2.

1 INQUIRY EXPERIMENT:
DIFFUSION
AIM
APPARATU
S
MATERIAL
S
PROCEDU
RE

Gas jars and cover, dropper, test tubes, test tube rack, stopper, retort
stand and clamp
Liquid bromine, Br2, 1 moldm-3 potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4
solution, copper (II) sulphate crystals, CuSO 4, hot liquid jelly, water,
tissue paper
A. Diffusion in gas
1. Place a few drops of liquid bromine, Br 2 into a gas jar. Cover the
gas jar immediately and set it aside for a few minutes.
2. Invert another gas jar containing air on top of the gas jar which
contains bromine vapour, Br2.
3. Remove the cover between the two gas jars. Set the apparatus
aside for a few minutes and record the observation.
B. Diffusion in liquid
1. Fill three-quarters of a test tube with water. Place the test tube
in a test tube rack.
2. Draw a small volume of potassium manganate (VII), KMnO 4
solution using a dropper.
3. Wipe off any excess potassium manganate (VII), KMnO 4 solution
with a piece of tissue paper.
4. Lower the tip of the dropper into a test tube containing water
until it is near to the bottom of the test tube.
5. Squeeze a drop of potassium manganate (VII), KMnO 4 solution
into the water.
6. Allow the test tube to stand in the test tube rack for a few
hours.
C. Diffusion in solid
1. Fill a test tube with hot liquid jelly until, it is almost full. Leave
the jelly to harden.
2. Put a small crystal of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO 4 on top of the
jelly.
3. Close the test tube with a stopper and clamp it upside down, as
shown in the diagram.
4. Leave the apparatus for a few days and record the observation.

SET-UP OF
THE
APPARATU
S
(Draw
labelled
diagram)

A. DIFFUSION IN GAS
OBSERVAT
ION

ACTIVI
TY
A

B. DIFFUSION IN
LIQUID

C. DIFFUSION IN SOLID

OBSERVATION

INFERENC
E

DISCUSSI
ON

Bromine gas, Br2, potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4, and copper(II)

sulphate, CuSO4 are made up of ____________ and _____________
particles which are constantly ______________. There are ______________
in between the particles of air, water and jelly.
1. Why was the test tube in activity C clamped upside down?

To prevent the copper(II) sulphate particles from moving with

the additional help of ________________.

2. Use the kinetic theory of matter to explain your observations in

activity A, B and C.

ACTIVITY A: Bromine gas , Br2 is made up of ______________ and

____________ particles. These particles move
___________ into the spaces in between the air
particles.
ACTIVITY B:

ACTIVITY C:

3. Based on your observations, arrange the rate of diffusion in gas,

liquid and solid in ascending order. Explain your answer.

4. Based on your findings, define the meaning of diffusion.

5. What will you observe if you repeat Activity B with hot water?

CONCLUSI
ON

Matter is made up __________ and ______________ particles that are

constantly _______________. Diffusion occurs ___________ in solid,
__________ in liquid and ___________ in gas.

WORD POWER
Discrete: Completely separated and
Disconnected.
Diffusion:

(PEKA REPORT 1)
2.2 INQUIRY EXPERIMENT: MELTING AND FREEZING POINTS OF
NAPHTHALENE
AIM
PROBLEM
STATEMEN
T
HYPOTHE
SIS

VARIABLE
S

MANIPULATED VARIABLE:
RESPONDING VARIABLE:
CONSTANT VARIABLE:

APPARATU
S
MATERIAL
S
SET-UP OF
THE
APPARATU
S
(Draw
labelled
diagram)

PROCEDU
RE

HEATING OF NAPHTHALENE,
COOLING OF NAPHTHALENE, C10H8
C10H8
A. HEATING OF NAPHTHALENE, C10H8
1. A boiling tube is filled with naphthalene, C10H8 to a depth of 3cm

and a thermometer was put into it.

2. The boiling tube was suspended in a beaker half-filled with
water using a retort stand and a clamp. The level of
naphthalene, C10H8 in the boiling tube was ensured to be below
the level of water in the beaker.
3. The water was heated and the naphthalene, C 10H8 was stirred
slowly with the thermometer. When the temperature of
naphthalene, C10H8 reached 60OC, the stopwatch was started.
4. The temperature and state(s) of naphthalene, C 10H8 were
recorded every 30s until the temperature of naphthalene, C 10H8
reached 90oC.
B. COOLING OF NAPHTHALENE, C10H8
1. The boiling tube in activity A was removed from the water bath.
The outer surface of the boiling tube was dried and immediately
it was put into a conical flask. The naphthalene, C 10H8 was
stirred continuously.
2. The temperature and state(s) of naphthalene, C 10H8 were
recorded every 30s until the temperature of naphthalene, C 10H8
dropped to about 60oC.
Results
Graph

RECORD ALL DATA IN TABLE GIVEN

Plot a graph of temperature against time for the heating and cooling of
naphthalene on 2 graph papers respectively.

Inference

Discussion

1. Why was a water bath used to heat naphthalene?

2. During the cooling of naphthalene, explain why:

(a) The boiling tube must be placed in a conical flask

(b) The naphthalene must be stirred continuously

(c) From the graphs, deduce the melting point and boiling point
of
naphthalene.

(d) Explain why the temperature remains constant for some

time in both heating and cooling curves.

Heating curve:

Cooling curve:

Conclusio
n