Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Regd.No.0601289222
TECHNICALSEMINAR
ON
TETRA
TERRESTRIALTRUNKEDRADIO
Atechnicalseminarreportsubmittedinpartialfulfillmentof
therequirementfortheDegreeofBachelorofTechnology
underBPUT
By
Name:PratikShankarAcharya
RegdNo:0601289222
Branch:Electronics&Telecommunication
Year:20092010
TRIDENTACADEMYOFTECHNOLOGY
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PratikShankarAcharya
Regd.No.0601289222
BHUBANESWAR
DEPT.OFELECTRONICS&TELECOMMUNICATIONENGINEERING.
TRIDENTACADEMYOFTECHNOLOGY,BHUBANESWAR
CERTIFICATE
SeminarcoordinatorHeadoftheDept.
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PratikShankarAcharya
Regd.No.0601289222
I would like to express my immense gratitude and sincere thanks to Mr. Md.
Rizwan Khan, whose cooperative guidance has helped me in successful
completion of
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PratikShankarAcharya
Regd.No.0601289222
Name:PRATIKSHANKARACHARYA
Branch:ETC
RegdNo:0601289222
ABSTRACT:
Name:PRATIKSHANKARACHARYA
Regd.No.:0601289222
24
PratikShankarAcharya
Regd.No.0601289222
CONTENTS:
1.Description
2.AdvantagesofTETRA
3.DisadvantagesOfTETRA
4.Propagation
5.RadioFrequencies
6.Radioaspects
7.CellReSelection(orHandover)inImages
8.InitialCellSelection
9.CellImprovable
10.CellUsable
11.CellRelinquishable(Abandonable)
12.RadioDownlinkFailure
13.AVirtualMMIforTETRAradioTerminals
14.RATPTETRAMMI
15.References
16.Conclusion
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1.Description
Thecommonmodeofoperationforthemisina
groupcallingmode
inwhichasingle
buttonpushwillconnecttheusertotheusersinaselectedcallgroupand/ora
dispatcher
.It
isalsopossiblefortheterminaltoactasaonetoonewalkietalkiebutwithoutthenormal
rangelimitationsincethecallstillusesthenetwork.IfenabledbytheSubscriber
ManagementTETRAterminalscanactas
mobilephones
(
cellphones
),witha
fullduplex
directconnectiontootherTETRAUsersorthe
PSTN
.Emergencybuttons,providedonthe
terminals,enabletheuserstotransmitemergencysignals,tothe
dispatcher
,overridingany
otheractivitytakingplaceatthesametime.
TETRAuses
TimeDivisionMultipleAccess
(TDMA)withfouruserchannelsononeradio
carrier
and25kHzspacingbetweencarriers.Bothpointtopointandpointtomultipoint
transfercanbeused.Digitaldatatransmissionisalsoincludedinthestandardthoughata
lowdatarate.
TETRAMobileStations(MS)cancommunicateDirectModeorusingTrunked
infrastructure(SwitchingandManagementInfrastructureorSwMI)madeofTETRABase
Stations(TBS).Aswellasallowingdirectcommunicationsinsituationswherenetwork
coverageisnotavailable,DirectModeorDMOalsoincludesthepossibilityofusingone
(orachain)ofTETRAterminalsasrelaysforasignal.ThisfunctionalityiscalledDMO
gateway(fromDMOtoTMO)orDMORepeater(DMOtoDMO).InEmergencysituations
thisfeatureallowsdirectcommunicationsundergroundorinareasofbadcoverage.
Inadditiontovoiceanddispatchservices,theTETRAsystemsupportsseveraltypesofdata
communication.Statusmessagesandshortdataservices(SDS)areprovidedoverthe
system'smaincontrolchannel,whilePacketDataorCircuitswitcheddatacommunication
usesspecificallyassignedtrafficchannels.
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TETRAprovidesAuthenticationMechanismsofTerminalstowardsInfrastructureandvice
versa.Forprotectionagainsteavesdropping,overtheairencryptionandendtoend
encryptionisavailable.
2.AdvantagesofTETRA
ThemainadvantagesofTETRAoverothertechnologies(suchas
GSM
)are:
themuchlowerfrequencyusedgiveslongerrange,whichinturnpermitsveryhigh
levelsof
geographic
coveragewithasmallernumberoftransmitters,thuscutting
infrastructurecosts.
