(/mulphic)

(/mulphic)
GNRAL
LCTRICAL
MCHANICAL
FLUID
Naviertokequaon(/mulphic/naviertokeequaon)
ouineqApproximaon(/mulphic/ouineqapproximaon)
NoniothermalFlow(/mulphic/noniothermalow)
FluidtructureInteracon(/mulphic/uidtructureinteracon)
Poroelacit(/mulphic/poroelacit)
queezedandlidingFilm(/mulphic/queezedandlidinglm)
TheMarangoniect(/mulphic/marangonieect)
CHMICAL

Naviertokequaon
(/mulphic)FluidNaviertokequaon

WhatAretheNaviertokequaon?
TheNavier-tokeequationgovernthemotionoffluidandcaneeena
Newton'econdlawofmotionforfluid.Inthecaeofacompreile
Newtonianfluid,thiield

whereuithefluidvelocit,pithefluidpreure,ithefluiddenit,
andithefluiddnamicvicoit.Thedifferenttermcorrepondtothe
inertialforce(1),preureforce(2),vicouforce(3),andtheexternal
forceappliedtothefluid(4).TheNavier-tokeequationwerederived
Navier,Poion,aint-Venant,andtokeetween1827and1845.
Theeequationarealwaolvedtogetherwiththecontinuitequation:

TheNavier-tokeequationrepreenttheconervationofmomentum,
whilethecontinuitequationrepreenttheconervationofma.

HowDoTheAppltoimulaonandModeling?
Theeequationareattheheartoffluidflowmodeling.olvingthem,fora
particularetofoundarcondition(uchainlet,outlet,andwall),
predictthefluidvelocitanditpreureinagivengeometr.ecaueof
theircomplexit,theeequationonladmitalimitednumerofanaltical
olution.Itirelativelea,forintance,toolvetheeequationfora
flowetweentwoparallelplateorfortheflowinacircularpipe.Formore
complexgeometrie,however,theequationneedtoeolvednumericall.

xample:LaminarFlowPataacktep
Inthefollowingexample,wenumericallolvetheNavier-toke
equation(hereonaloreferredtoa"Nequation")andthema
conervationequationinacomputationaldomain.Theeequationneedto
eolvedwithaetofoundarcondition:

(hp://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/computaonal_domain.png)

Thefluidvelocitipecifiedattheinletandpreureprecriedatthe
outlet.Ano-lipoundarcondition(i.e.,thevelocitiettozero)i
pecifiedatthewall.Thenumericalolutionofthetead-tateN(the
time-dependentderivativein(1)iettozero)andcontinuitequationin
thelaminarregimeandforcontantoundarconditioniafollow:

(hp://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/treamline.png)

Velocitmagnitudeproleandtreamline.

(hp://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/preure_eld.png)

Preureeld.

DierentFlavoroftheNaviertokequaon
Dependingontheflowregimeofinteret,itioftenpoiletoimplif
theeequation.Inothercae,additionalequationmaerequired.In
thefieldoffluiddnamic,thedifferentflowregimearecategorizeduing
anon-dimenionalnumer,uchatheRenoldnumerandtheMach
numer.

AouttheRenoldandMachNumer
TheRenoldnumer,Re=UL/,correpondtotheratioofinertialforce
(1)tovicouforce(3).Itmeaurehowturulenttheflowi.Low
Renoldnumerflowarelaminar,whilehigherRenoldnumerflow
areturulent.
TheMachnumer,M=U/c,correpondtotheratioofthefluidvelocit,U,
tothepeedofoundinthatfluid,c.TheMachnumermeauretheflow
compreiilit.
Intheflowpataacktepexample,Re=100andM=0.001,whichmean
thattheflowilaminarandnearlincompreile.Forincompreile
flowthecontinuitequationield:

ecauethedivergenceofthevelocitiequaltozero,wecanremovethe
term:

fromthevicouforcetermintheNequationinthecaeof
incompreileflow.
Inthefollowingection,weexamineomeparticularflowregime.

LowRenoldNumer/CreepingFlow

WhentheRenoldnumerivermall(Re1),theinertialforce(1)are
vermallcomparedtothevicouforce(3)andthecaneneglected
whenolvingtheNequation.Toillutratethiflowregime,wewilllook
atpore-caleflowexperimentconductedArturoKeller,MariaAuet,
andanairivithaapakornoftheUniveritofCalifornia,antaarara.

