ISBN-13: 978-1535305198

Proceedings of ICTPEA-2016

Mitigation of voltage collapse at Davanagere Receiving Station

V. Chayapathy, G S Anitha
Associate professor, RVCE, Bangalore

Introduction
In transmission and distribution lines, voltage instability may be due to overloading, high
reactive power and low operating power factor. It is possible to control over loading to some
extent by creating a general awareness among public about the scarcity of power.
Reactive power and power factor are interrelated to each other. In electric power systems
real power does useful work while reactive power supports the voltages that must be maintained
for the reliability of the system. Since most of the loads are inductive in nature by default reactive
power requirements will be high at the load side. Reactive power generation at generating end will
increase per unit cost of generation and decreases the reliability of the system because at generating
end generation of excess reactive power that is not utilized for any purpose makes the power
system inefficient. However it is better if the minimum reactive power required by the system is
generated at generation point and the excess requirements are injected at load side [33, 34, 35].
At present there are high voltage capacitor banks (capacitors arranged either in series or
parallel at Davanagere receiving station) to compensate reactive power and power factor. But it is
seen that this equipment will not work efficiently at all conditions of load variations. As the load
increases capacitor banks become inefficient in compensating reactive power and power factor.
The work carried out at Davanagere receiving station aims at improving the voltage
magnitude in a permissible safe limit (0.9 to 1.1 pu IEEE standards) with the help of FACTS
devices. Since both SVC and STATCOM have capacitance and inductive reactance as its
components, they both can regulate the voltage such that when voltages on the bus goes down it
injects reactive power and increases the voltage to the required level.

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Proceedings of ICTPEA-2016

Transmission Line Details

Table 1 Transmission line data for different voltage levels and conductors

Current
rating
In Amps

R+jX
In ohm

Current at
Ambient
Temperature in
Amps

Sl. No.

Name of the
Conductor

Voltage
level in
KV

01

Coyote

66

487

0.135+j0.104

30
387

50
487

02

Coyote

11

367

0.0248+j0.0337

215

367

03

Drake

220

900

0.244+j0.243

745

900

04

Drake

66

487

0.135+j0.104

400

487

05

Drake

11

387

0.038+j0.0260

325

387

Transmission line parameters of different conductors which are used at sub-station for bus
bar connection and also the transmission lines are specified .as shown in Table 4.1

Capacitor Bank Details

Rated current

: 69.24amps

Quantity

: 484 KVAR

Rated voltage

: 13.98KV

Temperature

: 50 (ambient)

Fuse protection

: Internal

Rated capacitance

: 31.03f

Frequency

: 50Hz

Insulation level

: 28/75

Standard

: IS: 19325

Conductance and susceptence: 0.001, 0.004

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At all substations in each phase there are two capacitor cells and for three phases there are
six cells. Each capacitor cell has a capacity of 484 MVAR and the capacity of each capacitor
bank at the substation is (484 x 6=2.904 MVAR). At each substation there are two capacitor
banks of identical rating. Total capacitor rating is 2*2.904 =5.808 MVAR

Ratings of SVC

Rated system voltage

220 KV/66 KV/11 KV 5%, 50 Hz

Rated power

0-50 MVAR

Capacitive

0-50 MVAR

Inductive

0.60 VAR and

Maximum voltage variation at the 400 KV Bus bar is +/- 0.4 %

Analysis of the Systems on the Load side:

Experiments were conducted at Punabhgatta, Chikkajajaur and Davanagere Power Stations
and the results are shown in Tables 4.3, 4.5 and 4.7 respectively with and without connection of
capacitor banks.

Test System-I - Punabhgatta (8 Bus System)

There is one incoming line at 66 KV from Davanagere followed by installation of two
transformers of 12.5 and 8 MVA respectively. There are seven loads and a capacitor bank which is
connected as shunt to the loads. Table 4.2 and 4.3 shown are load flow details and capacitor loading
details conducted at site respectively.
Table 4.2: Load Flow Details of 66/11 KV Sub Station Punabghatta
Bus Nos.