Highspectralefficiency4channelsin25kHzandnoguardbands,comparedto
GSMwith8channelsin200kHzandguardbands.
veryfastcallsetupaonetomanygroupcallisgenerallysetupwithin0.5seconds
(typicallessthan250msecforasinglenodecall)comparedwiththemanyseconds
(typically7to10s)thatarerequiredforaGSMnetwork.
Worksathighspeeds>400km/h.TETRAwasusedduringtheFrenchTGVtrain
speedrecordon3April2007at574.8km/h.
thesystemcontainsseveralmechanisms,designedintothe
protocols
andradio
parameters,toensurecommunicationsuccessevenduringoverloadsituations(e.g.
duringmajorpubliceventsordisastersituations),thuscallswillalwaysgetthrough
unlikeincellularsystems.Thesystemalsosupportsarangeofemergencycalling
modes.
TETRAinfrastructureisusuallyseparatefrom(butconnectedto)thatofthepublic
(mobile)phonenetworks,resultingin(normally)nocallchargesforthesystem
owners,substantiallymorediverseandresilientcommunicationsanditiseasyto
customiseandintegratewithdataapplications(vehiclelocation,GISdatabases,
dispatchsystemsetc).
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unlikemostcellulartechnologies,TETRAnetworkstypicallyprovideanumberof
fallbackmodessuchastheabilityforabasestationtoprocesslocalcalls.Socalled
MissionCriticalnetworkscanbebuiltwithTETRAwhereallaspectsare
failsafe/multipleredundant.
intheabsenceofanetworkmobiles/portablescanuse'directmode'wherebythey
sharechannelsdirectly(walkietalkiemode).
gatewaymodewhereasinglemobilewithconnectiontothenetworkcanactasa
relayforothernearbymobilesthatareoutofrangeoftheinfrastructure.
TETRAalsoprovidesapointtopointfunctionthattraditionalanalogueemergency
servicesradiosystemsdidnotprovide.Thisenablesuserstohaveaonetoone
trunked'radio'linkbetweensetswithouttheneedforthedirectinvolvementofa
controlroomoperator/dispatcher.
unlikethecellulartechnologies,whichconnectonesubscribertooneothersubscriber
(onetoone)thenTETRAisbuilttodoonetoone,
onetomany
and
manytomany
.
Theseoperationalmodesaredirectlyrelevanttothepublicsafetyandprofessional
users.
TETRAsupportsbothairinterfaceencryptionand
Endtoendencryption
Rapiddeployment(transportable)networksolutionsareavailablefordisasterrelief
andtemporarycapacityprovision.
Equipmentisavailablefrommanysuppliersaroundtheworld,thusprovidingthe
benefitsofcompetition
Networksolutionsareavailableinboththeoldercircuitswitched(telephonelike)
architecturesandflat,IParchitectureswithsoft(software)switches.
Furtherinformationisavailablefromthe
TETRAAssociation
(formerlyTETRA
MoU)andthestandardscanbedownloadedforfreefrom
ETSI
.
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3.DisadvantagesOfTETRA
Itsmaindisadvantagesare:
requiresa
linearamplifier
tomeetthestringentRFspecificationsthatallowittoexist
alongsideotherradioservices.
handsetsaremoreexpensivethancellular(about750EURin2003,about600EURin
2006).Thisisduetothemoredifficulttechnology,smallereconomiesofscale,and
differentbusinessmodel(eg:needforsecurity,highpowersandrobustness).
Howevercheaperthanmain(PMR)competitortechnologyAPCOwherepricesare
>$3000perhandset.TETRApricesexpectedtofallfurtherasfareastern
manufacturersstartproductionin2007.
datatransferisefficientandlongrange(manykm),butslowbymodernstandardsat
7.2kbit/spertimeslot(3.5kbit/slotnetpacketdatathroughput),althoughupto4
timeslotscanbecombinedintoasingledatachanneltoachievehigherrateswhilst
stillfittingintoasingle25kHzbandwidthchannel.Latestversionofstandard
supports115.2kbit/sin25kHzorupto691.2kbit/sinanexpanded150kHzchannel.
duetothepulsednatureofTDMAemployedbytheprotocolandhigherpowersthan
cellular,handsets(only)cansometimesinterferewithbadlydesigned(usuallyold)or
sensitiveelectronicdevicessuchasbroadcast(TV)receivers.Thishaspromptedsome
concernsfromusersofsensitivedevicessuchasheartpacemakersbutthereareno
documentedreportsofproblemseventhoughusedregularlybymanyambulance
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crews.Asaprecaution,usersoftheseequipmentsshouldtakecarewithanyRF
transmittingequipmentwhenusedincloseproximity(e.g.<1metredistance.)
