Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Masateru Minami
Wireless sensor networks are attracting attention as a neural system in the coming ubiquitous computing environment. Building a realistic architecture requires a testbed that meets various demands. Therefore, we have
designed and implemented a wireless sensor network testbed called PAVENET. PAVENET consists of a hardware
module U3 , U3 SDK, which is a development kit for U3 software, and basenode software, which supports the
development of wireless sensor network technology. PAVENET has four characteristic features: hardware level
modularization, dual-CPU architecture, hard real-time transaction support, and network layering APIs. These
features help us to develop not only application functions, but also wireless communication functions. This paper
describes implementation details and a number of implemented applications, such as ANtennary THings, a trac
line detection system, and media access control (MAC) performance evaluation system.
Key Words: Wireless Sensor Networks, Embedded Systems, Ubiquitous Computing, Middleware
1.
Introduction
velopment.
dual-CPU architecture
75
More-
Accordingly, application
thousands of nodes.
plications.
2. 2
Requirements
tools using PAVENET and conducted performance measurement of the MAC protocol.
Toward this purpose, hardware/software level modularization and consideration of which function will be real-
than to miniaturization.
2.
Design
2. 1
76
replaceable.
In PAVENET, we realize not only physical level modularization, but also software level modularization. Since
3.
Implementation
Since communica-
3. 1
CPU architecture.
77
MCU PIC18F452 that runs at 20 MHz, and a helical antenna. The PIC18F452 has 8 bit registers, a 1.5 Kbyte
data memory, a 16 Kbyte program memory, and a 256
byte EEPROM. The PIC18F452 controls the TR3001,
System board
Communication
board
Power supply
board
U3
U2-USB
tors, which are controlled by the system board. The device board provides interfaces to the shared bus connector.
3. 2
Accordingly, application
Communication board
System board
Communication software
System software
Low-layer communication
library
Utility daemon
Application
High-layer
communication
library
Utility daemon
Shared library
Task scheduler
Rf module
I2C
I2C
The communication board consists of an RF Monolithics 315 Mhz transceiver TR3001, a Microchip 8 bit
I/O device
library
Fig. 2 U3 SDK
I/O devices
sensors, etc.
78
may be developed.
as set net opt or get net opt, that are used when setting
utility daemon.
High-
software modules.
as add task, trigger task, and resume task, and for de-
System software
interface layer.
Utility daemon
API
Application Layer
I2C
up2app
I2C
dw2cmd
set_net_opt
on_net_recv
get_net_opt
Network Layer
send
on_net_send
up2net
Utility daemon
dw2iic
79
Communication software
line utility.
4.
Evaluation
4. 1
Sample code
3. 3
Basenode software
The basenode software runs on PCs or PDAs to utilize wireless sensor networks and consists of a command
configuration Blink{
implementation {
components Main, BlinkM, SingleTimer, LedsC;
Main.StdControl -> Blink.StdControl;
up2iic
I2C
on_net_recv
up2net
on_mac_recv
set_mac_opt get_mac_opt
dw2mac
MAC layer
on_mac_send
set_phy_opt get_phy_opt
dw2phy
Physical layer
on_phy_send
up2mac
on_phy_recv
Event handler
interface StdControl;
}
uses {
interface Timer;
API
interface Leds;
Fig. 5 Low-layer communication library
80
call Leds.init();
return SUCCESS;
return call Timer.start(TIMER_REPEAT, 1000); ing entwining cables and complex device congurations.
However, they do not provide a creative environment that
}
command result_t StdControl.stop() {
return call Timer.stop();
}
event result_t Timer.fired() {
call Leds.redToggle();
return SUCCESS;
void user_init(void)
trigger_task(sample1);
}
PAVENET enables us to describe arbitrary operations
more simply than nesC. Moreover, PAVANET adopts
the C language, which is one of the most widely used
languages in the world, hence many people can utilize
PAVENET more easily than nesC.
4. 2
ANtennary THings
Alarm
Button
Light
U3
In a ubiquitous computing environment, communication and computation functions are embedded in all of
81
Sensor Nodes
Sink Node
a) overall figure
Sensor A
RF
Sensor D
Traffic Line
PC
IrDA
Sensor B
Sensor C
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
b) detection mechanism
c) sensor node
of binary data in time axis. Finally, the task extracts a direction based on the timing of the rising edges and falling
4. 4
tion board.
