t
rm l v lue it h ever
ch ged i t h pe
U der the i ue ce
f the t bl ture the l d
m
d Pr l ti
plic ted y te m f M d Ti m e
gr du lly di ppe red we h ve ee ; d Pr l ti
bec me Pr p rti
Ti m e ; the e m ibreve bec me the
fu d m e t l te t h mi i m t h h lf te the cr tchet
d th e e
the qu rter te d
the m e
;
t h ey w h ve i Germ y Fre c h mu ici
l ki g
their h pe
m e th
te
t
a bl h
t
h
w
ile
t
h
ey
pply
w
rd
t
h
i
h
h
t
(
J
J
the h k f the qu ver) J d bl
d It li
h ;
mi im
the l d L ti
me S m i b
mi
s
an
s :
no
en
en
ou
as
an
as
as
an
as
as
o s a
at
an
on
an
s ee
e s
on
a ns on
n a
n o
on
or
o a
ns
ar o
o s
assa
as
er
an
no
on
an
n o r e,
an
on
as
on o r
an
so
an
c roc
an
an
na
on
an
no
no
on
o a
na
a ns
a re
ons
co
o a
as
oo
no
no
as
no
as
n a
no
sa
or
ause
n,
as
a a
an
r an a e,
oo
a nc
c r oc
e,
oo
use
na
17
ou
e c r oc
r ev e,
an
a,
a ns
se
S t o ry
N o t a t io n
Attempt h ve bee m de
i
Americ
d f l te t
the Germ
d E gl
meth d f me cl ture
the gr u d th t it i
ill gic l t c ll the chief te h lf h t ( emibreve )
i
f
whe
wh le h rt l g
the
; but
ttempt h ve t met with y gre t ucce
The i ue ce f the t bl ture pr duced c ict
d i m per
betwee the ry d pr ctice i perfecti
f ti
which e ded i the
f me ure
Th
gr du l di ppe r ce f the circle
t
me
S
g
ture
w
h le th e b k
m 1e u ed
Ci l
t v ri u time t
i dic te Imperfect M d
w bec m e
Imperfect Time d Imperfect Pr l ti
the S ig f the me ure f the emibreve the b f
tw
emibreve
mi im
f ur cr tch t i v lue ;
d the
h pe f t h br ke circle i c ju cti
with the f ct th t duple i the m t freque t ki d
f ti m e g ve ri e t
the me C mm Time i
E gl
d
Thu 3 ig ie th t the b i t the emibreve
three i t t w ; i ther w rd it i t be th ree h lve
f
emibreve
t h ree mi im
th t i t
E pl
i t be
i
t
three
qu
rter
f
3
4
f
t
em
breve
three
cr
tchet
th
t
t
g
M d m
t
i eigh th
f
m ibreve
be
e
i
Ti m
3
qu
ver
th
ug
h
i
rithmetic
d
there
;
;
ig
2
i
c mplete di ff ere ce i the cce tu ti
f b r thu repre e ted
l l m u ici
k w But
th
di ffere ce f cce tu ti were t S h w
i m ply i th S eve tee th ce tury d we d $1 pl ced
m i n i ma ,
ma
c ro
an
or
an
sa
na
an
an
s
one
on
on
on
ar
as
or
s :
s :
as
s o
is
s x-
a s
s x
n a
as
17 8
on
a ns
no
no
an
os
a s
ns
n o
e_
na
ar O
e s
a na
i on
on , n o
oo
or
en a
as
r0
o a
as
or
an
or
an
on
an
ar
rc e
ss
on
as
so
on
ec
or
n use
a re
an
on
no
an
use
on
no
n no
an
no
s em i croma
an
on
so
T abl a tur e s
F l (3
l2
Vi r d u ng Lu t e Ta bla t u r e
A
l l
a t,
4. 5 0 1s
codo
PI
b d
ni
PP M
cmgm
Dis ca nt Viol i n
i
5 gah
e
ac e g
Vi rdu ng Di s ca nt Flu teTa blal u re

2
:
4
2
5
6
4
5
z
o
6
1
3
3
s
z
7
5
'
>
79
d o uc
where the e e
the mu ic require
i te d f g
d
f
the e c mp er th ugh they felt the
cce t h d t yet rrived t i dic ti g it d were
till m re le u der the i ue ce f the m d d
pr l ti
Kircher i 6 5 give
ly t w time
ig
yi g M u ic l time i
thi g el e th
cert i determi ed qu tity f le er te c t i ed
i
breve
emibreve I t i d uble perfect d
imperfect ; perfect time i h w by circle d i di
c te th t e ch breve i equ l t three emibreve
thu 0 ; but whe thi S ig EEi pl ced t the b
gi i g f t h
g it i dic te th t the breve i
imperfect d equ l t t w emibreve
The qu re d l e ge t ti died h rd I
b k f m tet by C rl Gui eppe S R m
pri ted
i
67
qu re breve
t M il
w d pe
Sq
l e ge emibreve
The S ig
d mi im
ture
C 3 i dic te th t the me ure
:2: g
f tw
f tw
i
t
d
tted
breve
N t:
breve ( imperfect me ure ) e ch f which
bei g d tted c t i three e m ibreve
d thi
i
b r e t by t h b rri g If uch m e ure exi ted
I the
w we h uld i dic te it by f
P i
by
i
T
M
b
ch
pel
m
ter
t
N
ple
635 w
J
d qu re
te d b r ; t h w rd f Je u
give bl ck t ti which w
b lete t th t time
except f pl i
g d the lig ture th t ccur
c ed t t w
te A l te
67 6 i
b k f
d c
c t t
ett by L g i we d t h l d
bl ck t ti u ed t S h w y c p ti
the three
an
on :
so
ns
sa
or
nn n
s on
an
oo
an
an
oz
na
an
n s
a no,
an
c on
as
s s
o n
no
.
on
as
on a n s
ou
no
no a
or
a n s on
an a
as
no a
no
as
no
an
as
180
an
so
re n z
n o
on ,
a re
a s s on
as
as
as
on ,
a nz on
on
s an
an
e rc u s
ra
on
0,
an
n 1
an
no a
u a re
on a n
o s
oz
an
s an
no
ss
an
on
oo
no
ns
an
a n
ss
os
or
ons
o a
no
or
of
ns
a re
oo
e
E ur y di c e
9
equiv le t t
time b r bei g ted thu O
0
but where there l
i
y c p ti
F
0
b th te
white 0
But the
l lig ture
qu re t ti
d the t w
te
were t yet d m ed We d them i full
i
i
F
G d
P
m pri ted t Vie
7 5
i
d g i
e rly ixty ye r l ter i the E mpl
M
pp
by
Gi
mb
tti
t
rti
i
which
i
t
i
t
gg
h
bee referred t
p
ll i t
I
it i curi u t
C cci i E y d i
writte t i S i gle l e ge h ped emiqu ver
th
tr ke thr ugh ever l te which E y di
were u ed i the t bl ture did t yet
bt i i v ice ( p
S metime
m y
thirty i e uch emiqu ver ccur
yll ble d
th
c m p er mu t h ve give ple ty f ti m e t t h
writi g d w f h i c mp iti
Th t the i
i
e ce f writi g umber f l e ge h tily w e rly
felt i h w by c mp iti
f D uf y i the B dlei
publi
hed
i
f
c
i
m
ile
by
M
F
R
( 4
J
S t i er where the l e ge bec me
pe tri gle t
ve time L e ge te
till u ed i the hym
b k f the R ef rmed D utch C hurch
I
eve tee th d eightee th ce tury i trume t l
mu ic it w
t i dic te
t u c mm
I
i t
c lled c m m ti m e with l rge
d three
m
cr tc h et i b by l rge 3 i t h t ve
i
g
:
R m
P ie
i
d
i
with S i g t
Cl
d Vi l
vi li
cell pri ted i 7 4 But
thi i
t c
i te t f if the l rge refer t t w
a
no
s no s
no
no a
ra
an
a n, n
sa
c on ra
o a
as
n ou
oz
use
nn a
se
a re o s
a n
n n
n o
s s
00
sa
an
no
ar
on
ea u s
o on
o ns s
s an o
as
an
n c o nv e n
a re
an
as
as
an
on
as
no
an
no
as
oz
oz
on o
oz
os
a n
oo
on s
os
an
as
on one s
ce
no
u re
no
or
o s ee a
s ee
os
ur
on,
1 1 1.
ce
ur
o on
u n o,
a r na s s u
us a a
o- no
oo
o ou r
on a n
no
ux
a re
or
18 1
SO
n co n s s
an
ces
o,
n a
ns
e s
a vec n
n 1
na u r es
1.
mi im the l rge
H wever
l g
n
on
as
ught t refer t three mi im

th
pl yer u der t d wh t h
o
as
F IG
!5
an
Mace Lute Ta blat u re ]6 76 A D

Z
M J RJ J J
11 mm
,
Agri cola Lu l e Ta blat u r e
c u t t h m tter d e
Greg ri S t zi i h i E l
ha s t o
ro z
o,
s n ot s
18 2
152 9 A D
.
ee m very imp rt t
eme n toru m
an
M u s i cce P r a x i s
L e ge r L in e s
fter de cribi g the m d
d time
d p r l ti
w it h their m d i m l ig
give l g li t f p
p rti
i cludi g
t
ly the time St i
t pre e t but
S g ture
umber p
1
f i mp
ible e uch B 1 B g
"
ti
pp re tly he th ught it h i duty t c mplete
ll the p
f gure with ut refere ce
ible c mbi ti
t
th eir e e reg rdi g mu ic ; f he m ke i di te
f ur mi im g i emibreve ; f ur emibreve ; 3
t w breve
d
h lf He h d t f u d the right w y
f expre i g mu ic l pr p rti
O
f t h peculi ritie
i
e rly leger li e te i
th t they freque tly h d li e b ve
well bel w
them
6
d
ther
p
4
l
y
%
2
i
th t
lth t w
St ve l g Eg
w y
p rt the m ddle C m ddle
Li
d
d middle b were
pl ced
m eti m e
midw y betwee the t w t ve l ki g
if they
were me t f ther te with m e f the leger
t e
li e m itted by pri ter err r They
y
t
re d i ce it i di ffi cult t k w t which t ve
they bel g
Ab ut 6 there r e
w f rm f t bl ture c lled
i
It li B
i
E gli h Th
ti
gh b
di
F ig
l b
d b
i Ger m
G
ig
F
d
Fre ch B
i te ded
h if e w h ich w
B
t
i dic te ch rd by me
f gure pl ced
ver the b
te ; f the w t f h rm y w
t
w begi
i g t be cultiv ted l g ide
the
i
E yd i
exclu i
f c u terp i t
C cci i
a
on s
na
va
in
use
on
os s
oo
ns
s an
ss n
4
.
E, 5
s ee
ca
on s
no
on
r0 30f
or
r oz z o s
on s o
s x s
ro
as
na
on
o ns
o a
on
ne
an
no
os s
ns
an
as
an
a no
no
as
ar
an
er
s n
on
an
u re
a s s o c on
n
as
as
a re n o
no
a ne
os
ass ,
u re
a ss
o n
18 3
ne
or
or ou
ass , a n
as
e,
a ns o
no
en er a
n u a,
an,
asse c
nn n
s on
so
00
ass
no
oo
a ss ,
n es
no
or
so
an
on
VV
ar
a on
on
or
ur
as
ce
gured thr ugh ut d it
bec me the f hi
cc mp y everythi g v c l i trume t l
t he
t
h rp ich rd fr m gured b ; eve if there w
h rp ich rd
rg p rt i t h c re fully writte t
ec d h rp ich rd
ec d rg w uld ll i t h
c h rd fr m gure ; d if i perf rm ce we d me
eve tee th ce tury c m p iti thi it i fte pr b
bly bec u e we h ve m itted t ll i the th r ugh
b c h rd
keyed i tru m e t The ide r pidly
S pre d l l ver we ter E ur pe fr m the e rly p rt
eve tee t h ce tury ll full c re c t i ed
f th
gured b
p rt
m tter f c ur e d l
f
v ice
tru m e t were pr vided with b
d i
with gure fr m which t h cc m p i t w expected
t
ll i t h h rm ie cc rdi g t rule
It
decli e w
r pid i t ri e By t h l tter
p rt f the eightee th ce tury we d little mu ic
publi h ed with gured b
i
rt h er
u
f
i
g
h it
till
li
gered
It
ly
E ur pe t h
g t, By th m iddl f t h i etee th ce tury th
Bi g
t
f gured b
pl yi g w l t except
m
m g t c thedr l rg i t w h
bliged t
p y fr m l d c re ; d the y te m i
ly w
ret i ed f purp e f te ch i g t h ele m e t f h
wh
y It h d th i i h ere t defect th t
m
h d
t he rd
c m p er pl y fr m h i w gured
b p rt c uld k w t h preci e ffect he pr duced
i t ded d whe t h c m p er w
B ch
H del t h rdi ry perf rmer c uld h rdly be expected
t tre t the h rm
ie with dequ te S kill M re ver
o a
ass
on
ass
or
an
on
as
s a
as
an s
as
as s
no
ou
s o os
as
ass
an
on a n
e a
n s
ns
o o
so
as
n,
an
on s
ns
n ou
as
an
on
os
n a
e s
on
as
ns
or
on
an
or
ass
an
s oon
or o
on
an
an
re
ar
on
an
a n
on
or
n en
an
os
no
18 4
no
as
os
ar
one
on
n s o
os
no
on
o a cco
os
na
e o
as
o a re o
an
an
an s
or
ass
ass
no
e n n
e o
or a
Bas s
F i gur e d
t
there i re
believe th t B ch w uld impr ve
where he th ught it ece ry t h h rm ie give by
the gure eve f th er c mp er ; d fter H del
de th the tr diti
cc mp yi g h i c mp iti w
l t
F
delic te e ffect i per
r t ri
fte ee
i
ld c re t h expre i
mb l
me i g
t h t the h rp ich rdi t i t ce e lli g i
the h rm ie
d le ve the i
trume t C mb l
d V ce t d
t
Ag
ee
the
cc mp ime t t
l t t l m e i g th t th
h rp ic h rdi t i t
pl y ly th writte
te
d
t t
ll i the h rm y ; but
i veter te w the
h bit betwee
65
d 75
f u i g th r ug h b
th t
we freque tly d p ge m rked t t l
m b l gured th ugh the gure
be ig red
t
the perf rm ce
Thi f rm f t bl ture w l u ed i wh t i c lled
dry
pp ed t
cc mp ied recit tive the
c h rd her bei g lled i
i l cell
th
D y
i te d f the h rp ic h rd T h pr ctice R t t
d ed t t the beg
g f the etee th
ce tury ; we d it u ed by M rt i N
d i F ig
6
i
but
by
Beeth
ve
8
t
F
id
l
i
8 5
7
a s on
n o
s oon
on
an
no
o i
an
o , one o
os
on s
as
assa
no
an
as
o o
ass
a s o s o o o r s e nz a
as a so
os
a o
a re
no
an
as
in
an n
in
s n
0 o
an n
n s
so
s o o,
on
n s
a o,
on
0 an
a o
as o
ce
ns
s o os
as
a i n , one
n 1
s en z a
a or o a
on
an
s s on
an
n s
ce
n o
oi
os
an
or
an
os
n an
on
a no
on
ssa
an
n on
e V o on
ns
ec r a i v e
ou
i n ni n
oz a
no
ni n
oz z e
o,
a r o,
n c t ing h ds by g s i n ci nt f w d i i
t t i s by Li n l P w i ndi t F b d n Th g s f h
s cc ss i n f s t i n v si ns f t i ds Th t t i s
m s t p t i n di c t
l i s t m s ic l w k s i h E ngl ish l ng g d t i ng
f h
i
ly p t f h ft nt h c nt y H wk ns d B n y
f m h
i
i
h
t
m
i
d
h
l
tt
v
s
b
ss
ss
w
t
P
w
s
s
f
g
g
p
g
q
1
T h e i d ea
e
re a
uo e
ro
i di
a e a
ar
one o
ro
of
ea r
t,
an
to
ar
ea r
er
u re
or
er
ca e
er
or
ee
18 5
s a
ur
r a
ur
or
u re
ua
e,
an
t n
or
rea
ur
er
u re
HAPT E R XI
t bl s m nt
n nts lc s s lzn s
s
B c s c nt t
x ss n ns
S ns n m nt sS t cc t s ns n t t n
G k
C c
G kC c
n v l st c
tc t t
c nc nt G k
s s t ll s by
s nt s
B tt ny G k l b t c l n t t n c n t n
s
st c n t s t
b n j ct
W st
P n c l
m
nG kn t t n
Es
i h
of
ig
hu r h
h o rd
ri
or
r ee
h u r h ha s
ie
ree
re e
i n th e E a
fo r
V i ll o tea u
ri
Ri
er
io
u ri e
a f er
it had
ip
es o f
o d er
ree
th e
ee
io
S ig
th e
ree
e ra
of
a a
e
p
u ed
t o be
i n th e
ed
re e
o a
of
ge
h ro m a i
th e
u ed
o a
o e
io
p re
io
o a
a nd
u a re
e of e
Th e
mode
h
a
p
e of
ig
a o
T he
in p a
R egen
o e
Th e
Th e
r ou
Gl ei ch w i e der
a a,
fo r
th e
u ed
the begi i g f the eigh tee th ce tury t h t bl

