Documente Academic
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Protecting
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ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
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News
The Monitor
15
US Army EMARSS Award Contested.
Washington Report
24
SECDEF Clarifies IO Policy.
World Report
26
Jordan Acquiring Ground-Based EW System.
Features
Protecting Ground Vehicles
28
40
Martin Streetly
Departments
6
8
10
12
50
53
55
56
57
58
RFSimulation@Herley.com
www.Herley-MSI.com
B9 Armstrong Mall, Southwood Business Park, Farnborough, Hants, GU14 0NR, UK
the view
f ro m h e re
MIDDLE EAST
RISING
L
The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2011
ater this month, the Middle East will own the spotlight, as military
customers in the region and defense companies from around the world
converge on Abu Dhabi for the IDEX/NAVDEX show. The region has been
a top military market for the past 30 years or so. Historically, many of
the countries in the region have had the money to buy fairly sophisticated aircraft, ships and tanks, but they did not have the technical
expertise or the industrial capability to maintain them, let alone to design or
build them (Israel, Turkey and, to a lesser extent, Egypt being the notable exceptions). Up through the 1990s, most countries in the region were fairly content to
award turn-key defense contracts to Western or Russian suppliers. As a result,
the global defense industry grew used to the regions dependence on foreign
military equipment and services.
In the area of electronic warfare (EW), which is very demanding from a technical perspective, the regions dependence on foreign equipment and expertise has
been acute. Most military customers in the region have focused on training their
operational forces in EW. Until recently, however, few countries in the region had
the organic ability to collect threat signals and maintain threat databases for EW
reprogramming purposes. Most of the regions military customers have historically
depended on government-to-government agreements or EW equipment suppliers
to provide threat data and EW system reprogramming. In terms of manufacturing capability, no countries in the region (again, with the exception of Israel and
Turkey) manufacture EW systems domestically and just a handful have been able
to establish electronics companies that could build components for EW systems
(usually as part of an offset agreement with the foreign prime contractor).
In the late 1990s, the regions attitude began to change. This was in part because major acquisitions, such as the UAEs F-16 Desert Falcon program and the
countrys Mirage 2000-9 acquisition, set new standards for technology exchange
and follow-on support. Countries, especially in the Gulf region, began to look
at how they could become more self-reliant in terms of EW system ownership.
This policy depended on developing expertise within the military organizations
and cultivating EW technical skills within industry. Today, when a country buys
an airborne ESM system for instance, it typically wants an organic in-country
reprogramming capability and a support package that maximizes in-country EW
work content.
Achieving this degree of self-reliance is possible because EW companies have
listened to their customers needs and (perhaps of greater significance) cashstrapped Western governments began to see the regions countries as technology
partners rather than mere customers. It should be noted that this trend is not
unique to the Middle East. However, the regions strategic importance to the world
economy, its potential for instability and its growing economic power gives many
of its governments the ability to realize strategic national security goals such as
self-reliance.
The growing self-reliance exhibited by the region today represents a beginning. Its a humble start. But it is a trend that is likely to evolve in the coming
years. John Knowles
EDITORIAL STAFF
Editor: John Knowles
Managing Editor: Elaine Richardson
Senior Editor: Glenn Goodman
Assistant Editor: Jon Pasierb
Technical Editor: Ollie Holt
Contributing Writers: Dave Adamy, Barry Manz, Luca Peruzzi,
Martin Streetly, Tom Withington
Marketing & Research Coordinator: Allie Hansen
Sales Administration: Esther Biggs
PRODUCTION STAFF
Layout & Design: Barry Senyk
Advertising Art: Carrie Marsh
Contact the Editor: (978) 509-1450, JEDeditor@naylor.com
Contact the Sales Manager:
(800) 369-6220, ext. 3407, or (352) 333-3407
sales@crows.org
Subscription Information: Please contact Glorianne ONeilin
at (703) 549-1600 or e-mail oneilin@crows.org.
The Journal of Electronic Defense
is published for the AOC by
Naylor, LLC
5950 NW 1st Place
Gainesville, FL 32607
Phone: (800) 369-6220 Fax: (352) 331-3525
www.naylor.com
2011 Association of Old Crows/Naylor, LLC. All rights reserved. The
contents of this publication may not be reproduced by any means, in
whole or in part, without the prior written authorization of the publisher.
