History Online

Social gospel- Washington Gladden was a respected Congressional pastor who saw
a divide between the social classes. He saw that the values and virtues of
Christianity should apply to the workplace, and thus sought to reach out to the
workers who were being takin advantage of. Ministers like Gladden pushed for
changes during the 1870s and 1880s that would become the social gospel.
Settlement houses- buildings designed to bring together the poor workers with the
wealthy to fight the slum problems. Around one hundred such community centers
existed in the United States by 1900. The most well-known settlement houses
where Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starrs Hull-House in Chicago (1889), Robert A.
Woodss South End House in Boston(1891), and Lillian Walds Henry Street
Settlement (1893) in New York.
Jane Addams- The creator of the Hull-House in Chicago, who focused on practical
needs for immigrants and the working poor. She helped start a nursery to watch
the children of working mothers and helped neighborhood children become enrolled
in clubs and kindergarten. After realizing the ineffectiveness of settlement houses
against the slums, leaders of the settlements organized political support for laws
that would ensure sanitary housing codes and create public playgrounds, juvenile
courts, and mothers pension, workers compensation laws.
Muckrakers- Investigative journalists who attempted to expose the issues of
chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, and child labor in mills, mines,
and factories. They were named after Theodore Roosevelt, who said that journalists
were often indispensable to . . . society, but only if they know when to stop raking
the muck. The muckrakers gave journalism a new purpose by writing about the
complex social issues instead of simply endorsing one party or another.
Taylorism- A technique of progressivism started by Frederick W Taylor in his book
The Principles of Scientific Management (1911). It touted reducing waste and
inefficiency in the workplace through the scientific analysis of labor processes.
Taylors controversial system brought concrete improvements in productivity
Social justice- A grassroots movement that promoted greater social justice through
nonprofit charity organizations, reformers efforts to clean up cities, and the reforms
attempt to regulate child labor and alcohol consumption. Middle-class women were
the driving force behind the movement. Eventually, it became apparent that
government intervention was the only way to effectively fight social injustices.
Florence Kelley- the head of the National Consumers League who led a movement
to regulate the hours of work for women. She promoted state laws to regulate the
long working hours imposed on women who were wives and mothers. Working at
night and dangerous jobs for women and children were outlawed in many states as
well.
Gifford Pinchot-The nations first professional forester who was endorsed by Vice
President Roosevelt for the head of the U.S. Division of Forestry. He was a
pragmatic conservationist who believed in economic growth along with

environmental preservation. Pinchot said that the conservation movement sought

the greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time.
New Nationalism- Roosevelts principle which were similar to the populist
progressivism of William Jennings Bryan. This new nationalism called for more
stringent federal regulation of huge corporations, a progressive income tax, laws
limiting child labor, and a :Square deal for the poor man. Roosevelts ideas were
not to revolutionize the political system but to save it from the threat of revolution.
Sixteenth Amendment- The Sixteenth Amendment was ratified in 1913 with
President Tafts support right before he left office. This was a last attempt to keep
Roosevelt on Tafts side but was inevitably unfruitful. The Sixteenth Amendment
was an authorization of a federal income tax.
Bull Moose progressive Party- Roosevelt created a third political party during a
convention in Chicago on August 5th. The party was formed in response to the
betrayal that Roosevelt felt about not being nominated for the Republican Party.
Few professional politicians turned up and this disruption of the Republican Party
gave Democrats hope.
Woodrow Wilson- The Virginia-born New Jersey governor who was leading the
Democratic Party. He was elected president of Princeton University after seventeen
years of teaching in 1902. Wilson partook in the 1912 presidential campaign
involving Taft, Roosevelt, and Eugene V. Debs as his competition.
New Freedom- The program designed for Wilson that differed from Roosevelts New
Nationalism in that the federal government should restore competition in the
economy rather than focus on regulating huge monopolies. Wilson was convinced
that all huge industries need to be broken up, not regulated, unlike Roosevelt.
Wilsons approach required a vigorous anti-trust policy, lower tariffs to allow more
foreign goods to compete, and the dissolution of the concentration of financial
power in Wall Street.
The Election of 1912- All candidate claimed to be progressive in one manner or
another. Party primaries were also first featured at this election. This was also the
first time the Democratic Party had power since the Civil War.
Alice Paul- Alice was a Quaker social worker who in 1910 became the head of the
National American Woman Suffrage Association. She told fellow female activists to
picket state legislatures, target and punish politicians who failed to endorse
suffrage, chain themselves to public buildings, incite police to arrest them, and
undertake hunger strikes. In 1917 Alice helped form the National Womans Party.
Carrie Chapman Catt- A member of the womans suffrage movement that fell into
the prevailing fears of social, racial, and ethnic prejudices of the time. She thought
that the nation, with ill-advised haste had enfranchised the foreigner, the Negro
and the Indian. Carrie had many of the fears that the middle to upper class women
of that time held.

Nineteenth Amendment- Called the Susan B. Anthony amendment in early 1918, it

allowed womans suffrage. President Wilson endorsed it explaining that it was a
reward for the role women had played in supporting the war effort. This made the
United States the twenty-second nation to accept woman rights to vote.
Margaret Sanger- Margaret Sanger was a staff member the first birth-control clinic in
the nation that opened in Brooklyn, New York. Growing up in the working class
tenements of Manhattan, she saw firsthand the consequences of unwanted
pregnancies, tragic miscarriages, and amateur abortions. This led to Sanger
delivering birth-control information to working-class women in 1912 and dedicating
her life to helping women gain control of their bodies.