4.Propagation
TheTETRAsystemisinusebythepublicsectorinthefollowingcountries
Continen
Countr
Name
Agency
Status
Asia
Pakistan
MinistryofInterior
Police
InuseNationwide
India
AD100.
KeralaPolice.
Inusebypolice
Trivandrumcity.
Israel
MilitaryCollegeof
IndianArmy
InuseatMhow,
Telecommunication
Indore,Madhya
Engineering(MCTE)
Pradesh
MountainRose.
HongKong HongKongPolice
IsraelDefense
InusebyIDF,
Forces(IDF).
countrywide.
Police,FireService, Inuse.
Ambulance
KowloonCanton
Transport
Inuse.
RailwayCorporation
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(KCRC)/MassTransit
Railway(MTR)
Macao
ForasdeSeguranade
AllEmergency
Macau
Services
Inuse.
Africa
Sudan
MinistryofInterior
Police
InuseNationwide
Europe
Belgium
A.S.T.R.I.D
Austria
Police,Fire,
Inuseinallstates
Ambulance,Local
exceptTyroland
TrainCompany
Vorarlberg(still
rollout)
Britain
Airwave
Police,Fire,
Inusebypoliceall
Ambulance,Armed overthecountry.
Forces,Highways
Agency
Ireland
TETRAIreland
Police,Fire,
Nationwide
Ambulance,
rolloutnetwork
DefenceForces,
CivilDefence,
SecurityofState
services
Finland
VIRVE
Police,Fire,
Nationwide
Ambulance,
network
Customs,Defence
Forces,Security
guards,Border
guard
Germany
BOSNetz
Police,Fire,
Rollout
Ambulance,
Customs
Greece
OTE
Police,Fire,Coast
Atticaregion
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Guard
Netherland
C2000
Norway
Ndnett
Police,Fire,
Nationwide
Ambulance
network
Police,Fire,
Rollout
Ambulance
Sweden
RAKEL
Rollout
Portugal
SIRESP
Police,Fire,
Nationwide
Ambulance
Rolloutinuse
since2007
Romania
STS(Special
Police,Fire,
Telecommunications
Search&Rescue
Nationwide
Service)
Table4.1
5.RadioFrequencies
InSouthAmerica,TETRAusesfrequencies:
Emerge
ncy
Systems
Numbe
r
Frequenc
yPair
(MHz)
Band1
Band2
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380383
390393
383385
393395
Table5.1
Civil
Numbe
Frequen
cyPair
Syste
ms
(MHz)
Band1
Band2
410420
420430
870876
915921
450460
460470
385390
395399.9
Table5.2
6.Radioaspects
TosendinformationTETRAusesadigitalmodulationschemeknownas
/4DQPSK
,this
isaformofphaseshiftkeying.Thesymbol(baud)rateis18,000symbolspersecond,and
eachsymbolmapsto2bits,thusresultingin36,000bit/sgross.Asaformofphaseshift
keyingisusedtotransmitdataduringeachburst,itwouldseemreasonabletoexpectthe
transmitpowertobeconstant.Howeveritisnot.Thisisbecausethe
sidebands
,whichare
essentiallyarepetitionofthedatainthemaincarrier'smodulation,arefilteredoffwitha
sharpfiltersothatunnecessaryspectrumisnotusedup.Thisresultsinanamplitude
modulationandiswhyTETRArequireslinearamplifiers.Theresultingratioofpeakto
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mean(rms)poweris3.65dB.Ifnonlinear(ornotlinearenough)amplifiersareused,the
sidebandsreappearandcauseinterferenceonadjacentchannels.Commonlyused
techniquesforachievingthenecessary
linearity
includecartesianloops,andadaptive
predistortion.