ture were r pidly f lli g t f
d i th
rdi ry
t ti the r u d d v l h e ded te
T h E t b h d t ke
th
pl ce f t h l e ge
d
Ii h m
t
qu re t h ugh th ere were excepti l
i
l
f t h l tter
i
M rti i c u ter
$ 32
h d t ke the h pe t h t
p
i
t
The
re
t
m
F
f
t
f
mili
r
t
d
the
S
h
rp
d
Nt
tur l were u ed i t h m der w y
d
th ugh c m p er till metime mitted the l t
h rp t i
ig ture u i g t w t f t h key
f D mi
t f
t h key
r d
f Eb
; t h ere
ex m ple i B c h c t t Gl i h wi d R g
i
ri M ei S l h t i t G tte W rt bei g
th
i
the key f E b while the ig ture h w
ly Bl
BY
nn n
no a
s e
'
en
or
o n
an
or
no
s an
na
us
ee en s c
a z
18 6
an
an
e c
na
as
Eb
sur
no
s n
an a
an
an
so
oz
na
a s
no
as
or
na
e o
on a
os
a nd
a re
o es
an
11
u s e, a n
v va s o
ou
on
or
s o on
er
on
en ,
n
B ach s
G C l ef
t he
of
u se
d el ewhere there i
thi c t t
u uu l
f the G clef peculi r t
B ch which t r t ight
ppe r extremely u cie tic but cl er
A
d
i
P
ex mi ti reve l i t i ge uity The t w
g
tz
ute p rt
wr tte
t ve pr v ded G Cl f b
y
with the G clef
the r t li e There i I s B h
ig ture d they pl y i ct ve with
t h r t
d ec
d vi l thr ugh ut the c t t whe
ever they
empl yed But t h eir mu ic i writte
th
m e li e
d p ce
t h t f the V i l ; d
wherever the V i l h ve
tur l the ute h ve
h rp th ugh the ccide t l t
like i ll f ur
p rt It l k
if the G w
the e e
t u ed i
f
clef t ll d th t the ute
t
re d fr m
the lt clef but a ct ve higher Thi i
t h w
ever the c e ; by
excepti B ch here write f
t
t
i
B
f
u
t
i
te
d
F
a
b
i
l
w
hi
u u l cu t m th ugh the p rt
ly
m rked t i the c re
d t h perf r m er i left t
di c ver by the t ti which i trume t i t be
u ed
We h ve lre dy referred (p 53 ) t the R m i
me
f th
letter f u d i
very e rlie t eum tic
gr du l After t h em t h ere eem t h ve S i
f
g
bee
tte m pt t i tr duce expre i E p i
ig f m y ce turie ; c m p er were
t ti t th i k f mi r
m uc h ccupied wit h t h
t
d t il It w di fcult e ugh t e t bli h y tem
w h ich w uld e ble i ger t re d the te quickly
le r ed writer f the
M re ver t h
d e ily
In
an a
use O
an
na
on
a s
ns
a re
On
ec
os
use 0
an
on
no
na
an
an
on
sa
oo
as
au o
no a
as
no
a re
ns
or
ec
on
an
ns
ns
a re
on
an
o as
a re
an
r a ve r s o
n a
on
na
a s no
as
as
an a a
as
an
au o
as
o as
an
o a
a re
n o
ac
on
a s
so
an an
ns
no
s s on
ns
as
os
no
s n
18 7
r es s o n
on
e no a
na
as
an
oo
e a
an
or
a s
no
no
M iddle
Age were ccupied with di cu i g the ld

Greek d the C hurch m de t h writi g f B ethiu
the ever ettled que ti f whet h er the i terv l m i f
d were buildi g up
emit e
methi g le
w
l ti g y tem f c u terp i t d t ti
th t
t h ey h d th ught f the re eme t f mu ic eve
if they did t w pr b ble c ider expre i t
be t h me u ed by t h pr f e w rldly mu ici t
ttr ct the m ultitude
Th t the w rd f expre i i
t pre e t c m e
fr m It ly i cle r fr m t h eir bei g i t h It li
l gu ge It i evide t t h t with t h i
M d
ti
f m u ic w h ic h w
i te ded t
E p
expre dr m tic d e m ti l e ff ect m uc h
depe
ded
fr
m
the
r
t
the
m
er
f it
X
ig
ii t d
m
d fr m h i t writte
perf
r
ce
d
w
;
i
It l y
t the m m e t
f te c h i g it t
per
th
f rmer the tep w e y t t h pri ti g f t h e e
hi t
the publi hed p ge A d t h m re dr m tic
ic d rche tr l
t h mu ic bec me wit h the
w h rm
e ff ect the gre ter the umber f expre i directi
th t w uld be u ed
The m drig l writer left the temp t the t te f
th
perf rmer ; light d h de f t d p i
d
d d i mi
d
t
ly were u k w t t h e m
but
t
dv t ge if i tr duced i t their w rk
We h ve ee th t M rley me ti
th
expre i
l
f
ft l ud T h It li
beg
b ut t h
m iddle
f th
th
eve tee th ce tury t freely
w rd pi
th i purp e d gr du lly
d f t f
s
on
as
no
a ns
on , s o
s
ons
o an
s s on
a ns
no a
n s
an
as
as
s o
an
o n
or
no
ss
or s o
on o
as a s
an
ss n
er n
s s on
an
v en
on
use a
an
as
r es s ou
ss
an
ona
on
a nn
a e
an
as
n s on
e
cen
s o,
o,
or
o
an a
so
a no a n
on
an
s s on
o no
on s
or e
or
18 8
an
os
an
c r es
s s ons
a ns
a n o,
no
ons
as
n o
an
or e
on
an a
an
n u en
a re n o
o an
n s
ne
as
an
use
W o rd s o f
E x pr e s s i o n
i cre ed the umber f ig

cre i g
A e rly
6 3 8 we d i
f
directi
pi
d f t
n
as
as n
ns
which
a re
till
in
as
ons
an
a no
or
s om
of
the lute b k
oo
S ign
the
or e ,
V fo r mez z o
d i m i n u en do; p, f
c r es ce n d o a n d
fo r
b r te ;
the w rd p t d g i etc The e were t r t

u ed f i trume t m re th f v ice They were
f c ur e le
u ed the h rp ich rd d rg th
th er i tru m e t
the e i trume t were ly
c p ble f pr duci g c h ge f p wer by ch gi g
t p
m u l
B ch i h i rg mu ic u e
very f w expre i
ig but he freque tly i dic te
ch ge f m u l H del l u e few except
d p
The m e
h ve impr ved
f expre i
f
e peci lly with the i ve ti
f the pi
d
impr vi g till
The l d E gli h c mp er u ed E gli h w rd f
expre i
i tr duced the f hi
d S chum
f
u i g the Germ l gu ge It i h wever
E
h
i
m re c ve ie t
wh le t dhere
th
d
t
It li
i ce mu ici
lm t u iver lly G m
u der t d i t mu ic l term
W d f
me t l rgely cre ed
umber E p i
Or
t the begi
i g f t h eigh tee th ce tury
fte di fcult t tr l te t h e m i t m der
d it i
t ti
tr g w the h bit f i tr duci g them
S
th t J S B ch give h ke t the b e i O m t
p iti i which they c
t be perf rmed
tw
The r me t l ig
w reduced t
the
h ke d the tur ; but it i bec mi ng m re d m e
a nd
on
ns
or
r es o, a
n s
ss
on
n s
or
an
a s
s s on
an
an
an
a ns
on
a so
on
a no,
an
a re
an
on
a ns a
on
an
n s
an
on
an
sa
o s
ons
o na
an
n a
ns
18 9
en s
no
a re
a nno
r es s o n
n o
a ns a
as
on
in
as
rna
os
an
in
nn n
or
as
os
or
no a
er
na
a nn
a n, s n
s s on
os
an
an
s n
an
s s on ,
on
an
an
an
n s
an
ns
an
ns
an
or
as
an
ns
o,
o,
an
or
cu t m ry t write t h tur i full d the S ig u ed
f
it will pr b bly
be b lete T h lder
ch l f E gli h rg i t w h c t tly i tr
d
d u writte
r me t h
c rcely yet died
a
or
oo
o na
n s
an
so
an s
u ce
s oo n
ons a n
as
ou t.
The t t S ig r t ppe red i the w rk f

C uperi
S eb ti B ch d R me u i the f rm
fd t
ver te By J C B ch it i u ed
Th
d t
upright
tr
ke
cc
rdi
g
t
St t the degree f t cc t requ red but t the
Sig
t
time f i t ppe r ce expl ti
it
were give The l g t ig w u d e rly i
the eightee th ce tury d the t cc t
i
d leg t
c mbi ti r t ppe r i M rt w rk
h
l
l
w
i
m
the
r
t
u
ed
cre
ce
d
wh
J
{ t
d dimi ue d
i
ther
th
lute
m u ic
35
::
E xpre i
ig e r m u ly i cre ed i
umber duri g t h c ur e f the i etee th ce tury
wi g t the r pid devel pme t f the e m ti l ide
f i
trume t l mu ic d the i m pr veme t f i t
me t e peci lly f the pi f rte N t ll the ig f
expre i u ed by eightee th ce tury c mp er h ve
bec me u iver l F i t ce C uperi i tr duced
ki d f i verted p u e A t i dic te th t t h pl yer
w
t
lightly del y bef re triki g the te which
h
di ppe red fr m
Am g t t h l te t i etee th ce tury ig
the
u derli ed t cc t
d t h vertic l li e u ed by We t
p h l t i dic te t h phr i g ; but the e h ve t yet
c me i t ge er l
n
s a cca o
n,
an
as
o s
as a
an
no
or a n
s use
na
oz a
as
an
as
ons
se
as
a na
o s
no
an
on
a o
an
a c ca
an
s s on
ns
as
n o
os
no
ru
ns o
ns
on a
an
n n
o, a n
e
as
n n
ns
use
an
or
an
a no o
no
sa
sa
on
ns
as
s s on
n a
n s
as n
u s e.
19 0
ns
a re
no
By z a n t i n e M u si c
We mu t w g b ck f
m me t t the M iddle
Age t refer t
f rm f t ti which eem cer
be derived fr m the me rigi
t i ly t
a m
N
f
ur but h devel ped i
e tirely t h
k
di ffere t directi
till i
d which i
cg h
E ur pe th ugh de t ed t
uccumb
me d y bef re t h m re pr ctic l d u iver l t ff
t ti
It will h ve bee
ticed th t we h ve f
que tly u ed t h expre i

