CLASSIC

ARTICLE

This

of

issue

reprinted

paper,

by Victor

Tausk.

the

Journal

The

Origin

The

ofPsychotherapy
Practice and
of the Influencing
Machine

paper

appeared

in

print

in

l9l9just

includes
in Schizophrenia,

Research

about

the

time

of

Tausks tragic
suicide, although
an earlier version had been presented
the year
before to the Vienna
Psychoanalytic
Group.
In many ways this is an odd paper.
It reflects
Tausks
great brilliance
and
at the same time conveys,
through
its
and
scrupulously
documented
footnotes,
Tausks
preoccupation
with
careful
the influence
between
him and Freud concerning
the psychoanalytic
view of
schizophrenia.
Tausk draws heavily on Freuds
work at the time; however,
he
advances
the psychoanalytic
formulation
ofthe central difficulty
of schizophrenia

a substantial

step

forward.

Tausks

troubled
relationship
with
Freud is documented
in Paul Roazens
BrotherAnimaL
The paper
Origin of the Influencing
Machine
in Schizophrenia was frequently
referred
to by Freud after Tausks
death. And of Tausks
work,

is the

this paper

most

well

known.

The paper itself has many intriguing

elements
that reveal Tausks creativity. It provides
an illuminating
and interesting
rationale
for single case studies
which isjust as modern
today as in 1919. In addition,
the paper is distinguished
to interpret
and
give meaning
to a common
schizophrenic
by its attempt
symptom:
in this case, the experience
of being influenced
by a distant machine.
Tausks great achievement
is to cleverly relate this symptom
and
its presumed
meaning
to psychoanalytic
theory.
In the effort, he humanizes
the patient
as
he contributes
to metapsychology.
it is his contribution
to metapsychology
and the understanding
Indeed,
of schizophrenia
in general
that ensures
the place of this paper
in history.
Tausk makes clever use of ideas of development,
instinctual
investment,
as well
as

repression

and

defense

as

he

formulates

the

meaning

of

the

influencing

machine.
However,
his most notable
contribution
is the idea that schizophrenia is due to a weakened
ego, and he calls explicit
attention
to the specificity
of the problem
in maintaining
boundaries
between
self and other, inside and
outside,
past and present.
The notion
of a weak ego with difficulties
maintaining boundaries
was taken up by Paul Federn
and ultimately
has become
the
centerpiece
of modern
psychoanalytic
conceptualizations
of schizophrenia.
The paper is at times dense, and by todays standards
Tausk would require
a good editor.
However,
the paper rewards
careful
reading
with its brilliant
the thrust of understanding
schizophreinsight into a vexatious
illness. While
nia

clinically

today

lies

in

the

integration

of

many

different

perspectives,

the

paper reminds
us that there can be value in making
human
contact
with the
person
behind
the disease.
Although
distorted
by illness,
the schizophrenic
patients
wishes and fears can be understood,
Tausk asserts. This understanding can be used
to assist the patient
to cope with the illness and stay involved
in the other aspects of treatment
that are prescribed.
Wiw

1. Roazen

Translation

P: Brother

and

SLEDGE,

M.D.

Animal.

translators

H.

New

note

York, Random

repri nted

from

VOLUME

House,

1969

Psychoanalytic

NUMBER

Quarterly

2 #{149}
SPRING

1992

2:519-556,

1933,

by permission.

185

TAUSK

On the Origin
of the Influencing
Machine
in Schizophrenia
VICTOR

TALSK

Translation

from

German

[A translation

Feigenbaum

of this article

14 years

in thelnternationale

appearance
Psychoanalyse
Victor
Tausk
(judge)

by Dorian

after

Zeitschrift

its
and by his brilliant
presentation
undertaken
f#{252}r theory. The translation,

requires
a word of explanation.
had been a distinguished
jurist

and journalist

he became

before

the psychoanalytic

a psycho-

literature

serves

in a measure

tothe

author.

The

tributing

chine

a mere handful

of papers,

he

was one of the pioneers

around
Freud,
in the creative period of psychoanalysis
during
the decade of
the world war. His work covered a variety of subjects, such as alcoholic
psychoses,
schizophrenia,
infantile sexuality,
war neuroses,
and psychoanalysis and philosophy.
of his studies
was

The last and most important

Uber
die Entstehung
des

Beeinflussungsapparates
phrenie,

Society
devoted

read

in

before

the

Vienna

der

Schizo-

D.F.]

in 1919.
This study

is a classic

psychiatric-literature,

presenting

a brilliant

analysis
of a delusionaty
formation,
throwing
out
penetrating
comments
on such fundamental
problems as projection,
hallucination
and narcissism,

and anticipating
libido development,

Abrahams
as wellas

formulation
later studies

The translator,
a classmate
clinical studies at the University
a brief period
separated
Kraepelinian
attracted

of friendship
them,

and-at

in the last year of

of Vienna,
enjoyed

with him before the war

the

psychiatiy-was
to psychoanalysis

of the
by others.

time

devoted

to no small
by Tausk

JOURNAL

to

degree

s enthusiasm

OF PSW HOTHERAPY

considerations

example

of

complained

schizophrenic
ticular
case

are based

the
of

patient
the structure

upon

influencing

by a certain
Although
of the

matype

in this
machine

of
pardif-

fers materially,
to the best of my knowledge,
from all other varieties of apparatus
of this
sort, it is hoped
that the present
example
will
nevertheless
facilitate
psychoanalytic
insight
into
the genesis
and purpose
of this delusional

inpsychoanalytic-and

following

a single

Psychoanalytic

(Jan. 6, 1918),
discussed
in an evening
to the paper (Jan. 30, 1918) and published

in English,

a debt of gratitude

life in order to equip himself

more thoroughly
for
psychoanalysis.
Although
his tragic death in his
forty-second
year (July 3, 1919) prevented
his conthan

available

to discharge

analyst.
Freuds work found
an immediate
response
who began the study of medicine
late in
in Tausk,

more

of the Freudian
tofill a gap in

instrument.
My example

ant-of
objection

the

to draw

general

a single
regarded

case,
as

based
cation

very

is a variant-a

rare

van-

typical
influencing
machine.
The
can of course
be made
that it is rash
conclusions

from

the study

and that generalizations,

scientifically
valid,

of

to be
should
be

on a larger
mass of material.
Myjustifiis that I have simply
not encountered

any further case material

in support
of my
conclusions, and that to the best of my knowledge
psychiatric
literature
contains
no
descriptions
of individual
encing
machine
phenomenon,
make

my paper

general
regular

as perfunctory

PRACTICE

superfluous.

descriptions
features
and
clinical

AND RESEARCH

cases

of the influsuch as would

There

exist

only

of the apparatus,
and its
functions
are given only
illustrations.

Clinical

INFLUENCING

186

psychiatry,

interested

only

tions,
lays no stress
individual
symptoms
namics
of psychoses.
erto sufficiently
meaning,
and
because,
method,
lems.

investigated
the purpose

not employing
it does not even
Yet

in

in general

descrip-

upon
the significance
of
for the study of the dyPsychiatry
has not hiththe origin,
the
of a symptom,

principle,

it is permissible

conclusions

general

Variants
and
mixed
forms
stimulate
into general
types. The conformity
of
cases may have the ultimate
effect
of

dow

in the

barrier,
other

wall

through

to be obtained.
Deviations

from

types
compel
phenomenon

the
may

the

a clear

rule

and

assumption
be of diverse

persecuted.
of the influencing

view

and
are
2.

is

taken

as a basis

for

only
the

that

will prove
to justify
them,
and
and significance
of this variant
been

the

following

correctly conceived

unlike
not

into
often
en-

means

to give

only

vague

tion.
It consists
of
wheels,
buttons,
wires,
Patients
endeavor
to
tion of the apparatus
nical knowledge,
and
progressive

popularization

the forces
to explain
All the

hints

machine
patients

is a
are

4.

5.

of suggestion

patient

taneous

of the sciences,

all

of mankind,

however,

VOLUME

are

#{149}
NUMBER

of physIn such

or drainfeelings
by one

persecutors.
motor
phenomena

in the

or by air-currents,
or X-rays.
that in part cannot
they are strange

himself,

and

It is also responsible
rences
in the patients

of its construc-

boxes,
cranks,
levers,
batteries,
and the like.
discover
the construcby means
of their
techit appears
that with the

known
to technology
are utilized
the functioning
of the apparatus.

discoveries

hallucinations

is often
called
a
Its construction
but its function

electricity,
magnetism,
It creates
sensations
be described,
because
to the

able

visual

body, erections
and seminal
emissions,
that are intended
to deprive
the patient of his male potency
and weaken
him. This is accomplished
either
by

example
origin
have

is

are seen on a sinor windowpanes,

are sensed
as electrical,
due to air-currents.
The

machine
or cinemato-

in the transmission
of thoughts
and

or several
It produces

3.

and formulated.

influencing
nature.

pictures.

the

lantern

typical

ma-

three-dimensional.

consists
ing off

had
or

2
The schizophrenic
machine
of mystical

a magic

cases,
the machine
suggestion-apparatus.
cannot
be explained,

conclusions
that the
example

see

case,

which
the patients
knowledge
ics is inadequate
to explain.

only when an unexpected

departure
from the
accustomed
occurs that one feels the neces-

countered.
It is to be hoped

patients

is the

marthe

It produces,
as well as removes,
thoughts
and feelings
by means
of
waves or rays or mysterious
forces

that
a given
origin.
It is

at least
had seemed
to do so. Inquiry
extraordinary
causative
factors
has
stimulated
inquiry into those ordinarily

the
this

graph.
The pictures
gle plane,
on walls

ambiguous

sityof investigating the uniformity which

previously
characterized
the phenomenon

It makes
generally

exceptional

while
a deviation
hand,
may be a winwhich

patients
feel themselves
The main
effects
chine
are the following:

to

derive

the

to explain
the
machine,
by which

When

types.
inquiry
typical

an impenetrable
from type, on

from

regarded
as inadequate
velous
powers
of this

1.

the psychoanalytical
postulate
such prob-

MACHINE

eruptions,

pathological
The

for

male

machine

abscesses,

serves

sex.