(hp://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/oundar_condion.png)

Aoutthexperiment
Thedomainofinteretcover640m320m.Watermovefromright
toleftacrothegeometr.Theflowintheporedoenotpenetratethe
olidpart(graareainthefigureaove).Theinletandoutletfluid
preureareknown.incethechannelareatmot0.1millimeterin
widthandthemaximumvelocitilowerthan10-4m/,themaximum
Renoldnumerilethan0.01.ecauetherearenoexternalforce
(gravitineglected),theforceterm(4)ialoequaltozero.
Therefore,theNequationreduceto:

Modelingthexperiment
Theelowplothowthereultingvelocitcontourandpreurefield
(height).

(hp://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/velocit_contour.jpg)

Theflowidrivenahigherpreureattheinletthanattheoutlet.Thee
reulthowthealanceetweenthepreureforce(2)andthevicou
force(3)intheNequation.Alongthethinnerchannel,theimpactof
vicoudiffuionilarger,whichleadtohigherpreuredrop.

HighRenoldNumer/TurulentFlow
InengineeringapplicationwheretheRenoldnumeriverhigh,the
inertialforce(1)aremuchlargerthanthevicouforce(3).uch
turulentflowprolemaretranientinnature;amehthatifineenough
toreolvetheizeofthemalleteddieintheflowneedtoeued.
RunninguchimulationuingtheNequationiofteneondthe
computationalpowerofmotoftoda'computerandupercomputer.
Intead,wecanueaRenold-AveragedNavier-toke(RAN)formulation
oftheNavier-tokeequation,whichaveragethevelocitandpreure
fieldintime.
Theetime-averagedequationcanthenecomputedinatationarwa
onarelativelcoaremeh,thudraticallreducingthecomputingpower
andtimerequiredforuchimulation(tpicallafewminutefortwodimenionalflowandafewminutetoafewdaforthree-dimenional
flow).
TheRenold-AveragedNavier-toke(RAN)formulationiafollow:

Here,UandParethetime-averagedvelocitandpreure,repectivel.
ThetermTrepreenttheturulentvicoit,i.e.,theeffectofthemallcaletime-dependentvelocitfluctuationthatarenotolvedforthe
RANequation.
Theturulentvicoit,T,ievaluateduingturulencemodel.Themot
commononeithek-turulencemodel(oneofmanRANturulence
model).Thimodelioftenuedinindutrialapplicationecaueiti
othroutandcomputationallinexpenive.Itconitofolvingtwo
additionalequationforthetranportofturulentkineticenergkand
turulentdiipation.
Toillutratethiflowregime,letulookattheflowinamuchlarger
geometrthantheporecaleflow:atpicalozonepurificationreactor.The
reactoriaout40meterlongandlooklikeamazewithpartialwallor
afflethatdividethepaceintoroom-izedcompartment.aedonthe
inletvelocitanddiameter,whichinthicaecorrepondto0.1m/and0.4
meterrepectivel,theRenoldnumeri400,000.Thimodeliolved
forthetime-averagedvelocit,U;preure,P;turulentkineticenerg,k;
andturulentdiipation,:

(hp://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/ow_velocit.png)

Thereulthowtheowpaern,owvelocit,andturulentvicoitT.

FlowCompreiilit
TheflowcompreiilitimeauredtheMachnumer.Allthepreviou
exampleareweaklcompreile,meaningthattheMachnumeri
lowerthan0.3.

IncompreileFlow
WhentheMachnumeriverlow,itiOKtoaumethattheflowi
incompreile.Thiioftenagoodapproximationforliquid,whichare
muchlecompreilethangae.Inthatcae,thedenitiaumedto
econtantandthecontinuitequationreducetou=0.Thecreeping
flowexamplehowingwaterflowingatalowpeedthroughtheporou
mediaiagoodexampleofincompreileflow.