4. 3
have a direction detection sensor and a sink node that extracts direction information from the sensor nodes.
Figure 7-b shows the mechanism of the direction detection sensor. The direction detection sensor consists of four
spot type motion sensors (Matsushita AMN13111). The
motion sensor has an oval detection area and can detect
infrared radiation generated by human body. The detec-
# of child nodes
CW_MIN=7
CW_MIN=15
CW_MIN=31
CW_MIN=63
Figure 7-c shows a prototype system that is implemented using PAVENET. Sensor nodes and a sink node
82
language.
5.
Related studies
exist.
There are a number of technologies that assume a
single-CPU architecture.
The Particle Computer, which is part of the Smart-
veried.
18)
of
puter
19)26)
bile and adhoc connected networks (MANETs) and distributed sensor networks.
9)
2), 27)29)
6.
Conclusion
10)
In the present paper, we described the design and implementation of a wireless sensor network testbed called
PAVENET. PAVENET has U3 , U3 SDK, and basenode
software. In order to support the development of wireless
sensor network technologies, PAVENET has four char-
11)
acteristic features: hardware level modularization, dualCPU architecture, hard real-time transaction support,
and network layering APIs. We have veried the applicability of PAVENET by constructing a number of applica-
12)
tions, including ANtennary THings, a trac line detection system, and a MAC protocol performance measurement system.
References
1) W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan:
Energy-Ecient Communication Protocol for Wireless
Microsensor Networks, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
(HICSS00), Maui, Hawaii, USA (2000).
2) W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin: An energy-ecient
MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 21st Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE
Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM02),
New York, New York, pp. 15671576 (2002).
3) T. van Dam and K. Langendoen: An Adaptive EnergyEcient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,
Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys03), Los Angeles, California (2003).
4) J. Hill and D. Culler: MICA: A Wireless Platform For
Deeply Embedded Networks, IEEE Micro, Vol. 22, pp.
1224 (2002).
5) L. E. Homquist, H.-W. Gellersen, G. Kortuem, S. Antifakos, F. Michahelles, B. Schiele, M. Beigl and R. Maze:
Building Intelligent Environments with Smart-Its, IEEE
Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol. 24, pp. 5664
(2004).
6) D. Gay, P. Levis and R. von Behren: The nesC Language:
A Holistic Approach to Networked Embedded Systems,
Proceedings of Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI03), San Diego, California, ACM, pp. 111 (2003).
7) H. A. Abrach, S. Bhatti, J. Carlson, H. Dai, J. Rose,
A. Sheth, B. Shucker, J. Deng and R. Han: MANTIS OS:
An Embedded Multithreaded Operating System for Wireless Micro Sensor Platforms, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM
International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and
Applications (WSNA03), San Diego, California, pp. 5059
(2003).
8) T. Kashima, S. Saruwatari, H. Morikawa and T. Aoyama:
A Bind Control Model For Real-space Programming in
Ubiquitous Computing Environment, Adjunct Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Ubiquitous
Computing (UbiComp04, poster), Nottingham, England
(2004).
9) J. M. Kahn, R. H. Katz and K. Pister: Next Century Challenges: Mobile Networking for Smart Dust,
Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM/IEEE Internation
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
83
Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom99), Seattle, Washington, ACM, pp. 483492 (1999).
D. Estrin, R. Govindan, J. Heidemann and S. Kumar:
Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in Sensor Networks, Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networks
(MobiCom99), Seattle, Washington, ACM, pp. 263270
(1999).
J. Hill, R. Szewczyk, A. Woo, S. Hollar, D. Culler and
K. Pister: System Architecture Directions for Networked
Sensors, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference
on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and
Operating Systems (ASPLOS00), Boston, Massachusetts,
ACM, pp. 93104 (2000).
TinyOS Tutorial.
http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu/tos/tinyos-1.x/doc/tutorial/.
UPnP Forum: UPnP Device Architecture 1.0 (2003).
Sun Microsystems, Inc.: Jini Architecture Specication
(2001).
J. Waldo: The Jini Architecture for Network-Centric
Computing, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, pp.
7682 (1999).