They
the

#{149}
SPRING

the patient

1992

or

and

other

processes.

cians by whom
The manipulation
obscure,

in part

other
occurbody,
such as cu-

to persecute

tient and is operated

by enemies.
of my knowledge,
the latter
are
the

that

magnetic,

are

the

To the
exclusively

predominantly

pabest
of

physi-

patient
has been
treated.
of the apparatus
is likewise
rarely

having

a clear

idea

187

TAUSK

of

operation.

its

Buttons

are

pushed,

set in motion,
cranks
turned.
The
with the patient
is often established

levers

connection
by means

of invisible
wires
leading
into
his
which
case the patient
is influenced
machine
only when
he is in bed.
However,
it is noteworthy
number
of patients
complain
ments

without

that
a large
of all these
ailto

tions

tions

longer

simply
an external
tion
or telepathic

influence,
emanating

mental
power,

to be
suggesfrom

in the

group
ences

change

evidence

of an

originator,

the complaint
and feelings,

espe-

of a loss or
without
the

thoughts
or feelings
being
drained
from
them or foisted
upon
them;
and of a similar
nature
are complaints
of a change
of sensa-

force,
They

or psychic

the

for instance,
of thoughts

influ-

physical

them

is no

ence
of a machine.
Many
patients
consider
the cause
of all these
alien
or hostile
sensaof

ascribing

bed,
in
by the

there
cially,
change

skin,

of patients

face,

and

does

not

originating

from

extremities.
complain

This
of influ-

a foreign,

hostile

but of a feeling
of inner
estrangement.
become
strange
to themselves,
understand

facial
have

themselves:

expression,
become

These

and

of an early

stage

feelings,
symptoms

clearly

subsequent
pearance,

tainty,
and in others
with
that the sense of persecution

strong
probability,
originates
from

the

accompanied

purpose

of an explanation

changes
dominate

that are felt as alien and

the patients
emotional

sensations.
According

to this

for the

view,

the

pathologic
painful
life
idea

of

and
and
he

influencing
for causality

machine
originates
in the need
that is inherent
in man; and the

same

for

need

account
through

for
the

causality

the
persecutors
medium
of an

merely
by suggestion
psychiatry
explains
encing

machine

persecution

will

probably

also

who
act
apparatus

not
but

or by telepathy.
Clinical
the symptom
of an influas analogous

in paranoia

to the

(which,

the patient invents in order

lusions
of grandeur),
and

ideas

to justify
his decalls it paranoia

ality,
hostile
some
upon

the

without

changes
physical

the

power.

and
and

intervention
It is particularly

strange
psychic

apparipersonor
by

patients
that their visions
are not foisted
them
in any way but that, to their great

astonishment,
also occur

other

they simply
see them.
There
strange
sensations
for which

JOURNAL

secution
inteiference,
fluence.
tion or

are

In other

stage

OF PSKHOTHERAPY

cases,

the

ideas

may

the construction

nal

by a

feelings

be seen
of an influencing

influence

It is necessary
influencing

These

of per-

ascribed
to a foreign,
personal
suggestion,
or telepathic
inof persecuentering
into
apparatus.

to assume,
therefore,
apparatus
represents

in the
started

evolution
with

the

of the

symptom,
of

change. I do not believe that heretofore

entire sequence
in the development

the
of the

could

pletely
from
the connection

have

simple

that the
termi-

sensations

been

studied

com-

a single case. But I have observed

between
at least two stages
(of

which
I shall present
an example
later),
and
I have
no hesitation
in maintaining
that
under
especially
favorable
circumstances
it
may be possible
to observe
the entire
series of
developmental

of a foreign
declared

of change

of estrangement.

symptom

it is known,

somatica.
However,
there
is a group
of patients
that
dispenses
completely
with any gratification
of
the need
for causality,
and complains
simply
of emotional
tions within

sensations

sense

of dementia

they may also be observed

as well.
it may be stated
with cer-

praecox, although
in advanced
stages
In some
cases

which
of

part

thoughts,
estranged.

no
face,

enemies.
My own observations
and those
of
other
authors
leave no room
for doubt
that
these complaints
precede
the symptom
of the
influencing apparatus, and that the latter
is a
pathological development.
Its apas many
observers
state, serves
the

are

limbs,

stages

in

a single

patient

Meanwhile,
I am in the position
of the observer of plasmodia
who notes various
pathological forms

in the

stages

a continuous

of

blood

cells

as developmental

cycle

of

growth,

al-

though
he is never
able to observe
in any one
blood corpuscle
more
than a single
phase.
Recognition
of the various
symptoms
as

PRACTICE

AND

RESEARCH

INFLUENCING

188

stages

of a unified

rendered
observation

developmental

process

is

difficult
not merely
by inaccurate
but by other
factors
as well. Pa-

tients conceal
and correlative
accordance
Changes

single
stages behind
symptoms-each

with
of feeling

taneously

his morbid
are covered

or consecutively

sis or neurosis
group,
such

secondary
patient

clinical
paranoia,

compulsion
neurosis,
anxiety
hysteria,
or
amentia;
and these clinical pictures,
advancing to the foreground,
conceal
from
the observer

the

development
is, besides,
every
stage
sciousness,
runs

more

of
and

its course

leaves

gaps

depending
ical process

subtle

elements

in

of the delusion
of reference.
very likely that in many
cases
development
that
one
in the

in the
upon
and

unconscious

and

of the
are

that

pathologdisposi-

of any hostile
powers
This observation
a thirty-four
of insane
throughout
streaming

to which

in the

absence,

whatsoever.
was made

case

of

year old man,Josef

H., an inmate
asylums
at frequent
intervals
his life.
through

He felt electrical
currents
him, which
entered
the

earth
through
his legs; he produced
rent within
himself,
declaring
with
thatwas
he did

those
in fact,

in the

the
pride

curthat

his power!
How and for what purpose
this he refused
to disclose.
Upon
dis-

and

her

lover

as evil as himself.
This patient

to the

conclusion

the Belgrade
Neuropsychiatric
Division.
This patients
words, Sich verstellt-taken
other.
TRANSLATOR.

VOLUME

of

literally,

1 #{149}
NUMBER

as will

its

own

in

this
was

she

attributed

an evil,

to the

deceitful

per-

did

not

himself,2
and made

merely

feel

and
her

herself

persecuted
and influenced;
hers was a case of
being
influenced
by identification
with the
persecutor.
If we take into consideration
the
view held by Freud
and myself
that in objectchoice
the mechanism
of identification
precedes
the cathexis
may
regard
the
representing
the

proper
by projection,
case
of Miss Emma
stage in the development

A.

we
as
of

the delusion
of reference
preceding
the projection
(namely,
on to a distant
persecutor
in
the outer
world).
The identification
is obviously an attempt
to project
the feelings
of the
inner

change

on to the

tutes
inner

a bridge
change

between
the
without
external

attribution
an

of these

external

person,

rounds

came

a singu-

having,

son who twisted

eyes. At church
one day she
suddenly
felt a thrust,
as if she were
being
moved
from her place,
which
had its cause
in

ished,

soon

lover in a singular
manner;
she mainthat her eyes were no longer
properly
in her head
but were entirely
twisted

position
between
ment
and
the

he

signifi-

instance,

somatica

a significance

covering
these currents
in himself
for the first
time,
he was (he admitted)
somewhat
astonbut

another

the fact that her lover disguised

that he had already
ruined
her

have I been
able
in the absence

apparatus

ascribed-

a special

served
a mysterious
he refused
any infor-

substantiating
the developmental
process
which
I have assumed.
The same example
has
already
been
cited by Freud
in another
connection.
Miss Emma
A. felt herself
influenced

of position,

thus

cite

seen,

out

the rapidity
of the
upon
the individual

influencing

usually

be

fact

Finally,

In but one case

electrical
currents

now

It
not

psyche.

had

of paranoia

the

tion,
some
of the stages
may
be missing
altogether.
Ideas
of reference
in schizophrenia
develop equally
with or without
the influencing
apparatus.
to observe

case

by her
tained
placed

reaches
constage
or another

conscious

manifestation

mation.
I shall
later

psycho-

to another
mania,

this

cance-that
the currents
end,
regarding
which

lar

disposition.
up by a simul-

produced

belonging
as depression,

in

that

MACHINE

mean

out

2 #{149}
SPRING

1992

world.

himself

feelings
cause

changes

to the

a kind

It constiof an
and the
power

of

of intermediary

the feeling
delusion
of

especially

moves

outer

of self-estrangereference.
This

well,

and

from

one

substantiates

place

to an-

189

TAUSK

psychoanalytically,

the

concept

opment
of the symptom,
tion in the influencing

of the

concerned
invention,
intellectual

with the discovery,

or rather
of a hostile
object;
but for
process
it is unimportantwhether

the

observed

objects

are

hostile

in this

instance.

that
may be
stages
of the

taken,
at

some

years

rate

described
movements
ment

to

the

forms
or
the case

ago)

may

be

to

not

one

conclusion,

and

3.

bowel
moveevery

4.

edly

located
the

in the

intestines

performance

and

of each

We

may

without

it.

1.

note,

now

summarize

and

mo-

describe

the phenomena
that in some
to be produced
by the influencand that in other
cases occur

5.

first,

simple

sensations

of

without

awareness

an originator.
The sensations
changes
in the psychical
and

are of
physical

functions
own body.

within
various
parts
In many
cases this

of ones
stage of

the illness
early age,

probably
occurs
before
puberty.

of

is stimulated.
of inner
change
in the form
sensations,
with awareness

of
of

of an originator,

who,

though
existing
within
the
nevertheless
not the patient

patient,
himself

(case Staudenmayer).
Feelings
of inner

awareness

OF PSYCHOTHERAPY

accompanied
of the
world,

of an originator;

feelings
ent, but

of estrangement
later on they

pictures).
Feelings

of inner

change

inner
with-

at first,

are
appear

not pres(seeing

accompanied

Feelings
of inner
change
by projection
of the inner

originator
(case Emma
accompanied
occurrence

outer
world
and belief
in an origproduced
by the paranoid
mech-

motions,

weakening

ing erection,
forth).

at a very
Since
at this

quently
compensated
by infantile
peculiarities
of character,
such as
naughtiness,
aggressiveness,
concealed

change

alis

anism
(causing
pictures
to appear,
influencing by suggestion, hypnotism,
electricity,
producing
or draining
off
thoughts
and feelings,
effecting
bodily

of

age no exact
reports
can be obtained
on inner
conditions,
and since,
in addition, pathological
changes
are not infre-

JOURNAL

it is at this

development

in this instance
the patient himself
(case Josef
H.).
Feelings
of inner
change
accompanied

to the
inator

inner change, in the beginning

devoid
of, and later accompanied
by, a sense
of estrangement,

surface;

further

by awareness
of an external
as a result
of identification
A.).
6.

We

to the
that

Feelings
abnormal

out

entrusted

separate

tion.
schematically
cases appear
ing machine

too,

by hallucinatory
projection
occurrence
to the external

single
peristaltic
motion
coming
to his awareness to the activity
of special
demons
allegwith

comes

time,

by awareness

me-

attributed

ness

is
exthe ill-

an originator,

misand is

by

his sensations
during
his
from the beginning
of the
its

2.

to the environment
of the individual,
who

to relinquish
all crude
of his abnormality,
that

symptoms

be mentioned.

if I am
to be a paranoiac

considered

compelled
pressions

was

seclusiveness,

and so forth,
this stage either
unrecognized
or else is misIt is only at puberty,
when
spe-

cial adjustments
are required

illustrations

(whose
autobiography
the Vienna
Psychoanalytic

Staudenmayer-who,
was declared

any

the
the

will certainly
of love and

given
of the various
delusion
of reference,

of Staudenmayer
presented
before
Society

Among

masturbation,

dullness
remains
named.

or friendly,

and the psychoanalyst,

at least,
have no objection
to the equating
hate

fantasies,

devel-

up to its crystallizamachine.
We are here

7.

potency,

seminal

produc-

emissions,

and

so

Feelings
of inner
change
attributed
to
the workings
of the influencing
machine
manipulated
the enemies
are
the

patient

by him;

PRACTICE

and
later

by enemies.
usually
unknown
only

vaguely

on he is able

AND RESEARCH

At first,
to

discerned
to make

190

INFLUENCING

them
larges
the

out, knows
their circle
paranoid

patient
explain

who they are, and enafter the pattern

of

conspiracy.

Similarly,

is at first completely
the construction

encing
apparatus,
self with it gradually.
Having

solved

the

but

ways represent the genitalia. Having studied

machine
dreams
analytically
over a long period

the

of time,

ment;

unable
to
of the influ-

familiarizes

machines
genitalia

him-

between

ideas

I can

I may

fully

confirm

add,

Freuds

moreover,

always stand
for the
and that the dreams

batory
relation

MACHINE

character.

dreams
described

I can

are dreams
in my paper

state

state-

that

the

dreamers

own

of a mastur-

are

further

of escape,
on alcoholic

that
of

these

the type
delirium.3

of reference
and the influencing
apparatus,
we may proceed
to an examination
of the
latter
without
reference
to its effects.

