Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ELCHAHAL Ghassan
Mechanical System and Concurrent
Engineering Laboratory/ University of
Technology of Troyes France
GHASSAN.EL_CHAHAL@utt.fr
YOUNES Rafic
3M Mechanical Laboratory
Lebanese University/ Faculty
of Engineering - Lebanon
RYOUNES@ul.edu.lb
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, modelling and computer simulation are used
in structure design to reduce the use of experimental
investigations and laboratory tests required in a real layout
structure. Using the potential-flow theory, the
hydrodynamic pressure deduced from sea waves
propagation has been computed based on the non linear
theory of Stocks. The extension to the vertical breakwater
behaviour due to such excitations is indicated in this
paper. Analytical expressions for functional performance
variables of wave reflection by the vertical breakwater,
and stress distribution inside the breakwater have been
obtained. These expressions have been numerically
verified to demonstrate the capability of this analytical
model.
KEY WORDS
1-Introduction
Coastal structures are designed mainly to provide
protection by reflection and/or dissipation of wave energy.
Rubble-mound breakwaters have been extensively used
for sheltering harbours. However, especially during the
last decade, innovative vertical structures may often
represent a better alternative than rubble mound
breakwaters. In general, caisson-type breakwaters may
improve hydraulic performance, total costs, quality
control, environmental aspects, construction time and
maintenance [1]. Most of these caisson-type structures are
monolithic structures with impermeable vertical walls
which constitute the subject of this study.
Although the protection of marine structures has been
extensively studied in recent years, understanding of their
interaction with waves, marine structures and the seabed
is far from complete [3]. Damage of marine structures still
occurs from time to time, with two general failure modes
evident. The first mode is that of structural failure, caused
by wave forces acting on and damaging the structure
itself. The second mode, which has attracted many of the
scientists (Biot-1941; Jeng 1997; Mitzutani 1998 ), is that
of foundation failure caused by liquefaction or erosion of
the seabed in the vicinity of the structure, resulting in
collapse of the structure; where the work of this paper is
530-805
LAFON Pascal
Mechanical System and Concurrent
Engineering Laboratory/ University of
Technology of Troyes - France
PASCAL.LAFON@utt.fr
2-Methodology
This part identifies the methodology followed in the
analytical modelling of the waves and their induced
pressures exerted on vertical breakwaters and finally the
behaviour of the breakwater due to wave-structure
interaction. It is interesting to consider the case of a
vertical breakwater appearing in ports constructions far
from the shore, at a constant depth, and at a fixed point.
Then, the problems of waves propagation over a varying
bathymetry and shallow water consequences are
eliminated.
2.1 Wave modeling
A cartesian coordinate system Oxyz is employed, where
Oxy coincide with plane of the free surface at rest, Oz
308
Figure 1
, where
u=
and
w=
=0
n x =0
=0
x x z z =
t
surface;
2
2
+ 1 + + g
= Q(t )
t 2 x
z =
Dynamic equation
()
boundary;
Wave notations
r
r r
rot U = 0 U = grad ( )
=0
z z = d
H
L
, where the
n
(x, ) = (x,0 ) +
+ ......... +
z
n
z =0
z n
z =0
1
P ( x, z , t )
+ (grad )2 +
+ gz = Q(t )
t 2
Hg ch[k (z + d )]
H
exp i (kx t ) , 1 = Re exp i(kx t )
1 = Re i
2
(
)
ch
kd
gH 2
ch[k (z + d )]
t
exp i (kx t )
(
ch(kd )
L
sh
kd )
4
2
gk ch[2k (z + d )]
exp 2i(kx t )
sk (kd )ch(kd )
309
Hydrodynamic pressure
The exerted pressure by waves on the vertical breakwater
is deduced from the computed fluid problem in the first
section. This hydrodynamic pressure has a complicated
expression different from the hydrostatic one that is linear,
its repartition over the breakwater has a curved shape
(obtained using Matlab); where its maximum is around
the still water level and it decreases to zero at the top of
the breakwater (with the wave height) and also decreases
with water depth (figure 2). Fixing x = 0 (exterior
breakwater surface), and the phase angle = 0 (vertical
impermeable wall, [9]), the pressure distribution over the
vertical breakwater is obtained.
ch[k (z + d )]
1
gH
ch(kd )
P(x, z , t ) = gz + Re 2
ch2k (z + d ) 1
H
1
gH
2
L sh(2kd ) sh kd
3
+ Re 4
2
exp 2i (kx t ) + r + r exp 2i( kx t + )
+ Re rH 2 2
)
]
H (r + 1)
1
[ch2k (z + d ) 1]
exp i( 2t + )} gH
L sh(2kd )
4
(
P = a cosh k (z + d ) + b cosh 2k (z + d ) + f
a=
f =
gH (r + 1)
2
chkd
2
[(
cos(t ) , b =
gH 2 (3r 2 + 3r + 3) cos(2t )
4 Lsh2kd
sh kd
r 1
gH
r 2 r 1 cos(2t ) + r + 1 + H 2 2 r cos(2t )
4 Lsh 2kd
310
where terms A1 , B1 ,C 1, A2 , B2 , C 2 , D2 , A3 , B3 , C3 , D3
are to be determined when applying the equilibrium,
boundary, and compatibility equations.
