Cent. Eur. J. Eng.

1(3) 2011 316-331

DOI: 10.2478/s13531-011-0030-9

Central European Journal of Engineering

Numerical analysis of composite STEEL-CONCRETE

SECTIONS using integral equation of Volterra
Research article

Doncho Partov , Vesselin Kantchev

Higher School of Civil Engineering

Received 3 February 2011; accepted 15 June 2011

Abstract: The paper presents analysis of the stress and deflections changes due to creep in statically determinate composite
steel-concrete beam. The mathematical model involves the equation of equilibrium, compatibility and constitutive
relationship, i.e. an elastic law for the steel part and an integral-type creep law of Boltzmann Volterra for the
concrete part. On the basis of the theory of the viscoelastic body of ArutyunianTrost-Baant for determining
the redistribution of stresses in beam section between concrete plate and steel beam with respect to time t,
two independent Volterra integral equations of the second kind have been derived. Numerical method based on
linear approximation of the singular kernal function in the integral equation is presented. Example with the model
proposed is investigated.
The creep functions is suggested by the model CEB MC90-99 and the ACI 209R-92 model. The elastic modulus
of concrete Ec (t) is assumed to be constant in time t. The obtained results from the both models are compared.
Keywords: Composite steel-concrete section Volterra integral equations Rheology ACI209R-92 EUROCODE-4 Linear
approximation Singular kernal function Viscoelastic body
Versita sp. z o.o.

"This article is dedicated to the scientific haritage of the

great italian mathematician Vito Volterra (1860-1940)"

1.

Introduction

Steel-concrete composite beams are wide spread form

of construction in both buildings and bridges. A reinforced concrete slab is mechanically connected to the top
flange of a rolled or fabricated steel beam, thereby form

E-mail: partov@vsu.bg, Assoc. Prof. Dr. D.N. Partov, HSCE L.Karavelov,

175 Suhodolska Str.

E-mail: kantchev@vsu.bg, Assist. Prof. Dr. V.K. Kantchev, HSCE

L.Karavelov, 175 Suhodolska Str.

ing a composite member that is considerably stronger and

stiffer than the steel beam acting on its own.
In sagging or positive bending, the concrete slab is most
effective forming a wide compressive flange and raising
the position of the neutral axis so that most of the steel
section is available to carry tension.
The time-varying behavior of composite steel-concrete
members under sustained service loads drawn the attention of engineers who were dealing with the problems of
their design more than 60 years [1].
The solution of structural problems involving creep and
shrinkage phenomena in composite steel-concrete beams
has been an important task for engineers since the first
formulation of the mathematical model of linear viscoelasticity. If on one hand the definition of a suitable formulation of creep laws involved scientists and re-

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searchers in past decades and many prediction models

have been developed, starting from experimental data and
from the direct observation of the long term behavior of
concrete structures (Branson&Christiason [2], Mller [3],
Baant&Baweja 2000 [4, 5], Gardner&Lockman 2001 [6]),
the development of structural analysis procedures, based
on the creep models, is on the other hand, of great interest
for engineers who need to investigate the effects of creep
and shrinkage on the structures they design.
From an historical point of view the evolution of the research on this topic, as in many other research fields, has
been dramatically influenced by the diffusion of computer
technology, starting from the early seventies of past century. Before this event the research was mainly oriented
on finding closed form solutions of simple analytic formulations of the creep models. The theory of heritage and
the theory of aging, the use of exponential formulations of
creep have developed and largely adopted because of their
capability to generate closed form solutions of structural
problems.
It is known that while in the steel beam, under the effect of
the serviceability loads, we see only elastic deformations,
in the concrete plate during the time significant inelastic
deformation takes place as a consequence of creep and
shrinkage of concrete.
Creep and shrinkage have a considerable impact upon the
performance of composite beams, causing increased deflection as well as affecting stress distribution. Creep in
concrete represents dimensional change in the material
under the influence of sustained loading. Failure to include creep and shrinkage effects in the analysis of the
composite steel-concrete beams may lead to excessive deformation and caused significant redistribution of stress
between concrete plate and steel beam.
In general, time-dependent deformation of concrete may
severely affect the serviceability, durability and stability of structures (Chiorino, M., Sassone, M., Bigaran, D.,
Casalegno, C.), [7].
The first works, which give the answer to this problem are
based on the Law of Dischinger [8], [9] (theory of aging),
who had first formulated a time-dependent stress-strain
differential relationship for concrete, using the following
equation:
ct dt
1 dct
dct
=
+
,
(1)
dt
Ec0 dt
Ect dt
where t is called creep function.
These books and papers connected with the names of
Frhlich [1], Esslinger [10], Klppel [11], Sonntag [12],
Kunert [13], Dimitrov [14], Mrazik [15] and Bujk [16]
represent one independent group for which it is characteristic that by writing equilibrium and compatibility equations and the constitutive laws for the two materials, the

problem is governed by a system of two simultaneous differential equations, which have been derived and solved.
As known in this differential equations it exists a group
of normal forces Nc,r (t), Na,r (t) and bending moments
Mc,r (t), Ma,r (t), which influence the general stress conditions of the statically determinate composite plate beam is
expressed by the decrease of the stresses in the concrete
plate and in the increase of stresses in the steel beam
(Fig. 1).
All these methods have been collected and analyzed by
Sattler [17] and by the first author of this paper [18].
In parallel with the developed analytical methods,
Blaszkowiak [19], Bradford [20], Fritz [21] and Wippel [22] have developed approximate methods, which use
Dischingers idea for applying in the calculation the ideal
(fictitious) modulus of elasticity [8, 9]:
Eci =

Ec0
,
1 + n

(2)

where n is the ultimate value of creep.