In this paper
it is shown
that whenever
urge
to masturbate,
or rather
a readiness

It is not necessary
lantern
which
produces

which
is favorable
to discharge,
another
fantasy is hastily
substituted,
by means
of which

to discuss
pictures

the magic
or images,

it does
not
reveal
any error
of judgment
beyond
the fact of its nonexistence.
This rational
superstructure
is absolutely
impenetrable.
We must,
at the start,
use structures
less solidly
built, the walls of which
reveal gaps

(a)

which

it is possible

The ordinary
a very obscure
of it are
cases

patient

the construction
it is obvious
that

he un-

of the appathis feeling

dreamer
standing,
ing itself.
discovered
scription

whenever
an accurate
deof the apparatus
is demanded

at

of the

apparatus

is, as far as I know,

ways

a machine;

and

a very

of inhibition

gous

alteration
machine

mechanism,

view recently
his lectures,
plicated

cannot

machine

complicated

for

must

a moment

machines

Tausk, Victor:

appearing

ZurPsychologie

jected

be a symbol-a

emphasized
by Freud
in which
he stated
that
in

des

in one of
the comdreams

al*ohol.

VOLUME

al-

introduc-

that

components
by the

the

of the machine
is
simultaneous
disap-

components
the new

#{149}
NUMBER

the

machine.

for which
components

old

ones.
This is
machine
origithe inhibition,

effects
the

instead
but the

in this
dreamer

It may,

the influencing
of the patients

to the outer

world,

to the machine
in dreams.
plaint
of the schizophrenic
causes

&sch4/Iigungsdelir.

an analo-

except

manawak-

ens, more
often
than
not, with his hand
on
his genitalia, after having
dreamed
of manip-

al-

The

this

momen-

of semen
is made
The dream
reacts
for discharge
with a

his libidinal
interest,
and
ner inhibition
of instinct
In machine
dreams

assumed
that
representation

psychoanalyst

is induced

result
is the same.
Each complexity
draws the
attention
of the dreamer
to himself,
rouses
his intellectual
interest,
reciprocally
weakens

ulating

that

fantasy

of symbols.
dream
possesses

of the other
substituted,

one.

doubt

a dream

the symbol
has been
made
complex,
of being
displaced
by another
one;

patient.

The

to

being
simply
added
to the
how the hopelessly
complex
nates.
In order
to strengthen

In

believes

successive
The

pearance
they
are

has
parts

analogous
to that of a
who has a feeling
of underbut has not the understandThis characteristic
may be

is,

best,

machine
large

state

leads

tarily,
and the ejaculation
difficult
if not impossible.
to the repudiated
wish

tion of single
not accompanied

inside.

unimaginable.

the

derstands
ratus well,

(b)

influencing
construction;

completely

where

to look

semen,

a new

because
its structure
harmonizes
perfectly
with the function
attributed
to it, and because

through

ejaculate

an
to

erection,

drains

mt.Ztsch.

f.

#{149}
SPRING

1992

Psa.

therefore,

be

apparatus
genitalia

is a
pro-

analogous

in origin

The frequent
comthat the apparatus
off semen,

III, 1915.

and

weak-

191

TAUSK

ens potency
only confirms
this
rate, the analogy
of the symptom
production,
symptom

as well as the
to psychoanalytic

view. At any
to a dream

accessibility
of the
dream
interpreta-

tion is a step beyond

the rationalizations
the demand
for causal
connections
derlie
the usual clinical
interpretation
influencing
now present

manipulated
ner,

and
that unof the

machine
in schizophrenia.
I can
my example,
which
will not only

strengthen

our

hypothesis,

but

will enlarge

it

years
She

is Miss

Natalija

A., thirty-one

number

of years,

and
can make
means
of writing.
a half years she
of an electrical
though

this

due

to an

has

been
machine

machines

use

in

mother,

details.

patients

Her

male
the

of the

and

of

similar
machines.
Of
explanation,
describing

body,
not

likewise
friends

this

the

by

of a human
form,
though

female

influence

ear,

the
are

also

machine

latter
she gives
only the apparatus

which
she herself
is subjected.
She
that for men
there
is a masculine
representing
the masculine
women
a female
one. The

form
trunk

and
(torso)

about

the shape
of a lid, resembling
the lid of a
coffin
and is lined with silk or velvet
Regarding the limbs two significant
explanations
are
given.
them

At the
as entirely

first interview
natural
parts

she described
of the body.

state of the body. She cannot

head-she

says

that

she

and she does not know

is not
whether

sure

see the
about

it

the machine

bears her own

head. She has practically noth-

ing to report

about

does not know

to be handled,

definitely
neither

is connected

the

head.

The

patient

how this machine

does she know how

with her; but she vaguely

JOURNAL

is
it

thinks

OF PS CHOTHERAPY

parts

batteries,

was first

of the
which

internal

Those
a slimy

produced

machine
are

time
with

consist

supposed

organs

of

of

to rep-

the

human

who handle
the machine
prosubstance
in her nose, disgusting

but now the

any genitalia,

why or how
they
disappeared
she
tell. Ever since
the machine
lost its
the patient
has ceased
to experi-

sexual
sensations.
She became
familiar
which

she

with

had

the

apparatus,

previously

heard,

through

all kinds

of occurrences,

through
through

conversations
auditory

among
people,
that is,
hallucinations. The man

who
her

utilizes
rejected

prompted
had refused
trying

few weeks
later
these
limbs
were not placed
on the coffin lid in their
natural
form,
but
were merely drawn on it in two dimensions,
in the position they would
occupy
in the
natural

inner

though
cannot
genitalia,
ence

for
has

nose

of the genitalia
of the machine;
machine
no longer
possesses

of

is certain
machine

her

smells,
dreams,
thoughts,
feelings,
and disturb
her while
she is thinking,
reading
or
writing.
At an earlier
stage,
sexual
sensations
were produced
in her through
manipulation

no
to

or

on

the

body.
duce

only
by
for six and

prohibited

is

form
own

under

present

resent

under
the influence
made
in Berlin,

the police.
It has the
indeed,
the patients
all

ulcer

herself
understood
She declares
that

in a certain
manoccurs
to it happens

that

on the nose of the machine,

and some
later the patient
herself
became
afflicted
electric

old, formerly
a student
of philosophy.
has been
completely
deaf
for a great

everything

outstandit is being

also to her. When

someone
strikes
this machine,
she feels the blow in the corresponding part of her own body.
The ulcer
(lupus)

it. The
patient

by someone

and

now

materially.
The

that it is by means
of telepathy.
The
ing fact about
the machine
is that

especially

the apparatus
to persecute
suitor,
a college
professor,
by jealousy.
his courtship

by means

a friendship

Very
she

of suggestion
between

his

who had
influence

not
her

her to the
only
she
physicians,

is

soon
after
she
felt that he was
to bring

sister-in-law,

mother,
and
herself,
his obvious
being
to use this influence
to make
him.
When,
however,
suggestion
subjected
chine;
mother,

her,

about
her

purpose
her accept
failed,
he

influence
of the maherself
but
also
her
her friends,
all those

her welfare
at heart,
of this diabolical

came under
apparatus,

the
with

the result
that
the physicians
submitted
a
mistaken
diagnosis
to her, the apparatus
deluding
them
into diagnosing
other
ailments
than those with which

PRACTICE

AND

RESEARCH

she was afflicted. She

192

could
no longer
get
and relatives,
arousing
and feeling
impossible

along
with
everyones

compelled
to obtain

the patient.
inaccessible

On
and

too,

was under

that

he

they

had

to run
any further

her
only

third
stated

that
a stage

tom which
as a delusion

It was
from

to her,

that

each other.
reason
for

the influencing
in the development

can also appear

of reference.

and

not

the

patient

herself,

ulations

machine
repof a symp-

she

senses

on

the

apparatus

part
manner.

undergone

by the apparatus

taneously
in the
patients
versa.
Thus,
the apparatus

her by suggestion
failed.
seems
to have
previously
machine
is also enlightening.

following
sations;
a period

obviously

familiar

enced
ratus;

sensations

before
this

awakened

she

in the

that

was

she

subjected

is analogous

to the

she
the
rec-

patient

had

experi-

to the

appa-

well-known

that persons
in a state of infatuation
feeling
of having
always
known

the

fact
have the
beloved

one-in
reality
they are merely
rediscovering
one of their
old libidinal
imagoes.
We shall
hear later in how remote a past she had first
experienced
sensations
similar
to those
caused
by the influencing
apparatus.
The
peculiar
construction
of the ma-

the patients
it had possessed
as her genital

add

that

simul-

loss of her
genitalia
sensations

genital
senfor as long

any

my

inability

analysis

clear

the

place

body,
and
vice
loses its genitalia

to provide

detailed

de-

scription
of the head
of the apparatus,
and
especially
her inability
to decide
whether
it
was her own head or not, proves
conclusively
that it is her own head.
We know from analytic
observations
that the person
not recognized
in a dream
is actually
the dreamer
himself.
In
the Dream
of the Clinic,4
dreamer
meant
herself

of

that

the

she

dreamt

not

see.
A further

of a person

silk or velvet-may

may

take

patients

symbol

We

in the

had lasted.
of dream
interbe said that the

apparatus-namely,

genitalia.

all manip-

Applying
the technique
pretation
to this case, it may

chine
substantiates
our
assumptions
to a
great
extent,
especially
with
regard
to the
significance
of the machine
as a projected
of the

patients

of her own body and in

All effects
and
changes

stated
that her persecutor
had recourse
to the
apparatus only when his attempt
to influence

ognition

the

and

performed

corresponding
the same

without
this stage,
The patient
clearly

The
fact that
heard
about
This vague

only

tained
from the patients
report:
the apparatus is distinguished
above
all by its human
form,
easily
recognized
despite
many
nonhuman
characteristics.
In form
it resembles

of the apparatus,

hostile

represents

genitalia but obviously, her whole

person.
It
represents
the projection
of the patients
body
on to the outer
world.
At least,
the
following
results
are
unquestionably
ob-

visit she became

that the analyst,

the influence
become

apparatus

her friends
animosity,
away.
details

could
no longer
understand
This case provides
a definite

believing
resents

old

MACHINE

INFLUENCING

detail

whose
in the
that

head

she

description
the

it was
when
could
of the

lid is lined

substantiate

this

with

opinion.

in Int.
Ztschr.
f. Psa.
111914.
P. 466.
Miss N. dreams:
I am seated
on an upper
bench
in
the surgical
amphitheatre.
Below a woman
is being operated
on. She lies with her head
towards
me, but I cannot
see the head, as it seems
to he concealed
by the lower
benches.
I see the woman
I see both thighs
and a heap of white towels and linens. I see nothing
only from her chest down.
else
clearly.
Analysis
of the dream
reveals
that
the dreamer
sees
herself
as the woman
operated
on. A few days
before the night of the dream,
the dreamer
called on a young physician
who made advances
to
her.
On this occasion
she was reclining
on a couch. The physician
raised her skirts and while he operated
below,
she perceived
the heap of white underclothes
overhead.
Just as much
as she saw of
herself in this situation,
she sees of the woman
in the dream,
and
the womans
head remains
invisible to her in the same way as she could not see her own head in the actual situation.
According
to
Published

Freud,

the

terpretation

woman
will

without

a head

not be discussed

in

here,

VOLUME

a dream

represents

but will be treated

#{149}
NUMBER

the

mother.

in another

2 #{149}
SPRING

1992

The

section

basic

reason

of this paper.

for

this

in-

193

TAUSK

Women
terms

very
frequently
feelings
evoked

the

own

skin.

form
here,

of batteries
although

That

meaning

the

describe
in
by caressing

such
their

appear

in the

intestines

is only of slight significance

it will assume
a profounder

later

on.