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Description

Load in MW

MVAR

Load in Amps

66 KV Incoming from
Davanagere

10.6

4.95

106

Hiremegalgere

2.0

0.46

120

Kanchikere

2.5

0.575

150

Kyarekatte

3.10

0.713

186

Laxmipura

0.80

0.18

48

Punabgatta

2.5

0.575

150

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Hosakote

2.8

0.644

168

Arasikere

1.6

0.368

96

Table 4.3: Loading operations at 66/11KV Substation Punabghatta (Conducted at Site)

Description

Before charging of
Capacitor Banks

After
Charging of
Capacitor Banks

Compensation

350 amps

290 amps

62 amps

5.86MW

4.80 MW

1.03 MW

190 amps

160 amps

29.16 amps

3.16 MW

2.67 MW

0.49 MW

Bank 1
F1 and F2
Bank2
F5 and F6

Total compensation from the shunt capacitor bank of 2.904 MVAR is 0.942 MVAR
The total reactive power compensation at all the receiving stations are evaluated at a load
power factor of 0.85 lagging.

Test System-II - Chikjajur (11 Bus System)

There are three incoming lines at 66KV from Davanagere receiving stations and
Independent wind turbine generators followed by installation of two transformers of 12.5 and 6.3
MVA respectively. There are eight loads and two capacitor banks which are connected as shunt to
the loads. Table 4.4 and 4.5 shown are load flow details and capacitor loading details conducted at
site respectively.
Table : Load Flow Details of 66/11 KV Substation Chickjajur
Designated
Bus Nos.

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Description

Load in
MW

MVAR

Load in
Amps

66 KV Incoming from
Davanagere

10.3

4.970

103

Wind 1 (IPP)

8.0

3.66

80

Wind 2 (IPP)

6.0

2.77

60

Kadur

1.7

0.34

102

Hirekandwadi

3.5

0.50

210

BevinaDurga

3.0

0.40

180

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Proceedings of ICTPEA-2016

Kothehal

1.2

0.30

72

Chickjajur

6.1

1.8

366

Chikkandwadi

4.0

0.9

240

10

Gangiganur

0.6

0.1

36

11

Water house

0.1

0.001

06

Table 5: Loading operations at Chickjajur 66/11KV Substation Chickjajur(Conducted at Site)

Description

Before charging of
Capacitor Banks

After charging of
Capacitor Banks

Compensation

Bank-1
F1 and F2

102+218=320 Amps
5.34MW

Reduced to 270 Amps

4.5 MW

0.84MW

Bank-2
F6 and F7

202+38=240 Amps
4.0MW

3.2 MW

0.8MW

Total compensation from the shunt capacitor bank of 2.904 MVAR is

1.02 MVAR

Test System-III Davanagere (15 Bus System)

There are five incoming lines at 220 KV, in that three from Guttur (400 KV receiving
station) and two from Shimoga (220 KV Mahatma Ghandi receiving station) followed by
installation of three winding transformers of two 100 and 60 MVA respectively. There are ten loads
at 66 KV and two capacitor banks which are connected as shunt to the loads. Table 4.6 and 4.7
shown are load flow details and capacitor loading details conducted at site respectively.
Table 6: Load Flow Details of 220/66/11 KV Receiving Substation Davanagere.
Bus
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

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Description
Incoming from 400KV Guttur-1
Incoming from 400KV Guttur-2
Incoming from 400KV Guttur-3
Incoming from Receiving Station Shimoga-1
Incoming from Receiving Station Shimoga-2
66KV Sokke Line

37

Load in
MW
131
73
123
131
105.6
16.0

MVAR
42.75
23.98
59.419
42.75
34.68
12.62

Load in
Amps
327.5
182.5
307.5
327.5
564
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
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Proceedings of ICTPEA-2016

66KV Davanagere Line

66KV Avargere Line
66KV Chitrdurga Line
66KV Industrial Line
66KV Harihara Line
66KV Kukwada Line
66KV Yaragunta Line
66KV Shimoga Line
66KV Harappanahalli Line