Another method of the estimate design calculation as described in Schrader, [23] has been based on the creep
fibred method by Busemann [24].
With Wippels methods [22] the first stage of the development of the analytical methods is based entirely on the
works of Dischinger [8, 9], has been completed.
Further development of rheology as a fundamental science
and its application to concrete [2529] as well as a great
number of investigations in the field of creep of concrete
have led to new formulations of the time-dependent behavior of concrete [3034].
These new formulations give the relationship between
c (t) and c (t) are formulated by integral equations,
which present the basis of the theory of linear viscoelastic
bodies.
The integral-type creep law, i.e., the superposition equation for uniaxial prescribed stress history (t), is expressed by:
Z

d ()
J (t, ) d.
d
t0
(3)
By using algebraic methods, simpler forms for (3) are
obtained. These methods are based on the hypothesis
that the strain in the concrete fibers can be considered
as a linear function of the creep coefficient (Trost [35],
Baant [36]). This permits transforming (3) into
c (t, t0 ) = sh (t) + (t0 ) J (t, t0 ) +



(t, t0 )
1
+
+
sh (t) + c (t0 )
Ec (t0 )
Ec


1
(t, t0 ) (t, t0 )
[c (t) c (t0 )]
+
,(4)
Ec (t0 )
Ec

c (t, t0 ) =

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Numerical analysis of composite STEEL-CONCRETE SECTIONS using integral equation of Volterra

where
(t, t0 ) =

Ec (t0 )
Ec

Ec (t0 ) R (t, t0 )
Ec (t0 ) (t, t0 )

(5)

is the aging coefficient; (t, t0 ) - the creep coefficient;

R (t, t0 ) - relaxation function, i.e., the stress response to
a constant unit strain applied at the time t0 ; Ec - the
elastic modulus of concrete at 28 days.
The age-adjusted effective method (AAEM) directly assumed the expression provided by (5) for the aging coefficient. In this case, it is necessary to evaluate previously
the relaxation function R (t, t0 ). This function is calculated
numerically by applying the step-by-step procedure of the
general method to the integral type relation between the
creep and the relaxation function Baant [37], Trost [38].
However, for some standard parameters, diagrams of the
coefficient are available from model codes Chiorino [31]).
Moreover, a number of empiric expressions were recently
proposed that provide final values of the coefficient with
sufficient precision. For the computation of the values of
the aging coefficient at any desired time t and for any
desired value of influencing parameters, on the base of
prediction models CEB90, GL2000 and B3 a software tool
is available at www.polito.it/creepanalysis/.
Using the effective modulus method (EMM), (4) becomes
c (t, t0 ) = sh (t) + c (t) J (t, t0 ) ,

(6)

where (t, t0 )=1; and Ec (t0 ) = Ec . In this case, the variation of the stress in the interval (t t0 ) is neglected and
the stress is always considered equal to its final value.
Consequently, this method underestimates the creep effects when the stress decreases with time. The time dependent analysis can be performed as an equivalent elastic analysis, where Youngs modulus Ec is multiplied by
1
.
the coefficient 1+(t,t
0)
When the Mean Stress Method (MSM) is applied (4) can
be written as
c (t, t0 ) = sh (t) + c (t0 ) J (t, t0 ) + [c (t) c (t0 )]


J (t, t) + J (t, t0 )
,
(7)
2
where (t, t0 )=0.5; and Ec (t0 ) = Ec .
Equations (4), (6) and (7) represent the essence of the
algebraic methods. It needs to be pointed out, however,
that these algebraic equations used in structural analysis as constitutive laws for concrete in substitution of
the integral-type creep law, as presented still cannot give
a realistic pictures of the stresses and deflections.

However, in order to avoid the mathematical problems in

solving of the integral equations of Volterra for treating
the problem connected with the creep of concrete structures, Trost [35] and Zerna [39], have revised the integral
relationship into new algebraic stress-strain relationship
:
c0
ct c0
ct =
[1 + t ] +
[1 + t ] ,
(8)
Ec0
Ec0
where is the relaxation coefficient. From the same considerations another revision of integral relationship into
new algebraic stress-strain relationship have been made
by Krger [40] and Wolff [41]:
Ec0 c,t =
t1

c0

h
t(t1) i X
t0 t1
t,i1 t,i+1
+ ct 1 +
+
. (9)
c,i
2
2
2
i=1

On the basis of that algebraic stress-strain relationship,

new methods have been developed connected with the
names, Trost [38], Wolff [41], Wappenhans [42], Heim [43],
Amadio [44], Dezi [4548] (by preposition that the connectors are deformationsable) and Gilbert [49, 50], for solving
the problem raised by Frhlich [1].
In parallel with the methods developed by Kindman [51],
Lapos [52], Pachla [53], Partov [54], on the basis of the theory of linear viscoelastic bodies, Sattler [55], Haenzel [56],
and Profanter [57] have recently developed new methods,
which are based on the modified theory of Dischinger,
called also the theory of Rsch-Jungwirt [58]. This theory
is described by the following equations:
dct
ct df,v
1 dct
=
+
,
dt
Ecv dt
Ecv dt

(10)

(t0 )
where Ecv = Ec1,4
, f,v = f,0 f 1,4 f 0 .
Different approach to the solving of the formulated problems is applying the FEM by , Cumbo [59], Sassone [60]
and Wissman [61].
Since the theory of Rsch-Jungwirt [58] has been subjected to serious criticism in the works of AlexandrovskiArutyunyan [25, 62] and [4, 5, 36, 37, 6368, 6885] the
authors of the present paper make an attempt for a new
step toward deriving more precise solution of the problem.
An effort is made to give an answer to the dispute between
Baant and Rsch-Jungwirt in [86, 87].
The first works [54, 8890], which give the answer to this
dispute [86, 87], using the integral equation of Volterra ,
are based on the Law of by Bolztmann-Volterra [25, 62, 74]
who first formulated a time-dependent stress-strain differential relationship for concrete, described by the following