This

superficial

appearance
of undisguised
fantasies.
The patient obviously
seeks not to recognize
herself
in the influencing
machine
and therefore
in

interpreta-

tion may be associated

with the information
given directly
or indirectly
to school
children
to the effect
complicated
dency
tation

that the
machine.

viscera
resemble
In our case

seems
to be towards
of this
infantile

the

a verbal
conception.

nomenon
there
is a defense
mechanism
which
has as its aim the protection
of the
conscious
ego against
the appearance
or re-

self-protection

a very
ten-

interpreThis

features;
pearance
recognize
rejection

she divests
it of all human
in a word,
the less human
the apof the delusion,
the less does
she
herself
in it. The
origin
of this
will be examined
later.

When

the

influencing

machine

of Miss

conclusion
regarding
its ontogeny
is arrived
at with the help
of the description
given
by
the patient
of her influencing
apparatus.
At the very
beginning
the patient
reported
that
the limbs
of the apparatus
ap-

it was
Natalija
A. first came
to my attention,
in a special
stage of development;
I was for-

peared
Several

mation
from
the genitalia.

in their
natural
form
and
weeks
later,
she declared

limbs

were

drawn

on the

lid. This

position.
that
the
is obviously

tunate,
moreover,
in observing
in the process
of development
the limbs,
and also in obtaining

end

with

a manifestation
of the progressive
distortion
undergone
by the apparatus,
which,
consequently,
eventually
loses all human
character-

tion, but
will pass

istics and
influencing

will stop

the

becomes
machine.

limbs

are

patient,

sure,

the
genitalia
however,
that
following
mensional

a typical,
unintelligible,
First the genitalia,
then

eliminated

to be

encing

in this
is unable

are
removed.
the limbs
are

manner:
human

they
form

process.

The

to report

how

She
removed

lose their
and flatten

ing

the

recall
ratus

the developmental
has obviously
the

that

of forgetting

tures.
that

the

It is not
the

of such
nally

too

coffin
successive

it had

causative

derlying

every

bold

represented

distortion

as
pic-

to draw
that

distortion.

of a psychic

JOURNAL

appa-

is a product

brings

in such

apto

of dream

a human

herself.
experience

factors

it have

that the
A failure

and

possible

without

that

it

proceed-

three-dito a two-

a conclusion

distortions

It is very
point,

in the

would

machine

end.

states,

stages
of the
same
significance
origin

lid of the

namely,
the patient
Psychoanalytic
the

at all. Nor

had she stated

had any limbs.

influobserva-

further.

In the meantime,
hypothesis
that
the

reader.

origi-

being-

may

be

to the

general
machine

scribed

and
perhaps
before

influencing

to light

the
the

Un-

ond

phe-

the

OF PSICHOTHERAPY

A.

would
defined

tiate
dream,

into

merely

an

considerhas been
of Miss

inexplicable

rule. The complex,

as fantastically
deby

machine

a second
itself to

all that
machine

other

first have to be
an explanation

of other

influencing
patients

could

material

patients

studied
of Miss

be

to substan-

except
the
machine
with the assumption
that

together

I realize

AND RESEARCH

and
N.s

undertaken.

at hand

apparatus
is a projection
genitalia.
In presenting
this

hypothesis

PRACTICE

taken

interpreted

our
hypothesis
we shall start

first,

be

consider
suggested

notwithstanding
the influencing

exception
unintelligible

For want

we may
may have

It must

Natalija

limbs

typical

to clinical

affirm
that this apparatus
all the stages
of develop-

at a middle

not

any

regarding
process
will

of the

known

to the very

ation
that,
said above,

possess

production

I cannot
through

dimensional
plane.
It would
not have been
surprising
if after a lapse of several
weeks,
the
patient
had declared
that the apparatus
did
been
astonishing
paratus
had never

the patient
herself
I assume
that this

apparatus

ment

the machine
as concerned
specific
infor-

how

with,
much

or

in lieu

indulgence

of
secof,
is

194

INFLUENCING

exacted
of the reader,
and I should
surprised
if I were reproached
with
legerdemain.
I myself
was unpleasantly
prised

was

to discover
that this second
probably
as valid as the first,

consequence

both

became

not
levity

tom
loss

end of this paper.

Attention
may be

differs
and
theory.
Fortuitself which

called

now

which
This

I have
symptom

in schizophrenia
of ego boundaries.

complaint
patients

that
thoughts,

enclosed

in

throughout
neously
tient

his
the

in the

seems

own

head,

but

are

no

longer

to realize

the Wagner-Jauregg
laughter
whenever
thoughts.
when
I had

be familiar
curred

revealed

being
questioned
beenjesting;
she
with

her

would

Lies

fabricated

dren

who

fall
resist

the
the

the

they

period
first

before

year

regular

of

the

life

are

elimination

exists

be formed
of guilt.

to have

secrets

establishing

carrying

symptom

with

are given
subsequently
know

their
to the

out

stage obfalls into

case

child
and
and

strivwhich

of the most
of the ego,

and

parents

again,
The

from

excluded
is one
in the formation

the

attributed

does
does

not
not

educators
the

yet
yet

know

content

that

to them,
the patients
from
their
belief
that
thoughts.

This

infantile

must

impressions

be
origi-

nating
in an earlier
period
in life, when
the
child
knows
nothing
through
its own efforts
but obtains
all its knowledge
from
others:
its language,
its
how to make
use of its limbs,
thoughts.
At that period
all is given
to the
child,
all joy and all sorrow,
and it is difficult
to evaluate
what share
the child
itself has in

oc-

first

may
feeling

in which
the
right
to privacy

that

others

is a

had
beI must

since

right

in

thoughts
deduce

for a long
that

belief

own will. The developmental

in the above-mentioned

everything.5
The

time in my own head.

with this infantile
stage

into
in

knew

the

doubt

the
not

individpatient
in

she

for

this period,
sense
this

in gay
for her

that

thoughts,

at the same
We are familiar

This

he

by the

ones
served

spread

Clinic
indulged
she was asked

Catamnesis

while
lieved

with

conception

caused

especially

simultaThe pathat

separate
psychical
entity,
an ego
ual boundaries.
A sixteen-year-old

this

now

the parents
are
powerful
factors

named
is the

world
and
occur
heads
of all persons.

lying,
ing

to a symp-

everyone
knows
that his thoughts
are

a strong

thing,
even its most secret
thoughts.
Later on,
in the event
that the child
has been
caught

in
or

brings
into immediate
harmony
both
interpretations
of the influencing
apparatus.
This
problem
will be touched
upon
again
towards
the

in which

that
others
know
of the childs
thoughts.
Until
the child
has been
successful
in its first
lie, the parents
are supposed
to know
every-

sur-

hypothesis
and that

improbable

worthless,
since
their
content
each
leads to quite
a different
nately,
another
theory
suggests

of thinking,

be
or

MACHINE

accomplishments.6

its

that

it is able

successful

nothing

lie,

unusual;

of bodily

which
they

wastes

when,

The

sudden

to accomplish

can

occurs
be

by means

discovery

a task

very

early

observed

without

in

infancy.

especially

in

of grimaces,

the

chil-

gestures

and

inarticulated
words, they mislead
the training
person
into believing
that they have had satisfactory
evacuation.
The educator
who allows herself to be deceived
by the child must ultimately
look to divine guidance
in order to keep the child within the truth, when the latter, to gain forbidden
pleasure, begins to enjoy the practice
of lying. Very soon the time arrives when recourse
to the highest
authority
of omniscience
becomes
necessary.
The introduction
of the omniscient
God
in the educational system becomes,
indeed,
a necessity,
since, de facto, children
learn to lie from parents
and
upbringers,

disguise
transfer
The
him.

who

by misrepresentations

and

his true purposes.

In order
the power
of omniscience

incomprehensible
Nevertheless,

nature
many

children

with regard
to his omniscience,
tom of the dethroned
parental,

of

unkept

to safeguard
to
this
do

God-an
deity
not

promises

precludes
submit

the
even

and not infrequently

specifically
paternal,

VOLUME

make

the

child

obey

and

teach

him

the success of education,

teachers
cannot
but
authority
which they themselves
have abandoned.

1 #{149}
NUMBER

to

possibility
this

actually
power.

2 #{149}
SPRING

authority,

succeed

1992

of practicing
continually

in unmasking

deception
test

him

on

God
as a phan-

their

to

195

TAUSK

help
great

of others
is greeted
by the child
deal
of surprise
and excitement

probable,

therefore,

that

sents
a regression
infancy.
But this
presents

a problem:

What

causes

symptom

particular
period

How

the

a reaction
aries,
and

this

to this
special

far

formation

back

ego

begins

to take

form

termed

repre-

does

and,

not

the

independent
is established
possible
that

have

a greater

rate,

time

upon

ment
of this awareness
nourished.
To be sure,
soon

take

on

a special

no objects

of the

that
outer

But for the time

there
is a stage
world

exist,

there
is no realization
that
At that period
there
nevertheless

desires
obtain

and
drives,
mastery
over

This

precedes
recognized

became

to
the

evident

neurotics,

in

of objects
of pleasure,

him

and
a specific
urge
whatever
stimulates
The

whom

the

the

analysis

inability

to

outer

way to the outer

able
to develop

world;
world
an

he has

not

found

and, therefore,
adequate
ego

to

the
char-

from

which

the

stimulus

emanates

and

sensory
response.
The next
stage

that

of an outward

projection

and
tant

the attributing
object,
hence

of this stimulus
to a disa stage
of distancing
and

of development

of the

is then

of the

intellect,

and

stimulus

along

with

guard
kind

to this psychical
achievement,
and as a
of critical
authority
for objectivation

there

is evolved

of distinguishing
jectivity,
and

to
to

enables

the

at the same
time the faculty
between
objectivity
and suban awareness
of reality,
which

individual

experiences
uli-in
other

identification
with the objects.
The neuhimself
simply
stands
for what attracts
in the

espe-

have
led
organization

the

of

obtain

of gratification
or
was seen to be due

Obser-

of psychical
developperiod,
and that, at any
organization
must
be con-

libido

objectivation

developmental

from

world.

considerations,

this a transfer
of libido
to the discovered,
or
rather,
self-created,
outer
world.
As a safe-

the stage of object

finding
as that of identification.

possession
reach
goals
their
rotic

has
exist

is observable.

stage that
has been

and

one

this

object

which

therefore
an ego.

sex organs

to be
will

significance

other

own
and

nous and immanent.

At this stage of development
the psyche
does
not yet perceive
that
intervals
of time and space
exist between
the

develop-

than
the drive
the sex instincts

must not be underestimated.

being,
it should
be stated
when

the

of the

theoretical

cases

sidered
a correlate,
if not a cause,
of the
objectlessness.
This organization
of libido
corresponds
also to the stage
of intellectual
development
in which
the person
considers
all the sensory
stimuli
he receives
as endoge-

of the infants
drives
and
only
gradually.
It is
the sex instincts
should

influence

objects

and

in such

the neurotics
to his own ego

acterizes
the beginning
ment,
the objectless

of object
finding.
The latter
comes
with gratification
and
renunciation
of instinctual
drives,
whereas
an awareness
of the outer
world,
desires,
hardly

libido

cially
those
of Freud,
assumption
that this libido

boundof in-

than

The

directed
towards
it is attached

to the

vations

as

psychical
unit?
assume
that the

earlier

narcissistic.

has been
personality;

it go?

ego

world,
the ego
the realization

dividuality,
of self, as a distinct
Theoretically
we cannot

stunted,
exclusively
libidinal
relationships.
This peculiar
organization
of libido
has been

a
is

stage
of
of infancy

of the

to the outer
what arouses

with
It

to recognize

as distinct
from
words,
to regard

the

his inner
outer
stiminner
experi-

ences
as internal
and not to confuse
them
with
the objects
of sensory
response.
This
correlative
developmental
process,
however,

his

is unin his

is apt

to

meet

with

inhibitions.