We ter E ur pe i
c ecti with t ti
The mu ic f the Greek
C hurch did
t devel p
the m e li e
th t f
the We ter C hurch ;
the c tr ry it ever l t the
chr m tic tetr ch rd whic h i till
f it
m t
imp rt t fe ture
regul rly u ed i the
d i
no
or
a n
as
on , a n
so
no a
an
on
s
an
as
one
re
sa
on
sa
a
on
on .
r ee
use
an
s s on
no a
n no
no
Ma s s
on
in
u rc
on .
onn
in
an
as
sa
on
no a
os
os
1
.
The
R ev
S G H therley
i n h i s Tr ea t i s e
By z a n
on
y
The mu ic
cred d
pr f e f the E ter
ti , C hri ti
E t
d
W th d dj g the E p
C hr t
l d By
ti e E mpire i b ed prim rily
M i
up the c h r m tic ge u c t i i g t w b d
emit e i t h tetr ch rd The di t ic th Old
k
G
ge u c t i i g
emit e ly i the
m
t
i
h
C
tetr ch rd i l i
but i eld m
l
S
h
f
u t i ed exclu ively f
le
gt
time
y
i pr ctice bei g ble ded
er l ter t gre ter
le er exte t with the chr m tic ge u
The
h Li t gy f S t B s i l
E g i
Th t i
h d d sc ib d i
C h pt
y h ch m t i c t t
si n f s mit n s l l d by ch m t i c s c l
t h
M u s ic
ti n e
o an
an
a n
or
to
sa
e s u cces
ur
ro
ca
ree
ro
or
o a
e ra c
or
us a
19 1
ca e
on
a se
s o on
on
ea n
us c
a on
u s e,
u ro
an
a s er n
oi n i n
on
or
an
sa
an
on a n n
a so
as
one s
ss
no
on a n n
on s
on
na
in an
on
ian,
is
z an
as
non-
s :
sa
ro
a e.
er
mu ic
the E ter C hurch i lw y u g

m
d
i
i
d
it
theref
re
t
b
u
d
t
t
h
twelve
p
u d i the ct ve give by the rg ;
the
h
i
it
i
free
t
i
t
ti
d
t
eref
re
it
ly
t
y
c p ble f bei g repre e ted by the t ff t ti
the u der t di g t h t the t h irty
ig u ed i
t ti i
ct ve re lly repre e t thirty
di ff ere t u d
d
t the twelve equ lly tempered
u d f the rg
perh p it will be cle rer if we
f
t
f
i
h
th
t
me
v
rietie
tu
i
g
de
cribed
y
i t h Greek C hurch
till i
d i
C h pter I I
E ter E ur pe ge er lly ;
d
t
ly the e fe ture
but t h m de f cie t Greek m u ic
be he rd
b th i Greece d tr ge t y m g the pe
t
f Britt
y
It will be ee theref re th t t h mu ic f E ur pe
devel ped t i
directi but t w the We ter
mu ici
rejecti g l l but the
di t ic
E
p
c le pplied t it the c m bi ti
de
m h
d built
cribed
by
cie
t
Greek
writer
1o
1
up y tem r t f rg um th e f di c t
$ tw
d h rm
f
wh
c
t
y
h led t c u terp
di
ti
which
imple pict ri l t ti w
pr ctic l ece ity ; the E ter mu ici
d h ered t
d
ly c m p r tively rece tly i tr
l d c le
th
y u der the i ue ce f the We ter
d
d h rm
st h ing h B t n p s n t s si ng h m d
Th w i t
i n n c d by h C h ch m d s ;
i d n c m si c t h ght t h y w
h
h
h
i
d
lt
n
d
s
t
h
t
t
s
c
l
t
n
D
d
m
i
i
b t M B
y
g
Ch h d g s b k t p C h i s t i n t i m s
of
an e
so
an
as
no a
our
on
so
so
s o
so
sa
on e
n n
an
no
on
ca n
an
o sa
on
an
as an s
no
ea n
as
one
a ns
a s
one
na
an
an
o :
on
6 ,8
in
us
ns
on
on
an
no a
one
on
n use
an
an
u ro
or
an :
no
a re s
con
an
as
on
on , a n
an
u na cco
an
n ona
an
no
ra r
as
on
ons
an
n o
an
on s
r ec
u rc
as
ea r
ou
oe
on
an
on
ou r a u
an
,
er, o n
ss
u ce
uc ou
ac
oi n
re o
e re
ue
ra
re -
19 2
ns
t e
ea a
er
es
ur
e r
or
as
on
a ns
on
no a
an
P a c hym er e
Tr e a t i s e
i ce which they h ve bee c m pelled t

We ter
t ti
The Greek lph betic l t ti c ti ued i
f
ce turie fter it w f rg tte i the We t i t l t
repre e t tive bei g Ge rge P hym e f
G
g
Wh m V i
t
S y
The T t i of P h m 5
Y
M i
f Ge rge P hym e
wh ich w
publi h f the r t time m y be c idered i pite f
the little tte ti t h t h till w bee p id t it
f the m
t i tere ti g th t w p e
th
I
ubject
the thirtee t h ce tury duri g t h
r t h lf f which
uth r uri h ed lth ugh the
pri ciple f m der m u ic h d lre dy t ke tr g
r t i ce the eleve th ce tury h d pr duced Guy f
f
Are
the tr diti
cie t mu ic were till livi g
m g t the Greek ;
th t G P hym e w h w
imit ted c pied by M uel B y i m y be
the li k betwee t h
cie t d m der
d
id
ep ch
We h ve S h w h wever th t t h tr diti
i
th
E t
Th
till i
d m de
f ge er
meth d f t ti
c ti ued t t h
f th t time h
f the
pre e t d y It i
d pt ti
eume
exceedi gly c mplic ted d di ffi cult t
We ter
I n R ssi h i t l b k w ll c ll d i h b gi nning
d
nif m Li t gy w s t bl i sh d
f h s v nt nth c nt y ;
B t
iv d
i w h i ch h m d n m t h d f w i t i n g m s i c w
G k i sl s n t t i n p c li i i nh bi t n t s i till i
h
i
w h i ch i
nly d iff nt f m s t h i lph b t
t t lly nlik th t i h n i nt mi ss ls B n y l i i
b
6
4
p
d R i
P is 8 47
d M S S d l Bi bl i heg
N i
s n
no a
on
us e
n use
or
as
n a
no a
n ce n
on
ac
on
as
re , o
s :
r ea
eo r
se
aC
us c
or
s n
on
a an
ut
o a
n ot
o a
or
e u
ar
e re
to
ro
as
ts
as
e r
ur
vo
ot ces
es
ot
ue
93
ar
re ce
as
ou r
ur
c e
n at
on s
as
on
on
c on
as
an
use
as
an
e re a
an
ur
er
oo
ua
ree
u s e,
t e
an
ee
e e
en n u s
as
re ,
on
an
ac
on o
a re
no a
n,
so
an
an
as
as
on
ss
os s
or
on s
e re
ou r
z z o,
n s
no
as
on s
oo
re
on
os
re ,
one
ac
mu ici but it eem ble t expre the v ri ti
f
w
tu i g better th
t ti
t
V ill t
f the
e t t E gypt by
N p le I h give
c m plete cc u t f the
t
ti
f the Greek C hurch h i
k
w
Vi l l t
ledge bei g p rtly derived fr m b erv ti
give him by Greek m u ici
d p rtly fr m le
The ubject i t c m plic ted t be e tered i t here ;
but t h ge er l pri ciple eem t be f u ded
th e
d th
eume
t ti i t h
me
th t
f the
l i p ge 39
give i f c imile by H wki
f
Greek mu ic l M S f t h eleve th ce tury
d
p ge 3 9 4 39 5 which c uld pr b bly be tr l ted
expl ti
w ith the help f V i ll t
d t every
At the begi i g f every c mp iti
i pl ced
ch ge f key the S ig
c lled i
u i
f ll wed by very c mplic ted
d it i
Th
gure e ch f which h i t w
me
P i m l I A m j r ec d b ve i i h w by
f M d
h
ri
t
l
li
e
pr
b
bly
the
virg
f the
k
G
h ird by the
eume
m
j
r
t
me
ig
;
N t ti
lightly i cli ed upw rd ; g i pr b bly
the virg The p tr ph
i dic te de ce t f
degree d d uble p tr ph t de ce t f t w
degree Here we h ve direct utc me f the pri ciple
f the gr ve
cce t h wi g de ce t The ig ll
refer t i
which m y be y te f the c le ; d
th ey i dic te i terv l b t t with the ex ct e f
We ter t ti
There
ig f re t
d f
a n,
n n
on
one
n no a
on
no a
on
s a va n s
as
ss
an ou r o
o ea u
s a
n c
an
a es
an
on , a n
s on ,
n s on ,
s on
z on a
on
a o
a.
an
os
a s
on .
Vil l otea u , D e I Eta t
no
ns
19 4
en
one
or
de l A r t mu s i ca l e
no
a n,
an
s a
a,
a re
a ctu el
son ,
n no a
a , N,
sa
os
a o
na
r ee
er n
o a
on
as
on
a o
a ns a
on s
0,
os
os
as
a na
o ea u s
sa
an
on
on ,
n o
vo
nn n
ns
on
e no a
an
s s
an
no
oo
s s on s
o ea u
an
ons
ns a
an
an
Egypt e,
ss
18 12
or
E a s t e rn
an
W e s t e rn No t at i o n
t S h w rel tive time

time but the l tter d
with
merely th t
u d i t be S h rter l ger th
i t predece
r
w
But We ter civili ti h
ver h d wed
d l l p pul r mu ic publi hed
E ter
E ur pe
t
Athe i writte i
t ti
H therley i h i
exh u tive b k the m der By ti e c le ever
u e y ther ; but h i ig ture l k tr ge t the
We ter eye wi g t the f ct th t they i dic te
chr m tic tetr ch rd r ther th key i the We ter
e e
sso
ns
ns
an
on
ou r
s as
or
no
s s
on
on .
an
an
95
an
oo
z an
na
no a
as
on
oo
sa
s an
s
as
a so
us :
no
HAPT E R XI I
C
A
FR S
T TI N
RE F R T H E
n t t nsI v m n t s c
lly n t t ns l
nt ll n c t t n
sl
ss
S
l
l
S l n
J c b
J J
Abb
C ss n l s k yb L b t t N t
G l n Cl v
Un v s l S y st l c
L n lC s O ct v S yst M J S t tt
n t t nN t t n
bl n G l n P s C v
T nc
ntt n
TT E M P T S
I NV E N T N EW
TO
N ew
to
the
mp ro
io
o a
i ge
mo
Iu e
Da
ne w
ra i g
io
S ol fa
o a
io
o a
AN D
De
a or p
a mp
he e
The
a ri
Dr
em
e
a
pp
e e re n s
r
o
o
p p a
a u
er a
i d
io
o a
S eba ld
eye
em
for the
io
N ew
oa rd
S tri by s
o a
e de r
NO
D e m otz d e l a
ea u
i ere
R ou
R oh
ag e
gra d u a
t o th e
ha
h er
e ra
O LD
om e
S ou h a i tty
de
OF
TO
re der will remember t h t w referred p 5 t

the e ff rt f th e w h W h t i m pr ve
uppl t
i ti g
th
t
ti
If
the
helve
f the
N w
v
r
u
l
br
r
e
f E ur pe were e rched
N t ti
it w uld pr b bly be f u d t h t f
me
w
ce turie
t ti h
ppe red b ut every
t h ree f ur ye r e c h f which i c lled by i t uth r
The
w
t ti f he f dly thi k th t it will
bec me u iver l
A t ti i like l gu ge ; it d e t udde ly
ppe r
the re ult f t h e ff rt f me m ighty
ge iu It i t h re ult f the u ited e ff rt f ge er
f mu ici
ti
e de v uri g t expre their
mel die i uc h w y t m ke them u der t d
THE
os
is
e ex s
on
no a
or
on .
an
s o
io
on s
o a
no a
a
on s
no a
ne
no a
or
ne
sa
on
on ,
or
so
s a
on
or
an
as
on
s no
as
a ns
as
1
96
so
s o
ss
s oo
W e l s h H a rp T a bl a t ur e
E ERENN N A E LN H H A R m
E A N H R AN LA I N
s ns
v
l btc ln t t n
C c
(
xc t t t n t C n c t by G k
tc
l tt s s w n by l ttl l n s b v l n s t
c s b v
st n t s b n
n tly s
s
s t ct v
t n t bl t
s t
m
l t by
z nt l l n
v tc lln s n c t b s
OS T
A N I EN T
C
1N
SP
CIM
0F
OT
M OD
TIO
P T A BL A I U R E
( F ro
XT
Bu rn ey s H i s t ory
T, W I T T
o
f M usic )
fro m t h e a ph a e i a
o a io
o f th e
hu r h ,
i s i d i a ed
a
re e
The p i h o f
ga m ma
i e a o e o r a o g i d e h em , t h e
th e i
e
o e
ei g a p a re
u ri ou
u ed to
ho w
gu re a o e th e h i gh e
p
o
Th e ri gh h a d a a u re i s ep a ra ed fro
a e
th e h i gh e
th e
a
i e , a nd e r i a i e i d i a e t h e a r )
a h o ri o
ef
Th e i g
a re d e ri
ha the o e
e
ep
ho
t h e e er i s
.
ed
19
by their fell w mu ici
A c m p er i
tur lly
xi u th t ther be ide him elf h uld h ve the
be et f the ff pri g f h i mi d He d e t m ke
f
f expre i g it th t
me
ly be k w
t hi
pupil
h i immedi te
cqu i t ce he wi he
it t be pre d br d d t h eref re write it i the
w y th t he thi k W ill be u der t
d by the gre te t
umber f mu ici ;
if he d e
d m irer
t hi
d
it f him A y impr veme t i
u iver lly
ccepted t ti c m e very S l wly t
Imp
the
re
ult
m
i
pir
ti
but
by
f
m t
d uch
c
e
u
th
t
uch
f p
m
d
t
1 requ re t b e
m pr ve d
e
e
d
b
lly
g d
The ch ge fr m qu re d l e ge te
f
i t ce t r u d e t k me ce turie t
c mplete ; it w
t the re ult
f
me e
gg
ti but requireme t f r pid writi g ; the j i i g f
qu ver w f u d c ve ie t i t h t bl ture
me
d w
f dividi g the v ri u p rt
f the b
gr du lly d pted i the t ff t ti
The S h pe f
te were freque tly ltered by i dividu l te cher i
the M iddle Age yet the ge er l c e u f pi i
d rejected
rrived t cert i ge er lly ccepted f rm
i dividu l ugge ti
N t ti i
lph bet d f m re u iver l
lp h bet th th t which repre e t peech ; f
m u ici
perf rm e c h
i
l l p rt
f E ur pe
ther c m p iti
igh t wh e t h ey cert i ly
t r t
w uld t i every c e u der t d e c h t h er
w
l gu ge He ce ll e ff rt t pr vidi g
o
an
use o
oa
or
on
ra
ns
on s
n s
ns
ai
ns a n
or
on ,
as
o a
on
an
an
a ns
no
ons
an
es
su
ns
s o
as
as
a r, a n
ons
n on
an
19 8
a n
or
ca n
n s
an
sa
ar
as
on s a
on.
no
os
no a
o n n
on
so
a n
oz
so
on
an
oo
no
an
an
ca n
an
on
a ns o
as
on ,
an
as
no
'
ua
no
sa
i ni on
s a
en s
no
an s
no
one
oo
no a
rov e '
a n an
s no
ca n on
or,
a ns
an
na
os
ss n
s or
ans
a ns o
ne
N e w No t a t i o n s
b u d t meet W ith the me f te
u iver l l gu ge c lled V l pi i k which