Thebasestationsnormallytransmitcontinuouslyand(simultaneously)receivecontinuously
fromvariousmobileshencetheyareFrequencyDivisionDuplex.TETRAalsouses
TDMA(seeabove).Themobilesnormallyonlytransmiton1slot/4andreceiveon1slot/4
sotheyarebothTimeDivisionandFrequencyDivisionDuplex.
SpeechsignalsinTETRAaresampledat8kbit/sandthencompressedwitha
vocoder
using
atechniquecalledACELP(AdaptiveCodeExcitedLinearPrediction).Thiscreatesadata
streamof4.567kbit/s.Thisdatastreamiserrorprotectionencodedbeforetransmissionto
allowcorrectdecodingeveninnoisy(erroneous)channels.Thedatarateaftercodingis7.2
kbit/sthecapacityofasingletrafficslotwhenused17/18frames.
Asingleslotconsistsof255usablesymbols,theremainingtimeisusedupwith
synchronisationsequencesandturningon/offetc.Asingle
frame
consistsof4slots,anda
multiframe
(whosedurationis1.02seconds)consistsof18frames.Hyperframesalsoexist,
butaremostlyusedforprovidingsynchronisationtoencryptionalgorithms.
Thedownlink(i.e.theoutputofthebasestation)isnormallyacontinuoustransmission
consistingofeitherspecificcommunicationswithmobile(s),synchronisationorother
generalbroadcasts.Allslotsareusuallyfilledwithaburstevenif
idle
(continuousmode).
Althoughthesystemuses18framespersecondonly17oftheseareusedfortraffic
channels,withthe18thframereservedforsignalling,ShortDataServicemessages(like
SMSinGSM)orsynchronisation.TheframestructureinTETRA(17.65framespersecond
=18framesin1.02seconds),consistsof18000symbols/s/255symbols/slot/4
slots/frame,andisthecauseofthe
perceived
"amplitudemodulation"at17Hzandis
especiallyapparentinmobiles/portableswhichonlytransmitononeslot/4.Theyusethe
remainingthreeslotstoswitchfrequencytoreceiveaburstfromthebasestationtwoslots
laterandthenreturntotheirtransmitfrequency(
TDMA
).
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7.CellReSelection(orHandover)inImages
Fig7.1
RSSISRTFRTCellLimit(PropagationDelayExceed)
Thisfirstrepresentationdemonstrateswherethe
SRT
(SlowReselectThreshold)the
FRT
(FastReselectThreshold)andpropagationDelayexceedparametersaremostlikelytobe.
Thesearerepresentedinassociationwiththedecayingradiocarrierasthedistanceincreases
fromtheTETRA
BaseStation
.
Fromthisillustration,theseSRTandFRTtriggeringpointsareassociatedtothedecaying
radiosignalstrengthoftherespectivecellcarriers.Thethresholdsaresituatedsothatthecell
reselectionproceduresoccurontimeandassurecommunicationcontinuityforongoing
communicationcalls.
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8.InitialCellSelection
Fig8.1
CellInitialSelection
ThenextdiagramillustrateswhereagivenTETRAradioCellInitialSelection.
TheinitialcellselectionisperformedbyprocedureslocatedintheMLEandintheMAC.
Whenthecellselectionismade,andpossibleregistrationisperformed,theMS(mobile
station)issaidtobeattachedtothecell.
ThemobileisallowedtoinitiallyselectanysuitablecellthathasapositiveC1value,i.e.the
receivedsignallevelisgreaterthantheMinimumRxLevelforAccessparameter.
TheinitialcellselectionprocedureshallensurethattheMSselectsacellinwhichitcan
reliablydecodedownlinkdata,i.e.onamaincontrolchannel(MCCH),andwhichhasahigh
probabilityofuplinkcommunication.Theminimumconditionsthatshallhavetobemetare
thatC1>0.Accesstothenetworkshallbeconditionalonthesuccessfulselectionofacell.
Atmobileswitchon,themobilemakesitsinitialcellselectionofoneofthebasestations,
whichindicatestheinitialexchangesatactivation.
RefertoEN300392216.3.1ActivationandcontrolofunderlyingMLEService
Note18.5.12MinimumRXaccesslevel
TheminimumRXaccesslevelinformationelementshallindicatetheminimumreceived
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signallevelrequiredattheSwMIinacell,eithertheservingcelloraneighbourcellas
definedintable18.24.