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[K (t)K (t )]

D. Partov, V. Kantchev

2. Basic equations for determining

the creep coefficient according CEB
MC90-99

integral equation:

c (t) =

c (t0 )
[1 + (t t0 )] +
Ec (t0 )
R t dc () 1
[1 + (t )] d,
t0
d Ec ()

(11)

where (t ) = N K () f (t ) is the so called the

creep function and N the ultimate value of creep coefficient, K () depends on the age increase of concrete. It
is called the function of aging, and it characterizes the
process of the aging. The increase of makes K ()
monotonously decrease. The functions (according CEBFIP (1966-1970))

10.28
857
K () =
5+

0.3
> 857

0.6

f (t ) = 1 e

and

!0.4
t
+0.0025
0.091
30
,

(12)

(where t is the time interval during which the structure is

under observation, is the running coordinate of time)
characterizes the process of creeping. A practical method
for solving of composite constructions based on Volterra
integral equations are reported in [88].
A new idea for development of the above mentioned
method is the investigation of the tangent modulus of concrete elasticity besides invariant in time t i.e. Ec () =
Ec (t0 ) = Econst and also for the case when it depends on
time t [2, 91]:
r
Ec () = Ec (t0 )

.
4 + 0.86

(13)

A practical example with time-dependent elasticity modulus of concrete according CEB-FIP (1966-1970) is considered in [92].
Since the new norms suggested by EUROCODE-4 in
analysis of composite steel-concrete beams regarding rheology, required a new CEB-FIP creep models code 1990,
which leads to completely different approach for solving of
the above formulated problems in was made attempt [93]
to reformulate and solve these problems taking into account the new mathematical formulas in CEB MC90-99,
introduced in the next paragraph.

The CEB MC90 (Mller and Hilsdorf 1990, [3]) is intended to predict the time-dependent mean cross-section
behavior of a concrete member. It has concept similar
to ACI209R-92 model in the sense that it gives a hyperbolic change with time for creep and shrinkage, and
also uses an ultimate value corrected according mixture
proportioning and environmental conditions. The models are valid for normal weight plain structural concrete
having an average compressive strength in the range of
20 MPa fcm28 90 MPa. The age of loading t0 should
be at least 1 day, and the sustained stress should not
exceed 40% of the mean concrete strength fcmt0 at the
time of loading t0 .The CEB model does not require any
information regarding the duration of curing and curing
condition, but takes into account the average relative humidity and member size. Required parameters are: age
of concrete when drying starts, usually taken as the age
at the and of moist curing (day); age of concrete at loading (days);concrete mean compressive strength at 28 days
(MPa); relative humidity expressed as a decimal; volumesurface ratio or effective cross-section thickness of a member (mm) and cement type.
The creep (compliance) function proposed by the 1990
CEB Model Code(CEB-FIP 1991) defined the strain at
time t caused by a constant stress acting from time to
time t, is given by relationsship
J (t, t0 ) =

28 (t, t0 )
1
+
,
Ecmt0 (t0 )
Ecm28

(14)

where:(t, t0 ) gives the ratio of the creep strain since

the start of loading at the age t0 to the elastic strain due
to a constant stress applied at a concrete age of 28 days;
Ecmt0 is the modulus of elasticity of concrete at the time
of loading t0 and Ecm28 is the mean modulus of elasticity
concrete at 28 days (MPa). Hence 1/Ecmt0 represents
the initial strain per unit stress at loading.
The creep coefficient is evaluated with following formula:
(t, t0 ) = 0 c (t t0 ),
where : 0 = RH (fcm )(t0 );
or: (t, t0 ) = RH (fcm ) (t0 ) c (t t0 );
(t, ) = RH (fcm ) () c (t );
RH
1
100
s
where: RH = 1 +
 is a factor to allow
h0
3
0.46
100
for the effect of relative humidity on the notional creep
coefficient.
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Numerical analysis of composite STEEL-CONCRETE SECTIONS using integral equation of Volterra

RH is the relative humidity of the ambient environment

in %
(fcm ) =  f 5.30.5 is a factor to allow for the effect of
cm
10

concrete strength on the notional creep coefficient.

1
(t0 ) = 0,1+
0,2 is a factor to allow for the effect of
concrete age at loading on the notional creep coefficient
(for continuous process we consider the function).
1
() = 0.1+()
0.2 is a function of aging, depending on the
age of concrete
h and it icharacterizes the process of aging.
0)
c (t t0 ) = H(tt
is a function to describe the de+(tt0 )
velopment hof creep with time
after loading.