th
b dy h ever p ke But
hi t ry f t ti
w uld b c mplete W ith ut me refere ce t the e ff rt
t
i ve t w e
m ke r dic l
f i dividu l t
ll w uld require
ge i the l d T me ti
h
wh le b
k the ubject
thi g
ge er lly imed t either the
Tw
f h rp
b liti
f the clef
f the ig
t
tur l ; d it i
re m rk ble f ct
d
N w
th t e rly ll t h
t ti
require
w
N
t ti m
c t t ppe l t the i tellige ce r ther
l
p
p
th t the eye h wi g th t t h ey re ult t t i l
t
fr m the f ilure f gr w per
le r t l l i
g
the l d t t ; f the gr w per d
th
it e ier t pply h i i tellige ce th t th t t h
le r
mec h ic l per ti while with
Ey
child the rever e i the c e The re di g
rdi ry t ti
bei g
lm t purely
f the
l ty if cquired
d i i
mech ic l per ti pre e t
e rly childh d d le ve t h m i d free t tte d
i
expre i which it c uld t d if h mpered with
t
the e ff rt f merely re di g th te ; d
e f the
t ti pre e t
i t t e u picture f the
w
p iti f the te with reg rd t the c le
f
t
S
b
l
d
S
eb
ld
Heyde
rect
r
S
t
I
5 9
N uremberg publi hed i L ti d Germ
S b Id
w rk c lled M i w S ti h i i i wh ich h P p l
pr p ed t b l h the clef u g t ve
W ith ut them with gure w rd f the te
t ti
no a
ons
sa
as
an
on
on
on s
ne
ns
a s
O e
ea
s on s
n o a i on
as
an
en c e
an
oo
s s on ,
no a
ne
ons
on o
os
no
os
no
no
e no
n,
n an
os
o a
an
non
an an
ns
an
cu
an
an
n s
er
an
ra
on
on ,
as
no a
on ,
na
an
us
us c
o a
o s s,
s
o is
or
1 99
an
s on
or
ons
no a
n
on
no a
no
or
an
an
an
a re
a s
or
as
na
an
on
on
ne
so
oo
no
n.
o a
sa
a s
an
a re
ro
sin
os a
or
no
S tory
f No t a t i o n
f O xf rd
T S lm
M ter f Art
e de v ured t d w y with t h ld clef by m ki g
me
T f
e
b
B f
M f
w
T S l m treble The te were t be the me
e ch t ve but t h me
t ve w t be
ct ve
b ve the b
t ve d the treble
ct ve b ve
w
t
f
t
ve
be
f ur li e
ly
d
t
h
t h me
;
th
Thi i f c ur e
me pri ciple u i g t h G
th
clef f t h te r v ice
u der t di g t h t the
te
u d
ct ve l wer th t h ey
writte
The c t t c h ge f the p iti
f the C clef w
the thi g th t tr ubled S lm
We h ve reduced the
f leger li e
ch ge f clef t m i i m u m by t h
f
me c u trie h ve lm t b li h ed t h
d
v ice But S lm
b liti f the l d
t h C clef f
clef pr duced terrible c fu i
d f
m re ch ge
bef re be ide m ki g t p y turvy picture
f clef t h
M tthew L cke i very
rc tic yi g
f the tu e
f t h C li cre te
d th th tr p iti
N
y
c fu i t begi er y v i ly llege ; f v c l
f f rty
mu ic i eld m le r ed by m
fty ye r
y u g wh e v ice
l d but by t h e th t
pr per t t h treble d by t h t cli ff ly
t ugh t ;
w much u ed u le
i
i th C
l f
t cli ff
c thedr l m u ic A t m y P lm i f ur p rt I
c uld h ve pri ted them well i three treble cli ff
h d I t h ugh t l l h d bee
f
ig r t i the
l i
I
ured y
It bei g u u l d
m
c mm f m t i g th e g which
pricked
i
treble
ct ve l wer
In
167 3 ,
on ,
ne
no
an
an
or
no
an
an
an
an
no
so
on
an
or
os
so
on
use
a re
on o
ar
an
or
o a
a re
a re
ss
no a n
so
os
or
on
sa
sa
no
as
us e o
'
n a
as
on
or
ass
en
an o
ou
o s n
os
2 00
a re
s on
an
a n
as
sa
ou
as
an
an
en
s n
as
s on
os
nn
on s a
o a
on
a ns
os
e use o
a re
on
s on
an
on .
on
on
as
os
sa
an
or
n or
o a
so
on
e sa
as
or
an
an
on
as
an,
or
an
an
e s
on s
as s
an
on
ass
or
s :
as
on
a re
an
E
ple
am
The
sa
P lm
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o
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t ff ver ther t
i
b li hed by the c
t ti did t d
F ur ye r l ter
med S h it ty
the umer l I
Th e
s ee
s a
no a
on
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ou
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v z
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on s
an
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th t the gre t dv t ge f the

ti i i t ppe l t the eye
t t c h ge f clef S lm
ccept ce
i
67 7
Fr ci c
f P ri
medi cre mu ici
pr p ed t
ons
no a
ay
an
a n,
4 , 5, 6 , 7 , fo r
o s a nd
o
t,
os
S ou h a i tty
with
r
d
p
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t
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tt ched t i dic te ct ve N h rp
t were
t
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ti
m
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ig
t
h
i
t
ti
w
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ly t be u ed f pl i
g Wh t dv t ge li e
f gure c uld h ve ver t h f ur li e t ff
d qu re
te f pl i
g it i i m p ible t
R
h
h
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e
u
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wever
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ug
t
well
f
the
ide
J J
d pr p
ed i 7 4 3 t b titute umer l
l
l
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te ; but t h w t h v ri u ct ve
R
;
d t
ece it ted uc h
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i m m e e v riety f ig t h t the y tem w m re
c m plic ted th t h rdi ry t ti
The r dic l f ult f h i y tem were exp ed by
d w h h wed th t the e implic ti will

R ym
mi ,
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on
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as
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os
at
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s or
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o su
ns
a ns on
a n s on
an
or
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n, nor
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ons
lw y h ve the defect th t their i m plicity d i
f rmity l e m ke them impr ctic ble ; f th ey d
t pl ce the m u ic l f rm
i t t
u ly bef re the
d ppe l t t h
eye
me time t t h i tellige ce
dv t ge which the rdi ry t ti e j y by
f th t very diver ity
f which i t detr ct r
me
c mpl i
E rly i the eightee th ce tury Abb D m t de l
S lle pr p ed t uppre th t ve d t
f
r
m f
te
ly
which
h
wed
the
pitch
D m t d
i t p iti
f the
u
d
by
; h w he p
l S ll
p ed t i dic te time me ure i t k w
but h i ugge ti if c rried t w uld t ke b ck
t the d rk d y
f the
eume bef re the
f li e
w
k w
I
J
c
b
Fre
ch
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li
i
t
pupil
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i
6
G
7 9
d gure f
pr p ed t ve with ut clef
te i
a
a on
no
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os
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ss
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or no
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lamb
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P la n
s u r u n n ou v ea u
pl yer pr p ed u i g t h v wel
te f the m j r c le th ugh
m i etc it
the dv t ge ver t
u t e
a n , en a s
where they
i h rd t
s
n,
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n 1
o s
os
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an
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os
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r e,
Abb de C g e pr p ed t reduce
ll the clef t
ly mely G the ec d li e
d
the
treble
clef
thi
ide
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g
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ke
)
(
Abb d
8 5
f
m
up
g
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mu
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f
p
publ h ed t h U m l f
w
but it h d th e ffect f m ki g i t u er l e the p wer
f re di g rdi
ry m u ic
I
Germ prie t med R hleder i ve ted
79
In
6
h
t
e
77
o one on
na
a s sa
ain
ne
on
on
i a no
oo
or
os
an
assa
as
na
an
in
is
c e
os
2 02
na
keyb rd i which white d bl ck key were

pl ced lter tely t the me level the bl ck key
bei g equ l i u m ber with t h white d
R hl d
di ti cti bei g m de betwee E F K yb d
d B C
By thi me
he b li hed
the mi g f the te f ll were like ; d he
i ve ted
w
t ti t uit the keyb rd i which
the bl ck key were h w by bl ck te the white
by white te
d v lue by i e
I t l k very
mech ic l d i m ple pl but it h d little ucce
th t i t c u ed the rui
uth r Futile
d de th f i t
ttempt were fterw rd m de i G rm y t revive
f i t chief bjecti
it
bei g the imp ibility f
eei g the i terv l with u fcie t r pidity
br ke w f bl ck d white key d te
The i etee th ce tury eem t h ve bee m re
pr lic f w t ti
th the eightee th ; th ugh
perh p thi ppe r t be the c e bec u e it i e rer
t
w time
d b
k
better c t l gued A
m t re m rk ble e ff rt i th t f L b tut
L
b t t
wh
t
ly pr p ed t uppre the
t
t ve
c mplete t ti
d clef but t m ke
f
li e d circle ( p
We h ve lre dy ee
c mplete t ti m de i the te th ce tury t f
the letter F (p
L b tut m ke h i
t ti
ct ve b ve d bel w m iddle G which i h i
i
d
ce tre All G
repre e ted by
emicircle
ll F
by t h rever e f the G emicircle the rem i der
te by li e either i gle i c mbi ti
f the
n ew
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2 03
a u
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S to ry
No t a t i o n
of
Tim v lue
b
h w by tt chi g circle
t
t
the e ig
emibreve by the tt c h me t f
circle with li e thr ugh it t the required te
mi im by
i m ple circle
cr tchet by circle
with d t i the ce tre
qu ver by
emicircle
emiqu ver by t w circle j i ed m ki g gure 8
f
The v ri u ct ve
h w by the dditi
h ri t l li e b ve the ig f the higher
bel w the ig f the l wer
te th middle
G The h rp i t be the Greek g m m rever ed
the t t be the me i verted the tur l S t
A drew cr
tr ge h pe rrived t by
Th
the e c mbi ti
h w i Fig 4 Thi
t
t
ti h
bt i ed y l rge umber f dhe e t
yet
I
8 3
D ct r
med N t rp f
f The l gy
E e
u ed gure f the degree f t h c le pl ci g
h em
d
t
b
ve
i
gle
li
e
d bel w
D N t p
diver ifyi g their i e t h w t h ct ve
F
v lue h c mbi ed the gure with the rdi ry
d hi b
t ti
k w ucce ful e ugh t
thr ugh ve editi
I
8 8 Pierre G li
Pr fe r f M t h em tic t
the Lyceum f B rde ux d t the bli d ch l i t h
me t w
publi
h ed h i E p i ti
d m
G li
e
ns :
z on a
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ons
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ZE n s e zgvzem en t d e [a
which F t i critici e thu

Th ere i i th i
w rk very re m rk ble phil phic l pirit ; d the
f the ide
cle r e
the rder f t h eir c ecti
d the
tyle m ke thi w rk di ti gui hed p
M u s zqu e
an
ss
as
s :
os o
2 0
4
on n
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ro
F IG
14
La ba t u t s Not a t i o n
v H ob b B
5 11M 19
6
5
Sharp
0 9
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Dou ble Sharp l Double Flat