Editorial: The articles and editorials appearing in this magazine do not
represent an official AOC position, except for the official notices printed
in the Association News section or unless specifically identified as an
AOC position.
c ale ndar
c o nfe re n c e s
FEBRUARY
&
trade s h ows
MARCH
Avalon 2011
March 1-6
Geelong, Victoria, Australia
www.airshow.net.au
IDEX
February 20-24
Abu Dhabi, UAE
www.idexuae.ae
APRIL
FiestaCrow 2011
April 11-14
San Antonio, TX
www.crows.org
LAAD Defence and Security 2011
April 12-15
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
www.laadexpo.com
MAY
IDEF 2011
May 10-13
Istanbul, Turkey
www.idef11.com
IMDEX Asia 2011
May 18-20
Singapore
www.imdexasia.com
AOC/Shephard EW 2011
May 24-27
Berlin, Germany
www.shephard.co.uk
8
The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2011
JUNE
International Microwave Show
June 5-10
Baltimore, MD
http://ims2011.org
InfowarCon Europe 2011
June 13-16
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
www.crows.org
Paris Air Show
June 20-26
Paris-Le Bourget, France
www.paris-air-show.com
JULY
2nd RF EW Conference
July 5
Shrivenham, UK
www.craneld.ac.uk
AUGUST
MAKS 2011
August 16-21
Zhukovsky, Russia
www.airshow.ru a
510618_crane.indd 1
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FEBRUARY
&
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MARCH
Introduction to Intelligence,
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Concepts, Systems, and Test &
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March 29-April 1
Atlanta, GA
www.pe.gatech.edu
APRIL
Fundamental Principles of EW
April 4-7
Alexandria, VA
www.crows.org
Basic RF Electronic Warfare Concepts
April 19-21
Atlanta, GA
www.pe.gatech.edu
Applied 21st Century Electronic
Warfare
April 19-21
Warner Robins, GA
www.crows.org
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MAY
Aircraft Combat Survivability Short
Course
May 17-20
Monterey, CA
www.bahdayton.com/jaspsc
JUNE
An Introduction to Command and
Control Concepts, Systems, and
Test & Evaluation
June 14-16
Atlanta, GA
www.pe.gatech.edu a
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The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2011
NAVAIR awarded $42 million TM contracts last July to BAE Systems, ITT/
Boeing, Northrop Grumman and Raytheon that run until April 2012. Each
company is developing a system-level
concept demonstrator design and maturing critical technologies required to
support that design.
The planned TD phase will follow
Milestone A approval by DOD officials.
It will encompass fabrication and flight
test of a concept demonstrator by at
least two of the contractors, design
of a full-up system with a Technology
Readiness Level of 6, and a Preliminary
15
t h e
m o n i t o r
n e w s
mine the potential capability and sources for the design, fabrication, test and
delivery of Vigilant Pursuit systems in
a very short time period. The RFI identified two types of Vigilant Pursuit
systems: a Signals-Intelligence (SIGINT)
Tactical Pursuit Vehicle and a Human
Intelligence (HUMINT) Tactical Pursuit
Vehicle, which it said would be issued to
Multi-Functional Teams. Each system
would be housed on a Government-Furnished Mine-Resistant Ambush-Protected (MRAP)-All Terrain Vehicle (M-ATV).
Potential sources must be able to deliver
11 systems in six months or less.
The RFI said the SIGINT vehicle
must have the following types of
capabilities:
Cooperative and collaborative
operations with the HUMINT vehicle.
Secure communications for reporting,
situational awareness and off-board
analysis with three enterprise
domains (SIPR, NIPR, and NSAnet),
such as R3G node, VSAT, AN/PRC-117
and COMSEC equipment.
Collection and location of legacy and
modern communications.
16
468322_grintek.indd 1
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t h e
m o n i t o r
n e w s
According to the request for information, the system should provide coverage for the following bands: SGLS Bands
(1755 MHz to 1850 MHz and 2025 MHz to
2110 MHz) and 2200 MHz-2290 MHz; Defense Satellite Communications System
(DSCS) X-Band (7 GHz to 8.5 GHz); GPS
L Band; Commercial SATCOM Bands; and
Land Mobile Radio (LMR) Band (100 MHz
to 420 MHz).
The Air Force will use the responses
from industry to assess the availability
of systems that meet its requirement.
Responses are due by February 15. The
IN BRIEF
Mercury Computer Systems Inc.
(Chelmsford, MA) has acquired LNX Corp.