Freud

emphasized

There

are

In

the

discussion

infants

conception

Having

obtained

the
and,

childs
along

feeling
with

of
its

this

paper

that

others

language
that

it, his

others

thoughts,

JOURNAL

at

the

knew

from
know
has,

Vienna

Psychoanalytic

thoughts
others,
the
its

his

thoughts

therefore,

OF PSCHOTHERAPY

Society,

has its source

infant

has

as well
some

also
as that

basis

PRACTICE

in

in the process
received
others

thoughts
made

reality.

AND

RESEARCH

that

of learning
from
him

the

the

to speak.

them;
language

and

196

INFLUENCING

inhibitions

from

say, from

the

is the

the intellectual

side,

chief
there

ego-the

intellect-and

that arise from

the transference
various
stages
of development
ous results
depending
upon
the

ego

to the

libido.

of libido
in
and with varithe relation
of

These

points

tion are called,

after
Freud,
In most cases the factor
that
turbances
seems
Thus,
it is clear
that

paranoia

or as we

weapon
of which
are inhibitions

of inhibi-

fixation-points.
causes
ego

dis-

to lie in lesions
of the libido.
from
Freuds
interpretation

is a reaction

to repressed

homosexual

libido

recognized
remaining
sive

organization,

as originating
within.

measure

projection

the

ego

nounced
homosexual
with onrushing
force
inal

inhibition

tion

is mistaken

to more

ness

of judgment,

We

may
libido

facing

the

in

caused
ever,

in impaired
internal
psychiand projecone,

that

in

task

weak-

accompanying

case

the

ego

at self-cure

which

tions.

During

various
formations

an insane

cesses
levels

and

ative
inhibition,
development

cases

of libido
of

in which

and

libido.

Howgrad-

primarily,
of
the
individual.

inhibition

the entire
The
one

VOLUME

may

arise

symptom
types;
and

with

given

of

keep

regard

to

moment

re-

In considering

instinctual

drives

in mind

forpro-

that

we

must

con-

all inhibited

drives

are capable
of being
transformed
into,
or
being
discharged
as, anxiety.
To quote
Freud,
It may
be said that, in a certain
theoretical
formed
only in order
inevitable
development

to

the

from

Freud

homosexual

that

libido

the

projec-

in paranoia

is

measure
of the
and socially
rep-

rehensible
conscious.

sexual
urge pressing
from the unIs it possible
to regard
the

projection

of the

the

belongs

to the

primarily

patients

of Miss Natalija
Naturally,
the

subserve

intellect

#{149}
NUMBER

learned
the

to be regarded
as a defensive
ego against
an inopportune

case
tion?

as a correl-

endangers

consideration.

inhibitions

stantly

variety
at

outer

develop

ego

there

permanent
clinical

great

regression

careful

quires

of

sive impairment

their

of

have

that

but

itself

insanely.7
that
usually

of the

normally

retreat,

of anxiety.

im-

to the

from
these
develop
all mixed
psychotic
mations.
The existence
of these
partial

tion

psychosis

this

of

an

developed

temporary
or
of different

We

of

have

sense,
symptoms
are
forestall
an otherwise

finds

at adaptation

which,
whenever
there
is a marked
discordance
between
the diseased
and the normal
portions
of the psyche,
abandon
their normal
level and retreat,
for the purpose
of adaptation, to the lower
level of the impaired
func-

ap-

cases

and

and qualiprocess.

ually and insidiously,

beginning
with earliest
infancy,
we may assume
not so much
a succes-

The

tempts

functional
disturbance
by means
of compensations
and
overcompensations.
Furthermore,
there
occur
regressions
on the part of

later
life, with a history
of previous
it is not
difficult
to
psychic
health,
that the impairment
of the ego is
by an impairment

in

the

of mastering

hence
behaves
neuropsychoses

which

affective
the

re-

inhibi-

external

marked

organization,

and
In the

pear
relative
observe

an

with

say

the

emerges
Libid-

intellectual

of the psyche
quantitatively
determined
by the morbid

paired

world,

for

or less

and

is a defen-

against

may be manifested
or in insanity.
An
due to displacement

leads
reactions
tatively

to

be

within

libido
that
out of repression.

leads

tion, which
judgment,
cal process

should

from

This
of

an
reof

drives
does not develop
is paralleled
by an arrest
of

the functions
of the other
group
of drives and
by a simultaneous
development
of secondary
relations,
which
are to be regarded
as at-

functions

homo-

sexuality.
The prohibition
against
finding
object
for the homosexual
drive,
which
sults in an inhibition
of the transference

group
of instinctual
normally,
and this

MACHINE

#{149}
SPRING

are

1992

defense
patients

to

be

own

as an
projection
of
own

attributed

body

analogous
would
that

libido

body,

and

to dementia.

in the
situahave to
which
which

197

TAUSK

has become
either
too
portune
in its demands

extensive
for the

able

to tolerate

sary
only

to assume
that this projection
to the libido
of the body and

libido

it as her

of the

over,
tated

psychic

own.

or too
patient

ego,

It is also

mopto be

finding
gression

phenomenon
which
has

neces-

pertains
not to the

as well,

that,

of the

more-

so to speak,
mechanism

ashamed
has been

dealing

with

with

the

a libido

or con-

however,
to

libido

reach

there
the

positions.

is al-

formerly

In paranoia,

re-

demands
The
co#{235}val

at the behest
of the cultural
of the ego.
libido
directed
towards
a persons

intellectual

object

which

position

of the psychic

position
of

effort

onset

compensated

regressions,

an

either
by reof a vestigial

gression
reaches
a stage
when
homosexual
object
choice
has not yet come
under
the
prohibition
of the ego and there
is free homosexual
libido
which
is only later subjected

process
of object
findingto believe
that we are here

beginnings

effectively

uninhibited

of it.
cho-

sen for the purpose

of defense-a
mechanism belonging
to the primary
functioning
of
the ego in the
gives us reason

In

ways

is achieved
persistence

(Resterscheinung-Freud),
for years and up to the

been

illness

cealed.

the libido
of the psychic
ego8 has facilithe defense
against
the bodily
libido

because
it was,
That
a projection

and which
or by the

which

is

to

repression

own

self,

the

ego

tries

to get

rid

of by

The

projection

noia,

the

eration

the

which

out

of the libido

mechanism

the

fact
ego

that
itself

of harmony

Miss

of which

was discovered

ego-libido

is necessarily

represents.

We

with

object-libido

shall

and

ego produces

by Freud.
homosexual

describe

which

the symptoms

In what
in

briefly

one

of simple

we shall

its strivings,

only

is exemplified

follows

that

omit

is, attracted

mechanism,

by the

para-

from

which

considby

the

appears

symptomatology

of our

sex
to

be

patient,

Natalija.

The
and

patient
she

a later

reports:

strike

After

she had

up a friendship

proposal

on his part.

with

What

rejected

her suitor,

his sister-in-law,

appears

here

she felt that

so that

the

patient

as suggestion

he suggested
might

on the suitors

that

be more

part

her mother
amenable

is nothing

to

more

than the projection

of the patients
own
unconscious
inclination
to accept
the proposal
of marriage.
She had rejected
the proposal
not without
inner
conflict
and had vacillated
between
accepting and rejecting
her suitor.
She gave realization
in action
to the rejection,
while she projected
her
inclination
to accept
the proposal
on to the object
of her conflicting
desires
and made
it appear
as
the sensory
effect
of an influence
on the part of the object,
or in other
words
as her symptom.
The patient
was ambivalent
towards
her suitor,
and projected
one side of the conflict,
the positive

libidinal

procedure

one,

while

manifesting

in action

the

was

negative

in conformity
with her ego. The choice,
outcome,
may in other
cases be the reverse
one. Here
nism of partial
projection
of ambivalent
tendencies.
A special
contribution
to the subject
of the projection

side,

the

rejection,

because

which
in this instance
has
I am merely
calling
attention
mechanism,

which

also

this

projection
to the
made

as its
mecha-

me aware

of

this principle,
was made by Dr. Helene
Deutsch
in her discussion
of this paper at the Vienna
Psychoanalytic
Society. A schizophrenic
patient
had the feeling
that her friends
always laid down their
work when she herself began to work and that they sat down whenever
she stood up; in brief, that
others were always performing
the opposite
of what she herself was doing. The patient
merely felt
this: she could
not possibly
see it, since she was blind. Dr. Deutsch
regarded
the symptom
as a projection
of one of two tendencies
present
in every one of her patients
actions-namely,
the tendency
to do and the tendency
not to do. This interpretation
was confirmed
by cases presented
by
other
discussers.
On this occasion
Freud
proposed
the formulation
that it is ambivalence
that
makes
the projection
mechanism
possible.
Once
expressed,
this thesis appears
self-evident.
It has a
corollary
in another
contention
of Freuds,
to the effect
that ambivalence
produces
repression.
This has as its natural
consequence
the formulation
mentioned
above,
since only what is repressed
is projected,
in so far as boundaries
between
the unconscious
and the conscious
still obtain.
The
entire
problem
furnishes
special
justification
for Bleulers
term schizophrenia,
and at the same
time

The

P#{246}tzls views

corroborates

present

paper

shows

how,

discussed
below in footnote
14.
albeit unconsciously,
I had been

demonstrating

tion.

JOURNAL

OF PSX HOTHERAPY

PRACTICE

AND RESEARCH

Freuds

formula-

198

INFLUENCING

projecting
its own
teristic
of a period
conflict

with

jects.

This

body,
when

the

demands

period

individuals
still

of other

must

coincide

velopmental
stage
of
object
finding
still
own

the

and

when

the

de-

latter

cathexis.

