Prepared by

Dr. Akshay S. K. Naidu

I. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Following requirements are to be satisfied when analyzing any
indeterminate structures.

(i) Equilibrium
(ii) Load-displacement
(iii) Compatibility
Hence depending on the way to satisfy the above requirements we have
got basically two following methods of analysis.
1. Force method
2. 2. Displacement method

Displacement method of analysis:

Steps:
(i) Label all the supports and joints (nodes) in order to identify the spans
of the
beam or frame between the nodes
(ii) Then these unknown displacements are written in terms of loads by
using load displacement relations.
(iii) Then write an equilibrium equation for each unknown degree of
freedom for the structure.
(iv) Then these equations are solved for the displacements.
(v) Once the displacements are obtained, the unknown loads are
determined from the compatibility equations,using load-displacement
relations.

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD:

developed by Hardy Cross in 1930- displacement method of analysis
side steps the calculation of the displacement and instead makes it
possible to apply a series of converging corrections that allow direct
calculation of the end moments.
consists of solving slope deflection equations by successive
approximation that may be carried out to any desired degree of accuracy.

Essentially, the method begins by assuming each joint of a structure is

fixed. Then by unlocking and locking each joint in succession, the
internal moments at the joints are distributed and balanced until the joints
have rotated to their final or nearly final positions.

Sign convention:
In the moment distribution table clockwise moments will be treated
+ve and anti clockwise moments will be treated ve.
But for drawing BMD moments causing concavity upwards (sagging)
will be treated +ve and moments causing convexity upwards (hogging)
will be treated ve.

Fixed end moments:

The moments at the fixed joints of loaded member are called fixed end
moment. FEM for few standard cases are given below:

Member stiffness factor(k) :

Joint stiffness factor:

If several members are connected to a joint, then by the principle of
superposition the total stiffness factor at the joint is the sum of the
member stiffness factors at the joint

Distribution factors:

Member relative stiffness factor:

Moment distribution
method for frames with
side sway

Frames that are non symmetrical with reference to material property or

geometry (different lengths and I values of column) or support condition
or subjected to non- symmetrical loading have a tendency to side sway

Analysis of such frames will be carried out in following steps

Step1: First frame is considered as prevented from side sway by applying
on artificial support at C as shown in fig11 (b). Then moment distribution
is carried out for external loading similar to non-sway frames. Then by
using statics restraining force R is determined.
Step 2: The equal but opposite force R is then applied to the frame as
shown in figure 11 (c) and moments in the frame are calculated. One
method for doing this requires first assuming a numerical value for one
of the internal moments, say ' MBA .
Using momdistribution and statics the deflection and external force
corresponding to assumed value of ' MBA can then be determined.
since linear elastic determinations occur the force develops moments in
the frame that are proportional to those developed by R. For example if '
MBA & R are known, the moment at B developed by R will be i.e.; '
MBA

This method was developed by Dr. Gasper Kani of Germany in 1947.

This method offers an iterative scheme for applying slope deflection
method

Beams with no translation of joints:

Beams with no translation of joints:

Sign convention used will be: clockwise moment +ve and anticlockwise
moment ve.
The member AB is regarded as completely fixed.
The fixed end moments for this condition are written as MFAB & MFBA,
at ends A & B respectively.

The end A only is rotated through an angle

inducing a moment M 'AB at fixed end B.

A by

a moment 2 M 'AB

Next rotating the end B only through an angle B by moment 2M 'BA

while keeping end A as fixed.This induces a moment M 'BA at end A.
Thus the final moment MAB & MBA can be expressed as super
position of three moments

Rotation factors:

Analysis Method:
To start with the far end rotation moments M 'BA are not known and
hence they may be taken as zero.
By a similar approximation the rotation moments at other joints are
also determined.

With the approximate values of rotation moments computed, it is

possible to again determine a more correct value of the rotation moment
at A from member AB using equation (6).
The process is carried out for sufficient number of cycles until the
desired degree of accuracy is achieved.

Analyze the continuous beam

Solution:
a)
Fixed end moments:

Modification in fixed end moments:

Since MCD = - 5 kNm; MCB = + 5kNm,
for this add 1.25 kNm to MFCB and do the corresponding carry over to MFBC

Now MCB = 5 kNm

Now joint C will not enter in the iteration process.

c) Rotation factors:
Rotation Factor

Relative stiffness

Jt.

