CHM 138

CONCEPT OF ACID-BASE
NEUTRALIZATION

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LESSON OUTCOMES

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Distinguish acid and base according to Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry

and Lewis definition.

Identify type of acid and base: strong/weak, monoprotic/monobasic,
polyprotic/polybasic.
Define and identify electrolytes and non-electrolytes, weak and
strong electrolytes.
Prepare standard and molar solutions.
Define and determine molarity.
Relate molarity with volume and mass of substance (n=MV).
Determine pH and pOH base on acid-base molarity.
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Perform calculation involving
standard
solution and dilution
process.

ACID-BASE THEORY
ARRHENIUS
BRONSTED-LOWRY
LEWIS

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Acid-base theory
Arrhenius theory
Acid : a substance that, when dissolved in water, produce H+
ions

Base : a substance that, when dissolved in water, increases

the concentration of OH- ions.

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Acid-base theory
Bronsted Lowry theory
Acid : a substance that can donate a proton to a base
Base : a substance that can accept a proton from an
acid.
An acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton
acceptor.

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Acid-base theory
When an acid gives up its proton, what remains is called
the conjugate base of that acid.
When a base accepts a proton, the resulting chemical is
called the conjugate acid of that original base.

acid

base

Conjugate
acid

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Conjugate
base

Learning Check!

Label the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base

in each reaction:

HCl + OH- Cl- + H2O

H2O + H2SO4 HSO4- + H3O+

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ACIDS
E.g : HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 strong acids
CH3COOH weak acid
(due to its incomplete ionisation)
CH3COOH (aq)
CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)
Properties of acids:
- Sour taste
- Change litmus colour from blue to red
- React with certain metals
- React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce CO2 gas.
- Conduct electricity
- React with base forming
salts and
water.
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ACIDS

Acids can be described as monobasic, dibasic or tribasic etc.

depending on the maximum number of protons that are available for transfer in an
acid-base reaction.

monobasic acids e.g.

hydrochloric HCl, nitric HNO3, ethanoic CH3COOH (the alkyl H's are not
acidic),
dibasic acids e.g.
sulphuric H2SO4, ethanedioic (COOH)2, and the three isomeric
benzene-x,y-dicarboxylic acids (x,y = 1,1 1,2 and 1,3) C6H4(COOH)2,
tribasic acids e.g.
boric acid H3BO3, phosphoric(V) H3PO4,
citric acid , the middle-left hydrogen of the HO-C (alcohol) is not acidic in
water.
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BASES
E.g. NaOH, Ba(OH2), LiOH, KOH strong bases
NH3 weak base
Properties of bases
Bitter taste
Slippery
Change litmus colour from red to blues
Conduct electricity
React with acids to form salts and water
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ACID-BASE NEUTRALISATION
Acids and bases neutralise one another
forming salt and water.
Acid + base
salt + water
Salt made up of a cation other than H+
and an anion other than OH- or O2-.

E.g:
HNO3 (aq) + NaOH

(aq)

NaNO3 (aq) + H20

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(l)

ACIDS & BASES

STRENGTH

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ACIDS AND BASES STRENGTH

% Ionisation of acid

% Ionisation of base =

[H+]
X 100
initial molarity of acid
[OH-]
X 100
initial molarity of base

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Acid
Strong acids are
completely dissociated
in water.
Weak acids only
dissociate partially in
water.

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Strong Acids
the seven strong acids are HCl,
HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO3,
and HClO4.
These are strong electrolytes
and exist totally as ions in
aqueous solution

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Strong Bases

Strong bases are the soluble hydroxides,

which are the alkali metal (NaOH, KOH)and
heavier alkaline earth metal hydroxides
(Ca(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2).

Again, these substances dissociate completely

in aqueous solution.

[OH-] = [hydroxide added].

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ELECTROLYTES

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electrolyte
q
q

any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically
conductive.
STRONG ELECTROLYTE
Completely ionised in aqueous solution
Conducts a strong electric current
Good conductor
WEAK ELECTROLYTE
Only slightly ionised in aqueous solution
Conducts a weak electric current
Weak conductor
NON ELECTROLYTE
Does not ionise in aqueous solution
Remains as molecules
Does not conduct an electric current
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Non conductor

An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water,

results in a solution that can conduct electricity.
A nonelectrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved, results
in a solution that does not conduct electricity.

nonelectrolyte

weak electrolyte

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strong electrolyte

4.1

Conduct electricity in solution?