11.0
13.5
11.0
21.0
20.0
4.0
11.0
26.0
10.5

6.0
7.0
6.0
18.2
6.00
4.10
6.0
16.0
2.60

110
135
110
212
200
130
110
260
105

Table 7: Capacitor Bank loading operations at 220/66/11KV Receiving Substation Davanagere

(Conducted at Site)
Description

Before charging of
Capacitor Banks

After charging of
Capacitor Banks

66kv
Feeders
F1-F10

888.9amps

728.9amps

152.6 amps

88.89MW

72.89 MW

15.26MW

Compensation

Total compensation from the shunt capacitor bank of 2.904 MVAR is 9.46 MVAR

Summary
It is seen that when experiments were conducted at the load sites of Punabhgatta, Chickjajur
and Davanagere receiving station a total reactive power compensation of 0.942, 1.02 and 9.46
MVAR respectively was possible at a power factor of 0.85 lag after using the capacitor banks.
FACTS devices are not used at present at the above mentioned power grids. The experiments
conducted at the site is an unique feature of this thesis.
In the discussions which fallow simulations were done for the above powers systems up to
125% over loading and the reactive power relief on the generator side is evaluated as shown.

Analysis on the Load Side of the Power System.

Test System-I Punabhgatta (8-Bus System)
Load flow simulation tests were conducted at nominal load, 125% of nominal load and for

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each case again four sets of results were obtained that is without any compensation, with shunt
capacitors, with SVC and with STATCOMS. All the results are analyzed and the analysis is given
in Table 4.9.
It is assumed that at nominal load conditions system will be healthy and it is not necessary
to use any FACTS devices. It is seen that shunt capacitors are efficient in controlling power factor
and reactive power generation.

Output comparison for healthy Load

Table 8 Variation of Load Voltages.
Without Capacitor Banks
Bus No
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
MVAR gen

Bus
Voltages (pu)

Gen P.F

1.0000
0.9910
0.9992
1.0178
1.0492
1.0452
1.0509
1.0447

0.978
0.978
0.978
0.978
0.978
0.978
0.978
0.978

With Capacitor Banks

Bus
Voltages (pu)
1.0000
1.0012
1.0341
1.0215
1.0503
1.0467
1.0517
1.0463

5.056

Gen P.F
0.993
0.993
0.993
0.993
0.993
0.993
0.993
0.993

2.860

At Bus 8 of the system with nominal load and without any compensation, variations are as
shown in Table 4.8 and the results are summarized. At Bus 2 and Bus 3 the voltages are reduced,
power factor is 0.978 and reactive power generated is 5.056 MVAR.
With shunt power capacitors of rating 2.904 MVAR, it is seen that voltages at Bus 2 and
Bus 3 the voltages are brought to unity, power factor is increased to 0.993 and reactive power
generated is 2.86 MVAR.

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Proceedings of ICTPEA-2016

Output comparison for 125% of healthy Load

Table 9 Variation of Load Voltages
Without
With Shunt
With SVC
With STATCOM
Compensation
Capacitors
Bus
No
Bus
Gen
Bus
Gen
Bus
Gen
Bus
Gen
Voltage (pu) P.F Voltage (pu) PF Voltage (pu) P.F Voltage (pu) P.F
01
1.0000
0.976
1.0000
0.989
1.0000
0.994
1.0000
1.000
02
0.9910
0.976
0.9910
0.989
0.9910
0.994
0.9910
1.000
03
0.9992
0.976
0.9992
0.989
0.9992
0.994
0.9992
1.000
04
1.0178
0.976
1.0178
0.989
1.0178
0.994
1.0178
1.000
05
1.0492
0.976
1.0492
0.989
1.0492
0.994
1.0492
1.000
06
1.0452
0.976
1.0452
0.989
1.0452
0.994
1.0452
1.000
07
1.0509
0.976
1.0509
0.989
1.0509
0.994
1.0509
1.000
08
1.0447
0.976
1.0447
0.989
1.0447
0.994
1.0447
1.000
Mvar
Gen

6.321

3.542

1.647

0.827

Without the connection of any capacitor it is seen that at Bus 2 and Bus 3 there is a sag in
Voltage from 1.0 p,u to 0.9 p.u . This sag is considerable since the Base Voltage is in KV.