An

chosen

occur

object

by the

either

found

is

libido.

by

These

be-

simultaneously

but for my purpose

as distinct.
The projection

the

are

of ones

to be
body

regarded
may,

the outer
world,
and is still groping
for his
hands and feet as though
they were foreign
objects.
At this time,
everything
that
hap-

by outer
later
on
into

objects.
pieced

a unified

from his own body; his

of stimuli
arising
in his
upon
it as if produced

These
together
whole

disjecta
and

under

the

membra
are
systematized
supervision

of

that receives
all sensations
of
and pain from these separate parts.

a psychic

unity

pleasure

ceding
upon

projection

stage,

although

two

and

projection

choice

within
I do not

with

as sources
But
viously

narcissism
the

develops;

function

and,

organs

are correct,

Freud
has already
indicated
nia is located
at a stage even

ent route,
contentions.

and I take

the

liberty

this object

in his paper
earlier
than

find-

in object
ones
own
run counter
the
and

all available

VOLUME

depends
has

still to

existence

of

of identification
finding

and

object

body.
to psychoanalytic

in contending

ual comes
into
in which
libido

that

the

individ-

world
as an organic
unity
ego are not yet separated,
libido

is related

to that

or-

ganic unity, which

does not deserve
the name
ego
(i.e., a psychical
self-protective
organization)
any more
than
does
the cell. In this
situation
the individual
is equally
a sexual
and
an individual
ing ego and

being,
simultaneously
reproductive
functions,

performlike the

cell that takes

nourishment
up to the time
when
it divides.
This stage of the newly born
child is biological up to the time of conception,
from
stage

on the Schreber
autoeroticism.

of presenting

in the

that

the

phases

but must
be regarded
the time when-at
of

foetal

being.

as psychological
an indeterminable

life-cerebral
the
the

I am

bido and accompanied

anxiety,
the birth-cry.
trauma
is over and

of pleasure,
autoeroticism
results.
if the psychoanalytic
theories
preemployed

posi-

development

point
newly
in

accord

of view of libido,
born
child
is a
with

Freuds

assumption
that the individuals
first renunciation
is the renunciation
of the protection
of the mothers
body
imposed
upon
the li-

in accor-

of individual

part

assuming

successive

sexual

ego,

of

libido

identification

then,

these

discovered,
is cathected
libido;
in accordance
with
dance

by a stage

participated

the

the

takes place.
From
we may say that

with
the available
the psychic
nature

be
by

to assume
two succesand projection.9

which

This process takes place by means of identification with ones

own body.
The
ego, thus

of the

preceded

can
only

a narcissistic

postulated
be discovered.

and

which
world

finding
within
ones
own
organs
then,
be the second
phase
of the pre-

conceptions

then,

be traced
back to the developmental
stage in
which
ones own body is the goal of the object
finding.
This
must
be the time
when
the
infant
is discovering
his body,
part by part, as

pens to him emanates

psyche
is the object
own body but acting

be

with

I am,
may

or in sequence,

they

The
object
would,

intellect,

processes

must

identification

is

tween
object
choice
and object
finding.
By
the former,
I mean
only libidinal
cathexis;
by
the latter,
the intellectual
awareness
of this
and

own organs,
of the outer

tion, and it is necessary

sive stages
of identification

which
the

of the outer
world.
differentiating

ones
as parts

projection,

love-ob-

with

the psyche
in
occurs
within

body,

regarded
as part
I am intentionally

ing within
regarded

naturally,
is characit was still free from

MACHINE

biography,
that the libido
in schizophreat the same conclusion
by a differI arrive

this fact as proof

#{149}
NUMBER

by that expression
of
However,
once this first
no discontent
arises
to

2 #{149}
SPRING

of the correctness

1992

of Freuds

199

TAUSK

bring
the infant
into
with the environment,
session
of the

of his own
outer
world,

a clash with himself

he is in complete
libido
and
not even

nourishment
stant struggle

and
pos-

in various

knows
nothing
that part of the

and
regeneration.
centering
about
degrees

stinctual

in relation

drives;

to various

it concerns

homo

in-

-and

het-

world which
he will soon discover
within
himself. It is this stage
of identity
that precedes

ero-sexuality

the first projection

for the purpose
of object
finding
within
ones own body. This stage did
not come
about
because
of that psychic
activ-

vokes
various
reactions,
compensations,
perstructures
and
eliminations.
secondary
psychical
formations
then

suThese
enter

ity which
may be called
identification,
but is
present
from the beginning.
Nevertheless
the
result
is the same
as in actively
established

again

insolu-

ble dynamic,
qualitative,
relative
and modal
relations,
resulting
in a great
variety
of char-

identity-absolute

acter

types

both

of the

self-satisfaction,

no

different

outer

world,
no objects.
Let us designate
this stage
as the innate narcissistic one. In this situation
the libido
is directed
outward,
first cathects
the subjects
own body by the indirect
way of
projection,
and returns
by way of self-discovery

to the

ego.

undergone
influence

In the

a decided
of these

which
again

one may
cathected

stage,

acquired

meantime,

the

alteration
first
psychic

and
us

The

attached

for

and

their

functions,

flict

with

the

development
anxiety
and
aegis

various

which,
judgment,

of all the

faculties

all time
and

organs

is in constant

further

narcissism
on it.
normally

to the
stages

have

been

understand
velops
with
tic libido
existence
recognize

are

primary,

development

or in their

far

as

relation

arrested
at as many

to

and may
points
as

tertiary

of that

psychical

stage

and
inof

when

the

was endeavoring
means
of projection.

to discover
It would

much

just

to

normal

say

that

primary

as the

(etc.)

individual

his body by
not be too
projection

development

an accumulation

OF PS HOTHERAPY

in
pro-

libido-so

secondary,

veloped

grad-

position,
that man in his struggle
for
is constantly
compelled
to find and
himself
anew,
and that the acquisi-

JOURNAL

alone

outer
stimuli,
takes place

life the ego dein the narcissis-

tion of narcissism
is immanent
in culture
is conceivable
only on the basis of intact
born
narcissism
that
serves
as a source

either

The

of the

tack
of
projection

since
these
are
the
to the greatest
difficulrelation
to the environwe must
definitely

that throughout
constant
shiftings

and

each
other-may
become
set up goals of regression
there

produce

symptoms.

ego

of
the

ually acquired
in the meantime.
The struggle
is carried
on, at first, chiefly
in the sphere
of
excretory
functions
and
of the autoerotic
sources
of pleasure,
spheres that give rise
ties in the individuals
ment.
Nevertheless,

concerns

and

and

cessful
position

with
the assistance
take place
under
that

combination

ego

conof

into

component
times,
and

insoluble. Let us suppose that the projection

of ones own body is a pathological
repetition

this

finds

every libido
at different

degrees

factors
of relationship
and development
The
entire
problem
is further
complicated
by the
elements
of time
and
space
and
so made

is now
call

latter

considerable
quantity
of innate
already
present
and is superimposed
The condition
of innate
narcissism
remains

has

under
the
stirrings,

call experience,
by libido.
Let
narcissism.

ego

and

This
conself occurs

the

has

in

been

because
the innate
narcissistic
had to be renounced
under

analogous

to the

so also
because

libido
the at-

pathological
there
has

of narcissistic

primary

suc-

de-

libido

narcissism,

though

here anachronistic,
regressive
or fixated,
but
resembling
it in character
in so far as it isolates
the individual
from
the outer
world.
Hence,
projection
of ones own body may be
regarded
as a defense
against
a libido
position

corresponding

tence

and

the

development.

Freud,

tated
to declare,
that psychological
back

to the

end

beginning

of

indeed,

PRACTICE

exis-

extrauterine
has

not

hesi-

in his Introdudoty
Lectures,
problems
are to be traced

to intrauterine
existence.
These
considerations
may

starting
point
schizophrenic

of foetal

be

used

as a

for the explanation

of various
symptoms.
Is it not possible

AND RESEARCH

200

INFLUENCING

that catalepsy, fiexibilitas

the stage when
foreign, as not

cerea, corresponds

man senses
belonging

to

his own organs

to himself,
and

as
as

knows and is in possession

of the thoughts
of
the patient.
In the period
here
duplicated
pathologically there are indeed no thoughts,

being
dominated
by an outside
force?
A simis the
symptom
of having
ones
ilar instance
limbs moved
by someone.
This symptom
re-

but even

produces

world

which

especially
ones

own

so to speak,
part
by outer
forces.

well
body

the

of an outer
May we not

stupor,
which
represents
tion
of the outer
world,
uterus?
May
not
these
symptoms
that

be the

has given
and

foetal
and
use in the

nursing
present

symptom,
phrenic,

the

of a psyche

most

primitive

ego

in toto to

retreated

the negativistic
is nothing
else
outer

world

guage.
Does
the terminal
cate

world dominated
say that catatonic

refuge

the

such
The

stare of the schizothan a renunciation

expressed

in organ

not also the nursing

reflex
in
stages
of general
paralysis
indi-

boundaries,

is the

feeling

that

are subjected,

they
of the
into

are
ego.
the

of being
the outer

accounted

among

Thoughts
must
consciousness

perceptions.
is a later

the

first be
of ego-

Freud
has taught
that this,
process,
and that it is preceded

the stage
of hallucinations
tures,
that is, a stage
when

too,
by

of memory
picthe perceptions

actually
appear
in the outer world and are not
regarded
as internal
occurrences.
Moreover,
this stage of hallucinatory
perceptions,
in itself representing
a kind of objectivation,
object finding
and object
choice,
also belongs
first

course,
faculties
thinking

period

of life.

The

regression,

of

does not occur

equally
in all psychical
and relationships.
The capacity
for
with memory
perceptions
is still in-

but

the

nursing
thinking

libido

is already

degraded

stage and sets up a relation

faculty
as it exists.
The

ness of personality
has been lost,
is shown
in the patients
inability
intact
psychical
inventory.
The

everyone

as already

process
from

unity
before
they can be an automatic
egofunction;
and this cannot
occur
before
the
intellect
has advanced
to the stage of memory

tact,
cerea

and of that stage in which

man regards
himself as a part of the outer
world,
lacks consciousness
of his own volition
and of his own
ego

before

to the

lan-

a regression
to infancy?0
psychic
correlate
of fiexibilitas

thoughts

stated above, to the same

regarded
at first as coming
functions
assimilated

and,

stages,
because
it cannot
state of its libido
even the
ego functions
that maintain
the reto the outer
world?
The
catatonic

simplest
lation

of the

has

in

strange

a complete
rejecis a return
to the
severest
catatonic

ultimate

up even

functions

situation

becomes

MACHINE

to the
with the
conscious-

and this loss

to locate
his
patient
who

Many

patients

ter, though,
coming

are

actually

younger

and

back into mother.

Dr. Helene
Deutsch,
old female schizophrenic
making

aware

only as a threat

a baby

smaller.

of this

of further
Now

regression

illness.

I am

four

during
the discussion
who wet and soiled

to

infancy

A patient
years

old.

and

to

said to me:
Shortly,

of this paper,
her bed and

I shall

the

embryonic

I feel that
get

into

I am

stage-the

lat-

constantly

be-

diapers

reported
the case of
stated as her justification

and

then

a thirty-one-year-

that

they were

of her.