Member
(K)

I/4 = 0.25I

BA

- 0.2

0.625I
BC

1.5I

-0.3
= 0. 375I

4
C

d)

CB

1.5I/3 = 0.5I

CD

- 0.5

0.5I

Sum of fixed end moments at joints:

MFB = 6.67 3.13 = 3.54 kNm

Iteration Process

Since B is the only joint needing rotation

correction, the iteration process will stop after first
iteration.
Value of FEMs, sum of FEM at joint, rotation
factors along with rotation contribution values in
appropriate places is shown in fig. 5 (b)

(f)

Final moments:

FBD of each span along with reaction values which have been calculated
from statics are shown below:

BMD and SFD are shown below

Kanis method for members with translatory joints:

a member AB in a frame which has undergone lateral displacement
at A & B so that the relative displacement is

If ends A & B are restrained from rotation FEM corresponding to this displacement are

When translation of joints occurs along with rotations the true end moments are given by
MAB = MFAB + 2M 'AB + M 'BA + M 'AB'

MBA = MFBA + 2M 'BA + M 'AB + M 'BA'

If A happens to be a joint where two or more members meet
then from equilibrium of joint we have

Using the above relationships rotation contributions

can be determined by iterative procedure.

If lateral displacements are known the displacement

moments can be determined from equation (7).

If lateral displacements are unknown then additional

equations have to be developed for analyzing the
member.

Unit II (A):
Slope Deflection Method

INTRODUCTION:
This method was developed by axel bendexon in Germany

in 1914. This method is applicable to all types of statically

indeterminate beams & frames and in this method, we solve
for unknown joint rotations, which are expressed in terms
of the applied loads and the bending moments.Deflections
due to shear and axial stresses are not considered as the
effect are small.
Indeterminate structure: the structure which can not be
analyzed by the equations of static equilibriums alone are
called indeterminate structures.

ASSUMPTIONS IN THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD:

This method is based on the following simplified assumptions:

Distortion, due to axial and shear stresses, being very small, are
neglected.

All the joints of the frame are rigid,

Applications of slope deflection method:

1. Continuous Beams

2. Frames with out side sway

3. Frames with side sway

SIGN CONVENTION
ROTATIONS: Clockwise joint rotations are considered

as

(-ve).

END MOMENTS: clockwise end moments are

considered as (+ve).

PROCEDURE:

Determine the fixed end moments at the end of each span due
to applied loads acting on span by considering each span as
fixed ended. Assign Signs w.r.t. above sign convention.
Express all end moments in terms of fixed end moments and
the joint rotations by using slope deflection equations.
Establish simultaneous equations with the joint rotations
as the unknowns by applying the condition that sum of the end
moments acting on the ends of the two members meeting at a
joint should be equal to zero.
Solve for unknown joint rotations.
Substitute back the end rotations in slope deflection equations
and compute the end moments.
Determine all reactions and draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams and
also sketch the elastic curve

SLOPE DEFLECTION EQUATIONs

EQUATION FOR FIXED END MOMENT:

EXAMPLE FOR FRAME:

 Analysis of frames (without & with sway)

The side movement of the end of a column in a frame

is called sway. Sway can be prevented by unyielding
supports provided at the beam level as well as
geometric or load symmetry about vertical axis.

Slope deflection equations are

In all the above equations there are only 3 unknowns and accordingly the boundary conditions are

Solving equations (7) & (8) & (9),

 Substituting the values in the slope deflections we

have,

 REACTIONS:
SPAN AB:

SPAN BC:

Column BD:

Analysis of two-hinged arch

A typical two-hinged arch is shown in Fig. 33.1a.
In the case of two-hinged arch, we have four unknown reactions,but
there are only three equations of equilibrium available.
Hence, the degree of statical indeterminacy is one for two-hinged arch.

The total strain energy of the arch is given by

Symmetrical two hinged arch

horizontal reaction is calculated by the

equation

Temperature effect

Consider an unloaded two-hinged arch of span L.

When the arch undergoes a uniform temperature change of T,
then its span would increase by CTL if it were allowed to expand
freely
is the co-efficient of thermal expansion of the arch material. Since
the arch is restrained from the horizontal movement, a horizontal force is
induced at the support as the temperature is increase

Now applying the Castiglianos first theorem,

Solving for H,

The second term in the denominator may be neglected, as the axial rigidity is quite
high. Neglecting the axial rigidity, the above equation can be written as

Example
A semicircular two hinged arch of constant cross section is subjected to a concentrated
load as shown in Fig
Calculate reactions of the arch and draw bending moment diagram.