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! Flat L
St ri by s
Unive rs a l Nota on
Ba s s
6
Delc a mp s Nota t i on
Stot t s Not at i o n
2 05
aturalx
ducti wh tever pi i m y be held f the utility f
i t meth d
d b li he
G li reduce the diver ity f ig
clef With t h i bject h give
t ve with ut
th
clef pr vided with u m ber
te t which the
te cher p i t with
tick while i gi g me well
k w i
Thi t ve i c lled by i t i ve t r
mel pl
t
d i
u ed
methi g f t h m e
pri ciple the Guid i h d the ger d j i t
f which were p i ted t by the te c h er
It will be ticed th t the l
t ve h d bee
i ve ted ever l time bef re G li w
c vi ced
f h i meth d
t
ert th t
f the e ff ective e
child f eve t i e ye r f g w uld le r t i g
ythi g by it i eight m th
child f twelve
ve m th ;
wh ich F t i y
G li w
i
h e t m but medi cre mu ici
d w
full f
t
illu i
the pp re t ucce f h i ch l I
t
re lity f m re th f rty ye r
i gle mu ici
h
v
lue
bee
f
rmed
the
meth
d
the
f
f
y
mel pl t th ugh the ch l i which they te ch it
very umer u
f G li
8 4 E dw rd Iue m died the y tem
I
reduci g l l the c le t
lteri g the h pe f
i
the
te
but
he
c
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th
t
it
lw
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I
ece ry t refer t the rdi ry t ti
i c
ecti with h i y tem
Ab ut 8 48 I C l viere
Fre chm publi hed
on ,
o n s
no
as
an
o n
on
a n,
on s
s on s
or
as
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M et/zoa e
M u s zgu e
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e72
Ch g
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es
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P r zn c zp es
a r a bes ,
2 0
an,
method zq u es de l a
d Z U s age da
'
Cha n t p op u
ther ttempt t ub titute

gure f
te
li e ; higher d l wer ct ve
t
be i dic ted by d t ; ly
key Cl i
t
be empl yed d t h m j r d m r
d
m de
ly t w ki d f time R e t
be
t
expre ed by O The meth d i i te ded f
d
t d pe p 1e
After w rki g f m y ye r t h i
y te m C l viere died t P vi i 8 5
I
8 57 Willi m S t i by
livi g i
E gli hm
i
P ri publi hed
U iver l S y tem
Fig
(
which t w t ve f i li e e ch c t i
s f by
te f the me m e but t w ct ve U
:
p rt The f urth
which the clef S t m
y
t d i thicker th the ther ; there
tw
clef treble d b
Thi y tem d e
t
ppe r t h ve bee k w bey d i t uth r imme
di te circle f frie d
Three ye r l ter i 8 6 M urice D elc mp i
ju cti with c l el i the Fre ch rmy i ve ted
w
t ti
derived fr m t h qu re D l m
p
t ti
g but with te f
f pl i
v ri u h pe ( Fig
Hi
t ve i f three li e
ly S h rp
h w by
upw rd t il d t
by d w w rd t il dded t the te V lue
te
emibreve
h w by Ar bic gure u der the
I it ece
bei g 3
m m 6 d
ry t
t
th
t
thi
extr
rdi
ry
t
ti
we
t
the
t
mb
y
me time i t uth r ? ( D vid d L y)
t the
Fig 4 h w
ex mple qu ted fr m D vid d
b
k
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y
Za i r e
Thi
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7
w y with clef t ve
d ll
ther impedime t by
f the letter D R M F
the
ub
tituti
L D
l
S L B f th te D
m i etc (
ide which w previ u ly d pted i E gl d by the
T ic S l f i t ) h rp
tur l bei g i dic ted
d
by t by 1 v lue by e i u ; re t by i verted
letter
D uri g the l t f w dec de E gli h i ve t r h ve
t bee
idle We h ve M i t h d
E y S y tem
f
M u ic
h rp
t
M u ic rev luti i ed
N
Th i i
y tem f bl ck li e rr ged i tw
h w the bl ck te the p ce betwee
d t h ree t
te The pl ce
the keyb rd
h wi g the white
wh ich h ve
bl ck te BC E F
h w by
d tted li e dividi g the gr up f t w fr m th e f
th ree bl ck li e O clef ly th G i pl ced
the li e th t repre e t D # th ugh
clef i re lly
required Thi y te m i re lly t bl ture with the
defect f the t bl ture th t it d e
t i dic te key
rel ti hip It i theref re u ele f v c l d f
m t ther mu ic
The Br d Li e S t ff i ve ted by W Lu die

c i t f three li e s d f ur p ce e cl ed b
twee t w thicker li e which c mplete t ve f ve
li e The middle li e i lw y C t h l we t p ce
lw y G t h high e t F N
te i pl ced
the
br d li e i ce
ct ve c m me ce with the
w
r t p ce b ve bel w the m The G d F clef
u ed t h C li e t h w treble d b ; d
In
18 6
an
an
an
os
a s
a s
an
an
no
o ns
on s s s
n
n s
n s
on
s n
o
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on
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ss
ne
or
no
or
an
or
no
2 08
os
on
an
an
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a re
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or
an
a s
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on
n o s
as
ne
no
ve
er
on s
no
a s
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no
na
o s
an
os
as
an
o, r e,
no
no
or
as
on
z
n a
a ne
on
an
ass
an
t
thick thi leger li e
be dded required
Th i y tem h the defect f bre k i the c ti uity
f the c le t every br
d li e
th t the eye ccu
t m d t
ucce ive i terv l
li e
d p ce
i
deceived d me t l t i required t i g pl y
i gle c le degree where the pp re t di t ce i
th t f t w degree There i l the bjecti th t
pplie t l l the e e y meth d th t per
le r
i g it i
much i c p cit ted fr m u i g the rdi ry
t ti
the rdi ry mu ici i i c p ble f u i g
the e y meth d
The C hr m tic S t ve
Pi
T bl ture i
ther ttempt t rr gi g the li e
d p ce t
c rre p d with the bl ck d white key f the pi
It e m br ce the wh le f the keyb rd d the di ffere t
ct ve
h w by ub tituti g Ar bic gure f
clef A w lph betic l me cl ture i i tr duced
the p ce bei g med
b the li e
j} g
n
or
s s
a re
ss
so
on
on
a s
as
oa
as
n s
an
'
an
s n
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ne
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an
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or
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s n
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as
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no a
o s n
or
ct ve S y tem f M u ic l N t ti
i t f li e t ve the fth f whic h repre e t the
me te the r t but
ct ve higher
C ig
Here i te d f three clef
le t h i
u ed F G A B C D which lw y
m
Sy
t
refer t t h l we t li e f t h t ve ; d
the e letter
pri ted i It li type f treble i
type f b
Three f th li e
red
R m
bl ck I y give c mp iti
clef ly
tw
t
b th t ve which
be re d t w
i u ed f
ct ve p rt A i the Br d Li e N t ti
the
C
s s
r ig
a
s o
a re
e
s
o a re
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or
as s
ss
an
oa
2 09
an
or
a re
on
o a
o n o ne
os
a re
ra
s e
n s
an s x
con
on
s
no
n an
or
a re
an
an o
o a
as
ns
v e-
no
sa
on
thick li e h wed
te h ere ever l f the p ce
h w
te He ce t h me defect ppe r i b th
y tem
I
87 3 M
pr p ed
S implied t ti
The l we t li e f l i e t ve lw y repre e t
R m
C
gure
repre
e
ti
g
the
v
ri
u
M
d
ct ve
ub tituted f the l f
t h i ve t r expect future pi
exte d t eleve
t
ct ve he u m ber them fr m I t XI He pr p e
ref rm the time ig ture by givi g
the l wer
t
gure the required metr me umber the upper gure
h wi g the umber f be t i
b
S
t
tt
b
ut
i
ve
ted
I
pr
ved
8
8
m
t
S
J
5
N t ti ( p ge
m ew h t t h
m e li e
hi
l
we
t
li
e
lw
y
repre
e
ti
g
G
O ly
I S t tt
c le i t be u ed f wh ich eve
ymb l
pr vided e ch h wi g by i t f rm i t
rel ti t the key te Accide t l h rp
d t
but c tr dict ry ig
t be u ed
I te d f gure ver m etr m g re
give by M
the i ve t r give gure ver
cr tchet qu ver
m i im
h i ti m e ig
ture
Like S lm i 6 7 3 he pr p e t b li h the clef
d t
i tr duce ther
mely S f
pr
C f
c tr lt T f te r B f b
V lue f te t
be h w by the umber f cr k dded t the tem
f the
te the e m ibreve bei g h w by f ur t m
S h rp d t
t
be h w by circle e cl i g
C mp h Ch m ti c S t v p 9
C mp T b l t s p 49
n
no no
s
no no
so
e sa
e e re n s
os
an
v e-
s a re s
n o
or
a n os
as
os
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ono
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s ,
no a
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on s o
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2 10
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2 0
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I the L
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f the ct ve by gure
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gure i the e c e re lly t ke the pl ce f clef the
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p ibly pply
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fM
A H C tle w h pr p e t
ve di ff ere t
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f the
d m y be f
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ther w t ti
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mmI
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;
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i
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l
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i
w h ic h t h G li y tem i g i m died
c ju cti with the Guid i
yll ble
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The
pupil i t ugh t t refer everyth i g t t h t ic d t h
pri ted u m ber
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mi
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umber R e t
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C hev e m eth d f i dic ti g v lue h
th T
ic S l f t ti
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dv t g f h wi g t ic rel ti hip i te d f ly
tri g t be u ded d pr b bly i t ucce i
th
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f ct t h t Aim P ri g ve up
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i
h i pr f
d dev ted h i life t i t pr p g ti
t ti whic h h urvived i t birth
T h third
w
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i
Th
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MI
SS C
2 1
OV
ER
No r w i c h So l fa M e t h o d
-
RE V.
JO
HN
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c h ildre t i g i m ple tu e t igh t
whic h h c lled t h N rwic h S l f

e l rged d impr ved by t h R J
s
n a
s n
an
2 15
ev
Her y tem
w
M eth d
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C u rw e n ,
as
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N c f rmi t mi i ter
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it i w very wide pre d

i m p rt t mu ic l w rk The me
w
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na
T ic S l f
J h C w
Like the Fre ch y tem it i ki d f v c l t bl ture
i th
e e th t
ttempt i m de t i dic te the r e
d f ll
f the mel dy ; but it h
the dv t ge ver
the t bl ture f rec g i i g the c m plete erie f
ig u ed i the t ff t ti ; i ther w rd it d e
t f rce t h
t e t
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f t w equ l e m i
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ct ve
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f rced t be p
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th
me
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might try
A ther dv t ge f the T ic S l f t ti i th t
it refer l l i terv l t t ic
th
m e pri ciple
th t f t h medi ev l d m der Greek t ti which
refer l l i terv l t the t rti g te i ( p
The
t ic i impre ed t h i ger mi d bef re t rti g
d pr vi i
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f by Guid f
m dul ti
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te by t w
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I
th
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t ti the w i i u ded by i ger pp i ted
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purp e T h T ic S l f c i t f the
th
Guid i
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reduced t
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2 16
1n
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or
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T o ni c So l fa
-
d pr vi i
i m de f
their i iti l letter
i dic ti g
d t
v lue
There i ly
d ccide t l h rp
t ti f ll key ; f i m dul ti the d i
imply tr ferred t the w t ic
T h ugh there i
ttempt t h wi g the ri e d
f ll f mel dy i the t ti it elf th e w h
t ught t i g fr m it
h w
m dul t r i
f rm f l dder
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th
c le
give with the rel ted c le the t ic tri d
bei g m de t t d t fr m t h re t by he vier type ;
d t h we k p i t i
the y te m eem t be t h t
th
i ger h the l dder t ke w y fr m h i m wh e
ctu lly putti g wh t he h le r ed i t pr ctice
i te d f h vi g the ri e d f ll f m el dy lw y
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bef re h i eye
pe t i le r i g t re d fr m t h m dul t r m ight be
m re pr t bly pe t i le r i g t re d fr m the
rdi ry t ti ; d ce the t h e ry f t h c le i
le r ed f cility i re di g fr m y t ti
ly
c m e with pr ctice It ppe r theref re t be r ther
w te f time d e ff rt t le r t w pr ce e where
i
u ff cie t
Th T
ic S l f
t ti h h d gre t ucce i
d d the c l ie pr b bly f t w re
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d
th
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w
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C mp p 8
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2 17
2 0
an
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no
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m re There i re
t
thi k th t it i de ti ed t
h ve c ider ble v gue f
m e time bef re it
lly di ppe r fr m ge er l ; d it will cert i ly
be l ked up by f ture ge er ti
f the
m t rem rk ble m u ic l m
ife t ti
i e
f th
t
t h ce tury
M u ic l
t ti h wever perfect
ever e tirely
repre e t t h c m p er me i g M uch mu t be left
th
t
f th
im gi ti
perf rmer
ly deep
d
d pr l
ged tudy d experie ce
e ble h i m
t
re der t h pri ted
writte
te
ti f ct rily
f
Th i pplie m re e peci lly t t h highe t cl
c mp iti ; f c m m m u ic i which
rti tic
i tellige ce d
pl ce will u d lm t well
m ch i e
whe perf rm ed by hum bei g
The m re e m ti
rti tic p wer felt by t h
d
c m p er t h le
ti f ct ry i m ec h ic l d
i tellectu l perf rm ce A m c h i e
well drilled
perf rmer
cert i ly pl y the m t c mplic ted
writte
te fte with m re perfecti th t h m re
i tellige t but m re excit ble rti t ; but t h l tter
will repre e t t h c mp er m e i g wh ile the f rmer
will
t
h wever
te perfect t h perf rm ce
Perh p
y S chum
it i
ly ge iu th t
u der t d ge iu
cert i ly m re i required th
mere i gi g
pl yi g f t h writte
te ; d
t ti will ever upply t h pl ce f mu ic l i
t l li g
He ce the urce f the v ri u re d
i
i g
f cl
ic l w rk ; f
the dr m
i
mu ic every highly killed d i tellectu l perf rmer
o
a s on
o ns
na
sa
oo
ee n
an
a n
ons
an
on s
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as
n n
no a
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an
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an
2 18
no
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o
a
an
as
an
so
on
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a n
an
un
a nn ,
os
an
or a
on
on
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en ce .
an
an
no
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s a
a n
an
ca n
sa
no
ass
so
s a
sa
an
n no
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ss
on
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os
ca n
no
on
as
on
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or
or
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os
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on
on
na
so
C o n cl u s i o n
ide f wh t the c m p er i te d t
c vey M der mu ic h re ched
extr rdi ry
d there
degree f devel pme t
ti g
t w
ig th t it will bec me till m re c mplex ; d the
m re it pr gre e t h gre ter the de m d m de
the execut t
Bur ey i h i S t t of M i i F
d I t ly
tell the f ll wi g ecd te Th E mper r Le p ld
the Fir t rdered h i mb d r t R me t e tre t
the P pe t e d h i m c py f t h f m u M i
f Allegri which h d ever bee perf r m ed ut ide the
S i ti e C h pel A py w cc rdi gly m de by t h
P pe ch pel m ter d e t t Vie ; but i t e ffect
wh e perf rmed there w
di pp i ti g th t t h
E m per r c
cluded t h t the P pe ch pel m ter i
rder t keep it my tery h d pl yed him f l e d
e t me ther c mp iti
Thereup i gre t
wr th h e t me ge t thi e ff ect t t h P p
wh
im m edi tely di m i ed h i u f rtu te ch pel
m ter with ut he ri g w rd i h i defe ce After
ti m e the p r m g t
l t ple d
f the c rdi
hi c u e
expl i t t h P pe th t t h tyle
d t
d e peci lly i
i gi g i t h S i ti e C h pel
f
perf rmi g the M i
w
uch
c uld t be
expr ed by te
t ugh t
tr m itted t y
t h er pl ce except by ex m ple f which re
the
piece i que ti m u t f il i i t e ffect whe perf rmed
el ewhere T h P p w h did t u der t d mu ic
c uld t c mprehe d h w the me te c uld u d
di ffere tly i di ff ere t pl ce ; but he rdered the
his
ha s
on
ow n
ns
ss
an
a e
an
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s n
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nor
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on
2 19
e,
na s
no
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a ns
a s on
sa
or
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a s
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nor
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as
on
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r a n ce
as s a
an
an
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us c
na
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os
an
as
no
an
o
so
write d w h i defe ce i rder t e d it
Th
E mper r
Vie
receivi g t h expl
t
ti i duced t h P pe t e d me f h i mu ici
Vie t i truct the imperi l i ger i the pr per
t
w y f re deri g it
We qu te t h i t ry t h w th t the mere mech ic l
re di g f te i t ll th t i required i rder t
g ve t h pr per re deri g f c m p iti ; i thi

