Final Year Thesis Report

Traffic control & surveillance using

solar panel
Fazal-e-hilal (23)
Adnan Amin (22)

Supervisor: Sir Fayyaz

Co-Supervisor: Madam Asma

APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION

It is certified that the project report titled

Traffic control & surveillance using solar panel

has met the required standard for submission
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of degree of
Bachelors of Electronics Engineering
at UET ABBOTTABAD

Project Supervisor

(SIR FAYYAZ)
(Assistant Professor)

Head of Department

(DR.SYED RIAZ-UL-HASSNAIN)
Project External Supervisor

DEDICATION
We dedicate our project to our beloved parents, fellow members
and the faculty members whose support and encouragement
being the main source of inspiration during the completion of the
project.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are greatly thankful to ALLAH ALMIGHTY for giving us the strength to

complete our project successfully within the specified time. We are highly
thankful to our respected teacher and project supervisor Sir Fayyaz and Madam
Asma her guidance throughout for the completion of project. We are also
extremely thankful to our jury members for their keen interest and cooperation.

ABSTRACT
Solar traffic light is the new technology providing a reliable, inexpensive, affordable and
environmentally friendly source for modern traffic management systems. These green
lights will also to help reduce electric energy usage. With no trenching, wiring or
electrical work required, solar powered traffic lights are perfect for road safety and traffic
control applications. Solar traffic lights are fitted with the latest technology in electronics.
A solar charger regulates the voltage coming out of the solar panel. The regulated
power obtained is used to charge a battery. During daytime, the traffic lights can use
voltage di- rect from solar panel. At the same time, the battery can be charge for using at
night. Lighting is produced by arrays of extra bright LEDs that are much brighter than
bulbs. LED last for years and is very energy efficient. LEDs are small, but it can
produce a significant amount of light. One of the biggest problems in developing
countries is power outages. An obvious advantage of solar traffic lights is that they will
continue working as their main purpose is to keep traffic flowing even during power cuts.
Solar directional signals and solar street lights offer an interesting and practical solution.

Table Of Contents
Chapter 1

Introduction.............................................................................................................1

1.1 Purpose..................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Background...........................................................................................................................1
1.3 Problem Statement................................................................................................................3
1.4 Objectives of Project.............................................................................................................4
1.5 Scopes of Project...................................................................................................................4
Chapter 2

Literature Review.....................................................................................................5

2.1 Description............................................................................................................................5
Chapter 3

Measurements and Analysis...................................................................................11

3.1 Methodology......................................................................................................................11
3.2 Hardware Implementation................................................................................................12
3.2.1 Lights Calculation and Measurements........................................................................12
3.3.Software Implementation:...................................................................................................13
3.3.1.What is Arduino?..........................................................................................................13
3.3.2.Overview of Arduino UNO:.........................................................................................13
3.4 Types of solar panels..........................................................................................................15
3.4.1

Selection of Solar Panel.............................................................................................15

3.4.2 Testing of Solar Panel...................................................................................................16

Chapter 4 , Charge Controller And Relay Board........................................................................17
4.1 Charge Controller................................................................................................................17
4.2

Switching Relay Board...................................................................................................21

Chapter 5

Selection And Sizing of Battery..............................................................................23

5.1 Selection of Battery...........................................................................................................23

5.2 Sizing of Battery..................................................................................................................23
5.2.1 Ampere-hour capacity of deep-cycle battery................................................................24
5.2.2 Battery Sizing Calculations:.........................................................................................24
5.2.3 Rate of Discharge..........................................................................................................24

Chapter 6.

Ip Cameras installation:........................................................................................25

6.1 What is IP camera?..............................................................................................................25

6.2.Installation...........................................................................................................................25
Chapter 7

Conclusions.............................................................................................................41

Figure 1

No table of figures entries found.

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Purpose

It is based on some general information about Solar LED based Traffic Light, the
advantages and disadvantages of project, problem statement, objectives and the
scope of project. All this information will discuss on the next pages.