(Salem, MA) for $31 million. Mercury
has been expanding its presence in the
EW market via programs such as JCREW
3.3 (as a subcontractor to ITT Electronic
Systems) and the Navys Surface EW Improvement Program (as a subcontractor to
Lockheed Martin), as well as in the SIGINT
Weve condensed
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18
The Journal of Electronic Defense | February 2011
compact package
Comtech, the industrys leader for solid
state, broadband, high power amplier
systems, oers a new line of compact
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and microwave components, such as LNAs,
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ITT Corp. (White Plains, NY) has announced plans to separate into three
independent publicly traded companies. ITT Defense will be led by its
current president, David Melcher, who
will serve as CEO. At this time it is not
clear if the reorganization will have a
significant effect on the operations of
ITT Electronic Systems (where most of
the companys EW and SIGINT business
resides). According to an ITT official,
details will be worked out over the
coming year.
AAI Corp. (Hunt Valley, MD), a division of Textron Defense Systems, has
been separated into three distinct operating units. AAI Test and Training,
which includes the companys EW and
SIGINT business, will be led by Bob Peters. AAI Logistics and Technical Services will be headed by Diane Giuliani,
and AAI Unmanned Aircraft Systems
will be led by Steven Reid. Each will
be promoted to senior vice presidents
and general managers of their businesses, reporting to Fred Strader, Textron Systems president and CEO. All
three business units will continue to
be operated out of the companys Hunt
Valley, MD, facility.
CORRECTION
The December 2010 JED incorrectly
listed Northrop Grummans products in
the EW Simulator Survey. The following
information is complete and up-to-date:
Manufacturer:
Northrop Grumman Amherst Systems
Buffalo, NY
(800) 631-0610
http://www.es.northropgrumman.com/
solutions/ceesim/index.html
Model: Combat Electromagnetic Environment SIMulator (CEESIM)
Purpose: RWR/Jammer/ELINT/COMINT
Testing and Training.
Freq/Spectrum: 0.002 to 42 GHz.
(Corrected information continues on page 22)
20
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Simultaneous Signals: Up to 20 simultaneous outputs with different combinations of wave band, frame size, frame
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Signal Dynamics: Dynamic spectral,
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signature modeling.
Programmable: Programmable MODTRAN based atmosphere and sky model;
trajectory scripts; and temperature, material and elevation grid terrain model.
Power (W): Power requirements vary
with frame rate, frame size and number
of sensors simulated.
Size: 8U spaces in a standard 19-inch
rack per simulated sensor.
Weight: Weight depends on the size and
number of COTS computers used.
Features: Can be configured to stimulate multiple sensors simultaneously.
Real-time, low latency image generation. 32-bit floating point radiance and
image calculation precision. a
22
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SECDEF CLARIFIES IO POLICY
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world
repor t
JORDAN ACQUIRING GROUND-BASED EW SYSTEM
26
DRS Defense Solutions, LLC (Bethesda, MD) has won a $37.1 million Foreign
Military Sales contract from US Army
Communications-Electronics Command
(Ft. Monmouth, NJ) to manufacture
turn-key mobile tactical Electronic Warfare Battalion systems for the Jordanian
Armed Forces.
Under the contract, DRS will supply
two ground-based EW Company configurations, each consisting of an EW
operations center (with four operator
workstations and a communications
link to an existing Jordanian Battalion
Headquarters), six VHF/UHF communications electronic support (ES) systems, and two team-portable VHF/UHF
communications electronic attack (EA)
systems, with the requisite hardware,
software, vehicles and shelters.
Each of the six ES systems in a company configuration will operate from
vehicle-mounted shelters and will intercept, monitor, locate and analyze tactical, single-channel, push-to-talk (PTT)
radio communications operating from
30 MHz to 3 GHz. Each ES system will
also incorporate a wideband directionfinding capability with an accuracy of
2 degrees RMS. Emitter location will
be performed by networking multiple
DF systems and plotting locations on a
digital map.
Each of the two EA systems in a
company configuration will be operated as mobile units (within the vehicle-mounted shelters) and as remote
units (transported by two soldiers).
Either configuration will be capable of
jamming PTT communications from 30
MHz to 3 GHz and operate in automatic, semiautomatic or manual modes.