Cations (+) and Anions (-)
Strong Electrolyte 100% dissociation
NaCl (s)

H2O

Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

Weak Electrolyte not completely dissociated

CH3COOH

CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

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4.1

Nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity?

No cations (+) and anions (-) in solution
C6H12O6 (s)

H2O

C6H12O6 (aq)

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4.1

pH, pOH, [ H+] , [ OH-]

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pH

The pH of a solution is given by the negative logarithm of

the hydrogen ion concentration, [H+] (in mol/dm3 or M)

pH = - log [H+]
pH for acidic solutions < 7,
basic solutions > 7 and
neutral solutions = 7

pOH = - log [OH-]

pH + pOH = 14.00

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[OH-]

[H+]

pOH

pH
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Calculating the pH
pH = - log [H+]
(Remember that the [ ] mean Molarity)
Example: If [H+] = 1 X 10-10
pH = - log 1 X 10-10
pH = - (- 10)
pH = 10
Example: If [H+] = 1.8 X 10-5
pH = - log 1.8 X 10-5
pH = - (- 4.74)
pH = 4.74
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Try These!
Find
1) A
2) A
3) A

the pH of these:
0.15 M solution of Hydrochloric acid
3.00 X 10-7 M solution of Nitric acid
0.051 M solution of Ba(OH)2

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pH calculations Solving for H+

If the pH of Coke is 3.12, [H+] = ???
Because pH = - log [H+] then
- pH = log [H+]
Take antilog (10x) of both
sides and get

Antilog -pH = [H+]

[H+] = antilog -3.12 = 7.6 x 10-4 M
*** to find antilog on your calculator, look for Shift or
2nd function and then the log button
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pH calculations Solving for H+

A solution has a pH of 8.5. What is

the Molarity of hydrogen ions in the
solution?

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pOH
Since acids and bases are opposites, pH
and pOH are opposites!
pOH does not really exist, but it is useful
for changing bases to pH.
pOH looks at the perspective of a base
pOH = - log [OH-]
Since pH and pOH are on opposite ends,

pH + pOH = 14

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[H3O+], [OH-] and pH

What is the pH of the
0.0010 M NaOH solution?

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The pH of rainwater collected in a certain region of

the northeastern United States on a particular day
was 4.82. What is the H+ ion concentration of the
rainwater?

The OH- ion concentration of a blood sample is

2.5 x 10-7 M. What is the pH of the blood?

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ACID-BASE
TITRATION

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ACID-BASE TITRATIONS

Acid-base titration is a procedure used in quantitative analysis to

determine the molarity of acid or alkali.

Point at which the acid-base indicator changed colour is the endpoint.

Equivalence point is the point where equal mole of H3O+ ions and OHions in the titration flask. At this point, all acid has been neutralized by
base and contain only salt and water.

Strong acid-strong base titrations (end-point pH 7)

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Setup for titrating an acid with a base

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Strong acid-strong base titrations

base

acid

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Strong acid-strong base titrations

bas
acid
e

acid
base

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Weak acid-strong base titrations

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Weak acid-strong base titrations

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Strong acid-weak base titrations

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Figure 16.6

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INDICATORS

Weak organic acid/base of distinctly different colours in its ionised

and unionised forms,
Used to indicate the equivalence point in an acid-base titration by a
change in colour.
INDICATOR

COLOUR & pH RANGE

THYMOL BLUE

(red)

1.2-2.8 (yellow)

BROMOPHENOL BLUE

(yellow)

3.0-4.6 (bluish purple)

METHYL ORANGE

(red)

3.1-4.4 (yellow)

CHLOROPHENOL BLUE

(yellow)

4.8-6.4 (red)

BROMOTHYMOL BLUE

(yellow)

6.0-7.6 (blue)

CRESOL RED

(yellow)

7.2-8.8 (red)

PHENOLPHTHALEIN

(colourless) 8.3-10.0 (reddish pink)

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VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

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MOLARITY
The number of moles of solute per
liter of solution
MOLARITY, M =

NO OF MOLE OF SOLUTE, g
VOLUME OF SOLUTION, L

CONCENTRATION = molarity x molar mass

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Volumetric analysis

Begin with a balanced equation for the reaction:

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
na = 1
nb = 1 (mole ratios of acid and base)
Mole = Molarity X volume
For the acid: na = MaVa
For the base: nb = MbVb
na :
nb (stoichiometry mole ratio)
MaV a :
Mb V b
M V /M V =n /n
a

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THE END .

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