a-Equilibrium conditions:
div
+ fv = 0
Hydrostatic pressure
The hydrostatic pressure exerted on the breakwater due to
water depth has a linear form which simplifies the
problem (figure 4). The difference between the water
levels on each side of the breakwater is due to the
elevation of the water level from the ocean side due to
waves propagations (h1.25 wave height). The stress
tensor for the hydrostatic problem is supposed as follows:
x xz
+
=0
x
z
xz + z = g
b
z
x
(1-2) is : . n = f , where n is the normal to the side (12), which is equal to (-1,0)
r
r
The constraint vector .n is equal to the surface force P
x xz 1 p
x =
xz z 0 0
.n = 0
2 z
x
2 xz
xz
x =
U
x
, z = V , xz = U
z
xs = A1 x 2 + B1 z + C1
zs = A2 xz ( x l ) + B2 ( z h) + C 2 x( x l ) + D2
xzs = A3 xz ( x l ) + B3 x( z h) 2 + C3 x 2 + D3
V
x
x = xs + xd ,
U ( z = d ) = 0
V ( z = d ) = 0
( z = d ) = 0
z = zs + zd ,
xz = xzs + xzd
( x l)4
4( x l )3
+
cosh k ( x l ) xk 2 d ( d + h) sinh k ( x l ) k 2 h( d + h) 4 sinh k ( x l )
4( d + h )
+
k
4
whatever the
ms =
k 2 (d + h) 4 sinh k ( x l )
cosh k ( z + d ) + kz sinh k ( z + d ) + 3( z h) 2 sinh k ( x l )
4
st =
cosh k ( x l ) xk 2 d (d + h) sinh k ( x l )
+
4
k
x =
311
[achk ( z + d ) + bch 2k ( z + d ) + f ]
x2
+ gz gh
shk ( x - l ) + gh
shkl
l2
4 x 3 cosh 2k ( h + d )
x4
3
( x l ) 3 cosh k ( z + d ) + ( x l )
[( z h) sinh k ( x l )
z =
4(d + h) st
+ k (d + h) sinh k ( x l ) z cosh k ( z + d )]
( z h) 3 sinh k ( x l ) +
3
x4
+ x cosh 2k ( z + d ) +
2
b g kz sinh k (4 fdk 2 x l ) 2 x cosh 2k ( z + d ) 2( x l ) cosh k ( z + d ) +
2 2
msfk d x sinh k ( x l )
(d + h) 3 sinh(kl ) st
sinh(kl )
(d + h) 3 k sinh(kl ) st
ms( x l ) 4
+ k ( x l ) 3 sinh k ( z + d )
3
4(d + h) st
fk 2 d 2 x sinh k ( x l ) (a + b + f ) cosh k ( x l )
4fdk 2
3
3
2
4
sm(d + h) sinh(kl ) st sm(d + h) k sinh(kl ) st smk (d + h) sinh( kl )
msx 4
ms( x l ) 4
+ k ( x l ) 3 sinh k ( z + d )
+ 2kx 3 sinh 2k ( z + d )
4(d + h) 3 st
4( d + h) 3 st
4sm(d + h) 3 st
4 x cosh 2k (h + d )
4
stk hsm(d + h) cosh k (h + d ) sinh k ( x l )
(x l) 4
( x l ) 3 cosh k ( z + d ) +
[( z h) 3 sinh k ( x l ) +
+
4(d + h) 3 st
2
4
k (d + h) sinh k ( x l ) z cosh k ( z + d )]
+
sinh(kl )
(d + h) 3 k sinh( kl ) st
st (d + h) 3 sinh(kl )
2gh
gh( z h) 2 x 2ghx 2
gd
b g +
1 l + 2
l
2h + 2d
x( x l )1
2h + d
2h + 2d 2ghx 2 ( z h) gd ( z h) 2gh( z h)
x( x l )( z h)1
+
+
2h + d
2h + d
2h + d
l 2 (2h + d )
[a cosh k ( z + d ) + b cosh 2k ( z + d ) + f ]
k cosh k ( x l )
sinh kl
2
2
2
2
l
l
l
l
+ d ) + b cosh 2k ( z + d ) + f ) zdz
d + h
( ( z + d + h) zdz + [( h) zdz
d
0
m (d + h)
4-Conclusion
x 2 z 2 cosh 2k (h + d )
h 2 cosh k ( x l ) +
+
l 2 cosh 2k ( z + d )
z 2 ( x l ) 2 cosh k (h + d ) cosh kl
l 2 cosh k ( z + d )
2
h cosh k (h + d ) zx cosh k ( z + d ) cosh 2k (h + d )
l 2 cosh 2k ( z + d )
z ( x l ) cosh k ( z + d ) cosh k ( h + d )
2
l cosh k ( z + d )
2
2
cosh k ( z + d ) + kz sinh k ( z + d ) 2
2
l cosh 2k ( z + d )
l cosh k ( z + d )
2
2
2
2
+ 2 z cosh k ( x l ) 2kx sinh 2k ( z + d ) z k ( x l ) sinh k ( z + d ) z cosh kl
2
2
l cosh 2k ( z + d )
l cosh k ( z + d )
d +h
( a cosh k ( z
0
3-Verification of results
(a + b + f ) cosh k ( x l ) fk 2 d 2 x sinh k ( x l )
4fd
+
+
3
3
4
sm(d + h) k sinh(kl ) st st ( d + h) sinh(kl ) sm sm(d + h) sinh( kl )
xz =
m ( d + h)
2 gh( z h) x 2 gh( z h) x 2
+
l
l2
312
References
[1] H.Oumeraci, Probabilistic design methods for vertical
breakwaters. Proc. Coastal Structures. Balkema,
Rotterdam, 2000, 585 594.
[2] G. Gruhan, A comparative study of the first and
second order theories and Godas formula for waveinduced pressure on a vertical breakwater with irregular
waves, Ocean Engineering Journal,32, 2005, 2182-2194.
[3] D. Jeng, C. Schacht, C. Lemckertb, Experimental
study on ocean waves propagating over a submerged
breakwater in front of a vertical seawall. Ocean
Engineering Journal 32, 2005,22312240.
313