9.CellImprovable
Fig9.1
CellImprovable
ThenextdiagramillustrateswhereagivenTETRAradiocellbecomesImprovable.
Theservingcellbecomesimprovablewhenthefollowingoccurs:
TheC1oftheservingcellisbelowthevaluedefinedintheradionetworkparameter
cellreselectionparameters,slowreselectthresholdforaperiodof5seconds,andthe
C1orC2ofaneighbourcellexceedstheC1oftheservingcellbythevaluedefinedin
theradionetworkparametercellreselectionparameters,slowreselecthysteresisfora
periodof5seconds.
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10.CellUsable
Fig10.1
CellUsable
ThenextdiagramillustrateswhereagivenTETRAradiocellbecomesUsable.
Aneighbourcellbecomesradiousablewhenthecellhasadownlinkradioconnectionof
sufficientquality.
Thefollowingconditionsmustbemetinordertodeclareaneighbourcellradiousable:
TheneighbourcellhasapathlossparameterC1orC2thatisgreaterthanthefollowing:
(FAST_RESELECT_THRESHOLD+FAST_RESELECT_HYSTERISIS)foraperiodof5
seconds,andtheservicelevelprovidedbytheneighbourcellishigherthanthatoftheserving
cell.Nosuccessfulcellreselectionshallhavetakenplacewithintheprevious15seconds
unlessMMrequestsacellreselection.TheMSMLEshallcheckthecriterionforservingcell
relinquishmentasoftenasoneneighbourcellisscannedormonitored.
ThefollowingconditionswillcausetheMStoratetheneighbourcelltohavehigherservice
levelthanthecurrentservingcell:
TheMSsubscriberclassissupportedontheneighbourcellbutnotontheservingcell.
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Theneighbourcellisaprioritycellandtheservingcellisnot.
Theneighbourcellsupportsaservice(thatis,TETRAstandardspeech,packetdata,
orencryption)thatisnotsupportedbytheservingcellandtheMSrequiresthat
servicetobeavailable.
Thecellservicelevelindicatesthattheneighbourcellislessloadedthantheserving
cell
11.CellRelinquishable(Abandonable)
Fig11.1
CellRelinquishable
ThenextdiagramillustrateswhereagivenTETRAradiocellbecomesRelinquishable
(Abandonable).
Theservingcellbecomesrelinquishablewhenthefollowingoccurs:TheC1oftheserving
cellisbelowthevaluedefinedintheradionetworkparametercellreselectionparameters,
fastreselectthreshold,foraperiodof5seconds,andtheC1orC2ofaneighbourcell
exceedstheC1oftheservingcellbythevaluedefinedintheradionetworkparametercell
reselectionparameters,fastreselecthysteresis,foraperiodof5seconds.
Nosuccessfulcellreselectionshallhavetakenplacewithintheprevious15secondsunless
MM(MobilityManagement)requestsacellreselection.TheMSMLEshallcheckthe
criterionforservingcellrelinquishmentasoftenasoneneighbourcellisscannedor
monitored.
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12.RadioDownlinkFailure
Fig12.1
RadioDownlinkFailure
WhentheFRTthresholdisbreached,theMSisinasituationwhereitisessentialto
relinquish(orabandon)theservingcellandobtainanotherofatleastUsablequality.Thatis
tosay,themobilestationisawarethattheradiosignalisdecayingrapidly,andmustcell
reselectrapidly,beforecommunicationsareterminatedbecauseofradiolinkfailure.When
themobilestationradiosignalbreachestheRxLevminimumtheradioisnolongerina
positiontomaintainacceptablecommunicationsfortheuser,andtheradiolinkisbroken.
Radiolinkfailure:(C1<0).Usingthesuggestedvalues,thiswouldbesatisfiedwiththe
ServingCellLevelbelow105dBm.Cellreselectionproceduresarethenactivatedinorder
tofindasuitableradiobasestation.