p rticul r c e meth i g m re th t le t d i t l li
ge ce w
ece ry m ely t h tr diti l tyle f
perf rm ce which the te c uld t expre
ma es tro t o
nn a
on ,
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as
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no
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2 2 0
an
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ns
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ss
A pp e ndi c e s
A T H R ITI S RE F RR
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ABL E O F
T A TI O N
A pp e ndi x A
A u t h o ri ti e s r e fe rre d t o
P eter b r F l c i h c d h l f f h ft e th
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55
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wa y,
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42
s an
a s
as, an
or
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or
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P re
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92
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an
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22
eor e,
Dr
ng t o
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2
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8 47
d
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12
42
at
wa s
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nu
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1 3 10
she
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th e
th e I n en
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ta
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33
au
ho
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an
F t s o n s e rs
C ou s s e a k er
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us
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t o be
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k w x c pt th t h i l t c d d
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t
f
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d i
E
i
li
b
k w p b li h d w ith L ti
; th w
p
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t i 68 by W ll i
O xf d m th
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t g th w ith m ss f m th m ti c l ( P yth
f i t v l
T h i w k gi v
cl
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g
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Pyth g
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S c t w t th i g ; d hi m ic l d ct i p p
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T hi
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m t i l p p rt i
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m d l ti
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Pyth g r
di t
)
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i
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pi g
p
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A i ti d Q i ili
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d ct i
t ti t Pyth g ; it i p i b l th t th Pyth g
d it f th i w p p
o e
au
os e
a s ro n o
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ra n s a
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us
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on ,
no a
us e
r ne
on
r s
or
es
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ea r
en
e rn
us
no
ur
ro
34
os s
re
a or
an
s ou
ea r
en
an
es
re s u
su
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or
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u es a
ou s
u a e
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a ns
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ora s ,
ou r s es
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to
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a ns
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as
o ra s
es
re s u
on e
oo
us
on e
ra
ree
us
a e
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on u s .
e,
r s t o x en a n
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ro on a ,
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nu
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us
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on
a ne s
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0,
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ca n
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a re
A D
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or
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A pp e ndi x A
i
St i G y bb d ct f c n
d
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N l w
li v i
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68
m M
bli h d m
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m ic
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tim (
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bi
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68 7
d
c ll d h L bi
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m ici
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t ti h l y ic i t ti f h w l f h H m ic
S t r oz z
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h e re h e wa s
ng
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h cen u r
In 1 3 h e
s e
E l e en tor u
u s i cce P r a x i s , n
h
e rea s
pu
of th e
us
of
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g es a n u
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T er p a n
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se
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a s o p e n n g p e e s for t h e p u
ga e s
t o h a e n ro u e d t e h e p a h o r
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so
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s n ot
a n.
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er
d t f wh e b i th i v ri l y gi v di d
i
ti v f F l d
B id
t N pl
47 6 ; w
if
f th t p f
b i g l d w ri t h w
l t N pl
id
f
f h p b lic m ic ch
d
t h
t f it k i d i I t l y Am g t h i w k
t b th
li t k w m i c l d icti y T mi m M i
h
G rm tr l ti by
d ii t
m p b l i h d w ith
Ti n ct o r ,
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oh n,
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'
us
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s a re
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on
a ns a
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ou s
n z or z u
i
s s en s clt af t,
W
d
er M u s
j
C ou s s e m a k e r ; a n d a P r o c r ti on a l e M u s i ces
re a ng O f th e p ro p o r i o n s o f n o es i n th e
s,
Bel l e rm a nn i n
v ol
na
as
no
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t e
e r, o
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os
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th e
by
b k t ti
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a on o f h i s
ner
a l zr ouc
'
t
t
t
t ti
ti m
V i t A J H b i 7 9 7 m mb r f th F c h
h
M i i t y f P blic I
Ac d my d Lib i
t ucti w h th f m y p m ph l t d w iti g
ci t d f h l y C h ch d
h m i c f th
d
H
M
S
S
b
l
v
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ci
t
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i
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i
h
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p
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i
f
l gth y c t v y w ith F eti
th
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f
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d;
th
.
in
no
n c en
us
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or n
e au
er
o n ro
se
e ra
an
35
on
on
an
ur
e ea r
.
re n
e s
en
e use o
n s r
an
en s a n
e rs
t e
to
or o
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on
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on s o
s ou n
p ctic ll y ttl d by W tph l w h
i
ll y cc pt d th t th ci t
d
pi i
h m
y f v ic ( x c pt th t f h ct v ) b t th t
th
l y cc i ll y
d d i gl te b v th v ice
wh ich w e e t i ct v w ith it
B v ri p i t d rg i t wh li v d t B i
Vi d
g
d i g th t d c d f h i xt th c t ry H w
th
th f M i G t t l t d A g g i q i t
B v i d i l ct i t d d th p lim y t m ch
l rg r w k w hich h w v w
v r w itt I t d
c i b th i tr m t i
d gi v
e x mp le f
t b l t re f th em ( p ge 5 7 9 )
d 36 w
Vi t y P hilip f li v d b tw
Bi h p f
9
f m
M ux
d
c mp r f m t t l y
d
d ; th f t ti
N
f hi d y
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c ll d Li t M i l i m th gh R i m c id th t
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th A
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m
tri ct w i
b f h i ti m ( G / i l t d
M i k Th
i
ch p
B e y ( H i t y l ii p 9 )
h w th t
v l ci t w rit tt i but d t h im th
i v e ti f th mi i m
t th
W t p h l R d l ph
U i v er it y f M c w
pr f
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t
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B ch
w rd H w l tr g d v c t f th v i w
th t th A i t i m d
f q l t mpe m t i
wh ich h i f ll w d by G v t R i m
d m t
m d r
th iti
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J ph b r i 5 9 t C hi ggi (th gh B e y y
Z li
h w
b i
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g i t f St M k
V ic d
f th m t f m
th i t f hi d y
ll th i
ll c mp izi a z p i
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n o a o n, hi s I s ti tu z i on i H a r mon i c/l e, i n 4 4 8 fo o p a ge s ,
s h ed a t
en
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A pp e ndi x B
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39
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us
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a , a no e o
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ax
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en
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o
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i e,
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use
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p
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o
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w
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t
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th G re k c h u ch ) t h r t
N t l th i g which rigi ll y t d f B t l i
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;
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th
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h
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b g t b c ll d N tu l T i m i th b gi i g f th
i x t th c t y
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t h h i gh
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it i
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d f th
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t
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O g
rg um
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s ou n
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ra
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en
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en
n s ru
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as
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nn n
nn n
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an
n a u ra
ua e
a en
r s en
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o e
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s ou n
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es a
so
en s
ro
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an
use
n a
e e
or
ou r
na u a
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er
ro
e,
ar
a a, a s
ro
o e
e n
ra
a, a s
eu
e , or
o re s o
aca r r a
s ou n
es
e c,
o a
en u r
ou r
s oo
e s e on
o a
s use
ar
r en
een
eu
an
os e s ou n
e.
an
n a u r a e,
na
ar
e re
er
a s
a n s on
s e
'
ua
a e
on
e n e ra , a s o u r
e s
a e
or
o a
ea
n or
or
na u a
ee
e re n
ua e s
ro
or
a o
e s
a u ra ,
s
os
an
ra
ea
use
en
on
r es
o n s
e.
o su
su
en
os
s,
ou
s a so use
ou n
s ou n
s re
as
e s r n
ea s u r
ers
an
u re
or
t e
an
s r n
us an
a ue o
en u r
12
ou
r e en
oe
er
e e
s n
re
e,
as s
un
as
on a
en
or
n s ru
e rs ,
on o
o e
an
e , o r a ro
e n o es
e r,
n t
er
or o
n o use
on e
one
c a v e,
a s
a no e
a ns ,
us
o n oc
re
e n
oo
ou r
ra
se
s t
43
n,
a in
en e o
an
e so
so
an
o s n
S t o r y o f No t a ti o n
lie t f rm f p rt i gi g i wh ich th m l d y
w
u g by tw m v ice t th i t v l f f u th
fth
w ell
ct v
P h yp t
e xt t th h i gh t th l w e t u d b t
f
th G
k t t ch rd S Hy p t
I L ti
P
G rm I t li thi w d m
R
t I
E gli h it i
i g c ll d i I t li F m t
d f
th
b h ld b y
i d ic ti g th t
te i
d i
m l
v l T h F m ig i d by P l y f d
f ll
f
cl
d i m mu ic f th ight th
d i th
c t y
P f t M d Ti m P l ti ti me m
em t by h
d ivi i
f th l
t i t th r f h e x t i v l
ger
i
T i pl m
P h ti N t t i
t ti i wh ich u d
y
p
t d by l ph b ti c l l tt g
w d
P i k
E gl i h e x p
i f m
d m ic w h ic h
g
w
h
ic
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d
t
h
rc
m
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by
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t
c
m
r
p
p
p
l d t rm f
f
P p ti
tim i g t
i g t th
ith m tic l f ct i
pl c d t th b gi i g f th t v
T h t h f cti
m
th t t h m
b
i t th
m i b v i t h p p ti
f th
f r;
i
th r
t
w d th v lu f th b i th q te th t f th
mi b v
Ph y gi O t th ct v f m D t d f th p i f rt
w ith t b l c k k y ; b t B th i
d hi
cc
P h y gi m d t th ct v e E t
p pli d th t m
i
h
f
f
P i t i l N t ti
t
ti
w
ic
h
h
i
d
ll
t
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f
m l d y i d p ict d by t h h i gh e
l wer p iti
i
w itt ig
d ti m v l
re
t
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by
v
r
y
i
g
p
ig
th
h p
f th
Pl i g
m f
G g i m ic
Pl t m
i trum t s d by h ci t t p l c k th
t i g f th l y t I h h p ich rd it i c ll d
J ck d c i t f w d p i ght t which
i
h
m
uill
i
tt
c
h
d
w
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ic
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ct
h
t
i
t
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q
w y
ci t p lect m
th
Pl i
k i d f l ig t
li q id l tt f th
d w ith t h
lph b t th u d f wh ich w c r i d i t th t f th
O r ga n u m , th e
or
ree
a ue
os e , a n
on e
ea s u re
o a
on , a n
s on
or
an
se
or
s,
se
e o
en
an
er
ts
on
a,
n or
on
or
e en
e e
e n
u re s , o r
or
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a ue ,
or
os e
nn n
ree
uar
ar
ou
s a
n o
o r,
rs
ea s u r e or
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re
s.
us
re
n a u r e, r e e rr n
ar
a re
ea s u re
on
so
or
no a
a no o
e s
ns
or
re
en
on
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ons s s
ru
a u re
e s s o rs
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on
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s en e
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re , e c.
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us
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an
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e rs ,
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as
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en
ea s u r
on
or
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a na
an
n o
ea n s
e o
es o
ca , a
es
on ,
ns , a n
o ne o
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en
on s
er
s r n
on
o a
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so
so
use
r e s s on
ou
e s
on
c a v e,
c or a
ra
an
or
no a
ra
re
re
on ,
us,
ar
an
as
ro
n o es
on
s en e
r c
to
ro a
ou n
e,
s on o
e o
oo
er ec
a ta
us
n er a
a e
a n,
s a
ee
no
er
s n
es
or
a n,
use
en u r
n,
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a s an o
as
a e,
o or
a u s e.
as s
ar
ea r
en s
an
ar
oo
on
en
n t
e s r n
e sa
use
as
44
a r e
n o
e rs o
A pp e ndi x
i
m ti m
ucc d i g y ll b l
h rd i u duc t d
i gi g f th p
td y
P m
b thin g b th ; d f p g i P l i g
which
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P i t T hi w d i d i m y
te
w
c
f
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w
ci tl y c ll d P i t P i t f D i v i i wh ich
lt d th l ti v p iti f l g d h rt t ; P i t
f P f cti
wh ich l gth ed t f t w tim v l t
th r tim P i t f A dd iti wh ich h d th m ff ct ;
d P i t f D m
t ti wh ich i b c r b t em
t be
m
f h wi g
P l ti
ti m e me u m t f w h ich th b rev f med th
g
P p i t
P p i t y th ch i f t f l ig t r wh ich
w
l g h t cc d i g t i t p iti w ith r g d t
th r t c ll d I m p p i ti
th
P lm
i d by t h l y wh th l tt r w
g cc m p
tip i t d f p l ctr m
p l y e d w it h h g
f th
P lt y m d i v l t i g d i t m t f th t
Th
i
f m th P lt i
ki d f
d lci m
m
l y p l y d w i th t h g S P l m
P l mb m
t dd d b l w th H pt ch d
th
f T p
c m p l t h Oct ch d D i p
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C mm
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f m d b c m th
T h Oc t ch d t h
d w
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f th G r k m ic l y t m
C h ch y t m W h L ti l ph b tic l l tt
f h
t k h p l c f th l d G r k m f
d P lm
c ll d A th H pt ch d b i g m d B
m
w
b
f
d
C D E F G
d h k yb
cl v i
g
ch d
wh ich w igi ll y l b ll d with h l tt
th p
t i d h i l ph b tic l m cl t
t
h v
f
l y m di v l g c mm c d
d
d y Th k yb
l mb n m
A b i g d m d p r
t B P
h
d
f
t i d th
t
t
c
d
d
g
f th t t
d
Py
c m p d h th l w t
c h d w h i t v l v ri d w ith th d i t ge
s
ee
s n
n eu
a, a
e, a s
r es en
re a
or
ere
an
e re
o n
on ,
a 5 1s
on
as
e o
s on
er
ae
re
a no
o n
a ue
e sa
e e
u e,
se
or
s , e tc
e re a n e
s ou n
an
or
l
T bl
u a dr u p a
m,
na
e ra n
s ou n
or
e n
en
e n
ee
e ra
or
s ou n
es
a ns ,
to
ers
r os a
na
ans
or
as s
t e
a u re
a e
s,
or
a s on
as
or
e rs ,
re s e n
en
a su
u ou s
e ra
a dd e d
n er a s
e o
re e
on
es o
ae
e n os , o r
oa r
no
or
or
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s o
as a
na
e r on, a
e o
an
t e
an
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sa
en
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re s s e
as
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sa
ee
s a
os e
en
ere o r
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ro s a
n s ru
e o
ro
ar
s e
on
os
es
a u e,
n s ea
or
s e
or
as
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en
e e
e o
enos
re
o-
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e no e
us
ur
us
ee
r e
e a r s es
to
er
s r n
or
oo
er
en o s ,
no e
ro
an
an e
er
cn o n ,
s,
n o es
e na
a no
r os a
s on,
or
e r.
an
or
or n o
a no e o
or
n o es ,
sa
en
re
r e
ro
or s
ou
on ,
a n s on
r e a s , or
sa
a e
as
on
es
an
on,
on s ra
assa
o n
en
ea n s o
ro
ro
o n
ne
s e n s es , a
on o
en
an
an
o n s
os
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on
re a
on,
ee-
use
e re a
er e
es
s use
en
re a
a re s u
o n
so
fou r h p a r
45
bv
o
n e ra
e r en
the
T i pl
r
m,
or
t bl t r
m i mi i m
d
g r d by
t t k w ith t w c k
R p ti ti
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R t
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c c l y v i d th ir h pe f m th
e li t tim b t th y l g w th f rm l y Th
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b l B w igi ll y
t h w i g th
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ecti
Q u a v er
c ll
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er n o
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e a re
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ro
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S mi m i i m
m
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V tic l l i w r c d
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id h y
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vcl i t m tlp t b n
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h
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w itt b i c ll d S c
Sh
h
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mit
I L t i it i c ll d C
c
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ch B f m i i I t
i i ll y
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5
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th i
t
d t A t th m tim m ici w
m e u i g l tte
t u
im
th
c ircl
cl i g li etc
m
m
A
ff t t
e
e
m
i
b
re
v
d
i
i
pp
by P p l B ll
R b t d H
d v t i dic t f l
dl
f th
tm
m ic by v y i g t h p iti
f
te
i ct u
d f
ch t v t
d t th
D
Th
t f th f ll w i g t v b y
h w th r t
13 2 1
de Mu
o h a nn e s
e t ca
ne
a e
na n
er
Ab ut
o
14 13
sa
use
ss
ou
1 4 60
1 51 2
on ra d
by J
14 7
SZ9
or
e ore
us
s n
a ns
e re
rs ,
ers
an
es
o en
ea
ou r s
os
e en
se
no e o
i v t
P a u l ma n n
ed
es r
a e
a se
on o
e s e
ea
s a
es
oh n
H a mboys
e,
s a
t b l tu e f
n en s th e
in
a nd
p erh
1 51 1
or
u ng
the
i ve t d
n
aps
n e
H oth by r e d u e s t h e
fro m fou t o t wo i n n u mb
oh n
it
s
n
o
p
or
dt
o s
r
er
A ld S ch lic k p b l i h th t pri ted
rg t b l t b k
S b ld H y de f N u mb erg pr p t
b li h th cl f
u
rno
an
e, o r
e a s u re , s e e
l t d c i b by V i d
T h cr tch t d c ib d
u e
14 7 0
Ab ut
P ro s d o s c i m u s d e Be l ed ma n d i s
Ab t
ne s ,
co n
nes ,
an
re
n o
ar
no
re
os n
us
o su
ou r
ou s , s o
en
or
es
132
ree
no
u s es a
ne s , t o s
se
ea s u r e , a n
er o
e , or
no es , on a
or
n s ea
e rs
u re
us e
s,
e.
s a
132 2
oo
a u re
n, o
e s
53
es
rs
re
os e s
AD
.
1 53 8
I t d cti f I t li l t t bl t e i t
S p i by N b
i
hi
Pi t A
l d h
r v lt i t h th f l d v l f t
Z li
d
k wl d f h l d m u
m t
c ll d M d T i m P l ti
l g r c ry h m ici
K y i
t bg
b u d
h
M l y x pl i
l d t ch i
rd i
th f l d t v l b y t h t h k w
l d f it i l t
Th
m
uth
h
x i
n ro
on
a n
S4 S
ar
1 558
no
Ab ut
o
1 590
I 59 7
gna
or e
ge
no e
sa
1 600
ea s
re
on ,
no
ng
ea
ut s a
ng
r e ga
no
on s
p re s s
o,
l d i l t m ic
Th b
i th
li b g t c m i t
t ff t ti ft h v i g b
d i th
t b l t f m th
ce t y
R i e f g
db
L te b k b gi h w w rd f x pre i
i
t
t
d
t
t
r
w
it
h
h
g
p
f
p
g
d i mi
d
th
ig
d f
d
d
t th pr
td y
Th m
S l m f O x f d pr p e t b li h
t h cle f
t
b li h te
S h i t ty f P i
pr p
i f v r f um
l th t v
s of
ne
a r-
no a
s a
an
on , a
or
er
ou
us
u e
use
n o
e en u s e
an a
o re
n ur
as s.
ure
oo
a nd
a u re s
1 63 8
an
se
or u s e s
ro a
us
a u e,
os
for
Ab ut
t e
a ns
e,
to
an
t e
to t
no es
a ue o
ge
oo
u r es
r ee o
t e
ea
re e o
ne es s a
n o
a ur
no
s a
en s
on
u e
a ga n s
ar
a ez
a ro n ,
e ro
an
n to s
s o
ss on,
a n o,
as
ns us e
e s
167 3
167 7
ou
1 69 8
z o,
n u en
cr es cen
o an
on , o
as
r es o, a
or
es en
or e,
or
os s
o a
ou
ar s,
os es
e ra s 0 n
o a
e s a
no
f th
t ch t h m d r
t l
t dict h p d t P v i l y
t c
h rp h d b ee
c tr dict t d
d
t t c t d ict
h p th
tur l b i g
ly d f B g d m
Lou l i e
es
o n ra
ea
on
use
ar
s an
n use
o n ra
or
54
e n use o
to
a s
ua
ru
a s
on
ar
e na
e n a ura
re
ou s
an
e n
A pp e ndi x
Ab t A
ou
D 1 7 00
.
Th e
n o es
17 2 0
1 7 30
30
bl
d ou
pr
J hJ i
t ty s
ung
ng
i dl y
h ea d e d
an
P l a yfo rd
e ne
I tr
n
e rs
no e
e n
ua
dr
mo
or s
t g th r f
v (i th
f q
w ty d
t
es s o n o
th e
e s.
r u nn n g
as
fo m
of
th e
e n d ea
to
os a
t ip l
r
ou rs
to
n o es
t e
m ea s ure , i s
S ou
ou t
ar
ra p
d ot,
d is
idl y
ea r n g
Jcb
a
v
c ry
h
l
b
li
t
p p
y th t h circl w ith
sa
i d ic ti
i
pp
to
o p os e s
ro
ra p
a o s
on
s h a rp
cl
F chm
re n
e fs , a n d
to u s e
a n,
p ro p os
s
f
r
r
o
e
g
to a
n o es
b li h
o
the
t ti
C t it
rti i
w it
t ti
l t
p b l y t ir l t
xc t
pl i g
C P E B ch gi v
d b led G cl f i th
t p rt i hi t i D I l i t i d
h w th t t w t
Wi t
pl y
m t v
f m th
l
l
h
t
r
b
li
T h Abbe d C
g
p p
cl f x ce pt G
n , pub
T h e re a s e o n ou n e rp o n , o f M a
h t h e ol d s q u a re n o a o n , a nd
l i s h ed ,
in
as
u s e, e
he
ep
iga u r es ; roba
es
ou
er
'
z s e,
to s
e sa
e s a
as sa
ne
ro
e s e
ze
s o ra o r o
u e
17 7 6
a su
rou n d
an
s a
R o u s s ea u
Adl
s o
M a t th e s on
n,
e rn
a n s on
I77S
wa s
on
t cc t i g i th w k
B c h d th r
o f th e
re e r s
ro o
774
on
e s en
n ne e n
1 7 69
e no a
C p i J S
Th
i t e th d iti f
d cti
f
th
h c
k f cc i
m d
m th d )
th
o
1 7 58
o en
p ea a n e
of
o u er
17 43
Ap r c
u
I 73S
l z g t ti
w y t
h
vl d
f th p r
tdy
s q u a re a n d
gi vm g
s ra e
u es
a re
to
os es
o a
Abou t A D
.
17 92
17 90
cl b g
G cl f
T h e s o p ra n o
ef
fa ou r o f t h e
E ng s h a n h e m s
v
t bl
b e gi
the
re
to
an
fo r
en
e
up
in
pa r
of
li
t
R hl d r
G m d v t b li h th
m
f
t f p i m i c by gi v i g
b l c k t b l ck k y d wh it t
wh it k y ; a w k yb d b i g i v t d
t
it th t ti
G li f B d x i v t m th d f t ch
i g h
t ti by m l th y t m
w
d i
l m t y ch l f
th
F c
Mi
S h G l v p b li h h i v ti f
h T
ic S l f t ti
o
na
es
n, o
no
no a
s , an
e n o es
e n
to
n en e
en s a
on
o a
us
oa r
on
ea u
or
u se
ra n
ss
e no a
o u rs
ea
a no
or
ne
o su
no e s
a n, en
er
n o e s to
1 8 18
nu
e ra s ,
en a r
e e
ea
s e
oo s
a ra
on
6
5
er
a no a
on
es
er
en
on o
Index
A R
A nP t
Abyss n ns
Acc n t s 5 5
Acc nt l s
ls
x
Aln
l nt 3
A cl
n t bl
t 5 l t bl t 5
SS
Al b t c l n t t n m A S
Alt s l t 3
A
n t t n t bl s
5 3S
Amb s n ymns 3
t bl t b k 5
Am
A
An nym s
7
M I NO
a ro
id e
I 36
ro ,
i ia
Ari s tox enus , 1 6 , a nd note e nha r