i
RH 18 h0
H = 150 1 + 1.2 100
+ 250 1, 500 is a coef100
ficient depending on the relative humidity (RH in %) and
notional member size (h0 in mm).
where fcm28 = fck + 8 = the mean compressive strength
of concrete at the age of 28 days (megapascals); and
h0 = 2Auc = the notional size of member (millimeters)
(Ac = the cross section; and u = the perimeter of member in contact with the atmosphere); fck is the specified
characteristic compressive cylindrical strength (MPa) below which 5% of all possible strength measurement for the
specified concrete may by expected to fall.
Constant Youngs modulus is given by
1
Ecm28 = 104 (fcm28 ) 3 :
Variable Youngs modulus is given by:
1
0.5
Ecm (t) = cc
E
, where Ecm28 = 104 (fcm28 ) 3 and
 cm28 5.3

cc = exp s 1 t 0.5 , where s = 0.25 for normal and
rapid hardening cements. So
Ecm (t) = 336190e

value called the ultimate value. The form of these equations is thought to be convenient for design purpose in
which the concept of the ultimate (in time) value is modified by the time-ratio (time dependent development) to
yield the desired results. The shape of the curve and ultimate value depend on several factors such as curing conditions, age of application of load, mixture proportioning,
ambient temperature and humidity.
The design approach presented for predicting creep refers
to standard condition and correction factors for other than
- standard condition. The corrections factors are applied
to ultimate values. Because creep equation for any period
is linear function of the ultimate values, however, the correction factors in this procedure may be applied to short
term creep.
Required parameters are: age of concrete when drying
starts, usually taken as the age at the and of moist curing
(day); age of concrete at loading (days); curing methods; ambient relative humidity expressed as a decimal;
volume-surface ratio or average cross-section thickness of
a member (mm); cement type; concrete slump in mm; fine
aggregate percentage (%); cement content (kg/m3) and air
content of concrete expressed in percent (%). The last four
parameters are not included in CEB MC90 model.
The creep (compliance) function proposed by the ACI
209R-92 model [94], that presents the total stressdependent strain by unit stress is given by the relationship:
J (t, t0 ) =

h

i

0.5 0.25 1 5.3

t

(t , t0 ) is a final creep coefficient of concrete.

In this paper we introduce the two different system of
linear Volterra integral equation of second kind and try
to compare the results obtained from their numerical solutions. The kernels of the integral equations contain
the respective creep functions corresponding to the model
CEB90-99 [93] and to the mathematical model developed
by (Branson and Christiason) [2], incorporated in developed model in ACI Committee 209R-92.

3. Basic equations for determining

the creep coefficient according ACI
209R-92
This is an empirical model developed by (Branson and
Christiason) [2] in 1971, with minor modification introduced in ACI 209R-92. The models for predicting creep
and shrinkage strains as a function of time have the same
principle : a hyperbolic curve that tends to an asymptotic

(t, t0 )
1 + (t, t0 )
1
+
=
,
Ecmt0
Ecmt0
Ecmt0

(15)

Where- (t, t0 ) is the creep coefficient as the ratio of the

creep strain to the elastic strain at the start of loading at
the age t0 (days) and Ecmt0 is the modulus of elasticity at
the time of loading t0 (MPa), respectively.
The creep model proposed by ACI 209R-92 has two components that determine the ultimate asymptotic value and
the time development of creep. The predicted parameter
is not creep strain , but creep coefficient (t, t0 ), (defined
as the ratio of the creep strain to the initial elastic strain).
The creep coefficient is evaluated with the following formula:
(t, t0 ) = u c (t t0 ) ,
where: (t, t0 ) is the creep coefficient at the concrete
age t due to a load applied at the age t0 ;( t t0 ) is the
time since application of load; u is the ultimate creep
coefficient.
For the standard conditions in the absence of specific
creep date for local aggregates and conditions ,the average value proposed for the ultimate creep coefficient u
is equal to 2,35.

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For conditions other than standard conditions the value

of the ultimate creep coefficient u = 2.35 needs to be
modified by six correction factors, depending on particular
conditions.
where : u = 2.35c ;
and: c = c,t0 c,RH c,vs c,s c, c, ;
c,t0 = 1.25t00.118 - corresponds to (t0 ) in CEB MC90,
is a function of aging, depending on the age of concrete
and it characterizes the process of aging;
c,RH = 1.27 0.67h for h 0.40is the ambient humidity factor, where the relative humidity h is in decimal
-correspond to RH CEB MC90;


c,vs = 32 1 + 1.13e{0.0213(V /S)} (corresponds to H in
CEB MC90), where V is the specimen volume in mm3 and
S the specimen surface area in mm2 , allows to consider
the size of member in terms of the volume-surface ratio;
c,s = 0.82 + 0.00624s is slump factor, where s = 75 mm
is the slump of fresh concrete;
c, = 0.88 + 0.0024 is fine aggregate factor, where
= 40 is the ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate
by weight expressed as percentage;
c, = 0.46 + 0.09 1 is air content factor, where = 2
is the air content in percentage.
i
h
(tt0 )0.6
c (t t0 ) = 10+(tt
0.6 - is a function to describe the
)
0
development of creep with time after loading.
The secant modulus of elasticity of concrete Ecmt0 at any

time t0 of loading is given by Emct0 = 0, 043c1,5 fcmt0

MPa; where c is the unit weight of concrete (kg/m3 )
and fcmt0 is the mean concrete compressive strength at
the time of loading (MPa).The general equation for predicting compressive strength at an time t is given by
 t 
fcmt = a+bt
fcm28 ,where fcm28 is the concrete mean compressive strength of 28 days in MPa; a (in days) and b
are constant and t is the age of the concrete.