CompreileFlow

Inomecae,theflowvelocitilargeenoughtointroduceignificant
changeinthedenitandtemperatureofthefluid.Theechangecane
neglectedforM<0.3.ForM>0.3,however,thecouplingetweenthe
velocit,preure,andtemperaturefieldecomeotrongthattheNand
continuitequationneedtoeolvedtogetherwiththeenergequation
(theequationforheattranferinfluid).Theenergequationpredictthe
temperatureinthefluid,whichineededtocomputeittemperaturedependentmaterialpropertie.
Compreileflowcanelaminarorturulent.Inthenextexample,we
lookatahigh-peedturulentgaflowinadiffuer(aconvergingand
divergingnozzle).

(hp://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/diuer.png)

Thediffueritranonicintheenethattheflowattheinletiuonic,
utduetothecontractionandthelowoutletpreure,theflowaccelerate
andecomeonic(M=1)inthethroatofthenozzle.

(hp://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/mach_numer.png)

(hp://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/temperature_prole.png)

(hp://cdn.comol.com/cclopedia/naviertokeequaon/preure_prole.png)

Thereultintheethreeplothowtrongimilaritie,whichconfirmthe
trongcouplingetweenthevelocit,preure,andtemperaturefield.
Afterahortregionofuperonicflow(M>1),anormalhockwavering
theflowacktouonicflow.Thiet-uphaeentudiedinanumerof
experimentandnumericalimulationM.ajenet.al.[1-6].

WhatFlowRegimeCannoteolvedtheNaviertoke
quaon?
TheNavier-tokeequationareonlvalidalongatherepreentative
phicallengthcaleofthetemimuchlargerthanthemeanfreepath
ofthemoleculethatmakeupthefluid.Inthatcae,thefluidireferredto

aacontinuum.Theratioofthemeanfreepath,,andtherepreentative
lengthcale,L,icalledtheKnudennumer,Kn=/L
TheNequationarevalidforKn<0.01.For0.01<Kn<0.1,theeequation
cantilleued,uttherequirepecialoundarcondition.ForKn>0.1,
thearenotvalid.Attheamientpreureof1atmforintance,the
meanfreepathofairmoleculei68nanometer.Thecharacteritic
lengthofourmodelhouldthereforeelargerthan6.8mfortheN
equationtoevalid.

Reference
1.M.ajen,J.C.Kroutil,andC.P.Chen,AHigh-peedchlierenInvetigationofDiffuer
FlowwithDnamicDitortion,AIAAPaper77-875,1977.
2.T.J.ogar,M.ajen,andJ.C.Kroutil,CharacteriticFrequencieofTranonicDiffuer
FlowOcillation,AIAAJournal,vol.21,no.9,pp.12321240,1983.
3.J.T.almon,T.J.ogar,andM.ajen,LaerDopplerVelocimetrinUntead,eparated,
TranonicFlow,AIAAJournal,vol.21,no.12,pp.16901697,1983.
4.T.Hieh,A..WardlawJr.,T.J.ogar,P.Collin,andT.Coakle,NumericalInvetigationof
UnteadInletFlowfield,AIAAJournal,vol.25,no.1,pp.7581,1987.
5.http://www.grc.naa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/trandif/trandif01/trandif01.html
(http://www.grc.naa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/trandif/trandif01/trandif01.html)
6.http://www.grc.naa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/trandif/trandif02/trandif02.html
(http://www.grc.naa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/trandif/trandif01/trandif01.html)

RLATD
MaterialFague

(materialfague)(ouineqapproximaon)
RLATD
ouineqApproximaon

APPARINFLUID
Naviertokequaon(/mulphic/naviertokeequaon)

ouineqApproximaon(/mulphic/ouineqapproximaon)
NoniothermalFlow(/mulphic/noniothermalow)
FluidtructureInteracon(/mulphic/uidtructureinteracon)
Poroelacit(/mulphic/poroelacit)
queezedandlidingFilm(/mulphic/queezedandlidinglm)
TheMarangoniect(/mulphic/marangonieect)

NorthAmerica

(hp://plu.google.com/u/0/+comol/pot)

(//www.comol.com/log/)

(hp://www.linkedin.com/compan/comolinc)

(hp://www.faceook.com/mulphic)

Login(/acce/)
PrivacPolic(/compan/privac/) Trademark(/trademark/)
2016COMOLInc.Allrightreerved

(hp://twier.com/COMOL_Inc)