Both the ES and EA systems will be
able to handle up to 24 simultaneous
IN BRIEF
Thales (Crawley, Sussex, UK) has
been awarded a contract from
the Netherlands MODs Defence
Materiel Organization to supply four
Advanced Processing Extensions
(APX) radar ESM systems. The APX
systems will be fitted to a pair of
M-Class (Karel Doorman-Class) frigates in service with the Dutch Navy
and another pair of M-Class frigates
in service with the Belgian Navy.
The Chilean and Portuguese navies
each operate a pair of M-Class frigates, as well.
Elisra Electronic Systems (Bene
Beraq, Israel) has won a $29 million
contract to supply integrated EW
suites and missile warning systems
for installation on CN-235 transport
aircraft of the Republic of Korea Air
Force. The recent contract follows
previous South Korean orders to
equip C-130 transports and F/A-50
fighters with Elisras EW equipment.
The Afghan National Army, acting via US Army Foreign Military
Sale channels, is seeking man-pack
COMINT systems for its military intelligence companies. Afghanistans
Army has requirement for up to
169 hand-held DF antennas and 242
wideband COMINT receivers capable
of collecting signals between 530
kHz and 3 GHz. a
28
APS TECHNOLOGY
Because of the variety of threat
technologies used against ground vehicles and their effectiveness against
many types of armor, ground forces
have started to show more interest in
APS solutions, which can defeat a wide
range of threats. An APS typically uses
one or more sensors to detect and track
incoming threats. Some systems use a
radar to detect an incoming threat and
then hand it off to an optronic sensor
for precision tracking. Others may use a
passive missile warner that hands off to
a radar for tracking. The sensor information is usually fed to a central processing
unit that manages the countermeasures
subsystem and activates the counter-
APS SOLUTIONS
Current APS developments reflect
subtle changes regarding vehicle protection in todays tactical environment.
While the imperative during the Cold
War was to outfit comparatively heavy
MBTs, APCs and Infantry Fighting Vehicles (IFVs) with equipment designed
to offer protection in relatively open
terrain, this consideration has been
supplemented by the requirement to
safeguard vehicles operating in the urban environment. Therefore, APS equipment must be able to defeat an incoming
threat, such as an anti-vehicle missile
or RPG, without presenting a high risk
of collateral damage from shrapnel emanating from the neutralized munition or
the countermeasure itself.
Moreover, APS engineering efforts
are placing an emphasis on protecting
lighter platforms such as wheeled APCs,
reconnaissance, logistics and liaison
vehicles. System mass thus becomes an
important consideration to ensure that
vehicle weight does not significantly increase, and that maneuverability is not
compromised (i.e., protection systems
should not protrude excessively from a
self-protection. Today, the ground vehicle market is on the brink of a new era in
self-protection, and many ground forces
are including active protection system
(APS) requirements in their manned
vehicle programs. The growing number
of APS solutions including some that
are designed into the vehicles themselves reflects this trend. The result is
an expanding menu of sophisticated survivability options (including advanced
armor, vehicle designs with minimized
profiles, and APS) that can be tailored
for each vehicle type.
attack anti-tank guided munitions (ATGMs) designed to fly over a target and
then fire down into the lightly armored
turret of a tank or the roof of an APC.
Some rounds, such as kinetic energy
penetrators, use velocity (up to 3,200
feet per second) to penetrate armor.
Others, such as explosively formed penetrators (EFPs) generate molten metals
(copper and tantalum) to pierce armor.
29
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the vehicle, detects the incoming projectile. The grenade launcher, which
contains up to four canisters and can
handle simultaneous attacks, is slewed
towards the threat at a speed of 600 degrees per second.
Tests of AWISS in 2006, during which
it was mounted on a German Army Leopard-2 MBT, illustrated its ability to intercept and destroy an incoming MBDA
MILAN anti-tank missile. AWISS does
impose a weight penalty on the vehicle of around 882 lbs, and protrudes
32 inches above the vehicles roof, and
a similar length below. Research and
development work on AWISS is continuing and production is expected to commence in 2014.
AWISS has acted as the baseline for
a further APS development by Diehl BGT
Defense, notably the AVEPS (Active Vehicle Protection System) unveiled in 2008.
This also uses a Ka-band radar providing
similar surrounding and azimuth coverage to AWISS, to detect an incoming
projectile. Neutralization is performed
by firing a blast grenade weighing 3kg
from a recoilless launcher that covers the
same azimuth arc as the radar. The entire system has a reaction time of around
0.355 seconds and can defeat an RPG at a
range of 164 feet (50 m), while a kinetic
energy munition can be defeated at up
to 1,968 feet (600 m). AVEPS has been
designed in two versions; the 1,102-lb
standard variant, which includes a single sensor package, and two launchers.