1.2 Background

.
Figure 1.1: LED Traffic Lights. 1

Traffic light, which may also be known as stop light, traffic light lamps, traffic signals, stopand-go lights, robots or semaphore are signaling devices positioned at road intersection,
pedestrian crossing and other places that suitable to control competing flows of traffic. They
assign the right of way to road users by the use of lights in standard color (Red- AmberGreen) such as in Figure 1.1. In a typically cycle, illumination of the green light allows traffic
to proceed in the direction denoted, illumination of the amber light denoting if safe to, prepare
to stop short of the intersection, and illumination of the red signal prohibits any traffic from
proceeding.
Nowadays, many types of traffic light on the intersection road such as single aspect, dual
aspects, three or more aspects and pedestrian or cyclist crossing lights. Usually traffic light
that can be applies to control and reduce the traffic jam at the peak time. Based on this project
Solar LED based Traffic Light is powered by solar power at the daytime and charging
the battery for used back up at the night time.
The advantage of this project is no trenching to do for stick upright the pole of traffic light. It is
also no wiring from power supply to connect at the pole traffic light. Although and by using
LED is small but it can produces a significant amount of light and brighter than bulb light.
Solar LED traffic light is easy installation and inexpensive.
The disadvantages however are power battery for using at night time. It be- comes problem to
functioning the traffic light at night time when the battery was not fully charging during
daytime. If rainy season or cloudy, the solar panel not receive the sunlight to convert sunlight
power to electricity

1.3 Problem Statement

The problem in developing countries is power outages, like Malaysia which located at equator
grid that has received the amounts of sunlight in monthly. This is good news for used
renewable energy like solar energy to appliance work in a day. Like Russia, they has receive
the little amount of sunlight in monthly because the day time is short than night time. Therefore,
Russia is not suitable country to use Solar LED based Traffic Light.
The different between Solar LED and Bulb Traffic Light are the types of lamp that was used.
The total amount of energy usage LED is much save than bulb and LED also much brighter than
bulb. So, it can reduce the energy usage by using the LED as lamp of traffic light.

1.4 Objectives of Project

The main objectives of the project are:

To build a traffic light using solar powered.

To provide efficient backup power supply to signalized traffic intersections

To produce a working prototype solar LED based traffic light.

1.5 Scopes of Project

In order to achieve the objectives of the project, there are several scope had been
outlined. The scope of this project includes using:

Solar panel and rechargeable battery 12V.

Solar panel placed on the top of the system to get the consistent electricity produced
.
In this project, solar LED based traffic light is limited for 2way traffic and
pedestrian crossing.

Chapter 2

Literature Review

2.1 Description
This chapter describes the study about the types of solar panel and the placement of solar panel at the top
of system that can improved the power electricity produced. It is also briefly discuss about solar panel
and rechargeable battery.

From Nelson A. Kelly, Thomas L. Gibson paper, it is well-known that 2-axis tracking, in which solar
modules are pointed at the sun, improves the overall capture of solar energy by a given area of modules
by 30-50% versus modules with a fixed tilt. On sunny days the direct sunshine accounts for up to 90% of
the total solar energy, with the other 10% from defuse (scattered) solar energy. For sunny conditions, a
system that orients solar modules so that they are perpendicular to the direct rays from the sun, produces

the most solar energy for a given photovoltaic module area 30-50% more solar energy than a PV system
within fixed tilt.

Figure 2.1: Global horizontal beam normal.

Figure 2.1(a) shows the graph global horizontal beam normal time a sunny day, the direct
irradiance increases rapidly following sunrise and exceeds global horizontal value throughout
the day, except for a few hours around solar noon. Figure 2.1(b) shows the graph time a
cloudy day, the insulations terms were largest in figure 2.1(a) are now the smallest. On a long
term basis, the most solar energy can be obtained from a given area of solar modules by
having the modules mounted in a 2-axis tracking system. In such as a tracking system, the
modules are positioned such that the angle of incidence of incoming beam radiation with the
solar module 90. This maximizes the cosine response to the beam radiation. There are
several types of 2-axis tracking systems (Photovoltaic Systems Assistance Center, 1991;
2
Rothetal, 2005), ranging from systems that can accommodate over 18m of typical solar
modules (ArrayTechnologiesInc.) to small trackers for
mounting pyrheliometers (Yankee Environmental Systems Inc.). Some systems use active
tracking methods, in which the motors and/or hydraulic devices are used to position the
modules (Array Technologies Inc.), while others use passive

methods, in which normally unused energy, such as heating of a fluid, is used to provide
module alignment with the sun.
A.A Al-Baali however describes in improving the power of a solar panel by cooling and
light concentrating paper, the effects of solar radiation and temperature on the
characteristics of a solar panel was studied in order to improve the power output of the
panel. A systems consisting of two stages was used: a water circulation system was found to
be necessary to overcome the degradation in Voc with panel temperature and at the same
time, a reflecting mirror was utilized to increase the solar radiation on the surface, i.e. to
increase Isc, an increase in the power output and in hot water can be obtained.