Solution:
Taking moment of all forces about hinge B leads to ,

From figure,

Bending moment diagram

Bending moment M at any cross section of the arch is given by,

Using equations (8) and (9), bending moment at any angle can be
computed.
The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig.

Force method (Flexibility method)

Actions are the primary unknowns
Static indeterminacy: excess of unknownactions than the available
number of equations
of static equilibrium
Displacement method (Stiffness method)
Displacements of the joints are the primary unknowns
Kinematic indeterminacy: number of independent translations and
rotations (the
unknown joint displacements)
More suitable for computer programming

Static indeterminacy
Beam:
Static indeterminacy = Reaction components - number of eqns
available
E=R3
Examples:
Single span beam with both ends hinged withinclined loads

Continuous beam
Propped cantilever
Fixed beam

Rigid frame (Plane):

External indeterminacy = Reaction components - number of eqns
available E = R 3
Internal indeterminacy = 3 closed frames I = 3a
Total indeterminacy = External indeterminacy + Internal indeterminacy
T = E + I = (R 3) + 3
Note: An internal hinge will provide an additional eqn

Compatibility
Compatibility conditions: Conditions of continuity of
displacements throughout the structure
Eg: at a rigid connection between two members, the displacements
(translations and rotations) of both members must be the same
In flexibility method, the basic equations to be solved are the
compatibility conditions

Beam Stiffness Matrix.

The reduced stiffness matrix will be,

Thus the global load vector is,

Flexibility Method
In 1864 James Clerk Maxwell published the first consistent treatment of the flexibility
method for indeterminate structures.

His method was based on considering deflections, but the presentation was rather brief and
attraced little attention.
Ten years later Otto Mohr independently extended Maxwells theory to the present day
treatment. The flexibility method will sometimes be referred to in the literature as Maxwell-Mohr
method.

With the flexibility method equations of compatibility involving displacements at each of

he redundant forces in the structure are introduced to provide the additional equations
needed for solution.
This method is somewhat useful in analyzing beams, framse and trusses that are statically
indeterminate to the first or second degree. For structures with a high degree of static
indeterminacy such as multi-story buildings and large complex trusses
stiffness methods are more appropriate.
Nevertheless flexibility methods provide an understanding of the behavior of statically
indeterminate structures.

The fundamental concepts that underpin the flexibility method will be illustrated by the
study of a two span beam. The procedure is as follows

1. Pick a sufficient number of redundants corresponding to the degree of indeterminacy

2. Remove the redundants
3. Determine displacements at the redundants on released structure due to external or
imposed actions
4. Determine displacements due to unit loads at the redundants on the released
Structure
5. Employ equation of compatibility, e.g., if a pin reaction is removed as a redundant
the compatibility equation could be the summation of vertical displacements in the
released structure must add to zero.

UNIT V:
INFLUENCE LINES
FOR
INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES

Objective
Introduction of influence Line
Influence line for beam

Moving concentrated load

Why do we need the influence line ?

For instance, when loads pass
over a structure, say a bridge, one needs
to know when the maximum values of
shear/reaction/bending moment will
occur at a point so that the section may
be designed.

 Live loads which cause vibration in the stucture such

as moving vehicles on highway bridges, moving cranes
in industrial building.etc. are called impact loads.
As the loads are moving ,they will produce different
shears moment etc. for their different position.

Any structure or structural element design for the

most severe stress condition that can occur in it.
stuctural designer find out the load positions to
produce the maximum stress in a stucture.
That can be done by influence line diagrams.

Procedure:
i. Allow a unit load (either 1b,1N) to move
over beam from left to right.
ii. Find the values of shear force or bending
moment, at the point under consideration,
as the unit load moves over the beam from
left to right.
iii. Plot the values of the shear force or
bending moments, over the length of the
beam, computed for the point under
consideration.

3.3

MOVING CONCENTRATED LOAD

3.3.1 Variation of Reactions RA and RB as functions of load position

1
x
B

A
C
10 ft
3 ft

MA =0
(RB)(10) (1)(x) = 0
RB = x/10
RA = 1-RB
= 1-x/10

x
A

RA=1-x/10

B
RB = x/10

x
A
RA=1-x/10

C
RB = x/10

RA occurs only at A; RB occurs only at B

Influence
line for RA

1-x/10

Influence line
for RB

10-x

1.0

x/10
x

10-x