Meanwhile, the 771-lb AVEPS-Light uses
a single launcher. This product has been
earmarked to equip the German Armys
Dingo-II wheeled armored vehicles and
overall AVEPS development is being financed by Germanys BWB defense procurement agency.
AVEPS technology is being used in a
follow-on system known and the Mutual
Active Protection System (MAPS). Developed between Diehl and Israel Military
Industries (IMI), the MAPS was demonstrated on a FUCHS transport vehicle in
live-fire tests held at the Federal Armed
Forces Technical Center in Meppen,
Germany last November. According to
a statement from Diehl, the MAPS defeated incoming anti-tank rockets and
guided missiles, including advanced
models with tandem warheads at safe
IMAgine.
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the German Armys Puma IFVs. Eventually it could migrate onto other vehicles,
such as the forces Fennek Armored Reconnaissance Vehicles. Furthermore,
MUSS has been selected to equip the
AMX-10RC armored wheeled reconnaissance vehicles of the French Army.
MUSS and AWISS are joined by the
Rapid Obscuring System (ROSY), developed by Rheinmetall and intended for use
on light vehicles. Using 1.57-inch smoke
canisters, ROSY can create a smokescreen
measuring around 969 square feet, at a
range of up to 105 feet from the vehicle, in 0.53 seconds. Each ROSY system
includes four launchers, each equipped
with three smoke canister tubes. The
smoke canisters mask the vehicle against
laser, electro-optical and televisionguided projectiles. Along with deploying
smoke, ROSY can be configured to launch
Chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS) gas grenades for use in riot control.
One of the newest German-based solutions that is gaining a lot of interest
is the Advanced Modular Armor Protection Active Defense System (AMAP-ADS)
offered by ADS GmbH, a joint venture
32
A Clean Sweep
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4/28/10 1:56:19 PM
ISRAELI KNOW-HOW
Away from Europe, several Israeli APS
initiatives are ongoing. The Israeli Ministry of Defense is funding the development of the Armored Shield Protection
or ASPRO-A system (also known as the
Trophy-II), which is being led by Rafael
Advanced Defense Systems and Israeli
Aerospace Industries. ASPRO-A offers
360-degree coverage around a vehicle
via four flat-panel radar sensors. Once
these detect an incoming projectile, the
system launches an interceptor towards
the threat that is effective at a range
of 32-98 feet. The interceptor explodes,
sending fragments into the path of the
munition. ASPRO-A, which is now in
full-rate production, has been selected
for installation on the Israeli Armys
Merkava-IV MBTs
36
O
ONL W
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to quickly get in touch with multiple vendors in
a specic product/service category with project
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In late 2010, it was reported that ASPRO-A equipped Merkava-IV tanks would
deploy to Israels border with the Gaza
Strip, following a successful ASPRO-A
test the preceding day, during which
the subsystem successfully intercepted
and destroyed an incoming anti-tank
missile. According to the Jerusalem
Post, the test had planned to include a
live missile and a crewed tank; however
written protests by several families of
bereaved soldiers to the Israeli Defense
Forces (IDF) Chief of Staff, General Gabi
38
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39
40
In terms of air activity, the big hitters are undoubtedly Saudi Arabia and
Israel, with the former making use of
its vast oil wealth to make itself the
Arabian superpower. In terms of inservice equipment, the Royal Saudi
Air Force (RSAF) already boasts Selex
Galileos Praetorian integrated Defensive Aids Suite (DAS) and pod-mounted
Sky Shadow radar jammer for use on its
Eurofighter Typhoon and Tornado Interdiction and Strike fleets, together with
variants of the type-specific Tactical
EW System (TEWS) aboard its F-15C/D/S
AIRBORNE EW PROGRAMS
This said, America does not dominate the Middle Eastern air EW market, with manufacturers in Denmark,
France, Italy, Sweden and the United
Kingdom having notched successes in
the region. In order, Danish contractor Termas EW Management System
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Testimonials:
I was concerned that I would leave this conference with more gestures than answers due to its
unclassied format. This concern was put to bed from the rst day with relevant and correct
briengs. Excellent conference.
US Army Intelligence Command
It never fails that one of these events exposes you to new viewpoints and concepts, no matter
your experience level.