Figure 2.2: System layout diagram. 1

Figure 2.2 shows the reflector mirror was utilized to reflect the instead of lenses, and causes
an increase in the radiation level received by the panel. The reflector were placed adjacent
to the surfaces of the second and third panels at an angle 130 and the systems was connected
as shown in Figure 2.2.
On the other hand, W.X.Shen said that the size optimization of solar array and battery in a standalone
photovoltaic (SPV) system is investigated. Based on the energy efficiency model, the loss of power
supply probability (LPSP) of the SPV system is calculated for different size combinations of solar
array and battery. For the desired LPSP at the given load demand, the optimal size combination is
obtained at the minimum system cost One case study is given to show the application of the method in
Malaysian condition weather

By Traffic Engineering Division Department of Public Works City of Little Rock in final
report, the Light Emitting Diode (LED) Traffic Signals have become an efficient and
effective alternative to traditional incandescent signals. The two main advantages of LED
signals are very low power consumption (10 W to 22 W) and very long life, as high as 7
to 10 years. When compared with the typical energy needs of an incandescent bulb, which
is 135 Watts, the savings resulting from the low energy usage of LED signals can be as
high as 93%. In addition to the low energy usage, the long life of LED signals means low
maintenance costs, which makes LED signals a worthwhile investment and also environment
friendly.
Other benefits of LED signals include elimination of catastrophic failures. Unlike an
incandescent bulb which has only one filament, an LED signal is made out of a matrix
of several dozen LEDs. The signal continues to function even if several of these miniature
diodes stop working. On the other hand, when the filament of an incandescent bulb fails, the
display goes dark requiring immediate replacement. LED signals are brighter compared to
incandescent traffic signals, which enhances intersection safety. Elimination of phantom
effect, incandescent traffic signals use reflectors behind the bulbs. For signals on east-west
approaches during morning and evening hours, all colors seem to light up when the sunrays
fall directly on these signals. This problem is eliminated when LED signals are used because
there are no reflectors in LED signals.
Observation of LED signals in operation has resulted in the following findings LED Signals
are brighter than conventional signals, due to their low wattage, LED signals do not
burn the lens coverings like the conventional incandescent bulbs. Incandescent bulbs tend to
burn the lens coverings and darken them after a few years of operation, which reduces the
brightness. The visibility of LED signals tends to be very directional which causes problems
for signals attached to span wires. During times of high wind, the swaying signals appear dim
depending on the degree of tilt. This can be solved by tethering the signal heads on both the
top and bottom sides. Since LED signals require very low power to operate, it is feasible to
run the signals with battery back-up

during power failures. Since LED signals draw very low power, the intersection wiring will
not deteriorate as rapidly resulting in less maintenance.
Due to the many advantages of in terms of operation and energy consumption, the benefits
of LED signals outweigh the initial investment. The City of Little Rock decided to retrofit
all the traffic signals with LED signals and as a result of the citywide retrofit project, all the
traffic signals in the City now use LED signal displays. The city now 6 requires LED signals
on all new traffic signal installations. Thus far, the performance of LED signals has been very
satisfying.
On the other hand, A.A Azooz, J.M Sulayman said in their paper Electronic Control Circuit
for Solar Battery Charging. For any particular solar cell panel, the open circuit voltage
increases exponentially with the intensity of solar radiation, reaching a limiting value. The
cell voltage will assume the value of the battery terminal voltage which is an approximately
fixed quantity except for the case of a highly drained battery. It is common practice to
design photovoltaic solar systems for battery charging with solar panel open circuit
saturation voltage being 1.5 times the nominal emf of the battery to be charged. Even with
such design, a good deal of sun energy under morning, after noon hours and cloudy weather
may not be exploited properly due to the fact that the operating point will slip back into the
exponential regions.

Figure 2.3: Solar charging equivalent ci 1

In order to gain more insight on the problem let us consider the simple equivalent circuit of
the battery charging process shown in figure 2.3. The solar panel is represented by a voltage
source E, an internal resistance r, and a diode D. When the electromotive force E exceeds
that of the battery to be charged E0, charging current i will flow in circuit. The power stored
in the battery will be 0 P = iE. The solar panel internal resistance r is equal to the open
circuit voltage E divided by the short circuit current 0 I.

Figure 2.4 Block diagram of the controlled charging process.