mo i , 2 3 ; o a e p e i e , 2 6
om a
o f o i ce , 30 ; o n
o a
p
i o , 33
k ey of, 3 1
ie
14 0
n ot
ru e
ed , 1 4 2
ye t
d u g, 1 7 6
[Eo i a
ro p e ,
6
gri o a , 14 8 , 1 4 9 ;
u re , 1 1 ; v i o
a
o rga
0r a
o a
o, 1
i o fro
o a
io
u re -
oo
No 4
NO 7
i ph o a r , 44 ;
ui do , 8 7
45;
p o ro ph a , 6 0 ; o f
An t n y
G s
A st
A c yt s
A st s Q
A st tl Ps
I 94
2 2
40
10 7
ua
po i i o
re e
o f,
hu r h ,
ra u
as a
,
.
u se
11
11
11
O;
u e
a r us e o
c e
a r,
use o
a r-
ar
ae a
or
ea
t e
n
or
n ote
a u re
u o, 1
a n or
eca rre , 1 1 7
45
P ro s d os ci mu s
B
57
d e,
I 33 , 1 3 4
C n
ccid n t l s 4
erga mo ,
a
ru
as a
ecu
el d e ma n di s ,
n ote ,
ua
e de ,
19
0r
1 0 ;
or
ro u
c m st n
G k C c BB
B
i de
u i nt il i a nu s , 3 ,
3 0 , 36 , 4 8
ri
o e,
eu d o , 1 1 4
ri
11
ac i
I 35
an
11
l yp i us , 3 , 3 0 ;
3 3 a n? 3 : I
ro i a
h
erba ch s a
a
n c u s , 6o
1,
to
ph a
63
r u
a u re ,
nc
ct v s c s
ct n ss v s
nt
A ims 4
A ni ns
A si s d t h s i s 37
B LA T igi n f 9 7 6
B q d t m
q d m
4
d
c
lf 4
5 4
B t nd m
sd
4
5 4
c
lf 4
B
li
fG l f
J S p
g
7
B ck f ll 57
B n ds m di v l 47
B
st f h w d 73
B lin s
s
h t bl t
34 i
49
73 74
B i t n cl f 7 3
B ss c n t i n 8 3
B ss s b ss 39
B t 3 7 38
n m n t 57
-
11
1 19 ,
ero
di,
,
111
1 60
us e of
Bl ck n t n c t m n t n C cl m ty 33 k y s
sy n c t n
t
s nt
7
Bl n n t t n
C l s l cl s
B t nn t t n 7
Cl v c
B t s
Cl v s n t t n
B t n s nts s c
Cl s
t
bl
t
s 5
B vs b v 5
m
n
n
s
v
s
"
t
t nts
ms
s bl
7
t bl t
t n
B v s lt
t
s t n m s
ct
8
g
B
Cl c s 5 b m s l
3
B ll ns t nn v t ns 7
t
Byz n t n s
C l v s cl n s 5 5
Cl
C LE 5
Cl
l
ns
nts 3
C
nt
C s
t s nt 7
C cc n s
C n ct s
C nt
n s
Cn s n t s
m
s
C nt s m
m
C nj n ct sy s t m t t c
lns
5
ns
c n t nt
bls
m
m
m c
lt v t
nln
m s c nb
7
Cs t P l
nv t
s s n
C ss n Abb
ss
m
c n mb c l s
C sn t t n
C tl s n t t n
t bl n t t n C c t c tc t nv n t by
H m
vv
C lc s
b ms lc C
nst m n t l l
C l ns
m
nc nt
C st v ls 5
m nt
C v v ln 7
C c Pt s
C ns
C s s by
G ks 7 C x
J n
C
tc n s t kn s
ntt n
lls
v
C
t c st v
7
7
m
C ns
vl H ntt n
m
yt
7
7
o es
1 39
to i di
io
o pa
i d,
o e hi a
oe hiu
o a
io
a e
di
io
97,
a,
re
2 12
o a
of
14 3 ;
a u re , 1
o e, 1 1 7
i h o rd , 14 8
a i e re
o a i o , 2 06
ef , 8 3 , 9 3 ; i n
a
a u re
o d er
a m e o f, 1 7 1
for
o f, 1 1 ; p ro p o e d
i o o f, 1 9 9
C l e n i d es , 9 ; d e cri p i o o f
1 ;
a ri o u
o i
od e
i ma
ime
100 , 10
a ga i
p
ig
a u u a or
rye nn i u s , 1 9
e, e
as
3 , 4 , 6 3, 6 7
a n d n ot e, 2 7 , 2 9 , 4 6
, 3
re o
m u i o f, 1 9 2 , n ote
,
p ea a
re i 0 r
re e , 9 , 9 7 , 1 3 8
th e
m o h e r of a l l o h er o e , 1 3 7
i n a a u re , 1 4 8
re i
a era ,
9 8 ; e rec a , 1 19 ;
o a
ir
180
fo r t h e,
io
io
12
6;
e co
i ga
u re , 10 2
i i
11
i i
or
6, 9
o o u r , 1 10 , 1 1 2
16
o o u re d
i m e ig
a
i i E n rya z ee, I 7 4 , 1 8 1 , I 8 3
a
o ferm o , u m ea u re d , I 3 6
a
u
r us,
co
p os i tu s , 9 2
l
a u ,
u
ra
i
s
o ri d u s ,
,
9 1,
g
p
u ra
16 1
o rga n i cu s , 1 1 3 ; m e
i i , 1 1 3 p er
ediu
, 92
a rre d , 1 4
u i
u
C a res a na s
a er a ,
hi i p o f, 1 3 2 , 1 3 3
ag e,
o f, p ro p o e t o re
a
er o f
d u e th e u
ef , 2 0 2
u ed a s a
as
o a
io
Ca ta p ycn os i s , a
3 3 ; re i ed , 6 2
e ph a i u , 6 0 ;
2 12
e of
io
o a
h a d ea , I
he of i o ,
hi a e d i i o i
h i e e, 2 , 1 1
h ord u e d
1 8 n ot e
h ro m a i ge
4 ; fa
e co
th e p i
du u
fu i o
a,
12
of
o e
ro
a nd
pe
9;
od e
o, 1
Co n tra pu nc t u s or o u
u h
cu i a e d
h o rd , 3
erp o i
, 9 1
i n E g a d,
1 12
Co u p eri n s
e r ed
ig
au e
p
a k er , 1 1 1 , 1 2 0
C ou s s e
ra i g
ro h e
io
o a
a,
ro
boys ,
ma , 1 7 8
C rou ma , a n i
2 09
he
ed
1 2 0 , 138
ro
ru e ,
t he
ree
ru
e ru
ru
p re
u de ,
h ree
i d
ie
a cco
p a ni
n ot e
d e,
12 0
1 1 7 , 1 1 9 , 14 0
C u rwen ,
oh
2 16
D AN E L S
o a i o , 2 08
D a i d a n d Lu s s y, 4 , 4 , 2 0
D e a r m on i ca d e l n s t zt n t zon e, 6 2
D el ca p s o a i o , 2 0
o ut o
edi ae a
10
I 9O
Crou s i s , th e
e
, 17 ,
e ra
43
f u s e , 39
i
a e, 2 0 9
ro t os
a
n
d
p
h ro ma
hro o
rh
h m,
10 1
o mmo
a u re , 1
'
i e , 84 ;
i me , 1 7 8
'
8
5
I nd e x
l c Hymn t Ap l l 7 d
39
D m
Abb
p p s s
p
p ss h s t ff
D i ph n y
h
n ci n t t m f
disc d 8
65
D i st m ti c
i
ct
l
n
t
t
n
i
i
p
II
D i t nic 3
f P l ym
t
m i d d l s ft
Di es
7
D i si s
n t ti n f 3 ;
m di v l t m f
h sh p
7
D i ct
33
39
D isc n t s d is c nt 9
7
94
xt mi p 46 t m f
9
s p n v c p t 3 9 pp l i d
vi l 58 t 59
D i sj n ct s y s t m 9
Di
6
ph
f m d
D i vi s i n
h
i
97
i gi n f h b
li n 98
D i n l ph b t s d f n t ti n
S
h d 8
h m ny
D i n t t
6
9 ; t p
35
ft
n t 33 f p
D
f p titi n
f
i
49
5
f
c
l
i
74
p
i
i
d
i
n
t
s
s
d
n
ct
D ts
p
ng i ng 57 6
D bl b
76
bl 44
D
bl l n g 9 6
D
bl sh p 4 3
D
bl t i l d n t s 33
D
d
D gm
4
D iv n n t s
75
s v tm
D f y s s p nn t s
8
h
8
D t h R f m d Ch
E L A T m ll i
5 4
D e ph i
o tz ,
or
a o
su
or
er
or a
to
o e
n ote,
an
2 02
t e
or
ro
t e
re
o, 2
o a
na s u s , 2 1
2 2
o a
ae a
re
10
ra
or a
10
er
or
u e, 1
oo
11
a,
or
ar
1,
ar
; to
e-
s t ro
o re , 1
or
to
er
a r-
e,
u e
or
o a
ot
ro
er
er
ou
a r, 1
ou
a t, 1
ou
ou
ou
u e
re
er
to
a e
o e
o e
ar
n ote
an
e to
e,
e or
u c
a, 12
u a
u e
ra
or
o e,
ar use o
e u
ar
e:
e ct on, 1
or
e ra c
or a
ly l n n t t n
st n C c
sc l tw lv
s tns
sc
y t ns
ls
ls s c
n
nc n s
ll s
ntt n
2 2
e, 1 1
E a r ly E ngl z s /z H a r mony , 1 65.