OSD Policy and Plans
512000_Marcus.indd 1
2/1/11 9:26:47 AM
Sessions include:
+ Contested EM Environment
+ Non-Kinetic Effects Integration
+ Joint AEA Support to Combat Operations
Topics covered:
+ Opportunities to Train with Coalition Partners
+ Tools of Live/Virtual/Constructive (LVC)
Constructs
+ LVC Training Solutions for Coalition
Warghters
+ US-Only Sessions
t Identifying Challenges of Training in All
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46
GROUND EW
While identifying Middle Eastern
air and naval EW activity is relatively
easy, finding hard information concerning ground applications is much more
difficult. Indeed (and outside Turkey),
the author has only been able to firmly
identify two relevant programs, namely
Egypts acquisition of six 0.5- to 18-GHz
band, shelter-mounted, ITT Electronic
Systems ES-3000 ES/ELINT systems and
a Jordanian order for what is termed as
an Electronic Warfare Battalion System
(EWBS) that was announced in late December. Here, DRS Defense Solutions has
been awarded a $37.1 million Foreign
Military Sales contract covering the
supply of two EWBS architectures for
the Jordanian military. Each turn-key
47
508398_Mercury.indd 1
1/25/11 1:20:38 PM
DSEi in London, UK, is the worlds largest fully integrated defence and security
exhibition, with land, naval, air and security platforms all on show. The AOC
are hosting an Electronic Warfare Pavilion at DSEi 2011, allowing companies to
showcase their capabilities to the worlds defence community.
Don Richetti
T +1 (703) 549 1600
E richetti@crows.org
DSEI03_Ad.indd 1
Doug Schlam
T +1 (203) 275 8014
E doug.schlam@clarionevents.com
1/26/11 3:15:12 PM
Gold ($2,500)
Silver ($1,000)
Bronze ($500)
Logo in Symposium
brochure
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Must be fi lled in if you want E-Mail confi rmation of our receipt of registration material or if you are using credit card to pay.
Registration for the exhibits/symposium is Free; however, we request that you select the boxes below that apply.
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SECURITY PROCEDURES
VISIT REQUEST INFORMATION: If you plan to attend any of the classified events (see brochure for details) you must have your security manager submit a Visit Request
via JPAS to SMO: RX1MFPTK6, Purpose: Meeting, POC: DIXIE CROW SYMPOSIUM, PHONE: Chuck DeBoe (478) 929-1454. If your company does not have access to JPAS,
your security manager must fax a Visit Request letter to (478) 926-7894 or mail the form to the address listed below. See the Dixie Crow website for the blank Visit Request.
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In Collaboration with:
Official Media:
Media Partners:
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EW 101
ANTENNA ISSUES
50
Antennas can be characterized as directional or nondirectional. This is, of course, a great over-simplification.
Antennas, such as whips and dipoles, are sometimes (incorrectly) described as omni-directional. This is not true, as both
antenna types have nulls in their coverage. However, both
types, if vertically oriented, provide 360 degrees of azimuthal
coverage. There are also circular arrays of directional antennas that provide full azimuthal coverage. Directional antennas (including but not limited to parabolic dishes, phased
arrays or log periodic antennas) restrict their coverage to a
reduced angular sector.
Angular coverage has a significant impact on the probability of intercepting a hostile signal at an unknown direction of arrival. As shown in Figure 1, a 360-degree coverage
antenna (or array of antennas) looks in all directions all of
VHF
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his month, we will deal with some technical differences between ES and SIGINT systems dictated
by mission and environment considerations. These
differences have to do with the anticipated intercept geometry, the different types of information
taken from intercepted hostile signals, and time
criticality of intercepts.
'ZHOORQ6LJQDO$QJOHRI$UULYDOPVHF
By Dave Adamy
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Figure 3: The gain of a narrow-beam antenna varies inversely with its beamwidth.
for the selected scan period, then draw left to the green ordinate value. It should be noted that a frequency search must be
made during the time the antenna is pointed at each possible
angle of arrival. The narrower the antenna beam, the slower
the receiving antenna must be scanned to allow for frequency
search. Thus, the longer it will take to find a signal of interest
at unknown frequency and angle of arrival. Frequency search
will be discussed next month.
Normally, SIGINT intercepts are less time critical. Thus, a
delay in intercept caused by scanning a narrow beam antenna
is likely to be acceptable. However, because ES systems must
typically intercept a hostile signal within a small number of
seconds, a wide coverage antenna or array of antennas is usually required.