J. C. Haartsen: The Bluetooth Radio System, Personal
Communications, Vol. 7IEEE, pp. 2836 (2000).
M. Beigl, A. Krohn, T. Zimmer, C. Decker and P. Robinson: AwareCon: Situation Aware Context Communication, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on
Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp03), Vol. 2864, Seattle,
Washington, pp. 132139 (2003).
Particle Team: PARTiCLE WEB SITE.
http://particle.teco.edu/.
T. Zimmer: Towards a Better Understanding of Context
Attributes, Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International
Conference on Pervasive Computing and Commnications
(PerCom04), Orland, Florida, IEEE, pp. 2328 (2004).
C. Decker, M. Beigl, A. Krohn, U. Kubach and P. Robinson: eSeal: A System for Enhanced Electronic Assertion
of Authenticity and Integrity of Sealed Items, Proceedings
of the 2nd International Conference on Pervasive Computing, Linz, Vienna (2004).
C. Decker and M. Beigl: DigiClip: Activating Physical
Documents, Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS04),
Tokyo, Japan, pp. 388393 (2004). IWSAWC04.
M. Beigl, A. Krohn, C. Decker, P. R. T. Zimmer,
H. Gellersen and A. Schmidt: Context Nuggets: A
Smart-Its Game, Adjunct Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp03, demo), Seattle, Washington (2003).
C. Decker, U. Kubach and M. Beigl: Revealing the Retail
Black Box by Interaction Sensing, Proceedings of the 23th
International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS03), Providence, Rhode Island (2003). IWSAWC03.
P. Robinson and M. Beigl: Trust Context Spaces: An Infrastructure for Pervasive Security in Context-Aware Environments, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Security in Pervasive Computing (SPC03), Boppard, Germany (2003).
M. Beigl, P. Robinson, T. Zimmer and C. Decker: Teaching a practical Ubicomp Course with Smart-Its, Adjuct
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp02), Goteborg, Sweden, pp.
4344 (2002).
L. E. Holmquist, F. Mattern, B. Schiele, P. Alahuhta,
84
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
Shunsuke SARUWATARI
He received the B.S. degrees in Computer Science from the University of ElectroCommunications, and M.S. degree in Frontier
Informatics from the University of Tokyo. He
is currently a Ph.D. student of the Department of Frontier Informatics at the University
of Tokyo. His research interests are in the area
of computer networks, distributed computing,
wireless networks, embedded computer, and
wireless sensor networks. He is a member of
IEICE, and IPSJ.
Masateru MINAMI
He received B.E. and M.E. from Shibaura Institute of Technology, and Dr. Eng. from the
University of Tokyo in 1996, 1998 and 2001 respectively. He is currently an assistant professor at Shibaura Institute of Technology. His
research interests include location systems and
sensor networks for ubiquitous computing.
Hiroyuki MORIKAWA
He received the B.E., M.E., and Dr. Eng.
degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 1987, 1989,
and 1992, respectively. He is currently an Associate Professor of the Department of Frontier
Informatics at the University of Tokyo. From
1997 to 1998, he stayed in Columbia University as a visiting research associate. His research interests are in the area of computer networks, distributed computing, mobile computing, wireless networks, and network services.
He served as Editor of Transactions of Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEICE) and on the technical program committees of IEEE/ACM conferences and workshops. He is a member of IEEE,
ACM, ISOC, IPSJ, and ITE.
Tomonori AOYAMA
He received the B.E., M.E. and Dr. Eng.
from the Univ. of Tokyo in 1967, 1969, and
1991 respectively. Since he joined NTT in
1969, he was engaged in R & D on various communication networks and systems in the NTT
Labs. He stayed in MIT as a visiting scientist
in 1973-1974. In 1994 he was appointed to Director of NTT Opto-Electronics Laboratories,
and then in 1995 he became Director of NTT
Optical Network Systems Labs. In 1997 he left
NTT, and joined the University of Tokyo, and
he is now Professor in the Department of Information and Communication Engineering there.
He is IEEE Fellow. He is past President of IEICE Communication Society. He is co-author
or co-editor of several books for digital signal
processing, ATM broadband networks and optical ber transmission systems.
Takuya KASHIMA
He received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in
Information and Communication Engineering
from the University of Tokyo. He is currently
working at KDDI Corporation.