Summary:
As highlighted earlier at Punabhgatta power grid there is one incoming line at 66 KV from
Davanagere followed by installation two transformers of 12.5 and 8 MVA respectively. There are
seven loads and a capacitor bank which is connected as shunt to the loads. As seen from Tables 4.8
to 4.9 as the loads on the system is increased to 125% the amount of reactive power generated at
the generator end predominantly reduces as the FACTS devices are used. Of the various FACTS
devices used STATCOM reduces the reactive power generated at the generator side to a least value
as reactive power supplied by the STATCOM is high. It is seen that MVAR generation reduces
with reactive power compensation.

Test System-II Chikjajur (11-Bus System)

Output comparison for healthy load

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Table 10 Variation of Load Voltages

Without Capacitor Banks
Bus No

With Capacitor Banks

Bus
Voltages (pu)

Gen P.F

Bus
Voltages (pu)

Gen P.F

01

1.0000

0.974

1.000-1.4

0.981

02

1.0105

0.974

1.0105

0.981

03

1.0020

0.974

1.0020

0.981

04

1.0470

0.974

1.0472

0.981

05

1.0495

0.974

1.0497

0.981

06

1.0382

0.974

1.0384

0.981

07

1.0312

0.974

1.0313

0.981

08

1.0261

0.974

1.0262

0.981

09

1.0308

0.974

1.0309

0.981

10

1.0417

0.974

1.0418

0.981

11
MVAR
gen

1.0535

0.974

1.0536

0.981

4.740

4.421

At Chickajajur receiving station there is no voltage sag at any of the buses as generation
capacity is sufficient at this receiving station.

Output comparison for 125% of healthy load

Table 11 Variation of Load Voltages

Bus No

01
02
03
04
05
06

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Without
Compensation
Bus
Gen
Voltage (pu) P.F
1.0000
1.0068
1.0000
1.0455
1.0486
1.0330

0.973
0.973
0.973
0.973
0.973
0.973

With Shunt
Capacitors
Bus
Voltage (pu)
1.0000
1.0069
1.0000
1.0457
1.0488
1.0331

With SVC

With STATCOM

Gen
Bus
Gen
Bus
P.F Voltage (pu) P.F Voltage (pu)

Gen
P.F

0.978
0.978
0.978
0.978
0.978
0.978

1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

41

1.0000
1.0069
1.0000
1.0574
1.0534
1.0366

0.996
0.996
0.996
0.996
0.996
0.996

1.0000
1.0070
1.0007
1.0574
1.0534
1.0367

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1.0228
1.0149
1.0195
1.0319
1.0455

Mvar
gen

0.973
0.973
0.973
0.973
0.973

1.0229
1.0150
1.0196
1.0320
1.0455

6.116

0.978
0.978
0.978
0.978
0.978

1.0252
1.0161
1.0198
1.0322
1.0457

0.996
0.996
0.996
0.996
0.996

1.0256
1.0164
1.0201
1.0325
1.0458

1.834

5.898

1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

0.993

Even at 125% over load at Chickajajur receiving station there is no voltage sag at any of
the buses as sufficient generation supply is there at this Receiving Station.

Summary:
There are three incoming lines at 66 KV from Davanagere and Wind energy power plant is
installed at Chickjajur followed by installation of two transformers of 12.5 and 6.3 MVA
respectively. There are eight loads and two capacitor banks which are connected as shunt to the
loads. Table 4.4 and 4.5 shows load flow details.
As seen in Table 4.13 as the loads on the system is increased to 125% the amount of
reactive power generated at the generator end predominantly reduces as the FACTS devices are
used. Of the various FACTS devices used STATCOM reduces the reactive power generated at the
generator side to a least value as reactive power supplied by the STATCOM is high.

Test System-III Davanagere (15-Bus System)

Output comparison for healthy load
Table 12 Variation of Load Voltages
Without Shunt Capacitors
Bus Nos.