Figure 2.4 shows a block diagram of the controlled charging process. One way to put the
above argument into action is through the isolation of a certain number of unit cells from the
battery, while charging only a proper number of series cells, in practice, such a process needs
two things. The first continues monitoring of the solar panel electromotive force. The second
is a reliable switching mechanism that can transfer the charging current to the appropriate
number of series unit cells within the battery while excluding the remaining ones for the time
being. For example and for 12V lead-acid battery consisting of 6 cells x2V, the circuit and
after monitoring the panel voltage, must direct the current to charge only the first cell when
the solar panel voltage is between 2-4V. The charging current must be redirected to the series
combination of the first and second cells for solar panel voltages fall in the range 4-6V, etc. If
the monitored voltage is above 12V, the whole battery will be in a charging state. Finally and
in order to avoid any overcharging situation, the charging process must seize if the panel
voltage exceed a certain limit 14.3V for example. A block diagram of such arrangement
is shown in Figure 2.4.

Chapter 3

Measurements and Analysis

3.1 Methodology
Block Diagram:

Figure 3.1: Block of Solar Panel Based Traffic Light

In generally this figure shows the description about the project. The solar panel used to convert
the sunlight energy to produce electricit y and then store the electricit y to battery. The battery
used to supply the voltage to Ardiuno and at the same times it supply voltage to t raffi c lights.
From the microcontroller, it has been produce the output at the traffic light signal board based

on program that Designed. Similarly the wapda also supply voltage incase if there is no Solar
energy.

3.2 Hardware Implementation

This chapter covered about the components that had been used included in this project such as
LIGHTS CALCULATION AND MEASUREMENTS
TYPES OF SOLAR PANEL

3.2.1 Lights Calculation and Measurements

Calculations:
1. 10mm round Crystal Red Leds (96pieces)
2. 10mm round Crystal Yellow Leds (96pieces)
3. 10mm round Crystal Green Leds (96pieces)
Total 12 sets of Leds
1 set contain 24 Leds

Measurements:
RED
CURRENT:
VOLTAGE:

0.24A

RESISTANCE:

5.4V
340 Ohm

MAXIMUM CURRENT: 4X0.24=0.96A

YELLOW
CURRENT:
VOLTAGE:
RESISTANCE:

1.04A
6.6V
312Ohm
MAXIMUM CURRENT: 4x1.04=4.16A

GREEN
CURRENT:
VOLTAGE:
9V
RESISTANCE:
300 Ohm
MAXIMUM CURRENT: 4x0.08=0.32A

0.08A

Other Calculations:
Battery:
12v
At peak we will have: 4.16A
POWER:12x4.16=49.92~50watts
Finally we will have 50watt Solar panel
But we used 60watt Solar Panel, as higher the value, less number of chances for faults.

3.3.Software Implementation:
Software we are using is Arduino.

Figure 3.2 Arduino 1

3.3.1.What is Arduino?
Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino
boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into
an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board
what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.
Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to complex
scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and
professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an
incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.

3.3.2.Overview of Arduino UNO

The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital

input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz

quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started

Technical specs
Microcontroller
Operating Voltage
Input Voltage (recommended)
Input Voltage (limit)
Digital I/O Pins
PWM Digital I/O Pins
Analog Input Pins
DC Current per I/O Pin
DC Current for 3.3V Pin
Flash Memory
SRAM
EEPROM
Clock Speed
Length
Width
Weight

ATmega328P
5V
7-12V
6-20V
14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
6
6
20 mA
50 mA
32 KB (ATmega328P)
of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
2 KB (ATmega328P)
1 KB (ATmega328P)
16 MHz
68.6 mm
53.4 mm
25 g

3.4 Types of solar panels

Table 1: Types of Solar Panels

3.4.1

Selection of Solar Panel

Monocrystalline solar panels have the highest efficiency rates because they are made out of
the highest-grade silicon. Monocrystalline solar panels are typically 15-20% efficient rate Cells.

Mono crystalline silicon solar panels are space-efficient. These solar panels gives highest
power outputs, least amount of space is required in compare to any other type. Monocrystalline solar
panels produce four times, the amount of electric- ity as thin-film solar panels.

Monocrystalline solar panels live the longest. Most solar panel manufacturers put a 25-year
warranty on their Monocrystalline solar panels.

They perform better than similarly rated polycrystalline solar panels at low-light condition.