As shown in Figure 3, there is a trade-off of the half power
(3 dB) beamwidth of an antenna and the antenna gain. This
figure is for a 55-percent efficient parabolic dish antenna, but
this trade-off applies to all types of narrow beam antennas.
The receiving antenna gain is an important consideration in
the range at which a hostile signal can be intercepted, as discussed below.
This means that wide-coverage (hence low-gain) antennas are almost always required for ES systems, while narrowbeam (hence high-gain) antennas may be the best solution for
SIGINT systems.
RI = Anti-log
{[ERPT 32 -20 log(F) + GR S] / 20}
Where: RI = the intercept range in km
ERPT = the effective radiated power of the target
emitter in dBm
F = the frequency of the transmitted signal
GR = the gain of the receiving antenna in the
direction of the target emitter
S = the sensitivity of the receiver system in dBm
Figure 4 shows an intercept situation for either an ES or SIGINT system. Note that the range
at which a receiving system can intercept a hostile signal depends on the effective radiated power of the target signal, the applicable propagation
mode, the receiving antenna gain in the direction
of the emitter, and the sensitivity of the receiving
system. Propagation modes are discussed in detail
in the EW 101 columns in the July, August and
September 2007 editions of JED.
Radar and data link signals typically propagate
in the line-of-sight mode. In this mode, the intercept range is given by the formula:
51
E W101
while an ELINT system would be specified to intercept side lobe transmissions
$9(5$*(
from target radar emitters. This means
6,'(/2%(
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that an ES system will often require less
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sensitivity and/or receiving antenna
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SIGINT systems are generally as*$,1
sumed to require greater intercept
range than ES systems however, as
with all generalities, this depends on
0$,1/2%(
the specific mission and situation. If
we accept that SIGINT systems require
greater intercept range, the receivFigure 5: Radar ESM systems are often characterized as receiving signals from the boresight of
threat radar antennas, while ELINT systems are often characterized as receiving average side lobe
ing antenna gain and/or the sensitivlevel signals.
ity must be greater than required for
ES
systems.
Narrow-beam
antennas have higher gain, but
antenna gain (in dB). However, radar threats are expected to
provide reduced probability of intercept (in a short time
have narrow-beam antennas. As shown in Figure 5, the narrowperiod). Thus, they are more appropriate for SIGINT applicabeam antenna has a main lobe and side lobes. The side lobes are
tions. Full-coverage antennas, while they provide less gain,
shown simplified in that they are all the same strength actual
can provide significantly better probability of intercept in
antenna side lobes vary. However, the drawing is realistic in
a short time period, so are generally most appropriate for
that the nulls between the lobes are much narrower than the
ES systems.
lobes. This means that an intercept receiver pointed at the radar
threat emitter away from the direction of the main beam can be
expected to encounter an ERP at the average side lobe level. This
Whats Next
level is usually stated as: S/L = -N dB, where N is the number of
Next month, we will continue our discussion of the technical
dB that the average side lobe level is below the boresight gain.
differences between ES and SIGINT, with coverage of receiver
Although not always true, it is fairly common for an ES sysand data collection issues. For your comments and suggestions,
tem to be specified to receive the main lobe of a radar threat
Dave Adamy can be reached at dave@lynxpub.com. a
S
IE
T AC R OW
AN T
ONI
O,
TI
IA
ON
O F OL
D
S
OW
CR
eld in conjunction with the National Collegiate Cyber Defense Competition (NCCDC)
(8-10 April), and the Congressional Cyber Security Caucus Summit (9 April),
FiestaCrow 2011 will bring together renowned cyber/IO policy makers and technical
experts, providing you the opportunity to meet and hear senior officials such as Mr. Howard
Schmidt, White House Cyber Policy Coordinator; Mr. Robert Butler, Deputy
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Space and Cyber Policy; Major General
Richard Webber, Commander, 24th Air Force; and Major General Bradley
Heithold, Commander, Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance
Agency. FC11 is co-sponsored by the Air Force ISR Agency and 24th Air Force.
ASS
O
Y
LL
TE
BI
52
I TC
H
H E LL C
FiestaCrow_Ad.indd 1
1/21/11 9:44:56 AM
association news
FINAL REPORT: AOCS FIRST ANNUAL REPROGRAMMING CONFERENCE
Zeta Associates, provided a terrific opening presentation
on an industry perspective of reprogramming and current
industry COIs. He set the stage with a look at how similar
industries address very similar issues. Introducing the concept of Co-opetition to the audience, he challenging them
from the get-go that business as usual was not acceptable.