4. Basic assumption and material

constitutive relationship
The hypotheses (essentially based on those introduced in
initial studies of [1, 9, 50, 51, 57, 63, 95] in the elastic analysis of composite steel-concrete sections with stiff
(rigid) shear connectors are assumed as following:
a) Bernoullis concerning plane strain of crosssections (Preservation of the plane cross section for
the two elements considered compositely).
b) No vertical separation between parts, in other
words identical vertical displacement at the slabbeam interface is assumed.

c) The connection system is distributed continuously

along the axis of the beam.
d) The cross sections are free to deform ( because they
belong to statically determinate structures)
e) Concrete is not cracked c (0.4 0.5) Rc .
f) For the service load analysis of these cross sections
the stress levels are small and, therefore , linear
elastic behavior may be assumed for the steel beam,
in another words Hookes law applies to steel as
well as to concrete under short-time loads.
g) Moreover , for the concrete part, if the dependence
of strains and stresses upon histories of water content and temperature is disregarded, with the exclusion of large strain reversals, and under normal
environment conditions, the strain can be considered as a linear functional of the previous stress
history alone. This linearity implies the principle
of superposition [7, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 64, 91, 96
98], which states that strain response due to stress
increments applied at different times may be added.
h) In the range of service ability loads concrete behaves in a way allowing to be treated as a linear viscoelastic body. On the basis of our assumptions for the purpose of structure analysis the
total strain for concrete subjected to initial loading at time t0 with a stress (t0 ) and subjected to
subsequent stress variations (ti ) at time ti may
be expressed as follows: tot (t, t0 ) sh (t, t0 ) =
Rt
(t0 ) J (t, t0 )+ t0 dd() J (t, ) d, where t is the time
elapsed from casting of concrete; tot (t, t0 ) - total
axial strain; sh (t, t0 ) - strain due to shrinkage, i.e.
an elastic strain. Then the stress-strain behavior
of concrete can be described with sufficient accuracy by the integral equations (1) by BolztmannVolterra [25, 74] c (t) = Ecc(t(t00)) [1 + (t t0 )] +
R t dc () 1
[1 + (t )] d.
t0 d Ec ()
According to ENV 1992 -1-1 we transform the
above formulae into the following expression:
c (t0 )
c (t) =
[1 + RH (fcm ) (t0 ) c (t t0 )] +
Ec (t0 )
R t dc () 1
[1 + RH (fcm ) () c (t )] d,
t0
d Ec ()
(16a)
where RH (fcm ) () c (t ) is the so called the
creep function and N the ultimate value of creep
coefficient, () depends on the age increase of
concrete. It is called the function of aging, and it
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Numerical analysis of composite STEEL-CONCRETE SECTIONS using integral equation of Volterra

characterizes the process of the aging. The increase

of makes () monotonously decrease. The function c (t ) - (where t is the time interval during
which the structure is under observation, is the
running coordinate of time) characterizes the process of creeping. The constitutive law represents
the stress-strain-time relationship for the concrete
slab.
The modulus of concrete elasticity is invariant in
time t [2, 31, 91] i.e. Ec () = Ec (t0 ) = Econst =
1
on time t Ec (t) =
104 (fcm ) 3 hand depending
i

0.5 0.25 1 5.3

t

336190e

daN/cm2

According to ACI209R-92 the basic equations of

Bolztmann-Volterra yields
c (t)=

l) A single theory of interaction ignoring shear lag

effects is considered [99].

5.

Basic equations of equilibrium

Let us denote both the normal forces and the bending moments in the cross-section of the plate and the girder after
the loading in the time t = 0 with Nc,0 , Mc,0 , Na,0 , Ma,0
and with Nc,r (t), Mc,r (t), Na,r (t), Ma,r (t) a new group of
normal forces and bending moments, arising due to creep
and shrinkage of concrete.
c )n
0.2
For a composite bridge girder with Jc = AcA(nI
s Is
according to the suggestion of Sonntag [12] we can write
the equilibrium conditions in time t as follows

c (t0 )
[1 + 2, 35c,RH c,vs c,s c, sh, (t0 ) c (t t0 )] +
Ec (t0 )
Z t
dc () 1
[1 + 2, 35c,RH c,vs c,s c, sh,
+
d Ec ()
t0
() c (t )] d,

(16b)

where: [2, 35c,RH c,vs c,s c, sh, () c (t )] is

the so called the creep function, () depends on
the age increase of concrete. It is called the function of aging, and it characterizes the process of the
aging. The increase of makes () monotonously
decrease. The function c (t ) - (where t is the
time interval during which the structure is under
observation, is the running coordinate of time)
characterizes the process of creeping. The constitutive law expressed by (10), represents the stressstrain-time relationship for the concrete slab.
i) The modulus of concrete elasticity is invariant in
time t [2, 31, 91] i.e. Ec () = Ec (t0 ) = Econst =

Emct0 = 0, 043c1,5 fcmt0 (MPa) where: c is the

weight of concrete (kg/m3 ) and fcmt0 (MPa) is the
mean concrete compressive strength at the time of
loading; The general equation for prediction compressive strength at any time t is given by: fcmt =
 t 
fcm28 , where fcm28 is the concrete mean coma+bt
pressive strength at 28 days in MPa; a =4in days
,b=0,85 is constants, t is the age of concrete.
j) According to a proposal by Sonntag [12], the influence of the development of the bending moment
Mc,r (t) in the concrete member, upon the redistribution of the normal force of concrete Nc,r (t) can
be neglected.
k) For the service load analysis no slip and uplift effects occurs between the steel and concrete.

N (t) = 0; Nc,r (t) = Na,r (t) ;

(17)

M (t) = 0; Mc,r (t) + Nc,r (t) r = Ma,r (t) .

(18)

Due to the fact that the problem is a twice internally

statically indeterminate system, the equilibrium equations (17), (18) are not sufficient to solve it.
It is necessary to produce two additional equations in the
sense of compatibility of deformations of both steel girder
and concrete slab in time t (Fig. 1).