3.4.2 Testing of Solar Panel

Figure 3.3 Table 2: Testing of Solar Panel

Chapter 4 , Charge Controller And Relay Board

4.1 Charge Controller

Definition:
A charge controller, charge regulator or battery regulator limits the rate at which electric current is
added to or drawn from electric batteries.

Checking of charge Controlle 1

charge controller is an essential part of any wind or solar system to en- sure the batteries aren't
over or under charged. The charge controller monitors the battery voltage and switches the
batteries off charge when they are fully charged, and switches them back on charge when they
reach a pre-set level of discharge. This is a new and improved charge controller design based on
the 555 chip. Solar panel and charge controller designs on the web, they became wildly popular.
Lots of people all over the world have built their own versions. I get flooded with emails every
day from people with comments or questions. A very large per- centage of the emails concern
problems people are having building the original charge controller design. While the design is
certainly more ad- vanced than some middle school lesson plans in shop class, it's certainly doable for any reasonably skilled personThe original charge controller design is still working after
years of field use. Lots of people all over the world have built copies of it. The original story of
the development of this charge controller.
Problem is, people with less electronics experience had trouble building it and getting it to work.
The circuit was rather complex and confusing for electronics beginners. Some people in far-flung
parts of the world were having problems finding all the necessary parts. The daily flood of
emails requesting help with building the charge controller have
prompted me to redesign it.

So I set myself the goal of greatly simplifying my solar/wind charge con- troller circuit. I wanted
to get it down to only one IC if possible, and re- duce the number of other components as much
as possible. I also wanted to make sure it only contained easy to find components that should be
obtainable pretty much anywhere in the world. That way maybe more people would be able to
build it without running into problems.
One of my friends suggested I switch to using one of the popular micro- controller chips and
replace all the analog circuitry with one chip. That would certainly get the parts count way down.
However, I was worried that the microcontrollers would be too expensive or difficult to obtain in
some parts of the world, and too difficult for non-technical people to pro- gram. I decided to stick
with analog circuitry for now, though the micro- controller option is a possibility for the future.

Circuit Diagram

I was careful to use only easy to find parts. The NE555 is probably the most popular IC in
history. Billions of them are made every year. It should be easy to find just about anywhere in the
world. I also switched to a 5 Volt regulator from the 8 Volt regulator the earlier version used.
People were complaining they couldn't find it. The transistor is a

2N2222, NTE123, 2N3904,or other similar general purpose small NPN

transistor. The MOSFET is an IRF540 or similar power MOSFET. I just happen to have a
bunch of IRF540s on hand, left over from other pro- jects. So I used one of them rather than
buying something else. Use whatever you can find.

All the resistors are 1/8 watt. 1/4 watt or higher resistors can be substi- tuted if you don't have
1/8 Watt resistors. The two trimpots, R1 and R2, should ideally be multiturn units, but ordinary
single-turn units can be substituted, with a slight loss of precision in the tuning. I used 10K trimpots because I already had them on hand. Any value between 10K and
100K ought to work just fine. 10% tolerance is plenty good enough on all the passive
components. There is no need for any precision parts in this circuit So when the charge
controller senses that the batteries are fully charged and switches them out of the circuit, it
switches in a dummy load (just a big external bank of high-wattage resistors) to soak up the
power output and keep it under load.

4.2

Switching Relay Board

Components Used:

2N3904 Transistor(12)
12V 5pin Relay(6)
PCB Designing:

Figure 4.3: PCB designing of Switching R 1

Working
Relay 2 pins are connected to 12v and 1 pin is connected to the transistor as shown in the
figure.
One is connected to the lights . Bascially we have 12 set of lights ,so there will be 12 connection ,I had shown only three. When the transistor will get input ,the coil will energized and
the switch will move to Normally open.

Chapter 5

Selection And Sizing of Battery

5.1 Selection of Battery

We have chosen Lead Acid Batteries for our project because of the following reasons
Inexpensive and simple to manufacture.
Low self-discharge , the self-discharge rate is among the lowest in rechargeable
Battery systems.
Low maintenance requirements no memory, no electrolyte to fill.
Capable of high discharge rates.

5.2 Sizing of Battery

The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deepcycle battery. Deep cycle battery is
specifically designed for to be discharged to low en- energy level and rapid recharged or cycle charged
and discharged day after day for years. The battery should be large enough to store sufficient energy to
operate the appliances at night and cloudy days. To find out the size of battery, calculate as follows:
1) Calculate total Watt-hours per day used by appliances.
2) Divide the total Watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss.
3) Divide the answer obtained in item (2) by 0.6 for depth of discharge.
4) Divide the answer obtained in item (3) by the nominal battery voltage.
5) Multiply the answer obtained in item (4) with days of autonomy
(the number of days that you need the system to operate when there is no power produced by PV panel
to get the required.