Session 2s keynote speaker was Mr. Steve Hayden from
USD(I). Mr Haydens presentation on intelligence mission
data highlighted DOD efforts to harmonize the data process and address the issues of not only volume but also the
breadth of 21st century data requirements. Session 3 started with a keynote address from Mr. Jim Detjen, DIA Chief
Scientist, on the changing face of scientific and technical
intelligence and an emphasis on its exponential growth.
In Session 1 conference attendees heard from representatives of each of the services reprogramming managers
as well as a joint perspective presented by both the Joint
Electronic Warfare Directorate and the Air-Land-Sea Application Center. Common themes of the presenters included
challenges presented by the multitude of different systems,
maintaining legacy systems viability and the speed (or
lack) of the reprogramming process.
Session 2 was dedicated to discussions of data itself.
From the NASIC conference in July, the need for more standardized data and their harmonization were identified as a
critical issue for both the intel and operations communities.
Presentations in this session highlighted key topics and issues within acquisition, data management and spectrum
growth. Various data management systems including the
Next Generation EWIR System (NGES), the EWIR data base
(EWIRDB), and E-Space highlighted the growing complexity
and the need for data compatibility of automated systems
to assist with data management. One of the more unique
perspectives presented was the issue of maintaining system
firmware applications and how that process must align with
mission data management.
As EW systems continue to evolve in a 21st century cyber
environment, so too are the requirements and diversity of
systems that use mission data. With the stage set for Session 3 by Mr. Detjen, presenters addressed key issues from
the perspectives of non-traditional data users. All the services and organizations use their own organic from of rapid
reprogramming. While there seem to be many similarities,
the subtle differences only highlight the growing importance
53
54
FIESTACROW 2011:
EL CUERVO VIEJO XIV
NOMINATIONS
FiestaCrow 2011 symposium organizers are also
seeking nominations for El Cuervo Viejo XIV (The Old
Crow, the Fourteenth), an honorary title bestowed by
the symposium upon an AOC member, nominated by
his/her peers, as one who best personifies the spirit
of the international Old Crows.
The person selected will debut on the AOC float during the internationally renowned San Antonio Texas
Cavaliers River Parade on Monday evening, April 11,
2011, in conjunction with the biennial AOC MountainWestern Region EW Technical Symposium, EW/IO in a
CYBER WORLD, April 11-14, 2011 (www.fiestacrow.com).
Written nominations for El Cuervo Viejo XIV, including biographical data and reasons the AOC member
is nominated, must be received no later than February
28 2011. The Symposium Call for Papers has also been
extended to February 28. Visit www.fiestacrow.com
for more information.
The nominee must be available to attend the FiestaCrow 2011 symposium. The selection committee
will treat all nominations confidentially, including
no response to the nominator. Nominations should be
sent to: El Cuervo Viejo Committee; c/o Milton V. Driggers, ECV XII; 21903 Somerton Lane; San Antonio, TX
78260; mdriggers@satx.rr.com.
www.crows.org.
Member
Benefit Spotlight:
AOC Store
The Aardvark Roost, the AOCs South Africa chapter, has announced dates for a fall conference. This years event will take
place September 13-14 at CSIRs Convention Center in Pretoria,
South Africa. Visit www.crows.org for more information as it
becomes available.
The Dixie Crow Chapter of the AOC assisted Habitat for Humanity by providing lunch for 25 attendees to their Homebuyer
Education Workshop at the Warner Robins Housing Authority
Office on Saturday, January 8.
The workshop sessions included the following topics:
Homeowner Education: Down-Payment Assistance Programs,
Choosing a Mortgage, Foreclosure Prevention, The Lending
Process
Financial Preparation: Credit and Budget
Home and Yard Maintenance
Being a Good Neighbor
The following Dixie Crow Members were present to assist
Mark Leslein: Jim Hundley, Greg Carter, Danielle Hoke, Marsha
Leslein and Lisa Frug. The Dixie Crows have committed to assisting Habitat for Humanity with their efforts a minimum of
once a quarter as requirements dictate.
55
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INSTITUTE/UNIVERSITY
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Annapolis Micro
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JED Sales
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JED
quick look
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Details
Royal Saudi Air Force, Praetorian Integrated Defensive Aids Suite ....... 40
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