On the same occasion

Freud,
referring
especially
to the influencing
machine
of Miss Natalija,
to the interchangeability
of sexuality
and death, called attention
to the significance
of the
the human
body
mode of burial of Egyptian
mummies.
To place the mummy
in a case resembling
suggests
the idea of the return
to mother
earth,
the return
to the mothers
body in death.
Freuds
reference
shows how as a compensation
for the bitterness
of death,
men take for granted
of return
to the uterus is, then, an atavistic one, a
the bliss of existence in the uterus. The fantasy
preformed
fantasy, and as such it may be added to the primal
fantasies
postulated
by Freud. This
fantasy
appears
symptomatically
in schizophrenia
as the pathological
reality of the regressing,
disinand
the schizophrenic
by
tegrating
psyche. The mummy
returns
to the mothers
body by physical,
psychical
death.
(Mutterleibsphantasie
-an
expression,
as far as I know, first used by Gustav
Gr#{252}ner.)
and

VOLUME

1#{149}
NUMBER

#{149}
SPRING

1992

201

TAUSK

declares that his thoughts

new

and feelings are in

ego-boundaries
world,
and
fore

set up against
the
his libido
is now compelled

to renounce

ject
the

the

normal

depend

psyches
ceptions.

upon

ability
This

regression.
nates.
stage

the

In this

knows
world,

has

psyche

may

seeing

represent

in

planes

development
of the
than the hallucinatory

attributed

to the

to the

great

ally

the

die

dependence

of

narcisorganic
uncon-

functioning
of the organnew in calling
attention
of physical

and even of life itself, upon

of life, or in the reminder

halluci-

behind
the
no longer

not

perhaps

loved.

to the

a broken

of

still

Freud

tells

succumbed
continuance

picture

a stage

visual
sense
stage?

outer
The

We

the

through
stance

earlier

health,

what is called
that one can

heart,

and

love
actu-

that,

as

on Great Men,
often die soon

of a famous

musician

to his illness
because
of his creative
work.
must
the

assume
entire

(Freuds

that
body,

view),

the

dis-

libido

perhaps
and

who

of the

flows

like

that

the

a subintegra-

tion of the organism

is effected
by a libido
tonus,
the oscillations
of which
correspond
to
the oscillations
of psychic
narcissism
and ob-

5
I have
stated
and self-choice

and

after they have been

absolved
of their duties
even when
they have previously
been
in the
best of health.
They
die, not of old age, but
because
they lose the love of life when
they
can no longer
perform
the duties
they have

patient

closer and closer

approaching

is

libido

that,

and judgrejected,

the

a relation
to the
of identification.

mothers
womb.
Furthermore,

effect,

Oswald
mentions
in his book
university professors emeritus

retreated
the intellect

how to establish
even by means

to this

with memory
pertoo,
may
undergo

case

The
libido
of identification,

of

with

scious
the unity and
ism. There
is nothing

ob-

intactness

to operate
faculty,

ego,

ego. Let us call this narcissism,

psychic
sism, and let us contrast
it with the
narcissism
that
guarantees
in the

relations
in so far as these
depend
upon
degraded
libido
position.
These feelings and this mode
of expres-

sion

of the

the guidance
of conscience
each new acquisition
is either

or cathected

outer
there-

intellectual

acquisition

under
ment,

all peoples minds merely declares, in words

and concepts
derived
from
the memory-reserve of a later developmental
stage,
that his
libido
finds
itself at the stage
when
it is still
identical
with
the outer
world,
still has no

that
narcissistic
repeat
themselves

self-discovery
with every

ject
libido.2
Upon
resistance
to illness

this tonus
depends
the
and death.
Love of life has

discussion
of this subject,
see Freud:
Metapsychologische
Ergdnzung
zur Traumlehre.
Int.
f. Psa. VI, 1916/1917.
(Translated
in Coil. Papers IV, 137-152.)
This work appeared
while
the present
paper was in proofs. I am pleased
to be able to refer to the many points of agreement
For

further

Ztschr.

my contentions
and
Freuds
in his paper,
of which
I had no knowledge
at the time.
Melancholia
is the illness,
the mechanism
of which consists
in the disintegration
of psychic narcissism, in the renunciation
of love for the psychic ego. Melancholia,
in pure culture,
is the paradigm
of the dependence
of the organic
upon the psychic narcissism.
The separation
of libido from the
psychic
ego, i.e., the rejection
and condemnation
of the raison
d#{234}tre
of the psychic person,
brings
with

it the

rejection

of the

physical

person,

the

tendency

to physical

self-destruction.

There

occurs

a consecutive
separation
of the libido from those organs which guarantee
the functioning
and
the
value of the physical
individuality,
a separation
by means of which the organs
function
is impaired
or given up. Hence
appetite
is lost, constipation
occurs,
menstruation
ceases,
and potency
is lostall as a result
of unconscious
mechanisms.
of the respective
organic
libido
positions
thus

to

be

fusal

of nourishment

Melancholia

strictly

differentiated
is

from

or in activities
the

persecution

JOURNAL

This
which
the

are

conscious,

inimical
psychosis

failure

of function
essentially
deliberate

is to be traced

vegetative,
suicidal

i.e.,

to the

unconscious;

tendency

destruction
it is

expressed

in

to life.
without

OF PSit HOTHERAPY

projection;

PRACTICE

its

AND

structure

RESEARCH

is due

to

specific

re-

202

INFLUENCING

saved
sicians

many

a man

who

as incurable.
Whenever
there

garlic
narcissism
predilection,3
sciousness
functions

was

given

occurs

to a given
there
may

an

up

by phy-

influx

of or-

and vegetative
role. Analcathected
by psychic
narcis

sism

love

and

object

mechanism
gen aufGntnd

XXXVIII,
,3Coil.

come

the cathexis

Papers

to

organ
or
estrangement.

and
organic
are relegated

to an unconscious
ogously,
objects

This

influx

its

that

tions;

from
with

the
the

of

the organ
libido,
or

This
turning

a defensive

of
deinaway

pathologically
from
its func-

is, by estraflgement 4

considered

di-

provides

functions,
i.e., the feeling
This
is the mechanism

of the ego
-overcharged

a sufficient

of libido

to the organ
and
of a transformation

scribed
by Freud
as hypochondria.
flux oflibido
is followed
by the

consciousness

has reached

of strength.

rects attention
consciousness

organ
as a site of
also occur
a con-

of organ
relations
which
in normal
life

wherever

degree

MACHINE

This

measure

is to be

against

the

of identification.
(Further
discussion
on this point in my paper Diagnostische
ErUrterunder Zustandthilder
der sogen. Krzegspsychosen.
Wiener
med. Wochenschrift
XXXVII[translated
1916. While this paper was in proof, Freuds
article Trauer and Melancholie
IV, 152-173]
appeared,
to which I refer in connection.)

This involves
zones.

the Freudian

principle

of the erotogenicity

of organs,

that

is, of the erotogenic

Dr. Otto
with

P#{244}tzl
suggested

a thesis

of his own

pression
volition
formed.

of the patients
into agonistic
(In Meyrincks

to move
legs.)

a limb

P#{244}tzls conception

the

on a certain

occasion

or as an addendum

(I do not remember
to theories

of others)

whether
that

the

it was in connection
catatonic

stare

is an ex-

to apportion
his motor impulses
disintegrated
by the split of his
and
antagonistic
elements,
so that a purposeful
action may again be perderKr#{220}Ie[lhe
Curse ofthe
Toad],
the milliped
is unable
story, DerFiuch
moment
he focusses
his attention
upon
the activity
of any one of his thousand
is in

inability

harmony

with

the

psychoanalytic

theory

that

the

regressive

narcissistic

ii-

bido undergoes
a pathological
division with the cathexis
of the individual
functions
of the psyche
and the organs so that the agonistic
and antagonistic
portions
of the purposefully
directed
antithetical pair of forces are brought
into the reach of awareness
by the disturbance
of the equilibrium
belibido quantities
and are deprived
of automatic
functioning.
This would be a
tween their respective
special
case of hypochondria
and estrangement
related
to the antithetical
pairs of forces
with their
respective
specific consequences.
P#{244}tzls view
does not contradict
the assumption
that the outer world may be eliminated
as a reallows the application
of the theory of
sult of regressive
narcissistic
libido, and it actually
hypochondria
to further
special points in the psycho-physical
make-up
of men. Potzls concept
even
able

suggests
the hypothesis
that there
was in the
one, it is true, and perhaps
only potential-in

life of man

a period-a

not

definitely

determin-

which

the activity of the antagonistic

pair of
forces was still automatic
and had to be discovered
and
learned
by the person
himself as if from an
alien outer world. This period
may well be present
in ontogenesis
only as an engram
of phylogenetic stages which comprised
the origin of the now complex
motor organs
from the simplest,
single-tracked
active formations.
Regression
in schizophrenia
would then be traceable
to those
that these phylogenetic
engrams
of the oldest era of the race, and the theory would demand
traces
of function
retain
their capacity
for being
reactivated.
We must not shrink
from
this hypotheproblems
in schizophrenia:
perhaps
this
sis. It provides
us with another
idea to use in investigating
remarkable
disease
consists
in just this-that
the phylogenetic
vestiges
of function
retain
in many
individuals
an extraordinary
capacity
for being
reactivated.
Psychoanalysis
would
have to make
room
for this conception,
since psychoanalysis
has already
in many instances
uncovered
the roots
of symptoms
in the history of the species.
From this it may perhaps
be possible,
via ontogenesis,
to

proceed
to an explanation
of the mysterious
electrical
currents
complained
of by patients.
This
paraethesia
may once have been a sensation
that accompanied
the first nerve and muscle functions. It is perhaps
a reminiscence
of the sensation
of the newly born
being
who enters the strange
air of the external
world out of the comfortable
covering
of the mothers
womb, or for whom the

VOLUME

#{149}
NUMBER

#{149}
SPRING

1992

203

TAUSK

anxiety
feeling

associated
of

libidinal

with
is

cathexis,

cerns

objects

body,

or

ment

does

its

no

of the

may

against

whether
world,

2.

it conones

own

course,
the estrangethe giving
up of the

libido
position.
The
a destructive
force
but

be very

duced

The

defense

matter

of the pathological
of the ostrich

which

outer

parts.
Of
not cause

unconscious
ment
is not
denial
instance

hypochondria.

strangeness

easily

it is an
the ego,

projected
on to the
reversal
of direction,

3.

the

loving

form

of

one

(the

a sense

patient

of

become
enemies.
The
more
energetic
attempt

esthe
object

in the

rejected
unconscious
libido.
The
narcissistic
organ
libido
in schizophrenia
may undergo
a similar
transformation. The estranged
organ-in
our case, the

1.

The

sense

of internal

These

psychological

to distinguish
history
of the

alteration

latter
is replaced
by its first
,5the patients
consciousness

as a

is to

functions

and

functions

ac-

ego.

of persecution

(paranoia

from projection
of
alteration
on to the

construction

be noted

The
into

of the

that

of the

word

ation.
sient

take

of the alpower,
(b)
influencing

among

these

precedence

assumption

specific

of

an

organs

in the

influx

organs

in the

physiological

should

receive

proper

On the
swellings

of

as equivalents
of erection,
erections
of the penis and
flow
of secretion
resulting

pro-

libido
sense

consider-

basis of this assumption

of organs
often
observed

schizophrenia
without
without
an actual
oedema

charging

pro-

or their

organs

the genitals
jection.

the

are, then,
compelled
three
principal
stages
in the
influencing
machine:

sense

produced
pathologi-

machine
as a summation
of some or all
of the pathologically
altered
organs
(the whole
body)
projected
outward.
It

enmity
is a new and
at protection
against

We

The

denied
and eliminated
alien to the wholly
or par-

by the

by the

Strangers

entire
body-appears
as an outer
enemy,
machine
used to afflict
the patient.

sound

into

outer
world,
(a) by attribution
teration
to a foreign
hostile

of

himself)

persecution.

organs

altered
so to speak

somatica)
arising
the pathological

latter and appears,

by a
as aggression
towards

is

cally

cepted

and which
must ultimately
be supplanted
by
other
or more
effective
measures
of defense.
When,
in paranoia,
the feeling
trangement
no longer
affords
protection,
libidinal
drive towards
the homosexual

of estrangement
whereby
the

tially

of libido

The feeling
by rejection,
are

ad absurdum,

reduced

influx

(hypochondria).

as something

estrangemerely

cathexis;
tactics
of

by the

given organ

tranin

inflammation
and
may be interpreted
produced
like
clitoris
by an overfrom
libidinal

of organs.5

garments.
The bed he first lay in, is perhaps
that one which
comes
to
when
he feels himself,
while lying in bed, electrified
by invisible
wires.

assumptions

are

strongly

supported

from

the

organological

standpoint

by

a re-

ago by Fauser at Stuttgart

on the presence
of sexual secretion
in the blood
of dementia
praecox
patients,
as demonstrated
by Abderhaldens
dialytic method.
New and important findings
in this connection
are to be expected
from Steinachs
experiments.
When the present
paper was completed,
there appeared
in the M#{252}nchner mediz. Wochenschrift,
No.6,
1918, under
the title Umstimmungen
der Homosexualitlit
durch Austausch
der Pubert/itsdr#{252}sen (Transformations
of
port

made

Homosexuality

some

years

by Exchange

of Puberty

Glands),

Steinach
and Lichtenstern,
which realized
there also appeared
in the Internationale
Ferenczi,
Von Krankheitsund Pathoneurosen
Theory and Technique
of Psychoanalysis
bidinal
cathexis
of individual
organs
ble success.
the

JOURNAL

a very

interesting

and

significant

these expectations.
After
the completion
Zeitschrift
f. #{227}rztl.
Psa. Volume
IV, 1917,
(Diseaseor Patho-Neuroses,
in Further
, p.78-89,

in the

sense

OF PS HOTHERAPY

London,

above

1926)
described

PRACTICE

in which
appears

AND RESEARCH

article by

of this paper
an article by S.
Contributions

the assumption
to be applied

to

of the liwith nota-

204

INFLUENCING

these

is

It is not at all surprising

that
is handled
by persons

the hostile
appawho to an objec-

ratus
tive

observer

cannot

objects-suitors,
persons
deal with

are
the

to

occurs

in normal

appear

with
demand

themselves.