6. Deriving of the generalised

Mechano-Mathematical Model
According to ACI209R-92:

6.1. Strain compatibility on the contact surfaces between the concrete and steel members
of composite girder:
For constant elasticity module of concrete strain compatibility on the contact surfaces between the concrete and
steel members of composite girder is as following:
Nc,0
[1 + 2, 35c5 (t0 ) c (t t0 )]
Ec (t0 ) Ac
R t dNc,r ()
1
(19)
[1 + 2, 35c5 () c (t )] d+
Ec (t0 ) Ac t0
d
Na,0
1 R t dNa,r () Ma,0
1 R t dMa,r ()

=
r +r
d.
Ea Aa Ea Aa t0
d
Ea Ia
Ea Ia t0
d

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Figure 1.

Mechano-Mathematical model for deformations in cross-section in composite steel-concrete beam, regarding creep of the concrete.

6.2. Compatibility of Curvatures when

= t is:
Mc,0
[1 + 2, 35c5 (t0 ) c (t t0 )]
E c (t0 ) Ic
Z t
1
dMc,r ()
[1 + 2, 35c5 () c (t )] d =
Ec (t0 ) Ic t0
d
Z t
dMa,r ()
1
Ma,0
+
d .
(20)
Ea I a
Ea Ia t0
d

Here is the place to explain the meaning of the second

term of the integral relations (19-20). This type of integral, known as a hereditary integral of Stieltjes expresses time history of loading. Since in our case the
stress historyc,r (), which represents the distribution of
stress between concrete plate and steel beam, is continuous summing the strain histories due to all small stress
increments before time t yields to perfect satisfying the
strain compatibilities.
After integrating the two equations by parts transforming
the integrals into Riemann ones and using the (17) and
(18) for assessment of normal forces Nc,r (t) and bending
moment Mc,r (t) two linear integral Volterra equations of
the second kind are derived.
Z
Nc,r (t) = N

t0

Nc,r ()

d
[1 + 2, 35c5 () c (t )] d +
d

+N Nc,0 2, 35c5 (t0 ) c (t t0 ) ;

Mc,r (t) =
Z t
d
[1 + 2, 35c5 () c (t )] d +
Mc,r ()
= M
d
t0
+M Mc,0 2, 35c (t0 ) c (t t0 ) M

Ec Ic
Nc,r (t) r,
Ea I a
(20a)

In each of these equations the functions:

Nc,0 2, 35c5 (t0 ) c (t t0 ) , Mc,0 2, 35c5 (t0 ) c (t t0 ) ,
d
[1 + 2, 35c5 () c (t )] ;
d
c5 = c,RH c,vs c,s c, c, -are given.

6.3. Using strain compatibility on the contact

surfaces between the concrete and steel members of composite girder and compatibility of
curvatures when = t the following linear
Volterra integral equations are derived [92, 93].
According to ENV 1992 -1-1 :
Nc,r (t) =
Z t
d
[1 + RH (fcm ) () (t )] d +
= N
Nc,r ()
d
t0
+N Nc,0 RH (fcm ) (t0 ) c (t t0 )+N Nsh c (t t0 )

(19a)

(21)
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Mc,r (t) =
Z t
d
M
[1 + RH (fcm ) () c (t )] d +
Mc,r ()
d
t0
M Mc,0 RH (fcm ) (t0 ) c (t t0 ) M

in which N
h
i1
1 + EEac IIac
(23)-(24)

h
=

1+

Ec Ac
Ea Aa


1+

Ec Ic
Nc,r (t) r
Ea Ia
(22)

Aa r 2
Ia

i1
,M

Figure 2.

Composite beam with cross-section characteristic.

In each of these equations the functions

Nc,0 RH (fcm ) (t0 ) c (t t0 ),
Mc,0 RH (fcm ) (t0 ) c (t t0 ),
d
[1 + RH (fcm ) () c (t )] are given.
d

7.

Numerical method

The integral equations (19, 20) and (21,22) are weakly

singular Volterra integral equation of the second kind:
Rt
y (t) = g (t) + t0 K (t, ) y () d t [t0 , T ] , 0 < t0 <
T < .
In order to solve (19a,20a) and (21, 22), we use the idea
of product integration by considering the special case of:
Z
y (t) = g (t) +

t0

L (t, ) (t )1 y () d

t [t0 , T ] , 0 < t0 < T < , 0 < < 1, (23)

where the given functions g (t) and L (t, )are sufficiently smooth which guarantee the existence and uniqueness of the solution y (t) C[t0 , T ] (see Yosida 1960,
Miller&Feldstein 1971).
To solve (23) we use the method called product trapezoidal
rule [92, 93, 100].

8.

Numerical example

The method presented in the previous paragraph is now

applied to a simply supported beam, subjected to a uniform
load, whose cross section is shown in Fig. 2.
On the base of numerous solved examples the optimal step
of one day for solving the integral equations is found. The
elapsed time for solving the problem is about up to ten
minutes.
According to ENV 1992 -1-1 we have the following data:

Ec = 3, 2 104 MPa, Ea = 2, 1 105 MPa, Ac = 8820 cm2 ,

Aa = 383, 25 cm2 , n = EEac = 6, 56, Ic = 661500 cm4 ,
Ia = 1217963, 7 cm4 , rc = 23, 039 cm, ra = 80, 829 cm,
r = 103, 868 cm, Ai = 2453, 05 cm2 , Ii = 4536360, 758 cm4
M0 = 1237 kNm, Nc,o = 846, 60 kN, Mc,o = 27, 56 kNm,
Ma,o = 330, 13 kNm,
h

i1
2
N = 1 + EEac AAca 1 + AaIar
= 0, 060545358,
h
i1
Ec Ic
M = 1 + Ea Ia
= 0, 922950026
h0 =