Infrastructure
TETRAParameters
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tobeVerified
TypeofRadioCover
Parameter
DistanceinKm TypeofCommunication
City
<4
<8
Pedestrian/Metro
SubUrban
10to18
20to36
Bus/Train
Countryside
18to31
36to62
InterRegionalTrain
InAir
>32
>64
InFlight
Table12.1
13.AVirtualMMIforTETRAradioTerminals
AnygivenTETRAradioterminalusing
Java
(
J2ME
/
CLDC
)basedtechnology,providesthe
enduserwiththecommunicationrightsnecessarytofulfillhisorherworkrollonanyshort
durationassignment.
ForDexterity,flexibility,andevolutionability,the
RATP
radioengineeringdepartment,have
chosentousetheopensources,JavalanguagespecificationadministeredbySunandthe
associatedworkgroupsinordertoproducea
transportapplicationtoolkit
.
14.
RATP
TETRA
MMI
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Fig14.1
RATPTETRA
KVM
MMI
Serviceacquisitionadmitsdifferentauthorisedagentstoestablishcommunicationchannels
betweendifferentservicesbycallingtheserviceidentity,andwithoutpossessingthe
completeknowledgeoftheISSI,GSSI,oranyotherTETRArelatedcommunication
establishmentnumberingplan.Serviceacquisitionisadministeredthrougha
communication
rightscentralisedservice
or
rollallocationserver
,interfacedintotheTETRAcorenetwork.
Insummary,theRATPTETRAMMIaimsareto:
Allowanygivenagentwhileinexercise,toexploitanygivenradioterminalwithout
materielconstraint.
ProvidespecifictransportationapplicationsoftwaretotheRATPenduseragents.
(ServiceAcquisition,FraudandAggressioncontrol)
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This
transportapplicationtoolkit
hasbeenproducedsuccessfullyandwithTETRA
communicationtechnologyandassuresfortheRATPtransportapplicationrequirementsfor
thefuturementionedhereafter.
TheHome(Main)menupresentstheenduserwiththreepossibilities:
a)ServiceAcquisition,
b)StatusSDS,
c)Enduserparameters
ServiceAcquisition
providesameansof
virtuallypersonalising
theendusertoanygiven
radioterminalandontoTETRAnetworkforthedurationtheenduserconservestheterminal
underhis/herpossession.
Status
SDS
providestheenduserwithamechanismforgeneratinga440Hzrepeatingtone
thatsignalsafraudoccurrencetocolleagueswhoarecurrentlywithinthesame(dynamicor
static)GroupShortSubscriberIdentity
GSSI
ortoaspecificIndividualShortSubscriber
Identity,
ISSI
forthedurationoftheassignment(anhour,amorningpatroloragivenshort
periodallocatedtotheassignment).Theadvantagebeingthateachoftheendusersmay
attachthemselvestoanygiventerminal,andgroupforshortdurationswithoutrequiringany
majorreconfigurationbymeansofradiosoftwareprogrammingtools.Similarly,the
aggressionfeaturefunctions,butwithahighertonefrequency(880Hz),andwithaquicker
repetitiousnature,sotohighlighttheurgencyofthealert.
TheParameterstabprovidesanessentialmeanstotheterminalenduserallowingthemto
preconfigurethetarget(preprogrammed
ISSI
or
GSSI
)destinationcommunicationnumber.
Withthispreprogrammeddestinationnumber,theendusershallliaisewiththedestination
radioterminalor
RollAllocationServer
,andmaycommunicate,inthegroup,orintoa
dedicatedservertowhichtheserviceacquisitionrequestsarereceived,preprocessed,and
ultimatelydispatchedthoughtheRATPTETRAcorenetwork.Thissimplifiesthe
reconfigurationorrecyclingconfigurationprocessallowingflexibilityonshortassignments.
TheParameterstabalsoprovidesameansofselectingpreselectedtonestomatchthework
grouprequirementsforthepurposesofFraudandAggressionAlerts.Apossibilityof
selectinganygivenkeyavailablefromthekeypadtoserveasanaggressionorfraudquick
keyisalsomadepossiblethoughthetransportapplicationsoftwaretoolkit.TheRATP
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recommendusingthe
Asterisk
andthe
Hash
keysfortheFraudandAggressionquickkeys
respectively.ForthefraudandaggressiontonestheRATPalsorecommendusing440Hz
slowrepeatingtone(blankspace500milliseconds)and880Hzfastrepeatingtone(blank
space250milliseconds)respectively.