16 7
Ea r
i e o a i o , 69
E a er
hu r h , a nd a e o f
e
e
e mi o e , 1 3 9 ; m u i
o f, 19 2
Eg p ia , 1
E i tn e r s ru e for fa e m u i , 1 4 1
E ha rmo i
ge u , 3 , 2 2 ; fa
f
ou t
o
i
a
o f u s e,
o
o
;
9
,
3
'
s, 1 1
u rc
1 0
n n
E p i go ei o , 8 , 16
E p i p h onu s , 60 ; e
bc ms
nt
G ks
10 1
l t mp m
k n w ni ih
E x p ss n s gns 53
i t bl t
s 58
di sc n t
E xt mp
47
Eq u a
to t e
re
era
a u re
36
18 7 ,
18 9 ;
ore
2 0 , a n d n ote ;
re e
th e p i ca ,
F TT
F ls m s c n m s
M s c
ls
F xb n F b n
F mt
c t c sm
tt n
F
n tt m n t s
5
FF x s bnsss 3
3
Fl t s c nt t s
FFll t c ntb t
ly c
3
F t
ty 8
F nc C l n
FF n c yt It53l n n t t n
n t s b tw n
F nc n m n t s 7
F s G t bl t
m
A IO N, 62 , 67
u i , fei g e d
i a fa a
a u rde
ou rd o ,
NO
au
a a , 17 7
er
F ti s
ri
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4
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134
18 1
G LE s t n v c s 73 G n n n
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F u ed
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p ri
a p p i ed to a
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92
a gi
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1 13
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I 94
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o b.
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9;
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p oph r gi a
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Me e
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g, 9 5, 9 7 , 9 8 ; re a ,
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9 , 10 8 ; o ri gi a
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10 7 ;
d u p a o r u p er
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ga
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1 64 , 1 8 3
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i ha o , s ee
ri g ;
a
14 3
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ri g
ree
h eor , 1 2
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L u n di e s o a i o , 2 0 8
u e, 1 8
di a
h a r o , 2 6 , 2 9 ; rop e ,
3 : 39 1 4 0 ; o a i o : 4 6
hu r he ,
re , 8 ; p rohi i e d i n
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43
149
a u re,
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M o o h o rd , 6 1 , 7 5, 1 1 5, 1 4 7
M o e a i o, 8 5
M o p e i er M S , 64 , 7 O
M oo d , 9 4 , 106 , 1 0 8 , 10 9 , 1 2 5,
a o i h ed ,
I 3S ;
12 6,
1 34,
13 7 ,
1 7 7 ; u ed fo r p ro a i o ,
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re
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m e ns u ra bi l i s ,
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I 4O:
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a d u a , M a rch e tt u s o f, 1 30 , 1 3 1
P a l ogr ap /z ze M u s i ca l e, 58 , 7 0 ,
35
a ra m e e
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S ee
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1
bre vi o r,
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5
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oi
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9 ; a e e o f,
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of
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1 10
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hi i p o f i r
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h r gi a ha r o , 2 6 , 2 9
3 ; u ed i n D e p h i h m
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1 33 ;
d e cri e d ,
1 34 ,
I 35 ;
a o i h ed ,
I 37 ;
m aj o r a n d m i or, 1 39
ro or i o , 1 7 7 , 1 8 2
p
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, 10 2 , 1 0 3 , 1 1 3
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10 9 , 1 3 2
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i re e o r e i re e, 9 , 100 ,
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1 2 8 , 1 3 8 ; di i i o
a u re , 1 4 8
a
i re e m i n o ra tae, 12 0 , 12 1
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a , 17 8
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S em i l onga , 1 2 0
i i i , i n a a u re , 1 4 9
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a e,
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re e a
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a
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a a t,
ra di
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ha rp u e d t o
1 1 7 , 1 4 3 ; n o t a d mi ed i n p a i
18
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2 2
di
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R A G A S , 2 , n ote
R a m e a u , P i eces d e Cl a vecz n , 1 8 1
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ua d ru p l u m , 1 10
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2 10
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6, 9 , 9 3, I 4 9
1
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ha gora , 1 9 , n ot e
ha gorea , 2 2 , 9 0
h a gorea
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2 0,
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a
63
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14 1 ;
o f k ey ,
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pe e
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S i mi ki on, 7
S i ne mi ni s , D e , a med i ae
sh p s
S l sm s
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1 19
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7
S ol r i i s a ti on ,
7
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S o ta d e s , 4 2
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I 6O , 1 6 1
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1 59
54 57 , 58
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,
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t a bol a tu ra
o a u ra ,
in
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a u re
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1 2
nts
ru me
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,
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o f, 1 6 2
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10 6
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s s n m ls f t s T n 9 9 39
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7 7
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S t n It ly vib t f si ng s pm dd n G kn cmi nsti c 6 f
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The Story of Notation

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Th e

l n x l ctn t n n lyly s v nt l ntt sc nt ySyn c

t ti nsI mp v m nts c m g d llyN w n t ti n

repre e t ti f mu ic l u d i writi g c lled

cou ld be lz a n a ea dow n to os ter i t

the e rlie t i trume t were tu ed t

c le w gr du lly exte ded by

tur lly u ed f i trume t bef re bei g u ed f

c h ildh d b by f very te der ye r will

We mu t give few m re det il f the Greek

re lly imp ible t ti m e t k w whether

The r t eff rt i the directi

c mplic te the c le by imp ible m them tic l d i

But cert i letter uch

m g t the Greek w th t f educ ti

Mei bomi u s , Ar i s tox

After the Greek h d perfected their i trume t l

ti extr cted fr m the f rty t ble f Alyp i ; but

~Ari s tox enu s

f rmer i h i d y I t i bey d the c pe f thi little

The Greek t ti h d v gue f b ut th u d

By the ixth ce tury A Greek t ti w k w

the c ecutive rder f t h

it w p ible t h d d w t h mel die by

re chi g b ck f 5 ye r the t f writi g h vi g

r te remi di g the i nger f the tu e he

the pe ki g v ice c lled c ti u

cce t with mel dy It mu t be

The v ri u h pe f the pu ctum

clivi th r ugh ut pre erve i t virg f ll wed by

the e eume were u ed i c ecti with the h lf

S mewhere b ut the i th ce tury

d ct ve ; but thi ki d f i gi g which

pr ve th t the c lled rg um ever exi ted i

he rd i t h l te eightie the u e m pl yed

te th ce turie i derived fr m the M i E

c ll the m rem i i g ( uperu u ) u d He

e i the m e libr ry by the w y i

edi v l M u ic S ciety id t d te fr m the te th

It fte u d duri g the M

be remembered th t t th t time mu ici

The tudy f Greek

te f h i pri cip l hex ch rd

thr ugh pr ctice di ti gui h cle rly the

bee r i ed t whether Guid w

m y ce turie fterw rd w c lled the m v ble d

bel w the li e Fig 5 (d d ) h w f rm f t

expl i they u l ck the d r

li e the e were either cr tched

bou r don Con t r a

c me t the peri d t which m der E ur pe

ce turie bef re by the Greek writer G d t i but

writer divide C hurch mu ic i t

T i n cto r , P r opor t i on a l e, i n Cou s s ema k e r ,

The ide f repre e ti g the i terv l by me

M e ured mu ic i divided i t wh lly

The Ter ry i the m t perfect f umber f it

The D uble L g h the f rm f t w l g

The breve i either t

The emibreve i either m j r

i t th ree emibreve the

which there eem

O f the breve which f ll w