2AC
u

= 300 mm
h

i
80 18 h0
H = 150 1 + 1.2 100
+ 250 = 915, 82 < 1500
100





= 3.06 (t0 ) = 0.1+(t1 )0.2  = 0, 4223
(fcm ) =  f 5.30.5 
cm
0

t0 =60
10
fcm =30 


RH
1 100

r
RH = 1 +
= 1, 3014

h0
3
0.46
100 
RH=80, h0 =300

0 = RH (fcm ) (t0 )=1,6817

c (36500 60) = 0, 9925811
t=36500 = 0 c (36500 60) = 1, 669242
According to ACI209R-92 we have respectively:
Ec = 2, 8178 104 MPa, Ea = 2, 1 105 MPa,
Ac = 8820 cm2 , Aa = 383, 25 cm2 , n = EEac = 7, 452
Ic = 661500 cm4 , Ia = 1207963, 7 cm4 , rc = 25, 407 cm,
ra = 78, 463 cm, r = 103, 870 cm,
Ai = 1566, 8248 cm2 , Ii = 4420140, 76 cm4
M0 = 1237 kNm, Nc,o = 837, 286 kN, Mc,o = 24, 716 kNm
Ma,o = 338, 05 kNm,

i1
h
2
= 0, 068220902,
N = 1 + EEac AAac 1 + AaIar
h
i1
Ec Ic
M = 1 + Ea Ia
= 0, 931550028
RH = 80% (humidity).
Mean 28-day strength: fcm28 = 33, 3MPa; (fcm28 =
33, 0MPa,according to CEB MC90-99)
Mean 28-day elastic modulus Ecm28 = 28, 178MPa;
(Ecm28 = 32, 009MPa, according to CEB MC90-99).
c =2345 kg/m3 ;
Ec ()
=
Ec (t0 )
=
Econst
=
Emct0
=

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0, 043.23451,5 33, 30 = 28178(MPa), according to

ACI 209R-92
c,t0 = 1.25t00.118 corresponds to (t0 ) = 0,61684 for
t=60 days;
c,RH = 1.27 0.67h for h = 0, 80=0,734;


c,vs = 23 1 + 1.13e{0.0213(V /S)} =0,6975, where
V/S=150;
c,s = 0.82 + 0.00624s=1,018; where s = 75 mm;
c, = 0.88 + 0.0024 =0,976; where = 40;
c, = 0.46 + 0.09 1; is air content factor, where;
= 2,c, = 1;
c (36500 60) = 0, 982004.

9. Stress history analysis in

midspan section of composite beam
In the concrete plate the normal component Nc (t ) =
Nc,0 Nc,r (t) and the bending moment Mc (t ) = Mc,0
Mc,r (t) decrease by effect of creep. In the steel beam,
the normal component Na (t ) = Na,0 Na,r (t) decreases
and the bending moment Ma (t ) = Nc,r (t) r + Mc,r (t)
increases by the effect of creep.
The decrease of the stresses in concrete slab is accompanied by a gradual migration of stresses from the concrete
slab to the steel beam. The decreasing of the stresses in
the concrete slab in upper fibers is about 25% from the
initial values (Fig. 3) according to ENV 1992 -1-1 and
ACI209R-92.
These results in a very strong increase in the upper flange
and small increase of the stress in the bottom flange (less
than 8% of the initial stress) is illustrated in Figure 4
(according to ENV 1992 -1-1 and ACI209R-92). Figure 4
shows how the stress at the top fibers of the steel section
undergoes strong increases in time: the final values are
four to six times higher than the initial values. Figure 5
shows how the stress at the down fibers of the steel section
undergoes increases in time t.
The analysis of the obtained results show a very strong
increase in the upper flange (Fig. 4) , which final values
are two to three times higher than the initial values and
small increase (less than 6% of the initial stress) of the
stress in the bottom flange (Fig. 5). Figure 4 shows how
the stress at the top fibers of the steel section undergoes
strong increases in time.
Consequently, the stress history in the top flange of the
steel beam becomes the most interesting aspect of this
study.
These graphs also show how important is the age of concrete at loading. The later we impose the load on composite beam, the less is the influence of the concrete creep
on the time behavior of the beam.

Figure 3.

Values of normal stresses in upper fiber of concrete

plate cup (t) in time t when loading is applied in time
t0 =28,60,90,180,365 and 730 days (humidity 80%)( according to ENV 1992 -1-1 and ACI209R-92).

Figure 4.

Values of normal stresses in upper fiber of steel

up
girder a (t)in time t when loading is applied in time
t0 =28,60,90,180,365 and 730 days (humidity 8 %) (according to ENV 1992 -1-1 and ACI209R-92).

According to the two proposed numerical methods, we can

conclude that the stresses in the top flange of the steel
beam for both methods, for low values of parameter t0 = 28
days and t0 = 60 days, increase more for young concrete
and less for old one for t0 = 365 days and t0 = 730 days.
Above all the influence of concrete age at loading time t0
is significant only when its values are very low (i.e. with
young concrete).
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Figure 5.

Values of normal stresses in down fiber of steel girder

adown (t) in time t when loading is applied in time
t0 =28,60,90,180,365 and 730 days (humidity 80%) (according to ACI209R-92).

10. Comparision with effective modulus methods (EMM)

This method uses the Dischingers idea for applying in the
calculation the ideal (fictitious) modulus of elasticity [8
10, 17, 18, 21, 22, 101]:
Eci =

Ecm
Ecm
=
,
1 + L t
1 + 1, 1t

where t is a final creep coefficient of concrete.

It is applied to solve practical case shown in Figure 1. The
results obtained by manual method accordingACI209R-92
model in comparison with CEB MC90-99 are illustrated
in Tables 1 and 2.

11.