Thetoneoptionsareasfollows:440Hz620Hz,880Hz,1060Hz.
TheParameterspageonyetanothertabprovidesanAidorHelpmenuandfinally,thelasttab
withinparametersdescribesbrieflythetoolkittheversionandthehistoryofthetransport
applicationtoolkittodate.
15.References
[1]BOUCHER,N.
ThetrunkedradioandenhancedPMRradiohandbook
.JohnWiley&
sons,2000.
[2]
ASignallingStandardforTrunkedPrivateLandMob
.StandardMPT1327,
RadiocommunicationsAgency,1991.
[3]
TerrestrialTrunkedRadio(TETRA)
.ETSIEN3003922V2.5.2,European
TelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute,2005.
[4]
TerrestrialTrunkedRadio(TETRA)
.ETSIEN3003922v3.2.1,European
TelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute,2005.
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[5]
InternetprotocoldatacommunicationserviceIPpackettransferandavailability
performanceparameters
.RecommendationY.1540,InternationalTelecommunicationUnion,
1999.
[6]K.P.Ho,H.Dai,C.Lin,S.K.Liaw,H.Gysel,andM.Ramachandran,
Hybrid
wavelengthdivisionmultiplexingsystemsforhighcapacitydigitalandanalogtrunking
applications
,IEEEPhoton.Technol.Lett.,vol.10,pp.297299,Feb.1998.
[7]WilliamC.Y.Lee,
MobileCellularTelecommunicationSystem
,McGrawHill,1995.
[8]
ETSITCRES.
RadioEquipementandSystems(RES)TransEuropeanTrunkedRadio
(TETRA)VoiceplusData(V+D)Part2:AirInterface(AI)
.EuropeanTelecommunications
Standard,1995.ETS3003922.
[9]
EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute.
RadioEquipmentandSystems
(RES)TransEuropeanTrunkedRadio(TETRA)VoiceplusData(V+D)Part10:
SupplementaryServicesStage1Part1004:CallDiversion
.ETS3003921004.
16.Conclusion
TETRAisakeysolutiontobuildaPMRsystemandsatisfythemostcommonrequirement of
users. Services that require higher bit rates such as video or transfer of maps should use
TETRA Release 2 or analternativesystemsuchasoneproposedbySAFECOM.ThesePMR
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PratikShankarAcharya
Regd.No.0601289222
systems, when applied as emergency or public safety systems, are extremely inefficient in
terms of cost related to usage. Thesystemshouldbdimensionedinordertoworkproperlyin
front an emergency situation. This means thatduringthedailyoperationthesystemispoorly
used and in case of emergency it becomes easily congested. It is almost impossible to
dimension a system for an emergency situation since they are, by definition, not predictable
situations. Even if data is obtained from previous cases it is difficult tojustifytheamountof
expenses required and the design will present a significant uncertainty about the capacity to
deal with the next great emergency. As a compromise solution, a communication system
suitable for emergencies should be made as a mixture of infrastructure andadhocelements.
In case of emergency, the network should be easily extended in terms of coverage and/or
capacity according to the needs. TETRA does not fulfill this condition but it has some
elements and functionalities to extend the infrastructure solution based on the base station
and the mobile terminal. The usage of repeaters to extend coverage, the direct mode to
connect terminals to the infrastructure are some of the extensions. Unfortunately TETRA
standardization or even TETRA Release 2 proposal does not tackle the adhoc network
creationusingTETRAtechnology.
The introduction of TETRA, which utilizes digital modulation, has generated a number of
major challenges toTestandMeasurementmanufacturers.Specializedinstrumentshavebeen
developed in close consultation with the TETRA manufacturers. To assist workshops that
will need to reequip to cater for TETRA radios, a multipurpose, versatile radio test set is
now available for repair and maintenance of TETRA radios as well as traditional PMR,
trunkedradiosandcellularradios.
As a standard, TETRA should be regarded as complementary to GSM and DECT. In
comparison with GSM as currently implemented, TETRA provides faster call setup, higher
data rates, group calls and direct mode. TETRA manufactures have been developing their
products for ten years. The investments have resulted in highly sophisticated products. A
number of important ordershavealreadybeenplaced.Accordingtoestimates,TETRAbased
networkswillhave510millionusersbytheyear2010.
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