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With Shunt Capacitors

01

Bus
Voltage (pu)
1.0000

Gen
P.F
0.862

Bus
Voltage (pu)
1.0000

Gen
P.F
0.866

02

1.0493

0.862

1.0493

0.866

03

1.0000

0.862

1.0000

0.866

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04

1.0517

0.862

1.0517

0.866

05

1.0474

0.862

1.0475

0.866

06

0.8713

0.862

0.8715

0.866

07

0.8391

0.862

0.8395

0.866

08

0.8416

0.862

0.8421

0.866

09

0.8741

0.862

0.8744

0.866

10

0.9655

0.862

0.9657

0.866

11

0.9394

0.862

0.9395

0.866

12

0.9198

0.862

0.9200

0.866

13

0.9247

0.862

0.9249

0.866

14

0.9534

0.862

0.9536

0.866

15

1.0376

0.862

1.0377

0.866

Mvar
gen

154.817

152.234

Output comparison for 125% of healthy load

Table 13 Variation of Load Voltages
Bus
No
01

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Without
With Shunt
With STATCOM
With SVC
Capacitors
Compensation
Bus
Gen
Bus
Gen
Bus
Gen
Bus
Gen
Voltage (pu) P.F Voltage (pu) P.F Voltage (pu) P.F Voltage (pu) P.F
1.0000
0.859
1.0000
0.863
1.000
0.900
1.000
0.930

02

1.0493

0.859

1.0493

0.863

1.009

0.900

1.009

0.930

03

1.0000

0.859

1.0000

0.863

1.0805

0.900

1.0805

0.930

04

1.0517

0.859

1.0517

0.863

1.2241

0.900

1.2241

0.930

05

1.0475

0.859

1.0475

0.863

1.1240

0.900

1.1240

0.930

06

0.8695

0.859

0.8715

0.863

0.9232

0.900

0.9638

0.930

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07

0.8353

0.859

0.8395

0.863

0.8893

0.900

0.9243

0.930

08

0.8394

0.859

0.8421

0.863

0.8943

0.900

0.9351

0.930

09

0.8697

0.859

0.8744

0.863

0.9235

0.900

0.9643

0.930

10

0.9602

0.859

0.9657

0.863

1.0171

0.900

1.0241

0.930

11

0.9347

0.859

0.9395

0.863

0.9841

0.900

1.0013

0.930

12

0.9154

0.859

0.9200

0.863

0.9742

0.900

0.9993

0.930

13

0.9201

0.859

0.9249

0.863

0.9620

0.900

0.9879

0.930

14

0.9503

0.859

0.9536

0.863

0.9921

0.900

1.0136

0.930

15

1.0342

0.859

1.0377

0.863

1.0398

0.900

1.0402

0.930

Mvar
gen

209.234

207.240

108.837

92.362

There is voltage sag at all the buses starting from bus 6 to bus 14 as this receiving station
has heavy loads as compared to Chickjajur and Punabhghatta receiving stations.

Summary:
There are five incoming lines at 220 KV, three from Guttur (400 KV receiving station) and
two from Shimoga (220 KV Mahatma Gandhi receiving station) followed by installation of three
transformers out of which two are 100 MVA and one transformer of 60 MVA. There are ten loads
at 66 KV and two capacitor banks which are connected as shunt to the loads. Table 4.6 and 4.7
shows load flow details and capacitor loading details conducted at site respectively.
The loads on the system are increased to 125%, the amount of reactive power generated at
the generator end predominantly reduces as the FACTS devices are used. Of the various FACTS
devices used STATCOM reduces the reactive power generated at the generator side to a least value
as reactive power supplied by the STATCOM is high.
The contribution of this work is a detailed analysis of effect of loading the system. The
response of the system to the increase in load is analysed.
[1] Renato B. L. Guedes, Luis F. C. Alberto, Newton G. Bretas, Power System Low-Voltage
Solutions Using an Auxiliary Gradient System for voltage collapse Purposes , IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, NO. 3, August 2005, Page No. 1528-1537.
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