Conclusion

For a good accuracy of the time values, the numerical results are presented on logarithmic time scales. The choice
of the length of time step of the proposed numerical algorithm is based on numerous numerical experiments with
different steps (seven, three and one day). So we conclude
that good results can be achieved from practical point of
view with one day step [102, 103]. For our purpose we
consider a period of about seven years
We derive our mathematical model using a Stieltjes hereditary integral, which represents time loading history. It
would be very interesting to investigate models with very
short time steps for early ages and which to be increased
afterwards.

A numerical method for time-dependent analysis of composite steel-concrete sections according to ENV 1992 1-1 and ACR 209R-92 model is presented. Using MATLAB code a numerical algorithm was developed and subsequently applied to a simple supported beam. These numerical procedures, suited to a PC, are employed to better
understand the influence of the creep of the concrete in
time-dependent behavior of composite section.
For the service load analysis, the numerical method makes
it possible to follow with great precision the migration
of the stresses from the concrete slab to the steel beam,
which occurs gradually during the time as a result of the
creep of the concrete.
The parametric analysis results are characterized by the
following effects:
1. the state of stress in the concrete slab depends on
the age of the concrete at loading time t0 ;
2. the stress in the top flange of the steel section increases strongly with time;
3. the stress in the bottom flange undergoes small
variations;
4. the stress increases more for young concrete and
little for old one.
According to our results based on numerous practical
examples we can state that about 90-92% of the maximum values of the stressed in concrete or steel in time
t are reached after about three years. Besides that
98% are reached after about twenty years in comparison
with the period of hundred years obtained by the EM
Method [101, 104].
The results obtained by these numerical methods according to ENV 1992 -1-1 and ACI 209R -92 provision
are completely comparable each other. Besides they are
closely similar to the results based on effective modulus
method (EMM) proposed by EUROCODE 4. The values
in the Figures 3, 4, 5 shown in brackets are obtained by
numerical method according to CEB MC 90-99 [80]. They
differ from the corresponding results of ACI 209R 92
slightly from practical point of view.
It is observed from Figure 3-5 that ACI 209 code provisions in comparison with CEB FIB model code-1990 underestimate, to our opinion, the influence of creep on time
dependent behavior of composite steel-concrete beams.
Finally, the creep effect must be carefully evaluated in
order to fully understand the behavior of the structure.
In this paper it is made an attempt to analyze the time
dependent behavior of composite steel-concrete beam with
respect to rheological properties of concrete according to
world code provisions ACI 209 [1], CEB MC 90-99 [104,
105]. The both methods lead to similar results.

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Table 1.

Dimensions of steel and composite beams.

Type of beams

Characteristic

Composite (in t0 = 0) Composite (in t = ) Dimensions

Steel

Height

hi

1500

1800

1800

mm

Area

Ai

38325

156 682

92 635

mm2

Static moment to down surface

Sy0

23428688

218728072

115052670

mm3

Gravity center

etop

888,7

404

558

mm

Gravity center

ebottom

611,3

1396

1242

mm

Moment of inertia

Ii,y

12079015497

44201407600

37641838420

mm4

Section modulus

Wi,y,ct

-109409425

-67458492

mm3

Section modulus

Wi,y,cb

-425013535

-145898598

mm3

Section modulus

Wi,y,at

-13592026

-425013535

-145898598

mm3

Section modulus

Wi,y,ab

19759036

31662899

30307438

mm3

Table 2.

Level of stresses of composite beams according ACI209R-92 model, in comparison with CEB MC90-99.

top

Stress in time t0

t0 = 60 days

Stress in time t

M0 (kNm)

1237

1237

Ea
Ecm

M0 (kNm)

7,452 (6,36)

nL = n0 (1 + L t ) L = 1, 1

14,87 (18,62)

= M/Wi,y,ct /n0 (MPa)

-1,517 (-1,600)

n0 =

top

= M/Wi,y,ct /nL (MPa)

cbottom = M/Wi,y,cb /n0 (MPa) -0,390 (-0,300) cbottom = M/Wi,y,cb /nL (MPa)
top

= M/Wi,y,at (MPa)

abottom = M/Wi,y,ab (MPa)

top

-2,91 (-2,20)
39,06 (38,80)

The most important conclusion of our investigation is that

considering the creep effect, using the integral equations
(19a, 20a) and (21,22) a universal numerical method has
been elaborated for statically determinate bridge composite plate girder according to ENV 1992 -1-1 and ACI
209R-92 model. This method allows the use of a perfect
linear theory of concrete creep i. e. the theory of the viscoelastic body of Boltzman-Volttera-Maslov-ArutyunyanTrost-Baant.
The age-adjusted effective method (AAMM) [37, 39] and
effective modulus method (EMM) mentioned above will be
used in our future works as reference approximate method
for comparison with our numerical solutions.
According to our assumptions the effect of the deformability of connectors are ignored. But the results will
be different if we consider this factor. Having in mind
the paper of Mola, F., and Gatti, M. C., 1996, "General
and Approximate Approach for the Analysis of Composite Steel-Concrete Members with Deformable Connectors",
Studie Ricerche, Vol. 17, Politecnico di Milano, countryregionItaly, pp. 69-98, in future works we will derive
integral differential equations describing the process of
creeping in composite steel-concrete beams including the
Newmark hypothesis of deformable connection .
Besides ACI and CEB prediction models, also GL2000

= M/Wi,y,at (MPa)

abottom = M/Wi,y,ab (MPa)

t = 36500 days

-1,233 (-1,200)
-0,57(-0,60)
-8,47 (-11,00)
40,81 (41,50)

and B3 [25, 67, 68] will be considered in the examples in

future papers.

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