This

too

love

sensuousness,
a transfer

But

the

strongly

of

another
patients
the

group
present

of love objects-mother,
physician,
close

family-are

patients

not

persecutors

counted
but

narcissis-

knowledgment
mand
for

can-

cuted,
compelled
to share
subjected
to the influencing
trast to paranoia,
persecutors
are
spiracy,

and

among

closest
cluding

who

performed.

cannot
normal

simply
give
way, because

are

and-in-

of their

presence

from

the

up the

To

in my

to
task,

ac-

separatlibido;
it
withdraw
only

to
un-

however,

demanding

react with
demanding

the

not

the
know

influencing

observations

may be due to faulty

Further
investigations

as an

the

To have

patient,

I do
work

felt

her love objects

in a
she has not cathected

those

she can only

to those
who

subare,

position
as a dealso
holds
for

object.

Our
up

identification.

persons
are

persecutors

for

is a difficult

normally.

with

passive

following

is

demand

ultimately

give

at a distance

is of
the

people
and

willingly

live at some distance

from the
the persecuted
belong
to the

because

leads

themselves

them

their
and

par distance

of an object
self-denial.
This

the

in being
In con-

with
libido

It

These

as enemies.
The fact that
spatially
distant
evokes
a
on the part of the libido.

strong

love

imagoes
of the
and hence
also family
members-repa kind
of constantly
present
family.
the family
members
are those
love ob-

jects

even

as hostile.
suitors.

position
object

of libido

the
of

perse-

and

conditions.
Spatial
distance
beloved
threatens
the object

from her
mechanism

circle
of acquaintanceship
the physicians
who are

father
resent
Now,

normal
ing the

and not the

a passive
con-

conspiracy

nature.
Of this phenomenon
explanation
may be offered:
It is noteworthy
that the
all persons
who
patient,
whereas

the

his fate
machine.

the persecuted
organized
into
this

friends

among

transfer

The

them

lovers

therefore,
repulsed
these
persons
are
feeling
of distance
extraordinarily

fixated,

to regard

a narcissistic
demands
for

actually

not but regard

this demand
made
by love
objects
as inimical,
and looks upon
the object
as an enemy.
It is to be noted,
however,
that

and
with

threaten
stantial

All these

is what

situations.

whenever

as

physicians.

associated
body, and

libido
tic libido,

but

lovers,

objects

different

MACHINE

much
paranoid
less, only
why

the

machine

exclusively

male.

This

observation
or to chance.
must clarify
this point.

However,
that heterosexual
objects
can
pear
as persecutors
in contradiction
Freuds
theory
of the exclusively
homosexual
genesis
of paranoia,
may
fact
that
the
influencing
sponds
to a regressive
the important
distinction

be explained
machine

psychic
is not

apto

by the
corre-

stage in which
between
the

beginning
of the patients
life are subjected
to the narcissistic
object
choice
by identification. To these persons
our patient
still applies

sexes
but between
narcissistic
and object
libido,
and every object
demanding
a transfer
of libido
is regarded
as hostile
irrespective
of

this

its sex.

form

subjects
herself
transfer
the

of

object

them

to

with them.
of libido

family

is not

choice
her

own

Normally,
with respect
felt

either

in

so

fate,

far

as she

identifying

the demand
to members
as requiring

for
of

the

After this long digression-which

I hope,
will
not be regarded
as superfluous-we
may return
to the question
of how even
the ordi-

overcoming
of any great
distance
or any substantial
sacrifice
of narcissism.
In establishing
an identification
with these
persons
the patient follows
a well-trodden
path,
which
does
not appear
sufficiently
to force
her to revolt

inimical
against

to the patient
the cathexis
of

VOLUME

1.

NUMBER

nary,

clinically

in

typical

its

patients

body,

Natalija.

The

2 #{149}
SPRING

1992

familiar,
form can
as was
answer

influencing
be a projection
true
should

in the
not

machine
of the

case of Miss
be difficult

205

TAUSK

to discover.
the machine

If we do not want to assume

that
has been
established
by succes-

sive

substitutions

idea

of his

alopex)6

of the

own
and

genitality

of

picture

if we make

of the

lished,
chine,

parts

body

Fuchs

instead

aus

of the

as previously

to explain
the typical
we may avail ourselves

estab-

influencing
maof the following

The

regression

of libido

entire
entire

body
body

found

in

cases

of

fantasy

originates

(mothers
content

of

pletely

into

refusing
satisfaction.
case
tion

stage,

narcissistically
extremely
observed

genital

strongly

such
the

from

cases.

to content
himself
with
The
entire
individual

a penis.
with the

Further,
father

is overdetermined

of male
conceived
narcissistic

the road
(the penis
in the

The

The

paratus
represents
now

which

N. The

perhaps
during

construction

intrauterine
with mother
dome-like
lid

represented
pregnancy.

the
The

en-

came,

of the

influencing

ap-

in the form
of a machine
therefore
a projection
of the entire
body,

wholly

The
nothing

any lesser
is in this

raised

a genital.

fact that the machine

but a representation
to primacy

in no

in dreams
is
of the genital

way

contradicts

the

possibility
that it is in schizophrenia
a symbol
of the entire
body conceived
as a penis,
and

of identificaof the father)

symptom

of Miss

stage.

usually
has the
to creep
comhe

and the identification8

find expression
in the

neu-

intrauterine

which

machine

mother

geni-

sition
that the person
feels himself
to be a
genital,
and
this all the more
because
the
machines
lack
of genitalia
stands
for the
pregenital-in
a certain
sense,
non-genital

the

infantile,

complex
and
mans
desire

the

in-

in which

encing

trunk

The

The same situation

is
of genitalia
in the influ-

closed
batteries
are perhaps
the child,
which
is the patient
herself.
The fact that the child
is equated
with the batteries,
that is, with a
machine,
lends further
support
to the suppo-

zone-in
which
the
Such fantasies
are also

in

body)
the

early

impotence.

fantasy
probably
patients

the re-transformagenitally
centralized

is a libidinal
is a genital.

cathected,
sexually
rosis. I have myself

to the

genital

is renounced.7
by the lack

of the

considerations:

fantile
stage
determines
tion of the meanwhile
libido
into
the pregenital

with

tal, too,
revealed

patients

(wei

use,

machine,

the

associated

hence

formation

a representative

epoch.
The
patient
ideational
content

patients.
The symptom
is also to be
as regression
to a stage
of diffuse
organ
libido
and is in most cases

of

the

pregenital

has indeed
not
of his past life. The

of the genital
as a representation
has been retained
in the psychical

lost the
picture

of sexuality
apparatus.

16

Like

fox

,7together

from

alopex-a

of rhyming

student

and

nearly

parody

rhyming

on

etymological

derivations

consisting

of

the

stringing

words.-T.Ns ToR

This renunciation
of the genitalia
is felt by the male schizophrenic
as a loss of virility,
which
is
off from
him, or else as a direct
transformation
into a woman,
corresponding
to the indrained
fantile
notion
of boys that there
is only one kind of genital,
namely
their own, and that those
of
women
are the result
of castration
and really represent
a loss of the genital.
The castration
complex
is often
combined
with the infantile
identification
of semen
with urine
resulting
from ureanxiety
while catheterizing
a schizophrenic
thral eroticism.
I have observed
an attack
of castration
who refused
to empty
his bladder.
He maintained
that I was practicing
coitus
with him by means
of
the catheter
and that I had emptied
him of all his semen.
Thus
his retention
of urine
appears
as a

refusal to yield semen,

representing
his virility. The patients
by the narcissistically
rooted
conception
that feces and urine
not

inhibited

by the

thought

that

the

excreta

are

nothing

else

playing with excrement

are parts of the body.
than

the

body

from

is explicable
Coprophagia
which

they

come.
18

The

dream

proof

of this

identification

of the woman

without

JOURNAL

derived

a head,

from

footnote

OF PS\t HOTHERAPY

symbolic

has already

language

4 above.

PRACTICE

AND

RESEARCH

been

given

in the

is

206

INFLUENCING

It is therefore

used

a mode

tion,

which

as a means

of

phenomena

means
Here

the

of

uality

older

than

means

of

social

a language
prior
to

then,

is in the
nothing

the

symbolism

expression.
language
but:

and

than

The

picture,

of the

I am

later

suited

to the

It is possible

that

apparatus

owes

its

early

stages

actual

in

existence
were

the

libido

the

But

simply
not

of
to

cause the pathological

process
cipitately
upon
remote
phases
is also possible
that the early
noticed
patient,
early

by observers
and
or not recognized
stages.

Thus

the

not

This
the

test
lan-

machine

fact

that

its
bepreIt
not

gradually,

seized
too
of existence.
stages
were

reported
by the
and evaluated
as

connection

between

the influencing
apparatus
of Miss N. and
ordinary
influencing
machine
has been
to science.
But the contradiction
between
the

chine
inated

the

one

hand,

form of the influencing

through
successive

influencing

apparatus

projection

of

the

that
body,

hand,
that the machine
ing apparatus
represents,
a dream,
abolished.

the

apparatus
that

into

corresponds

maorigof the

represents

and,

on

the

the

other

form of the influenclike the machine

in

a projection
of the genitalia,
The evolution
by distortion

human
tion

that

apparatus
distortions

a machine
to the

is now
of the

is a projec-

development

of

the pathological
process
which
converts
the
ego
into
a diffuse
sexual
being,
or-expressed
in the language
of the genital
pe-

influencthe

the

formed

the

conditions.

ordinary

form

any

genital

sexuality.

context
is, I am wholly
a genital.
has of course
to be translated
into

ing

in
this

expression
are
communicated.
genital
is merely
a symbol
of a sex-

period

guage

concepts-on

of representa-

expression,
existing

MACHINE

the
lost
two

riod-into
of the

a genital,
aims

of the

a machine
ego

and

independent

subordinated

foreign
will.9 It is no longer
subordinated
the will of the ego, but dominates
it.
too,

we are

reminded

boys when
they
time of erection.
tion is shortly
and mysterious
that erection
is
of the ego,
a
completely

of the

to a
to
Here,

astonishment

of

become
aware
for the first
And the fact that the erecconceived
as an exceptional
feat, supports
the assumption
felt to be a thing
independent
part
of the outer
world

not

mastered.

Indeed,
scious
its

the machines
produced
by mans
projections
of mans
bodily
structure.

relation

ingenuity
Mans

and created
in the image
of man are unconingenuity
seems
to be unable
to free itself from

to the unconscious.

VOLUME

#{149}
NUMBER

2 #{149}
SPRING

1992