5.2.1 Ampere-hour capacity of deep-cycle battery

Battery Capacity (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances x Days of
autonomy (0.85 x 0.6 x nominal battery voltage)

5.2.2 Battery Sizing Calculations:

Total Load

100watt

To use 100watt load

2 hours

Days of autonomy

Nominal battery voltage

12v

Battery Capacity (Ah)

7.5Ah

No. of hours we want

So capacity of battery for our project is = 12v 7.5Ah

5.2.3 Rate of Discharge

Rate of discharge =

()

Battery (Ah)

= 7.5Ah

Battery Voltage

= 12v

2day

Applied Load

= 60watt

Rate of Discharge

= 2.16hour

Chapter 6.

Ip Cameras installation:

6.1 What is IP camera?

An IP camera is a networked digital video camera that transmits data over a Fast Ethernet link. IP
cameras (also called "network cameras") are most often used for IP surveillance, a digitized and
networked version of closed-circuit television (CCTV).
Benefits of IP camera over analog technology include:

Remote administration from any location.

Digital zoom.

The ability to easily send images and video anywhere with an Internet connection.

Progressive scanning, which enables better quality images extracted from the video,
especially for moving targets.

Adjustable frame rates and resolution to meet specific needs.

Two-way communication.

The ability to send alerts if suspicious activity is detected.

Lower cabling requirements.

Support for intelligent video.

We are using ip cameras to detect the car which broke traffic laws.. Thus using two
cameras controlling four sides of the road and the car will be easily detected

6.2.Installation
Before you start:
Make sure the device in the package is in good condition and all the assembly
parts are included.
The standard power supply is 12V DC or 24V AC, please make sure your
power supply matches with your camera.
Make sure all the related equipment is power-off during the installation.
Check the specification
environment.

of

the

products

for

the

installation

Make sure that the wall is strong enough to withstand four times the
weight of the camera and the bracket.
For the camera that supports IR, you are required to pay attention to the
following precautions to prevent IR reflection:
Dust or grease on the dome cover will cause IR reflection. Please do not
remove the dome cover film until the installation is finished. If there is
dust or grease on the dome cover, clean the dome cover with clean soft
cloth and isopropyl alcohol.
Make sure that there is no reflective surface too close to the camera lens.
The IR light from the camera may reflect back into the lens causing
reflection.
The foam ring around the lens must be seated flush against the inner surface of the bubble to
isolate the lens from the IR LEDS. Fasten the dome cover to camera body so that the foam ring
and the dome cover are attached seamlessly

Chapter 7

Conclusions

By looking at the data presented, retrofitting the traditional incandescent

bulbs to LED is an option to save the city money and reduce energy
consumption. Although this is a costly venture, the pay off can be seen in
less than five years. The addition of installing solar panels aids in support
of reducing energy consumption down to nothing. With the panels 35-40
year lifespan, the benefit outweighs the initial cost.
It was important to sample intersections in the areas chosen because
they are major industry areas in the city and support a heavy traffic flow
on a daily basis. By using the average wattages for the incandescent light
bulbs and LEDs shows that that energy costs are five times less using the
LED light source. Combining the installation cost, of the solar panels and
LEDs, gives the city an idea of the costs incurred so that they can decide
whether they want to put up the upfront costs in order to reap the long
term savings. The literature shows the benefits of using solar energy and
LEDs as well as the successes that have been seen in both the United States
and abroad. The city has already seen significant savings in energy costs
and consumption demonstrated by the 10

intersection

analysis.

Therefore, the city has already been successful in seeing energy costs and
consumption savings in the intersections it has already converted, it would
behoove the city to continue this retrofitting to all the intersections in
Houston.

41

References
Books [1] Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillespie, Ronlin D. Mc Kinlay, <second edition>
Books [2] I. Scott Mackenzie, The 8051 Microcontroller, Third Edition
Books [3] Sedra/Smith, Micro Electronic Circuit, Fifth Edition
Website [4] Solar Panel Traffic Lights,
http://www.umpir.ump.edu.my/Syamsul_Rais_Ahmed_Tazalli_(_CD_5304_)
Website [5] Charge Controller, http://www.mdpub.com/555Controller/

42